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1 기본간호학회지제 15 권제 4 호, 2008 년 11 월 J Korean Acad Fundam Nurs Vol.15 No.4, , November, 2008 데이컴직무분석기법을이용한수술실간호사의직무분석 * 조경숙 1) 손행미 2) 강현숙 3) 김주현 4) 임난영 5) 윤계숙 6) 한혜자 7) 서론연구의필요성 최신의료기술이날로발전함에따라수술실은병원에서일어나는변화의중심에있다. 수술실은임상간호분야중특수간호단위로최근수술과관련된외과적치료분야의중요성이커지면서종합병원이나대학병원에서병원내핵심적인부서로자리매김하게되었다. 수술실간호사는환자의다양한질병상태에따라복잡한수술과정과첨단수술기구를다루게되므로환자의수술전과수술후까지간호업무를확대시키고계속전문화하고있다 (AORN, 1995). 최근수술방법, 내용, 기구등이다양해지고있어보다질높은간호사의소독간호업무뿐만아니라정확성, 준비성, 판단력, 의사결정능력등이순회간호업무에필수적으로요구되고있다 (Kim, 2005). 그러므로이러한환경에서수술실간호사는수술환자에게안전하고개별화된수술간호를제공해야하므로, 항상새로운역할도전과실무능력이필요하다 (Mcgarvey, Chambers, & Boore, 2000; Park, 1999). 이에따라수술실간호사들이수행하고있는직무에대한연구들이꾸준히수행되어왔다 (Kim, 2000; Kim, 2004; Yoon, 1987). 일예로, Abbott와 Rodriguez (1989) 는수술실간호사의직무를환자 / 가족교육, 수술중환자에대한생리지표모니터링, 환경모니터링및통제, 계수업무, 환자이송, 환자의 권리보호활동, 멸균범위의생성및유지, 환자의요구에의한장비와물품제공등의 9개영역으로보고하고있다. 그런데선행연구들에서제시되고있는수술간호직무에대한내용이실제수술실간호사들이함께공감하는업무인가에대한평가가이루어지지않아적절성여부에대한평가가필요하고더나아가수술간호의전문성확대에따른새로운직무및분류의확인이요구되고있다 (Kwon et al., 2008). 한편지금까지수행된수술실간호사의직무분석에대한연구방법은주로문헌에근거하여제작된측정도구를이용하였거나면접이나관찰을통해분석하였거나기존자료를직무분석양식에따라작성하였기때문에실제수술간호업무를담당하고있는간호사가연구의전과정에주체적으로참여하지못하였다는데많은한계를갖고있다 (Cho et al., 2007). 따라서현재수술간호업무의종류가다양해지고범위가확대되고있는점을고려할때직접수술간호업무를담당하고있는간호사들을통해직무분석을한다면보다명확하고구체적인직무분석이될것으로기대한다. 이를위한적절한방법으로최근데이컴 (DACUM) 직무분석기법이제시되고있다. 데이컴 (DACUM) 이란 Developing A Curriculum 의약자로능력중심교육과정을개발하기위해특정직업들이하는일을분석하는직무분석기법을말한다. 데이컴직무분석기법은실무경험이풍부한실무자로부터직무에대한정보를얻음으로써, 실무능력중심의교육과정 (competency-based training) 을개발할수있는체계적인방법 주요어 : 직무분석, 간호사, 수술 * 본연구는 2007 년도병원수술실간호사회의연구비지원으로이루어졌음. 1) 경원대학교간호학과교수, 2) 울산대학교간호학과부교수 ( 교신저자 sonhm@mail.ulsan.ac.kr) 3) 경희대학교간호과학대학교수, 4) 강원대학교간호학과교수, 5) 한양대학교간호학과교수 6) 삼성서울병원수술간호팀장, 7) 신성대학간호과부교수접수일 : 2008 년 10 월 13 일수정일 : 2008 년 10 월 30 일게재확정일 : 2008 년 11 월 7 일 566 기본간호학회지 15(4), 2008 년 11 월

2 데이컴직무분석기법을이용한수술실간호사의직무분석 이다 (DeOnna, 2002). 그러므로데이컴직무분석기법을통해서경험이풍부한실무자들은서로상호작용하는가운데, 직업과관련된상세한정보를체계적이고포괄적으로, 서로공감하고동의할수있는직무를도출해낼수있다 (Kim, 2006). 데이컴직무분석기법은간호연구에서는소개되지않은새로운연구방법으로간호사의직무분석의방법론적적용을시도해보는것은의미있는일이라고생각한다. 궁극적으로데이컴직무분석에서제시되는간호사의직무는실무현장에서요구되는실질적이고필수적으로간호사들이갖추어야하는직무능력들이며, 이는더나아가간호사경력개발을안내할수있는좋은표준이될수있다. 따라서데이컴직무분석은간호의이론과실제의차이를줄일수있는최선의방법으로실무위주의간호교육개선에많은영향을줄수있어그기여도가높을것으로평가된다. 이에본연구는수술실간호직무에경험이풍부한실무자들이제시하는정확하고상세한정보를토대로수술실간호사의직무를체계적이고통합적으로분석하기위해데이컴직무분석기법을이용하여수술실간호사의직무를분석하고자시행되었다. 연구목적본연구의목적은수술실에서근무하는간호사의직무를분석함으로써, 수술실간호사들이효율적으로수술간호업무를수행하고병원조직의인력관리에기초자료를제공하는데있으며구체적인목적은다음과같다. 수술실간호사직업을정의한다. 수술실간호사의업무수행을위한임무 (duty) 와작업 (task) 을기술한다. 수술실간호사업무수행작업표 ( 데이컴챠트 ) 를작성한다. 수술실간호사의중요한임무와작업을파악한다. 용어의정의 직무분석직무분석은직원들이실제수행해야할작업, 임무및책임이무엇인가를확인하고구체화하며, 조직하고명시하는과정으로 (Ignatavicius & Griffith, 1982), 한직업을구성하고있는임무와작업을열거하여분석하는것이다 (Kim, 2006). 본연구에서는 Kim(2006) 의데이컴 (DACUM) 직무분석기법을사용하여직무를정의하고임무 (duty) 와작업 (task) 을분류한다. 연구방법 연구설계본연구는데이컴 (DACUM) 직무분석기법을이용하여수술실간호사의직무를정의하고, 임무와작업을분류하고, 이에대한타당성을검증하여수행작업표 ( 데이컴차트 ) 를제시하기위하여수술실간호사및간호전문가를대상으로워크숍을시행하고설문지를조사하는등다차원연구설계를이용하였다. 연구수행단계및자료수집단계별로진행된구체적연구방법은다음과같다. 데이컴분석기법을이용한직무분석 데이컴위원선정데이컴위원의선정은실무경력을다양하게고려하여선정해야한다는원칙하에병원간호사회의수술간호사회에의뢰하여전국 10개대학병원에근무하는수술실간호사중다양한근무연한과현재근무중인수술분야를고려하여총 10명을선정하였다. 수술실근무연한은 1~3년 2명, 3~5년 3명, 5~8년 2명, 8~12년 2명, 12~15년 1명이었고, 수술분야는일반외과 2명, 신경외과, 정형외과, 흉부외과, 산부인과, 비뇨기과, 안과, 이비인후과, 성형외과각각 1명이었으며의사소통과자기표현력이좋은사람으로선정하였다. 수술실간호사의임무와작업의내용도출데이컴직무분석은워크숍형식으로진행하였다. 워크숍을진행하기위해우선수술간호사회의협조를받아일정및진행프로그램을데이컴위원들에게미리발송하여워크숍당일지각하는사람이없도록하였다. 워크숍은하루일정으로진행되었다. 데이컴직무분석의모든과정은데이컴절차에따라연구팀중데이컴분석자격증이있는 2인의데이컴분석가 (DACUM facilitator) 와분석을도와줄 2인의데이컴실무자 (DACUM coordinator) 가진행하였다. 데이컴분석절차에따라데이컴분석가가데이컴위원인수술실간호사들에게데이컴직무분석에대한오리엔테이션을실시하고연구참여에대해서면으로동의를받았다. 데이컴분석가의진행에따라수술실간호사의직업정의내리기, 수술실간호사의임무와작업분석, 분석한작업명을임무와재검토하면서수정보완하고, 임무와작업의순서매기기를수행하였다. 이과정에서데이컴위원인수술실간호사는실제로수행하고있는업무와작업을열거하고상호작용을통해임무와작업내용을정련하였다. 참여자모두가평등한신분으로자유롭게워크숍에참여하였으며즐거운분위기에서편안하게진행하였다. 참고문헌은사용하지않으며, 각각의임무또는작업에대해모든데이컴위원의의견의일치를본후 기본간호학회지 15(4), 2008 년 11 월 567

