대한간호학회지제 41 권제 1 호, 2011 년 2 월 J Korean Acad Nurs Vol.41 No.1, 9-17 DOI: /jkan 호스피스스마트환자 서비스프로그램개발및평가 박재순 1 유양숙 1 최동원 2 박현정 3 김지인 4

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1 대한간호학회지제 41 권제 1 호, 2011 년 2 월 J Korean Acad Nurs Vol.41 No.1, 9-17 박재순 1 유양숙 1 최동원 2 박현정 3 김지인 4 1 가톨릭대학교간호대학교수, 2 적십자간호대학조교수, 3 가톨릭대학교간호대학전임강사, 4 가톨릭대학교호스피스연구소연구보조원 Development and Evaluation of Hospice Smart Patient Service Program Park, Chai-Soon 1 Yoo, Yang-Sook 1 Choi, Dong-Won 2 Park, Hyun-Jeong 3 Kim, Ji-In 4 1 Professor, College of Nursing, The Catholic University of Korea 2 Assistant Professor, Red Cross College of Nursing 3 Full-time Instructor, College of Nursing, The Catholic University of Korea 4 Research Assistant, Institute for Hospice/Palliative Care, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop and implement the Hospice Smart Patient Program and to evaluate its effectiveness. Methods: It was quasi-experimental non-equivalent pre-post study. Breast cancer patients who underwent surgery, chemotherapy or radiotherapy, or who needed palliative care, participated in the study. Participants were divided into two groups, experimental and control groups based on their preferences. The program was developed after literature review and discussion among experts on hospice and palliative care. Participants who were in the experimental group received either face-to-face or phone Hospice Smart Patient Service at least once a week for 5 months. Results: There was a significant difference in quality of life and communication skill between the two groups after the service was provided. In addition, participants in experimental group showed improved decision making skills, mastery sense, and understanding of hospice and palliative care, which would be beneficial in improving their quality of life. Conclusion: We have concluded that the Hospice Smart Patient Program is useful for cancer patients in decision making, improving self-control and choosing hospice care to improve their quality of life. Key words: Hospices, Breast neoplasms, Quality of life, Communication 서론 1. 연구의배경호스피스완화돌봄의표준 (National Cancer Center, 2003) 에의하면호스피스는임종이예상되는시점이전이라도투병과정에서발생하는통증이나증상의완화가필요한모든환자에게적극적으로호스피스완화돌봄을제공하는것으로규정하고있고, 최근에는진단받는시점부터암환자의통증및증상관리를포함한전인적 관리를통해삶의질을향상시키기위한개념으로확대되고있다 (Ferrell & Coyle, 2006). 생활의패턴이변화하면서질병구조가변하고있으며더불어의학기술이발달함에따라말기환자가증가하게되면서, 적절한삶의질을유지하며인간다운죽음을맞이하고자하는권리에대한요구가증가하는등현실적으로호스피스의필요성이더욱증대되고있다 (Yun et al., 2004). 조사에의하면우리나라국민의 84.6% 가호스피스를이용할의사가있는것으로나타나고있다. 그러나호스피스에대한편견과죽음에대한잘못된인식등으로말기암환자의 5.1% 만이호스피스를이용하고있는실정이다. 주요어 : 호스피스, 유방암, 삶의질, 의사소통 * 본연구는 2008 년보건복지가족부암정복추진연구개발사업의지원에의해수행되었음 ( ). *This study was supported by a grant from the National R&D Program for Cancer Control, Ministry for Health, Welfare and Family affairs, Republic of Korea ( ). Address reprint requests to: Choi, Dong-Won Red Cross College of Nursing, 98 Saemunan-gil, Jongno-gu, Seoul , Korea Tel: Fax: dionia21@redcross.ac.kr 투고일 : 2010 년 6 월 14 일심사의뢰일 : 2010 년 6 월 14 일게재확정일 : 2011 년 2 월 25 일 2011 Korean Society of Nursing Science ISSN

