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1 Perspectives in Nursing Science Vol. 14 No. 2, 45-54, October, 2017 ISSN 아동의말초정맥주사간호프로토콜적용및효과 최희강 1 강미정 2 강현주 2 김은혜 2 서울대학교병원간호부문전간호과장 1, 서울대학교병원간호부문수간호사 2 The Application and Effect of the Nursing Protocol of Pediatric Peripheral Intravenous Infusion Choi, Heekang 1 Kang, Mijung 2 Kang, Hyunju 2 Kim, Eunhye 2 1 Ex-Director, Department of Nursing, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 2 Unit Manager, Department of Nursing, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the effect of training and implementation of a pediatric peripheral intravenous infusion protocol on the nurses performance and infusion complication rate. Methods: A quasiexperimental study using a posttest comparison of a one group pretest-time series design was utilized. This method was developed to measure nursing knowledge and performance based on a pediatric peripheral intravenous infusion protocol. To calculate the occurrence rate of complications, the number of complications were divided into the number of intravenous insertions. Results: It was shown that the training developed by the study team in 2015 contributed to nurses increased knowledge, as well as improved job performance. Furthermore, the implementation of the protocol revealed that the number of peripheral intravenous insertions, an invasive procedure, decreased. Additionally, the nursing workload related to pediatric intravenous infusions was reduced. Conclusion: This protocol may contribute to the improved scientific quality and efficiency of nursing management of peripheral intravenous infusions. Key Words: Intravenous infusions, Nursing, Clinical protocols, Pediatrics 서론 1. 연구의필요성 정맥주사요법은환자의치료를위하여주사약물, 수액, 비경구영양, 혈액제제의투입에광범위하게이용되고있으며입원환자에게가장빈번하게행해지는침습적처치이다. 1) 성인뿐만아니라입원한아동의경우에도정맥주사요법은약물주입이나수액제제등의주입, 심혈관계의압력측정또는채 혈등을위해서가장흔하게시술되는의료행위로써어린이병원에입원하는아동중 63.8% 가입원중에주사요법을받았으며, 주로약물투여와정맥유지및채혈을위한목적으로시행되었고성인에비해소아가정맥주사요법을많이받고있다. 2) 정맥주사는정맥염과주사부위의발적, 통증, 부종, 막힘, 침윤과같은합병증을유발하기때문에특별한관리가요구된다. 3) 특히침윤은실제임상에서정맥주사제거를초래하는가장흔한원인으로보고되고있다. 4,5) 말초정맥주사합병증관련연구를살펴보면, 국외의경우입원아동 303인을조사한연 주요어 : 말초정맥주사, 간호, 임상프로토콜, 아동 Corresponding author: Kang, Mijung Department of Nursing, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea. Tel: , Fax: , kmj3554@naver.com - 본연구는서울대학교병원간호부문의지원을받아수행되었음. - This study was supported by the Department of Nursing, Seoul National University Hospital fund. 투고일 2017 년 9 월 7 일 / 심사완료일 2017 년 9 월 17 일 / 게재확정일 2017 년 9 월 21 일 c 2017 The Research Institute of Nursing Science Seoul National University