3 조경숙외 기록하였다. 직무분석결과의타당성검증 DACUM 직무분석결과를연구팀워크숍을통해수술실간호사의임무, 작업의분류, 순서등의적합성, 그리고각항목의중복성과상호배타성에대해신중하게검토하여정리하였다. 개발한직무내용을전국 500병상이상의대학병원에근무하는주임간호사 20명 ( 과별안배 ) 에게임무와작업각각의항목을 매우타당하다 (4점), 타당하다 (3점), 타당하지않다 (2점), 매우타당하지않다 (1점) 의항목에표시하도록설문지를작성하게하여 1차타당도를검증하였다. 설문지결과를중심으로내용타당도지수 (Index of content validity) 를계산하여 CVI가 0.75이상의항목을선정하였다 (Lee, Lim, & Park, 1998). 1차로수집한설문지의지적사항을바탕으로수정하여대학병원의수술실간호사 10명에게설문으로의뢰하여내용의타당성을 2차검증하였다. 수술실간호사들에게임무와작업각각의항목을 매우타당하다 (4점), 타당하다 (3점), 타당하지않다 (2점), 매우타당하지않다 (1점) 의항목에표시하도록하였다. 수술실간호사의수행작업표 ( 데이컴챠트 ) 작성데이컴직무분석결과에대한타당성검증을통해도출된 13 개의임무와 105개의작업에대한중요도, 난이도, 빈도를포함한수행작업표의작성은다음과같은과정으로이루어졌다. 연구대상표적모집단은전국의 2차병원 30곳, 3차병원 31곳의수술실간호사총 1,742명이었다. 본연구팀은데이컴직무분석결과의타당도를평가하려면수술간호업무에대해잘아는경력자이어야한다는판단하에적어도수술실경력이 3년이상인경력자를타당도검증을위한연구대상자로선정하기로하였다. 따라서연구대상자는표적모집단중에서 3년이상근무한수술실간호사로표본의대표성을고려하여 2차병원수술실간호사 592명의 30%, 3차병원수술실간호사 1,150명의 20% 를비례할당하고수술실간호사가적은곳도기본으로포함하여간호사 480명을임의표출하였다. 연구대상 480명에게연구의목적을설명하고연구참여에대한동의를서면으로받았다. 연구도구 DACUM 직무분석결과에대한타당성을검증한직무내용은 13개의임무와 105개의작업으로구성되었으며, 임무, 작업에대한중요도, 난이도, 빈도를각각 A(3점 ), B(2점 ), C(1 점 ) 로체크하게하는자가보고형설문지로만들었다. 자료수집수술실간호사회에의뢰하여선정된병원에우편으로총 480 부의설문지를배포하였다. 최종자료분석에이용된대상자수는 422명이었다. 자료수집기간은 2007년 3월 26일부터 4 월 28일까지였다. 자료분석수집된자료는 SPSS-WIN 11.5를이용하여임무와작업에대한중요도, 난이도, 빈도는평균과표준편차를계산한후도출한작업의중요성을파악하기위해중요도와난이도를곱하여결정계수를확인하였다. 수술실간호사직무수행작업표 ( 데이컴챠트 ) 작성조사한결과를토대로수술실간호사정의를포함하여 13 개의임무와 105개의작업을일목요연하게작성하였다. 데이컴챠트에는중요도, 난이도, 빈도를점수가높은정도에따라 A( 높음 ), B( 보통 ), C( 낮음 ) 로표시하였다. 연구결과수술실간호사의직무정의, 임무와작업 데이컴직무분석에의해도출된수술실간호사에대한정의는 수술장에서환자가안전하고편안하게수술을받을수있도록수술간호를제공하는자 이며직무내용은 13개의임무와 105개의작업이도출되었다. 데이컴직무분석결과개발한직무내용의타당성을검증하기위하여먼저연구팀이워크숍을통해검토한후 1차로타당성을검증한결과데이컴직무분석결과의직무내용에서임무 1항목 ( 수술지침서개발 ) 과작업 20항목이추가되었으며일부항목의표기가수정되었다. 2차타당성검증결과에서는추가또는수정사항이없었다. 최종적으로수술실간호사의직무는 13개의임무와 105개의작업으로분류되었다. 수술실간호사의수행작업표 ( 데이컴챠트 ) 수행작업표 ( 데이컴챠트 ) 는직무분석에서나온임무와작업을한눈에볼수있도록일목요연하게정리한표이다. 수술실간호사들이각작업의중요도, 난이도, 빈도를상, 중, 하로표시된점수를 3등분하여높은정도에따라 A, B, C로표시하였다. 중요도, 난이도, 빈도모두 A를받은작업은수술지원업무임무중수술거즈, 기구, 바늘카운트 ( 계수 ) 하기, 임플란트적절하게준비하기와수술장비및기구관리임무의기구세척하기 ( 내시경, 미세기구, 고가기구등 ), 수술기구조립하기, 수술장비작동시키기의 5개작업이었다. 중요도, 난이도, 빈도모두 568 기본간호학회지 15(4), 2008 년 11 월

4 직업정의 수술장에서환자가안전하고편안하게수술을받을수있도록수술간호를제공하는자 임무 (Duty) 작업 (Task) 수술환자관리 수술스케줄확인하기 (ACA) 수술환자병실및전화방문하기 (CCC) 수술전환자상태확인하기 (BBB) 수술환자와수술부위확인하기 (ABA) 수술환자및보호자에게수술관련정보제공하기 (CBC) 환자체위준비하기 (BBB) 유치도뇨관삽입하기 (CCC) 수술부위삭모하기 (CCC) 수술환자불안완화시키기 (BBB) 수술환자보호자의불안완화시키기 (CBC) 환자상태수술전, 후비교하기 ( 피부통합성, 순환상태, 신경, 감각 )(BBB) 환자낙상예방하기 (ABA) 환자화상예방하기 (ABA) 국소마취환자활력징후모니터하기 (BBB) 국소마취환자주사하기 (CBC) 국소마취환자수술중상태확인하기 (ABB) 국소마취환자불안완화시키기 (BBB) 환자인수인계하기 ( 회복실, 병동, 중환자실 )(BBB) 수술보조업무 ( 소독간호사 ) 일반외과수술보조하기 (AAB) 정형외과수술보조하기 (AAB) 신경외과수술보조하기 (AAB) 흉부외과수술보조하기 (AAC) 산부인과수술보조하기 (AAB) 비뇨기과수술보조하기 (BAC) 성형외과수술보조하기 (BAC) 이비인후과수술보조하기 (BAC) 안과수술보조하기 (BAC) 소아외과수술보조하기 (BAC) 구강외과수술보조하기 (BAC) 수술지원업무 기구상셋팅하기 (BBA) 수술팀가운, 장갑착용시키기 (CCA) 수술거즈, 기구, 바늘카운트 ( 계수 ) 하기 (AAA) 전기소작및흡인기연결하기 (CCA) 임플란트적절하게준비하기 (AAA) 수술환자검체관리하기 (ABA) 주사약준비하기 (CBB) 추가수술장비조달하기 (CBB) 추가수술물품조달하기 (CBB) 출장수술준비하기 (CCC) 수술감염관리 수술모자, 마스크착용하기 (ACA) 수술물품멸균상태확인하기 (ACA) 외과적손씻기 (ACA) 멸균수술가운입기 (ACA) 멸균장갑끼기 (ACA) 멸균영역유지하기 (ACA) 멸균기기능정기점검하기 (ABB) 표준예방주의준수하기 (BBB) 수술실공기양압유지하기 (BCB) 수술실출입자복장갖추게하기 ( 마스크, 수술복, 모자, 신발 ) (ACA) 수술참여인력의멸균침해감시하기 (ABA) 감염성수술전, 후수술방, 수술기구등처리하기 (ABA) 수술장비및기구관리 일일장비, 기구계수하기 (ABA) 기구세척하기 ( 내시경, 미세기구, 고가기구등 ) (AAA) 수술기구멸균방법분류하기 (ABA) 수술기구조립하기 (AAA) 수술장비작동시키기 (AAA) 수술장비, 기구수리의뢰하기 (BBB) 수술기구포장과멸균하기 (BCA) 수술장비청소하기 ( 무영등, 현미경등 )(BCA) 수술전기구예비점검하기 (ABA)