2 10 박재순 유양숙 최동원외 2 인 이로인해호스피스대상자임에도불구하고불필요한의료행위를추구함에따라환자의고통이가중되며, 가족의재정적부담뿐아니라국가적인보건의료재정이낭비되고있다 (National Cancer Center, 2008). 우리나라는사회문화적으로죽음에대해언급하는것을금기시하는국민정서를가지고있다. 심폐소생술금지 (Do not Resuscitation, DNR) 를포함한사전의사결정등의과정에서환자들이거의배제되고있으며, 호스피스에대한그릇된인식등으로대상자들이적극적으로호스피스를선택하는데주저하고있다. 따라서호스피스의뢰나 DNR 결정과정등에서대상자와의료진간에정보를공유할수있는의사소통능력을향상시키고충분한정보를바탕으로스스로질병과정에적극적으로참여하고의사결정할수있는스마트한환자가될필요성이대두되고있다 (Park et al., 2009). 스마트환자 (Smart Patient) 는한인간으로서존중받으며, 필요한정보를얻고, 질병과정에참여할권리를바탕으로자신의질병상태에대하여정확하고솔직하게의료진과의사소통함으로써자신의질병상태를명확하게이해하고치료과정에능동적으로참여하는주인공의역할을할수있는환자를의미한다 (Roizen & Oz, 2006). 국내의료시장은공급자중심에서수요자중심으로바뀌고있으며, 다양한매체를통하여과다한정보에접하고있다. 따라서환자는자신의질환에대해신뢰할수있는정보를얻고시행착오를최소한으로줄이면서자신에게최적의의료서비스를선택할수있는스마트한환자가되어야한다. 이는생활수준의향상으로질높은의료서비스에대한요구의증가에더불어개인별맞춤의료로변화하는소비자중심의사회적요구에부응하는하나의대안으로제시될수있다. 국외에서는이러한스마트환자를지원하기위해질환별로가이드라인을개발하여의료비, 보험, 약처방전, 웹을통한정보수집가이드, 질환에대한일반적인정보뿐아니라, 사전의사결정, 호스피스, 마지막삶의이슈등에대하여도홈페이지에제시하는등다양한매체를통해스마트환자가되는구체적인방법을대중에게알리고있다 (American Academy of Family Physicians, 2009; Discovery communications, 2009; Smart Patient, 2007). Kim, Bazant와 Storey (2006) 는환자에게가족계획에대한개별교육의효과를높이기위하여스마트환자개념을활용한결과대상자의의사소통능력과치료과정에의참여도가향상되었다고보고한바있다. 우리나라의경우아직스마트환자개념을이용한연구는거의없는실정이고호스피스에대한연구는다수가보고되었으나실태조사와인식조사가대부분이고중재연구는이미말기로진행된환자에대한증상경감에대한연구정도이다 (Hwang & Ryu, 2009; Jang, 2008). 따라서호스피스에대한부정적인인식과의료인의결정을수동적으로받아들이거나방관자적인입장을취할수밖에없는현 실속에서암진단초기부터의료진과의효율적인의사소통을통하여호스피스완화돌봄에대한정확한정보를제공받고, 대상자의다양한요구를충족시키면서궁극적으로적절한삶의질을유지할수있는표준화되고실현가능한호스피스스마트환자서비스를개발할필요가있다. 본연구의대상자는시범적으로다빈도 5대암중하나이고여성암가운데발생률 1위인유방암환자로선정하였다. 유방암의 5년생존율이높다고알려져있으나우리나라여성유방암환자의사망률은 2006년기준으로 10년전에비해 53.5% 나증가하였다 (Korea National Statistical Office [KNSO], 2007). 유방암발생이급증하고있으며, 유방암환자의 60% 이상이 50세이전의젊은환자이고, 전이및재발로인해사망률이증가하고있어질병초기에서말기까지의과정동안스마트환자가될필요성이있다. 또한질병특성이타암에비해동질하고유방암자조모임이병원별로활성화되어있고협조적인편으로대상자접근이용이하다. Gill 등 (2004) 은유방암의질병특성상대상자가겪는만성적불편감과재발가능성은신체적, 사회적무능력감을자각하게하며, 우울과정서적혼란, 부정적정서를경험하게하여효과적인대처를방해함으로써고통을가중시키는요인이된다고하였다. 최근다양한유방암치료법의발전으로생존율이높아져삶의질에대한관심이증대되었으나유방암의지속적인치료과정에서수반되는신체적변화, 불편감, 신체상과자아개념장애, 사회적, 성적및가족관계의변화, 죽음에대한두려움과재발에따른무력감등은환자에게위협적인상황으로환자들은질병과정을통하여미래에대한불확실성에직면하게된다고하였다 (Jo & Son, 2004). 따라서본연구에서는질병초기에서말기까지스마트한환자가되고자하는요구도가높을것으로추정되는유방암환자를대상으로 Roizen과 Oz (2006) 가제시한스마트환자개념을바탕으로대상자들에게암진단시점에서부터실제적인도움과정보를줄수있는호스피스스마트환자서비스프로그램을개발하고직접서비스를제공한후의사소통능력과삶의질의평가를통해그효과를규명하고자하였다. 이로써질병과정에서암환자들이적극적으로참여하고자율적인의사결정을내릴수있고자신의삶안에서의조절력을향상시키며, 추후말기로진행되었을때신체적, 심리사회적및영적돌봄을통해삶의질을향상시킬수있는중재프로그램을제시하고자하였다. 2. 연구목적본연구는암진단을받은환자를대상으로호스피스스마트환자서비스를개발, 운영하고그효과를검증하고자시행된연구로