2 최희강 강미정 강현주등 구에서 41% 의합병증발생을보고하였으며, 6) 재태기간 26주이하인신생아중환자실말초정맥주사요법을받는환아의 78% 이상에서침윤이발생하며, 일혈은 11% 발생한다고추정하였다. 7) 국내연구에서도정맥주사제거이유의 23.7~48.5% 가침윤등의합병증으로보고되었으며 2,8) 이를통해국내외아동의말초정맥주사합병증발생률이높은것을알수있다. 아동은성인에비해피하지방이두껍고혈관이약해서정맥주사의삽입이어려울뿐아니라, 활동량이많고나이가어릴수록협조가이루어지지않아서어렵게삽입한정맥주사를유지하는것도쉽지않다. 아동의경우합병증이발생하지않는한정맥주사를교체하지않아도된다는것이최근의아동정맥주사관리지침 8) 이지만입원아동의정맥주사유지시간에관한연구 1) 에따르면입원아동은막힘과침윤, 부종으로인해 72시간을유지하지못하고정맥주사를제거하는일이과반수이상을차지하는등수시로정맥주사를교체하고있는것이현실이다. 말초정맥주사와관련된합병증을미리예방하고말초정맥주사부위를안전하게유지하는노력이간호임상실무에서강조되고있으며간호사가정확한지식과표준화된방법으로말초정맥주사를관리할필요성이증대되고있다. 최근에수용개작방법을이용하여근거기반정맥주입요법간호실무지침이개발되었으나 9) 성인환자의관리에초점이맞춰져있어성인과다른특성을가진아동환자의말초정맥주사관리에적용하는것에는어려움이있다. 또한기존선행연구에따르면표준화된정맥주사관리지침을교육받은간호사집단은교육받지않은간호사에비해정맥주사에대한관리를더잘하는것으로나타나간호사교육이정맥주사관리에중요함을알수있다. 10) 이에본연구팀은 2015년에체계적문헌고찰과기존가이드라인의검토, 임상전문가의경험을통해아동환자의특성을반영한근거기반의말초정맥주사관리간호프로토콜을개발하였다. 그러나개발된프로토콜적용효과에대한과학적인검증이아직이루어지지않은상황이다. 따라서본연구에서는어린이병원에서근무하는간호사를대상으로말초정맥주사간호프로토콜에대한교육을시행하고교육전, 후말초정맥주사관리에대한간호사의지식과수행도비교, 그리고간호프로토콜적용전, 후의말초정맥주사관련부작용발생률을비교하여그효과를살펴보고자한다. 것이다. 이러한목적을달성하기위한연구가설은다음과같다. 가설 1. 말초정맥주사간호프로토콜교육후의간호사의지식수준이교육전보다향상될것이다. 가설 2. 말초정맥주사간호프로토콜교육후의간호사의프로토콜에따른간호수행도가적용전보다향상될것이다. 가설 3. 말초정맥주사간호프로토콜적용후의말초정맥주사관련부작용발생률이적용전보다감소될것이다. 연구방법 1. 연구설계 본연구는서울시소재상급종합병원의어린이병원 4개병동에서근무하고있는간호사를대상으로말초정맥주사간호프로토콜교육을시행하고교육받은간호사들이이를업무에적용하도록하여교육전, 후의말초정맥주사간호에대한지식과수행도및프로토콜적용전, 후의말초정맥주사관련부작용발생률을비교하여그효과를확인하는단일군시계열설계의전후비교에의한유사실험연구이다. 2. 연구대상 프로토콜교육및적용의효과를평가하기위한아동의말초정맥주사관련지식과수행도는서울시소재상급종합병원의어린이병원내연구대상병동으로임의선정한내과계 2병동, 외과계 2병동총 4병동에서근무하는간호사중임상경력 3개월이상이며연구의목적을이해하고참여에동의한간호사를대상으로하였다. Cohen 11) 의공식에따라효과크기는중간수준인 0.5, 검정력 0.8, 유의수준 0.05로계산하였을때중재전후각각 64명이적정표본수로산출되었다. 총 4개병동의간호사 62명이사전조사에참여하였으나이중 2명이탈락하여최종대상자는 60 명이었다. 프로토콜적용의효과를평가하기위한말초정맥주사부작용발생률은연구에참여하는 4개의병동에입원하여말초정맥주사를갖고있는환자전수를대상으로하였다. 2. 연구목적및가설 3. 아동의말초정맥주사간호프로토콜 본연구의목적은어린이병원간호사를대상으로말초정맥주사간호프로토콜을교육하고적용하여그효과를파악하는 아동의말초정맥주사간호프로토콜은어린이병원에입원한아동의말초정맥주사를부작용없이체계적으로관리하기 46 Perspectives in Nursing Science