5 수술실약품제재관리 수술실물품관리 수술실안전관리 수술실환경관리 수술관련행정업무 수술실교육 수술지침서개발 자기계발 약물재고량파악하기 (CCC) 수술물품멸균방법분류하기 (BCA) 방사선조사관련안전관리하기 (BAC) 수술방온도, 습도맞추기 (CCB) 수술간호기록지작성하기 (ABA) 수련간호사직무순환교육하기 (cross training) (BAB) 소독제재의유효기간확인하기하기 (ACB) 사용한물품 ( 기구 ) 소독의뢰하기 (BCA) 독성물질안전관리하기 (BAC) 수술방청결유지하기 (ACA) 수술처치재료처방입력하기 (ABA) 신규간호사교육하기 (BAB) 수술명및집도의에의한수술과정지침서개발하기 (BAC) 수술관련최신정보수집하기 (BAC) 수술장집담회참석하기 ( 발표포함 )(CAC) 약품청구하기 (CCC) 물품재고량파악하기 (CCB) 화재예방안전관리하기 (BAC) 수술적출물관리하기 (ACA) 수술실스케줄보고하기 ( 효율적수술실운영 ) (BBB) 실습학생 ( 간호학생, 의대생등 ) 교육하기 (CAC) 수술업무지침서개발하기 (BAC) 수술관련학회, 보수교육참여하기 (CAC) 특수제재 (T-cell, green plast, thrombin, tacochrome, bone bank, 등 ) 관리하기 (BBB) 정기적물품 ( 소모품 ) 청구하기 (CCB) 전기사고안전관리하기 (BAC) 수술폐기물분류하기 (BCA) 수술장비, 기구구매청구하기 (CAC) 간호보조직원교육하기 (CAC) 간호보조직원업무지침서개발하기 (CAC) 수술관련주제연구하기 (CAC) 소모품재멸균하기 (CCB) 수술폐기물처리상태감독하기 (CCB) 업무회의참석하기 (CAC) 수술장비사용법교육받기 (BAB) 마약, 향정신성약품관리하기 (ABC) 물품수령하기 (CCB) 수술실내정리정돈하기 (CCA) 간호질향상 (QI) 활동하기 (CAB) 주 ) 하단세개씩의영문표기는각작업의중요도, 난이도, 빈도를정도에따라 A ( 높음 ), B ( 보통 ), C ( 낮음 ) 로구분했음. 환자가준비해오는약품관리하기 (BCB) 물품을제자리에배치하기 (CCB) 간호관련자격증취득하기 (CAC) 긴급물품공급을위한물품공급업체와의긴급업무 (A/S 문의등 ) 연락하기 (CBB) 외국어공부하기 (CAC) Gauze ball 만들기 (CCC) Figure 1. Performance table of the work of operating room nurses

6 데이컴직무분석기법을이용한수술실간호사의직무분석 C를받은작업은모두 7개로, 수술환자관리임무중수술환자병실및전화방문하기, 유치도뇨관삽입하기, 수술부위삭모하기가있었고, 수술지원업무임무의출장수술준비하기와수술실약품제재관리임무의약물재고량파악하기, 약품청구하기, 수술실물품관리하기임무중거즈볼만들기이었다. 이에따라수술실간호직무수행작업표를작성하였다 (Figure 1). 수술실간호사의임무와작업별결정계수도출한작업의중요성을파악하기위해중요도와난이도를이용하여결정계수를산출하였다. 소수 (25%) 의수술실간호사들만수행하고있다고응답한작업을제외하기위해빈도가 1.5점이하인수술환자관리임무중수술환자병실및전화방문하기를제외했다. 나머지임무의중요도, 난이도를고려 하여결정계수를산출한결과수술보조업무 ( 소독간호사 ) 가 6.61로가장높아가장중요한임무로볼수있다. 그다음으로는수술지침서개발 (6.61), 자기계발 (6.09), 수술실안전관리 (6.04) 순이었고, 가장점수가낮은임무는수술실물품관리 (4.22), 수술실환경관리 (4.88), 수술실약품제재관리 (4.89) 순이었다 (Table 1). 각임무에해당하는각작업의결정계수는 Table 2에제시하였다. 수술환자관리임무에서는환자낙상예방하기, 수술보조업무 ( 소독간호사 ) 임무에서는정형외과수술보조하기, 수술실감염관리임무에서는멸균기기능정기점검하기, 수술장비및기구관리임무에서는기구세척하기, 수술실약물제재관리임무에서는마약, 향정신성약품관리하기, 수술실물품관리에서는긴급물품공급을위한물품공급업체와의긴급업무연락하기, 수술실안전관리임무에서는독성물질안전관리 Table 1. Determinant Coefficient Scores for Duty in Order of Importance Duty Determinant coefficient Scrub role (surgical assist) 6.61 Development of operative manual 6.31 Self-development 6.09 Management of operating room safety 6.04 Operating room education 5.82 Management of surgical equipments & instruments 5.70 Administration of medications & solutions in the operating room 5.36 Circulating role (surgical support) 5.27 Preventive management of operating room infections 5.14 Perioperative patient care 5.05 Administration of medications & solutions in the operating room 4.89 Management of surgical environment 4.88 Operating room supplies management 4.22 Table 2. Determinant Coefficient Scores of Tasks according to Duties Duty Task Determinant coefficient Identifying operation schedule 4.86 Visiting or calling for operation patients 3.14 Identifying pre operation health status of patients 5.37 Identifying operation patients and operation sites 5.65 Providing operation information for operation patient & his/her significant others 5.00 Preparing operation position 5.41 Inserting indwelling catheter 3.81 Shaving & cleansing operation site 3.27 Perioperative patient Relieving anxiety of operation patient due to OP 5.65 care Relieving anxiety of his/her significant others 4.59 Comparing pre and post OP health status (skin integration, cognition, perception etc) 5.64 Preventing falls in operation patient 5.94 Preventing burns in operation patient 5.71 Monitoring vital signs for patient with local anesthetic 5.65 Medicating for local anesthetic patient 4.97 Monitoring health status of patient during local anesthesia 5.84 Relieving anxiety of patient with local anesthetic 5.73 Transfer patient (operating room with recovery room, ward, and ICU) 5.25 기본간호학회지 15(4), 2008 년 11 월 571

7 조경숙외 Table 2. Determinant Coefficient Scores of Tasks according to Duties(continued) Duty Task Determinant coefficient Assisting in general surgery 6.77 Assisting in orthopedic surgery 7.60 Assisting in neurosurgery 7.32 Assisting in thoracic surgery 7.38 Assisting in gynecologic & obstetric surgery 6.17 Scrub role Assisting in urologic surgery 6.20 (surgical assist) Assisting in plastic & reconstruction surgery 6.01 Assisting in ear, nose & throat surgery 6.23 Assisting in ophthalmic surgery 6.67 Assisting in pediatric surgery 6.35 Assisting in dental surgery 5.93 Circulating role (surgical support) Preventive management of operation room infections Management of surgical equipments & instruments Administration of medications & solutions in the operating room Operating room supplies management Setting operation table 5.49 Helping gowning & gloving for operation team 4.33 Counting gauze, instruments, and needles 6.50 Connecting Bovie and suction lines 4.19 Preparing implants for operation 6.72 Handling specimen of operation patient 6.01 Preparing medication 5.18 Supplying additional operation instruments & devices 5.53 Delivering additional operation supplies 5.24 Preparing operation setting 3.83 Wearing mask & cap 4.04 Identifying sterilization of operation supplies 5.00 Surgical hand washing 5.02 Wearing sterile gown 4.62 Wearing sterile gloves 4.71 Maintaining sterile area 5.59 Monitoring function of sterilizer regularly 5.78 Following standard precautions 5.55 Maintaining positive air pressure of operating room 5.01 Guiding visitors to wear gown, mask, cap, and shoes 4.81 Monitoring contamination by operation team 5.57 Treating/Handling the instruments and equipment that used in contagious operation 6.01 Counting instruments and equipment daily 5.86 Washing instruments (endoscope, micro-instruments, expensive instruments etc) 6.54 Classifying sterilization types for operation instruments 5.61 Assembling operation instruments 6.17 Operating operation facilities 6.26 Referring to fix operation equipment and instruments 5.58 Wrapping & sterilizing operation instruments 4.94 Cleaning operation equipment (astral lamp, microscope, etc) 4.71 Checking instruments before operation 5.70 Counting the total stock of medicine 4.43 Identifying valid date of disinfectants 4.79 Requesting medicines 4.26 Managing special materials (T-cell, green plast, thrombin, tacochrome, bone bank, etc) 5.16 Managing narcotics & antipsychotics 5.83 Managing medicines that patient brought 4.89 Classifying sterilization types for operation supplies 4.97 Referring to disinfect operation instruments and equipment 4.63 Counting the total stock of supplies 4.59 Requesting supplies (expendables) regularly 4.51 Resterilizing supplies (expendables) 4.20 Receiving supplies 기본간호학회지 15(4), 2008 년 11 월