3 11 서구체적인목적은다음과같다. 첫째, 호스피스스마트환자서비스프로그램을개발한다. 둘째, 개발된호스피스스마트환자프로그램을평가한다. 연구방법 1. 연구설계본연구는호스피스스마트환자프로그램이암환자의삶의질, 의사소통기술에미치는효과를파악하기위하여비동등성대조군전후설계를적용한유사실험연구이다. 2. 대상자연구의대상은서울에소재하는 C대학교병원유방암센터, 호스피스센터, 가정간호센터, 유방암자조모임및호스피스연구소봉사팀등을통해의뢰를받았다. 환자에게는본연구에대한설명을충분히제공한후동의를구하고다음의선정기준에부합한자가본연구의대상이되었다. 첫째, 유방암진단후수술, 항암화학요법또는방사선요법을시행한자또는완화요법이필요한자둘째, 의식이명료하고의사소통이가능한자선정기준에적합한대상자가운데서비스를먼저받고자하는자를실험군에, 추후에서비스를받기원하거나당장서비스받기가어려운자를대조군에배정하는편의추출방법을이용하였다. 대상자수는 Cohen (1988) 의공식에따라 G*power program을이용하여유의수준.05, 효과크기.80, 검정력을.70으로하였을때양측독립 t-검정에필요한표본수가실험군 20명, 대조군 20명으로총 40 명이었다. 3. 연구진행절차 총 15차의연구회의와지속적인문헌고찰을통해서비스항목, health profile 및서비스제공자교육프로그램을개발하였고, 개발된일련의서비스와준비과정에대해 2회의자문회의를통해자문위원으로부터적절성과타당성을검증받았다. (2) 국내외스마트환자서비스현황조사및스마트환자서비스항목도출호스피스와관련된선행문헌들을고찰하고한국호스피스완화의료표준과호스피스간호표준에서제시한돌봄활동및암환자의정보요구를포함하여진단초기부터제공해야할호스피스스마트환자서비스항목을선정하였다. (3) 시범사업운영안작성호스피스표준에근거한서비스운영안을마련하였고서비스제공시작에서종결까지의활동지침과전문가의감독시스템을마련하였다. (4) 스마트환자 health profile 및질문기록지개발 1 초기개발단계 Health profile은일대학병원호스피스센터에서사용하는기록지와국외호스피스기관에서사용하는환자정보, 가정호스피스봉사자방문기록지, 사별가족의정보, 사별가족관리기록지, 영적돌봄기록지및 Roizen과 Oz (2006) 의선행자료및유방암센터에서사용하는유방환자문진기록지등을기초로하여총 7종류의기록지로구성하였다. 더불어유방암환자들이자신의질병과정에대처하는데도움이되는정보를얻기위하여의료진에게질문할내용을정리해놓은질문기록지도함께개발하였다. 2 전문가집단자문단계초기개발된기록지들을기존의자문위원과호스피스교육강사, 5년이상근무한현직호스피스간호사와유방전문간호사에게보내어자문과검토를거쳐타당성을검증받았다. 1) 호스피스스마트환자서비스개발 (1) 호스피스스마트환자서비스개발팀구성호스피스스마트환자서비스의개발팀은호스피스활동경험이풍부한다학제분야의사람들로구성하였다. 서비스개발팀은실무위원과자문위원으로구성되었는데, 실무위원은본연구자들이포함된호스피스연구소소속의간호학교수와연구원으로구성되었고, 완화의학전문의, 유방외과전문의, 임상사목전문가, 암센터소속호스피스관련연구원, 성직자, 예방의학교수, 호스피스병동간호팀장으로구성된 8인이자문위원으로활동하였다. 실무위원은 3 수정보완단계자문위원들의평가결과를토대로새로운항목을추가하거나불필요한부분은삭제하였고전체적인틀과문항내용을스마트환자개념에맞게수정하였다. (5) 유방암핸드북및호스피스가이드북제작호스피스스마트환자서비스홍보와서비스시활용될핸드북은유방암과호스피스에대하여쉽게이해할수있고꼭알아야하는내용으로구성하였으며세부적인항목으로나누어서대상자가

4 12 박재순 유양숙 최동원외 2 인 관심있는분야를선택하여볼수있도록제작하였다. 2) 서비스제공자교육이미개발된스마트환자서비스제공자교육과정 (Park et al., 2009) 에따라가정호스피스자원봉사경험이있는자를대상으로 2008년 7월에서비스제공자교육을시행하였다. 교육과정은호스피스스마트환자서비스에관한내용 70시간과질환 ( 유방암 ) 의이해에대한내용 20시간으로구성되었다. 필답고사를시행하여 60점이상취득시수료하는것으로하였고, 과정에참여한 25명중 20명이수료하였다. 3) 호스피스스마트환자서비스프로그램운영호스피스스마트환자서비스의적용방법은 90시간의스마트환자서비스제공자교육을이수한자원봉사자가교육용책자와제공자자신을이용하여서비스진행절차에따라서비스를제공하는것이다. 대상자의접근성과개인적성향을고려하여적절한호스피스스마트환자서비스제공자를연결하여일대일로가정에서또는대상자가외래방문시직접면대면으로만나거나전화면담으로대상자의상황과요구도에따라계획을세워스마트환자서비스를제공하였다. 서비스의관리를위해본연구자들로구성된서비스운영관리자와서비스제공자및서비스자문위원이월 1회의팀회의를통해사례발표와서비스내용에대해검토하였다. 서비스제공자는대상자와 1개월의신뢰 (rapport) 형성시기를가진후 4개월간월 2회이상직접방문과주 1회이상의전화면담을통해정서적지지활동및암정보및호스피스정보를제공하였다. Health profile 과질문기록지를대상자에게제공하고사용법을교육시킨다음환자스스로본인의상태와검사결과를묻고기록하며체계적으로관리하여의료진과의정확한의사소통및자기관리의자료로사용할수있도록하였다. 4. 자료수집방법본연구는 C대학교병원기관윤리심사위원회 (IRB) 의승인을받은다음 ( 과제번호 KC08WZZZ0294), 대상자에게연구목적과절차및자발적참여와철회가능성에대해설명한후연구참여에대한서면동의서를받았다. 서비스제공전에실험군과대조군모두에게일반적특성과질병관련특성및환자의삶의질, 의사소통능력정도를측정하였다. 실험군에게는호스피스스마트환자서비스를제공하였고, 대조군에게는호스피스에대한안내책자만제공하고원하는자에게 5개월후서비스를제공하기로하였다. 사후검사로실험군과대조군에게삶의질, 의사소통기술정도를측정하였고, 실험군에게서비스만족도검사를시행하였다. 자료는서비스제공 자의영향을배제하기위하여본연구의진행을돕는연구보조자 3 인이직접수집하였다. 5. 측정도구및방법 1) 삶의질삶의질은 Kim (2005) 이호스피스완화의료환자를대상으로개발한 한국어판 McMaster Quality of Life Scale (MQLS) 를수정보완하여사용하였다. MQLS는신체적, 정서적, 사회적그리고영적차원의총 32개문항의 10점척도로구성되었으며, 문항평점으로계산하여점수가높을수록삶의질이높은것을의미한다. 도구개발당시신뢰도 Cronbach s α =.81이었고, 본연구에서는.78이었다. 2) 의사소통기술의사소통기술은의사소통의유형, 특성, 방법의확인을포함하는것으로 Bienvenu (1971) 가제작하고 Kang (1996) 이번안한총 40문항의 5점척도를사용했으며, 문항평점으로계산하여점수가높을수록의사소통기술이좋은것을의미한다. 