8 데이컴직무분석기법을이용한수술실간호사의직무분석 Table 2. Determinant Coefficient Scores of Tasks according to Duties(continued) Duty Task Determinant coefficient Arranging supplies 3.97 Operating room supplies Calling to supplier for urgent operations (A/S consult, etc) 5.03 management Making gauze balls 2.39 Management of operating room safety Management of surgical environment Administrative task in operating room operating room education Development of operative manual Self-development Maintaining safety for radiation 6.02 Maintaining safety for toxic materials 6.11 Maintaining safety for fire 6.01 Maintaining safety for electric hazards 6.02 Controlling temperature & humidity of operation 4.75 Maintaining cleanness of operation 5.27 Handling operation extracts 5.12 Classifying operation wastes 4.86 Supervising the workers who handle operation wastes 4.78 Arranging all goods in operating room 4.50 Writing operating room nursing records 5.49 Recording the materials and prescription used in operation 5.96 Reporting operation schedules 5.11 Requesting to purchase operation equipment & instruments 5.65 Participating business meetings 4.62 Training nurses 6.45 Teaching new nurses 6.87 Teaching nursing & medical students 5.32 Teaching nurse aids 4.77 Developing operation procedure book 6.83 Developing operation manuals for nurses 6.76 Developing operating room manuals for nurse aids 5.39 Collecting new information related to operation 6.24 Participating in operating room conferences including presentations 5.72 Participating for academic conferences & continuing education programs 5.59 Studying operation topics 6.07 Learning how to operate operating room equipment 6.27 Participating in nursing QI activity 6.36 Obtaining certifications related to nursing 6.17 Learning foreign languages 6.30 하기, 수술실환경관리임무에서는수술적출물관리하기, 수술관련행정업무임무에서는수술처치재료처방입력하기, 수술실교육임무에서는신규간호사교육하기, 수술지침서개발하기임무에서는수술명및집도의에의한수술과정지침서개발하기, 자기계발임무에서는간호질향상활동하기등이 높은결정계수를보였다. 각작업의결정계수를산출한결과수술보조업무 ( 소독간호사 ) 의정형외과수술보조하기가 7.60으로가장높아가장중요한작업으로나타났다. 그다음으로는흉부외과수술보조하기 (7.38), 신경외과수술보조하기 (7.32), 수술실교육임무의신 Table 3. Determinant Coefficient Scores for Most Important Tasks according to Duty Order Duty Task Determinant coefficient 1 Scrub role (surgical assist) Assisting in orthopedic surgery Scrub role (surgical assist) Assisting in thoracic surgery Scrub role (surgical assist) Assisting in neurosurgery OR education Teaching new nurses Development of operative manual Developing operation procedure book Scrub role (surgical assist) Assisting general surgery Development of operative manual Developing operation manuals for nurses Circulating role (surgical support) Preparing implants for operation Scrub role (surgical assist) Assisting in ophthalmic surgery Management of surgical equipments & instruments Washing instruments (endoscope, micro-instruments, expensive instruments etc.) 6.54 기본간호학회지 15(4), 2008 년 11 월 573