본연구에서신뢰도 Cronbach s α=.79 이었다. 3) 서비스만족도와유용성스마트환자서비스만족도와서비스유용성은 10점만점의 Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) 로측정하였고, 향후말기로진행되었을때호스피스서비스를선택할것인지에대해서는그렇다, 아니다, 모르겠다로응답하게하였다. 6. 자료분석방법수집된자료는 SPSS WIN 12.0 프로그램을이용하여대상자의실험전일반적, 질병관련특성, 삶의질, 의사소통기술은빈도와백분율, 평균과표준편차로제시하였고, 두군간의동질성검정은 t- test, chi-square test, Fisher s exact test를사용하였으며, 실험전후두군간의변화차이는정규성검정결과 p값이.05보다크게나와 t- test로분석하였다. 연구결과 1. 프로그램개발 1) 국내외스마트환자서비스현황조사및스마트환자서비스항목한국호스피스완화의료표준 (National Cancer Center, 2003) 과한

5 13 국호스피스간호표준 (The Research Institute for Hospice/Palliative Care, The Catholic University of Korea, 2003) 에서제시한활동내용을바탕으로스마트환자개념을접목하여서비스내용을암관련서비스와호스피스관련서비스로도출하였다 (Table 1). 제작하였고호스피스가이드북은유방암이외의 5 대암으로서비 스가확장될때활용할수있도록구분하여제작하였다 (Table 2). 2. 호스피스스마트서비스프로그램평가 2) 시범사업운영안작성호스피스표준에근거한서비스운영안을마련하였고서비스제공시작에서종결까지의활동지침과전문가의감독시스템을마련하고그에따라시행하였다 (Table 1). 3) 스마트환자 health profile 및질문기록지 Health profile은환자정보기록지, 호스피스스마트환자의뢰서, 통증기록지, 환자자가기록지 ( 증상, 방사선및임상검사결과기록 ) 등을포함하여수첩형태로제작하였고, 질문기록지는치료팀과의의사소통, 유방에이상이발견되었을때, 유방검사와관련하여, 진단을받았을때, 수술과관련하여, 비수술적치료, 방사선치료, 항암화학요법, 호르몬치료, 유방재건술과보형물, 정서적인회복, 일상생활로의복귀, 유방암이후유방의건강, 진행성암에서의돌봄의주제에대한예상질문들로구성하였다 (Table 2). 4) 유방암핸드북및호스피스가이드북제작핸드북은 13편의소책자로유방암에대한정보를세부적인항목으로나누어서대상자가관심있는분야를선택하여볼수있도록 1) 대상자의특성및동질성검증전체대상자의평균연령은 48.7세였고, 50대이상이 21명 (52.5%) 이었으며, 종교가있는경우는 33명 (82.5%) 이었다. 교육정도는고졸이상군이 36명 (90.0%) 이었으며, 경제상태는 30명 (75.0%) 이중정도라고하였다. 대상자중 38명 (95%) 이수술을받았고, 30명 (75.0%) 이항암화학요법을, 20명 (50.0%) 이방사선요법을, 16명 (40.0%) 이호르몬요법을시행받았거나현재시행중이었으며, 평균유병기간은 개월이었다. 실험군과대조군의일반적특성, 질병관련특성, 삶의질, 의사소통기술은동질성검사에서차이가없었다 (Table 3). 2) 삶의질삶의질은실험군이실험전 8.01점에서 8.38점으로 0.37점증가한반면, 대조군은 8.21점에서 8.13점으로감소하여두군간에차이가있었다 (p =.011) (Table 4). 3) 의사소통기술의사소통기술은실험군이실험전 3.14 점에서실험후 3.49점으로 Table 1. The Contents for Smart Patients Service Program Service contents Guideline for service C ancer related service H ospice related service Assess the needs of participants and provide information about disease Provide information on cancer and its management Understanding about breast cancer (risk factor, sign & symptom, diagnosis, prognosis) Treatment of breat cancer (procedure of admission & discharge, operations, therapies) Rehabilitations (prevention & management of lymph edema, ROM exercise, daily activities, sex life, pregnant, breast implants, plastic surgery) National support system for cancer Recurrence Provide emotional and practical support (control of negative emotion, relaxation techniques, management of body image, self help group) Educate about communication skill strategy of patients and family (how to communicate with clinicians, how to self-report, how to ask what they want to know) Provide spiritual care (religion, thinking about their life, finding the means) Family support Provide information on DNR/advanced directions & decision making Provide information on Hospice (understanding of hospice, hospice center, physical & psychological & spiritual care, pain management) Provide information on complementary and alternative therapy Refer to specialist Provide information on funeral process and insurance Follow-up for bereaved family Assist to participate in self-help group To establish rapport Explain the purpose of the service Conduct pre test Provide brochure Assess the needs of participants To connect with a service provider based on participant s characteristics and location To train service providers in interview techniques To build rapport with participants which would take approximately 1 month To hold monthly team meeting (expert s supervision system) To visit participants at least 4 times a month To select interview location based on participant s preference and find a quiet and comfortable place Face to face contact Phone counseling Self-support group Counselling with active listening Train how to fill out health profile Report Evaluation

6 14 박재순 유양숙 최동원외 2 인 Table 2. Contents of Guidebook, Handbook and Communication Guidelines Guidebook on hospice Handbook for patient of breast cancer Communication guideline for breast cancer patients 1. Understanding of hospice care 1. Introduction to Breast cancer 1. Communication with health care provider 1) Introduction to hospice and palliative care 2. Treatment (Surgery, Radiotherapy) 2. Finding changes in breast 2) Right of hospice patients and their family 3. Chemotherapy 3. What is mammography 3) Centers for hospice and palliative care 4. Hormone therapy 4. Breast biopsy 2. Symptom management 5. Exercise 5. When diagnosed with breast cancer 1) Physical care 6. Lymphadema management 6. Surgery 2) Psychological care 7. Daily life management 7. After surgery 3) Spiritual care 8. Psychosocial care 8. Recovering from the surgery 3. Death and bereaved family care 9. Nutrition 9. Non-invasive therapy 1) Death care 10. Pain control 10. Chemotherapy 2) Bereaved family care 11. Communication 11. Hormone therapy 4. Decision making and communication 12. Useful Information 12. Breast reconstruction 1) Decision making 13. Managing active cancer 13. Emotional recovery 2) Communication 14. Returning to routine 5. Alternative therapy and information 15. Breast health with breast cancer 1) Alternative therapy 16. Care for active breast cancer 2) Information 증가한반면, 대조군은 2.96점에서 2.94점으로감소하여두군간에차이가있었다 (p <.001) (Table 4). 4) 서비스만족도와유용성실험군의서비스만족도는 10점만점에평균 7.80점이었고, 서비스유용성은평균 7.75 점으로높은편이었으나, 향후말기로진행되었을때호스피스서비스를선택할것인지에대해서는 35% 만이 그렇다 고응답하였다 (Table 5). 논의국내에서호스피스에대한연구는호스피스에대한실태조사, 단편적인지식이나질병에대한정보를제공하여정서적인면을평가하거나말기환자를대상으로통증과같은증상관리에초점을맞춘연구가대부분이었고, 호스피스대상자에게스마트환자개념을적용하거나의사결정능력향상을위해중재를시도한연구나관련프로그램은전무한실정이다. 호스피스스마트환자서비스는국내에서는처음시도된것으로스마트환자서비스를암환자와호스피 스대상자에게확대한것이다. 호스피스의궁극적인목적이품위있는죽음이라고했을때, 중요한요소중하나가환자의자율성존중으로자율성은자신의고유한삶을선택하고자신의치료를선택할수있고거부할수있다는것이다 (Yun et al., 2004). 이를위해대상자들은의료진과의사소통할수있는능력이있어야하고거기에필요한충분한정보를가지고있어야한다. 이제까지는암환자들이정보를얻기위해서는주로인터넷이나환우회를통한교육을이용하여정보를얻었으나호스피스스마트환자서비스는일정기간교육과정을수료한서비스제공자가암진단시점부터질병에대한정보는물론병원, 건강보험, 수술, 약처방, 환자의권리등에대한정보를제공하여스스로선택할수있는능력을키우며인생의마지막에도달했을때호스피스를선택함으로써품위있는죽음을준비하도록돕는다는면에서본프로그램개발에중요한의미가있다고할수있다. 개발된프로그램을대상자에게적용하였을때점진적으로호스피스에대해긍정적인이해를가지게되어자기주도적으로의료진과협조할수있는의사결정능력과암환자혹은말기암환자로서의삶의질을향상시키는데도움이될수있었다. 반면실제초기대상