9 조경숙외 규간호사교육하기 (6.87), 수술지침서개발임무의수술명및집도의에의한수술과정지침서개발하기 (6.83), 수술보조업무의일반외과수술보조하기 (6.77), 수술지침서개발임무의수술업무지침서개발하기 (6.76), 수술지원업무임무의임플란트적절하게준비하기 (6.72), 수술보조업무임무의안과수술보조하기 (6.67), 수술장비및기구관리하기임무의기구세척하기 ( 내시경, 미세기구, 고가기구등 )(6.54) 순이었다 (Table 3). 결정계수가낮게나타난작업은수술실물품관리임무의거즈볼만들기 (2.39), 수술환자관리임무의수술부위삭모하기 (3.27), 유치도뇨관삽입하기 (3.81), 수술지원업무임무의출장수술준비하기 (3.83), 수술실물품관리임무의물품을제자리에배치하기 (3.97), 수술실감염관리임무의수술모자, 마스크착용하기 (4.04), 수술실물품관리임무의물품수령하기 (4.06), 수술지원업무임무의전기소작및흡인기연결하기 (4.19), 수술실물품관리임무의소모품재멸균하기 (4.20), 수술실약품제재관리임무의약품청구하기 (4.26) 순이었다 (Table 4). 논의 데이컴직무분석은실무경험이풍부한실무자로부터직무에대한정보를얻는모델로, 경험이많은근로자는다른어떤사람보다직업에대해정확히설명할수있고, 경험이많은근로자의일을분석해보면직무를알수있고, 모든작업들이근로자에의해정확히수행되기위해서는일정한지식, 기술, 공구, 그리고작업태도가필요한요소라는전제를갖고있다. 따라서데이컴직무분석방법은경험이풍부한실무자를통해실무에근거한질적인결과를도출할수있으며신속하고비용효과적이어서최근실무위주의교육프로그램개발에활용되고있다 (Kim, 2006). 간호학은실무중심의교육을지향하는전문직으로실무자로부터정확한직무내용을파악하고이에대한교육적요구를제공하는것이필요하다. 이에본연구에서수술실간호사의직무분석을데이컴기법을이용하여확인함으로써실무현장의목소리를대변할수있 었다고평가한다. 이를통해직무분석을구체적이고체계적으로할수있었으며, 더나아가수술실간호사의교육적요구를확인하고수술실간호사의경력개발의우선순위를정할수있는 (DeOnna, 2002) 근거를제시할수있었다. 지금까지우리나라에서수행된수술실간호사의업무에대한선행연구는업무활동을조사하여수술실간호사의수행을활동내용에따라역할별로구분하였거나, 1990년대이후에업무수행및간호원가에관한연구로수술실간호업무를생산성과연결하였고, 업무수행능력및평가도구나직무프로그램개발연구가진행되어수술간호실무능력과수술실부서에대한평가도구및지표들을개발하는연구들이진행되어왔다 (Kim, 2005). 본연구는데이컴기법을이용하여수술간호실무능력을중요도, 난이도와빈도까지제시하였기때문에선행연구들이제시하지못하였던구체성을보완하였으므로본연구결과를수술간호업무의평가도구및지표개발에활용할수있을것으로생각되어본연구의유용성은더욱높다. 미국수술간호사협회 (AORN, 1969) 는수술간호를 전문적인수술간호는자연과학과행동과학의지식에기초하여환자의생리적, 심리적, 사회적요구를파악하여, 수술전, 중, 및후환자의건강과복지를위하여개별화된간호활동을계획하고수행하는것이다 라고정의하였다. 본연구결과, 수술실간호사는 수술장에서환자가안전하고편안하게수술을받을수있도록수술간호를제공하는자 로정의하였다. 이는데이컴위원으로선정된수술실간호사들이실무에서경험하면서지각한수술실간호사의직무를그룹상호작용을통해도출하여정의한것이므로타당성이높다고본다. 본연구결과에서제시되고있는수술실간호사는간호의지식적차원, 환자의요구, 간호활동등을통합하여전문적인수술간호를제공하여야함을시사하고있다. 이는최근수술주기간호에도입된간호인증제의목적과일치하는것으로개인적인성취감과만족뿐만아니라특수영역에대한지식을평가하고전문적성장과실무표준을만듦으로써수술간호전문직에대한신 Table 4. Determinant Coefficient Scores for Least Important Tasks according to Duty Order Duty Task Determinant coefficient 1 Operating room supplies management Making gauze balls Perioperative patient care Shaving and cleansing operation site Perioperative patient care Inserting indwelling catheter Circulating role (surgical support) Preparing operation setting Operating room supplies management Arranging supplies Preventive management of operating room infections Wearing mask & cap OR supplies management Receiving supplies Circulating role (surgical support) Connecting Bovie and suction lines Operating room supplies management Resterilizing supplies (expendables) Administration of medication & solution in the operating room Requesting medicine 기본간호학회지 15(4), 2008 년 11 월

10 데이컴직무분석기법을이용한수술실간호사의직무분석 뢰의제공을 (Gaberson, Schroeter, Killen, & Valentine, 2003) 수술실간호사의직무정의에서포함하고있음을확인할수있다. 수술실간호사의업무를 6개의수술간호업무영역과 50개의수술간호행위요소로분류하여제시한 Park, Yoon과 Cho (2001) 는사정및평가업무영역, 감독및감시업무영역, 준비업무영역, 정돈및관리업무영역, 기타업무영역의 6개의수술간호업무영역으로제시하고있는데, 본연구결과는 Park 등 (2001) 의연구결과보다더구체적으로업무를명명하고, 분류하면서 13가지의임무로제시하였다. 이는본연구결과가다른선행연구결과와현장의실무상황을잘반영하는차별화된결과임을입증하는것으로평가된다. 즉본연구는수술실간호직업에대한직무분석을통하여수술실실무교육에서 무엇을반드시가르칠것인가? 에대한대답을할수있게하였다고평가한다. 특이할만한사항은타연구결과에서제시되지않은직무들이본연구결과에서제시되었다. 즉수술실교육이나수술지침서개발, 자기개발과같은내용이수술실간호사의임무에서강조되고있음을알수있었다. 이는수술실간호사들의교육적요구와자기개발에대한요구가증가되고있는현상을반영하고있는것으로이러한요구들이충족될때직무만족으로연결될수있다고본다. 한편본연구에서작업수행표를통해확인된임무와작업중에서그중요성이높은임무와작업은결정계수를통해재확인할수있었다. 결정계수는중요도와난이도를곱해서얻은값이기때문에결정계수가높은임무와작업은관심을갖고감독과교육이필요함을시사한다. 결정계수가높은임무는수술보조업무 ( 소독간호사 ) 가가장높았으며, 수술지침서개발, 자기계발, 수술실안전관리등의순으로높았다. Choi (2006) 는수술실간호사들이안전관리영역의업무수행능력이가장높았으며, 소독간호사의역할수행능력내용을포함하고있는전문성개발의업무수행능력은세번째로높은것으로나타났으나안전관리영역에수술중의료과오예방의내용을포함하고있어이는수술중소독간호사의역할도포함하고있다고평가된다. 따라서본연구결과와 Choi (2006) 의연구결과는내용상으로일치하였다. 이상의결과를통해볼때, 수술실간호사의가장중요한직무는직접수술에참여하여수술집도의를보조하는수술간호의대부분을차지하는역할과수술을잘보조하기위해수술지침서를개발하여수술과관련된내용을익히는것이수술간호사의본연의임무임을확인할수있었다. 이에따라수술실간호사들이중요하게생각하는작업은역시수술보조임무중각진료과별수술 ( 정형외과, 흉부외과, 신경외과 ) 이었다. 반면에수술실물품관리와환경관리, 약품제재관리등은결정계수가낮은것으로나타나수술실간호사들은덜중요 한수술간호사의임무로생각하는것으로파악되었다. 이는이직무들은빈도는높은편이나난이도가낮아덜중요한임무로나타났다. 이러한결과를통해볼때, 수술실간호사들교육시임상경험에따라난이도가낮은이러한업무는수술실신규간호사교육에적용하고임상경험의축적에따라난이도가높은다른업무의교육이나이행을고려하는것이필요함을시사한다. 한편수술실간호사들이덜중요하게생각하는작업은역시거즈볼만들기, 수술부위삭모하기, 유치도뇨관삽입하기등이었다. 특히수술부위삭모나유치도뇨관삽입과같은간호행위는이미병실에서수행된수술전간호이기때문에상대적으로수술실간호사들에게는중요도가낮은것으로인식되고있음을시사한다. 최근수술실간호사의능력개발및향상을위해서임상경력개발제도에관심이증가되고있다 (Choi, 2006; Kim, 2005). 간호사들의임상경험, 교육경험, 간호역량의수준에따라인정하고보상을하는시스템인임상경력개발제도를통해서간호사들의간호역량을체계적으로개발시킴으로써직업적자신감을높이고자율적권한과책임이있는, 간호전문성을갖춘간호사들을양성할수있다 (Kim, 2006). 이런측면에서볼때, 데이컴기법을통한직업훈련프로그램의평가와교육과정개발은수술실간호사의능력개발과향상에유용한방법이될수있을것으로기대한다. 간호사의임상경력에따른간호역량을수행작업표 ( 데이컴챠트 ) 에제시된수술실간호사의직무수행능력에의해평가해봄으로써수술실간호사의임상경력과수술실간호사의업무수행능력의타당성및상관성을확인해볼필요가있으며이를근거로체계적인수술실간호사의직무교육프로그램을개발할수있을것이다. 결론및제언 본연구는수술실간호사의직무를분석하기위해데이컴직무분석기법을이용한서술적연구이다. 데이컴직무분석을통해수술실간호사의역할정의를제시하고, 임무와작업의기술, 수술실간호사가수행해야하는업무내용에대한중요도, 난이도, 빈도를확인하여수술실간호사의수행작업표 ( 데이컴챠트 ) 를작성할목적으로시도하였다. 경험이있는수술실간호사 10명을데이컴위원으로선정하여 2인의데이컴분석가가워크숍을진행하였다. 워크숍에서도출된수술실간호사의임무와작업은본연구팀과수술실간호사들로부터내용타당도를두차례확인하였다. 그런다음전국의병원을대상으로비례할당하여 422명의수술실간호사로부터임무와작업의중요도, 난이도, 그리고빈도를검증받았다. 이결과를바탕으로수술실간호사의직무는 13 개임무와 105개작업으로구성된수행작업표 ( 데이컴챠트 ) 를 기본간호학회지 15(4), 2008 년 11 월 575

11 조경숙외 작성하였으며, 각작업은중요도, 난이도, 빈도의순서로그정도를 A( 높음 ), B( 보통 ), 그리고 C( 낮음 ) 로표시하여제시하였다. 마지막으로수술실간호사직무의결정계수를확인함으로써임무와작업의중요성을파악하였다. 결정계수가가장높은임무는수술보조업무 ( 소독간호사 ) 이었으며가장낮은임무는수술실물품관리이었다. 본연구결과는수술실간호사들의수술간호직무에대한인식과공감대형성에도움이되었을뿐만아니라수술간호업무를포괄적으로이해하고수행할수있게하였다. 또한수술간호업무를일목요연하게제시하는데이컴챠트를통해신규수술실간호사의교육및경력개발에업무의중요도와난이도, 그리고빈도를고려한체계적인교육을제공하는기초자료가될수있을것으로기대한다. 본연구결과를토대로다음과같이제언한다. 수술실간호사의직무수행작업표 ( 데이컴챠트 ) 를다양한병원의수술실간호사의교육및수술간호교육과정개발에활용할것을제안한다. 수술실간호사의직무수행작업표에근거한신규수술실간호사의교육의효과를평가하여직무수행작업표의유용성을평가하는것이필요하다. 데이컴직무수행작업표에근거하여수술실간호사의임상등급별간호능력을확인하고평가하는것이필요하다. References Abbott, C. A., & Rodriguez, W. P. (1989). Delegating intraoperative activities, A pilot study. AORN J, 50(2), 338, , Association of Perioperative Registered Nurses. (1969). Definition and objective for clinical practice of professional operating room nursing. AORN J, 10, Association of Perioperative Registered Nurses. (1995). A model for perioperative nursing practice. Standard of recommended practice, Cho, K. S., Kang, H. S., Lim,, N. Y., Kwon, S. B., Kim, D. O., Lee, Y. J., Son, H. M., Park, Y. S., Lee, E. H., Kim, J. H., Han, H. J., & Yoon, K. S. (2007). Job analysis of operating room nurses. Unpublished manuscript. Choi, J. S. (2006). A study on work-implementation and clinical ladder related factors by operating room nurse's clinical career. Unpublished master's thesis, Gyeongsang National University, Jinjoo. DeOnna, J. (2002). DACUM: a versatile competency-based framework for staff development. J Nurses Staff Dev, 18(1), Gaberson, K. B., Schroeter, K., Killen, A. R., & Valentine, W. A. (2003). The perceived value of certification by certified perioperative nurses. Nurs Outlook, 51(6), Ignatavicius. D., & Griffith, J. (1982). Job analysis: The basis of effective appraisal. Nurs Admin, 12, 7-8. Kim, H. Y. (2005). A development of nursing competency for operating room nurses using a clinical ladder system. Unpublished master's thesis, Chonnam National University, Gwangju. Kim, K. H. (2000). A study on perioperative performance in the tertiary hospitals. Unpublished master's thesis, Seoul National University, Seoul. Kim, M. S. (2004). A survey of the nursing activities as the core nursing intervention in the operating room. Operating Nurs, 12(1), Kim, P. O. (2006). DACUM Handbook. Institute