7 15 Table 3. Individual Characteristics and Homogeneity Test Variables Total n=40 Experimental n=20 n (%) or Mean± SD n (%) or Mean± SD n (%) or Mean± SD Control n=20 χ 2 or t p Age (yr) 48.70± ± ± < (47.5) 7 (35.0) 12 (60.0) (52.5) 13 (65.0) 8 (40.0) Religion* Yes 33 (82.5) 17 (85.0) 15 (75.0) No 7 (17.5) 3 (15.0) 5 (25.0) Spouse* Yes 32 (80.0) 16 (80.0) 16 (80.0) No 8 (20.0) 4 (20.0) 4 (20.0) Education* Middle school 4 (10.0) 3 (15.0) 1 (5.0) High shool 36 (90.0) 17 (85.0) 19 (95.0) Economic-status* High 2 (5.0) 2 (10.0) 0 (0.0) Middle 30 (75.0) 13 (65.0) 17 (85.0) Low 8 (20.0) 5 (25.0) 3 (15.0) Surgery* Yes 38 (95.0) 19 (95.0) 19 (95.0) No 2 (5.0) 1 (5.0) 1 (5.0) Chemotherapy* Yes 30 (75.0) 17 (80.0) 13 (65.0) No 10 (25.0) 3 (20.0) 7 (35.0) Radiotherapy Yes 20 (50.0) 9 (45.0) 11 (55.0) No 20 (50.0) 11 (55.0) 9 (45.0) Hormone therapy Yes 16 (40.0) 8 (40.0) 8 (40.0) No 24 (60.0) 12 (60.0) 12 (60.0) Duration of illness in months 36.85± ± ± Quality of life 8.12± ± ± Communication skill 3.05± ± ± * Fisher s exact test. Table 4. Differences between Experimental and Control Groups Variables Pretest Posttest Mean± SD Mean±SD Mean±SD 자모집시연구에대해설명하고동의를얻는과정에서일부대상 자들은서비스의내용중호스피스에대한내용이포함되어있음 을알고거부감을직접표현하며연구참여에부정적인모습을보이 는경우도있었다. 이를통해여전히호스피스를죽음과연결하여 거부하려는경향이있다는것과암진단초기부터로확대된완화 돌봄의한부분으로자연스럽게호스피스에이어지게하려는본 연구의필요성을재확인할수있었다. Difference (post-pre) t p QOL Exp. 8.01± ± ±0.53 Cont. 8.21± ± ±0.53 Communication skill 3.85 <.001 Exp. 3.14± ± ±0.38 Cont. 2.96± ± ±0.21 Exp.=Experimental group (n=20); Cont.=Control group (n=20); QOL=Quality of life. 본연구에서호스피스스마트환자서비스를받은유방암환자의 Table 5. Service Evaluation Mean± SD or n (%) Satisfaction 7.80±2.09 Feasibility of service 7.75±1.86 Intention to choose hospice care Yes 7 (35.0) No 2 (10.0) Do not know 11 (55.0) 삶의질이유의하게증가하였는데, 이는말기암환자에대한호스피스간호를통해삶의질이향상되었다는 Boström, Hinic, Lundberg 와 Fridlund (2003) 와가정간호기반완화케어프로그램의제공이말기암환자의삶의질을상승시킨다고한 Hwang과 Ryu (2009) 의보고와유사하다. 본연구에서는암을진단받은시점의환자부터진행성암환자를대상으로하였고, 훈련받은서비스제공자가매주일대일직접만남또는전화로암과호스피스에대하여정보를제공함은물론정서적지지와필요시호스피스서비스를제공하였기에, 기존의호스피스프로그램과차별적이라고할수있다. 삶의질을저하시키는요인중의하나인불확실성에직면한다고알려진 (Jo & Son, 2004) 유방암환자에게본호스피스스마트환자서비스는불확실성을감소시키고적응을도모함으로써삶의질을상승시켰

8 16 박재순 유양숙 최동원외 2 인 다고추정된다. Kim 등 (1999) 은말기암을포함한암환자들의요구를파악한연구에서암환자들은정보및정서적지지를가장많이요구하고있다고하였고, 대상자의요구를기반으로적절한지지를제공하는것은개인의심리적적응을돕는데필수적인간호라고하였는데, 본연구에서유방암대상자에게정보및정서적지지의요구를일정부분충족시켜준것도삶의질을향상시킨요인일것으로생각된다. 스마트한환자는자신의질병, 치료계획및예후에대한정보를의료진으로부터들을권리가있고치료에대한선택에참여할권리를알고행사할수있어야한다. 또한다른의료진에게자문을받을권리와모든비용에대해알권리, 사전의사결정을할권리가있다. 의료진과의의사소통은전반적인의료인과환자의관계를결정하고, 환자적응도에영향을주며질병의경과와치료에도영향을주는것으로알려져있다 (Kim, 2006). 그러나대부분의환자들은의료진과대화하는것에능숙하지못하여, 자신의의미있는정보를잘전달하지못하고자신의증상이나걱정등에대해서도제대로표현하지못하고있는실정이다. Healy (2004) 는이전의의료시스템에서의사결정은주로의료진에의해주도되는일방향으로갈등의여지가없었으나, 최근의사들은환자에게치료과정에서선택의기회를제공하고있어환자의역량이증진된것으로보이나실제환자들은당혹감을느낀다고하였다. 이러한측면에서대상자에게는개인의걱정이나기대, 또는선호도에대해충분히표현하고의사전달을할수있으며, 서비스제공자측면에서는대상자의문제를정확히찾아내고적절한조언을할수있는스마트환자서비스가요구된다. 본연구에서호스피스스마트환자서비스를받은환자들은의사소통기술점수가상승되었는데, 이는스마트환자서비스에서일반적인의사소통에대한자료뿐아니라유방암환자에맞는구체적인의사소통지침책자를개발하고제공하여자신의상태와질병및호스피스에대하여효과적으로질문할수있는방법에대한교육을제공한것이의사소통기술을향상시킨것으로생각된다. Kim (2009) 은암환자의의사소통에영향을미치는요인으로전문용어, 정보과잉, 모호성및모순적표현과같은표현상의문제, 임상검사에대한설명부족, 권위적행위및어투, 경청, 환자의질문에대한피드백부족, 그리고면담시간의부족등을지적하였다. 또한 Cegala, McClure, Marinelli와 Post (2000) 는의료진과면담동안정보교환으로구성된의사소통훈련을받은환자가받지않은환자보다효과적으로자신의질환에대한정보를찾고받아들이며의료진에게자신의상태에대해효율적으로표현할수있다고하여본연구결과와유사하였다. 본연구에서제공한서비스에대한대상자들의만족도와유용성은높은편이었는데, 이는삶의질과의사소통기술이향상된것에 기인하는것으로생각된다. 또한유방암진단초기부터훈련받은 양질의서비스제공자가질병에대한정보제공과정서적, 영적돌봄 을일대일로제공하면서스마트환자가되도록한본연구의서비스 내용이대상자들에게긍정적인영향을미친것으로생각된다. 그러 나향후말기상황이되었을때호스피스돌봄을선택할것인가에 대한질문에는 35% 만이그렇다고하였는데, 이는사후검사시점이 서비스시작후 5 개월이지난시점으로문화적특성상홍보가어려 운환자에게호스피스에대한다양한정보를제공하며적극적으로 접근하기에는그기간이짧았고, 대상자중에서도호스피스를죽 음과연결시키는경향이높았기때문인것으로추정된다. 본연구에서는유방암환자에한정하여단기적으로서비스를제 공했으나앞으로말기로진행시적절한시기에호스피스돌봄과정 에참여하도록하고나아가임종과정과사별후에필요한다양한 정보를체계적으로제공하기위해장기적인서비스를제공할것과 유방암뿐아니라기타 5 대암환자에게확장적용하고, 더많은사람 이정보를얻고참여할수있는기회를증가시키기위해온라인프 로그램을개발할것을제언한다. 결론 본연구는유방암환자를대상으로호스피스스마트환자서비 스를개발, 운영하고그효과를검증하고자시행되었다. 본연구에 서개발한호스피스환자스마트서비스프로그램이유방암환자 의삶의질및의사소통기술을향상시키는것을확인하였다. 따라 서본연구에서제시한호스피스스마트환자서비스가유방암환 자들에게더나은의사결정을내릴수있고자신의결정에대한통 제력이향상되고, 추후말기로진행되었을때스스로자신의호스 피스과정을선택하여삶의질을향상시킬수있는유익한중재방 법임을알수있었다. 본연구에서는호스피스스마트환자서비스 의단기효과와일대일의직접적인만남을통한오프라인관리로만 구성되었으나추후에는서비스의장기효과와온라인서비스개발 및적용의효과를평가하는연구가필요함을제언한다. REFERENCES American Academy of Family Physicians. (2009). Family doctor: Health information for the whole family. Retrieved March 5, 2010, from familydoctor.org/online/famdocen/home.html Bienvenu, M. J. (1971). An interpersonal communication inventory. The Journal of Communication, 21, Boström, B., Hinic, H., Lundberg, D., & Fridlund, B. (2003). Pain and healthrelated quality of life among cancer patients in final stage of life: A comparison between two palliative care teams. Journal of Nursing Manage-

9 17 ment, 11, Cegala, D. J., McClure, L., Marinelli, T. M., & Post, D. M. (2000). The effects of communication skills training on patients participation during medical interviews. Patient Education and Counseling, 41, Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Discovery Communications. (2009). Disease, treatment, pregnancy, fitness, weight loss: Discovery health. Retrieved March 5, 2010, from th. discovery.com Ferrell, B. R., & Coyle, N. (2006). Textbook of palliative nursing (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Gill, K. M., Mishel, M., Belyea, M., Germino, B., Germino, L. S., Porter, L., et al. (2004). Triggers of uncertainty about recurrence and long-term treatment side effects in older African American and Caucasian breast cancer survivors. Oncology Nursing Forum, 31, Healy, B. (2004). Find a mentor. U.S. News & World Report, 137, Hwang, M. S., & Ryu, H. S. (2009). Effects of a palliative care program based on home care nursing. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 39, Chang S. Y. (2008). Effects of aroma hand massage on pain, state anxiety and depression in hospice patients with terminal cancer. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 38, Jo, K. H., & Son, B. K. (2004). The relationship of uncertainty, hope and quality of life in patients with breast cancer. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 34, Kang, K. J. (1996). Effects of the communication training program. Unpublished master s thesis, Changwon National University, Changwon. Kim, D. H. (2006). Medical communication: Three function approach. Health Communication, 1, 1-6. Kim, K. U. (2005). Development and validation of the Korean version of the Mcmaster Quality of Life Scale (K-MQLS): On the hospice and palliative care patients. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Korea University, Seoul. Kim, S. H. (2009). Factors affecting communication between cancer patients and nurses. Unpublished master s thesis, Youngnam University, Kyungsan. Kim, T. S., Yang, B. G., Jeong, E. K., Park, N. R., Lee, Y. S., Lee, Y. S., et al. (1999). Need assessment of home based cancer patients. Korean Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care, 2, Kim, Y. M., Bazant, E., & Storey, J. D. (2006). Smart patient, smart community: lmproving client participation in family planning consultations through a community education and mass-media program in Indonesia. International Quarterly of Community Health Education, 26, Korea National Statistical Office. (2007) Annual report of causes of deaths. Daejeon: Author. National Cancer Center. (2003). Korean hospice palliative care standards and regulations. Goyang: Author. National Cancer Center. (2008). Public attitudes toward dying with dignity. Goyang: Author. Park, C. S., Yoo, Y. S., Park, H. J., Choi, D. W., Choe, S. O., Kim, S. E., et al. (2009). Development of educational program for hospice smart patient service provider. Journal of Korean Oncology Nursing, 9, Roizen, M. F., & Oz, M. C. (2006). You: The smart patient. New York: Simon & Schuster New York. Smart Patient. (2007). Smart Patient, L.L.C: Customized medical research and information reports. Retrieved March 5, 2010, from The Research Institute for Hospice/Palliative Care, The Catholic University of Korea. (2003). The development of standards of hospice nursing in Korea. Seoul: Author. Yun, Y. H., Rhee, Y. S., Nam, S. Y., Chae, Y. M., Heo, D. S., Lee, S. W., et al. (2004). Public attitudes toward dying with dignity and hospice/palliative care. The Korean Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care, 7,

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