of Research in Technology Education. Chungnam University, Daejeon. Kwon, S. B., Cho, K. S., Park, Y. S., Kim, D. O., Yi, Y. J., & Lee, E. H. (2008). An analysis of nursing work of operating room nurses. J Korean Acad Nurs Admin, 14(1), Lee, E. O., Lim, N, Y., & Park, H. A. (1998). Statistical analysis and nursing medical research. Seoul: Soomoon Publishing Co. Mcgarvey, H. E., Chambers, M. G., & Boore, J. R. (2000). Development and definition of the role of the operating department nurse: a review. J Adv Nurs, 32(5), Park, K. O., Yoon, S. O., & Cho, M. S. (2001). The estimation of operation cost. Operating Nurs, 9(1), Park, M. R. (1999). A affecting factors on the nursing activities of the operation nurses. Operating Nurs, 7(1), Yoon, K. S. (1987). A study of nursing manpower requirements based on the nursing time spent in operating room of an university hospital. J Korea Commum Health Nurs Acad Soc, 1(1), 기본간호학회지 15(4), 2008 년 11 월

12 데이컴직무분석기법을이용한수술실간호사의직무분석 Job Description of the Nurses Who Work in Operating Room Using DACUM Technique Cho, Kyung-Sook 1) Son, Haeng-Mi 2) Kang, Hyun-Sook 3) Kim, Joo-Hyun 4) Lim, Nan-Young 5) Yoon, Kye-Sook 6) Han, Hye-Ja 7) 1) Professor, Department of Nursing, Kyungwon University 2) Associate Professor, Department of Nursing, University of Ulsan 3) Professor, College of Nursing Science, Kyunghee University 4) Professor, Department of Nursing, Kangwon National University 5) Professor, Department of Nursing, Hanyang University 6) Operating Room Nursing Director, Samsung Seoul Hospital. 7) Associate Professor, Department of Nursing, Shinsung College Purpose: Developing a curriculum(dacum) is a method of analyzing job focused competency, which is obtained from the data of an expert belonging to a certain career. In this study the DACUM method was used to analyze the jobs of operating room nurses. Method: Through the DACUM workshop which was arranged by two DACUM facillitators, a definition of the role of operating room nurses was developed and then duties and tasks of operating room nurses' were identified. For the workshop, a DACUM committee with 10 operating room nurses was organized. Finally, the duties and tasks which were identified were validated by 422 nurses for importance, difficulty, and frequency. Results: Thirteen duties and 105 tasks were identified on the DACUM chart, where importance, difficulty, and frequency of tasks were represented by alphabet letters A, B, and C as higher degree of importance. The determinant coefficient(dc) showed that the most important duty was assisting with operations(dc=6.61), and the least, managing operating materials(dc=4.22). For tasks, the most important ones were assisting in orthostatic surgery(dc=7.60), and assisting in thoracic surgery(dc=7.38), and the least important making gauze ball(dc=2.39), and saving of operation site((dc=3.27). Conclusion: The results suggest a need to develop an education program using the DACUM chart as a basis for the development and as a clinical career ladder and for curriculum of operating room nursing. Key words : Job Description, Nurse, Operating Rooms Address reprint requests to : Son, Haeng-Mi Department of Nursing, University of Ulsan 102 Daehakro, Nam-gu, Ulsan , Korea Tel: Fax: sonhm@mail.ulsan.ac.kr 기본간호학회지 15(4), 2008 년 11 월 577

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