3 아동의말초정맥주사간호프로토콜적용및효과 위한목적으로 2015년에개발되었다. 본프로토콜은국외에서개발된정맥주사관리가이드라인과아동의말초정맥주사관리에활용할수있는최신의국, 내외문헌을근거로하여초안을개발하였으며전문가집단의내용타당도검증과사용자타당도검증을통해최종프로토콜을개발하였다. 본프로토콜은교육, 말초정맥주사삽입부위드레싱과고정, 유지및관리, 관찰과기록, 부작용시대처방안등총 5개영역, 46개의권고안으로구성되어있다. 위관찰기록지는연구대상병동간호사가매근무조마다말초정맥주사삽입및유지여부, 부작용발생여부, 부작용발생시부작용의종류및정도, 부작용시중재내용, 말초정맥주사제거사유등을기록하도록하였다. 기록지분석을통해파악된말초정맥주사부작용건수를말초정맥주사삽입건수로나누어말초정맥주사부작용발생률을산출하였다. 5. 자료수집 4. 연구도구 1) 아동의말초정맥주사관리에대한지식 2015년서울시소재상급종합병원의어린이병원에서개발한아동의말초정맥주사간호프로토콜을토대로 10문항의지식측정도구를개발하였으며개발한측정도구는어린이병원수간호사 3인과간호대학교수 1인, 정맥주사팀간호사 1인에게내용타당도를검증받아수정 보완하였다. 각항목별 CVI 값은 0.8~1.0의분포를보였으며전체항목에대한 CVI 값은 0.96이었다. 각문항은맞다, 틀리다, 모른다로구분하여답하도록하였으며맞은문항은 1점, 틀리거나모른다로답한경우에는 0점을주었다. 점수범위는최소 0점에서최대 10점까지며, 점수가높을수록지식정도가높음을의미한다. 2) 아동의말초정맥주사간호프로토콜수행도 2015년서울시소재상급종합병원의어린이병원에서개발한아동의말초정맥주사간호프로토콜을토대로총 37문항의수행도측정도구를개발하였다. 측정도구는프로토콜의각영역별로고루분포되도록하였으며교육영역 2문항, 드레싱과고정영역 7문항, 유지와관리영역 7문항, 관찰과기록 9문항, 합병증관리 12문항으로구성하였다. 이측정도구를어린이병원수간호사 3인과간호대학교수 1인, 정맥주사팀간호사 1인에게내용타당도를검증받아수정 보완하였다. 각항목별 CVI 값은 0.8~1.0의분포를보였으며전체항목에대한 CVI 값은 0.97이었다. 각문항은 전혀수행하지않음 1점에서 항상수행 4점까지의 4점 Likert 척도로구성되었으며점수가높을수록수행도가높음을의미한다. 본도구의신뢰도 Cronbach s 는.92였다. 3) 말초정맥주사부작용발생률말초정맥주사부작용발생률은연구자가개발한말초정맥주사부위관찰기록지를사용하여측정하였다. 정맥주사부 1) 연구의윤리적고려본연구는연구참여자들의윤리적측면을보호하기위해연구시작전해당병원의임상시험윤리위원회의승인을받은후자료를수집하였다 (IRB No ). 자료를수집하기위하여연구자가본연구대상자가근무하는병동의낮번 초번인수인계시간에상급자에의한강제성을배제하기위해해당수간호사가배석하지않은상태에서연구대상자인간호사들에게연구목적을설명하고, 자신의의지에따라자유롭게연구에참여가능하며, 연구에동의하지않는경우연구에참여하지않아도개인적불이익이없음을설명하였고, 다음날동의여부를결정하도록하였다. 회수된설문지는대상자를식별할수없도록코드화하여익명성을유지할것이다. 프로토콜적용전후로수집한대상자의개인신상정보는기록의비밀을위해암호로보안된파일에저장하여연구자외에는노출하지않았으며연구관련기록은연구가종료된시점부터 3년간보관하며, 보관기간이지난문서중개인정보에관한사항은개인정보보호법에따라파기할것이다. 2) 자료수집절차본연구의자료수집기간은 2016년 8월부터 2016년 10월까지 3개월간이었으며, 구체적인절차는다음과같다 (Table 1). (1) 말초정맥주사부작용모니터링프로토콜적용전, 후의말초정맥주사부작용은연구대상병동간호사가작성한말초정맥주사부위관찰기록지를이용하여파악하였다. 부작용의종류및단계를파악하기위해 2015년서울시소재상급종합병원의어린이병원에서개발한아동의말초정맥주사간호프로토콜에제시된정맥염사정도구, 침윤및일혈사정도구를이용하도록하였다. 매근무시마다 1회이상말초정맥주사부위관찰기록지에관찰사항을기록하도록하였으며연구자가다음날기록지를수거하면서누락된항목은직접간호사에게물어보거나의무기록을확인하 Vol. 14 No. 2,

4 최희강 강미정 강현주등 Table 1. Flow of Data Collection Items Knowlege evaluation Prior to application Education Application 8/1~8/14 8/15~8/28 8/29~9/9 9/19~10/2 10/3~10/16 10/16~10/18 (Pretest) (Posttest) (Posttest) Performance evaluation (Pretest) (Posttest) Protocol education Application Monitoring side effect 였다. 프로토콜적용전 4주와교육후프로토콜이적용되는 4 주동안말초정맥주사부작용을모니터링하였으며, 각기간은 2차에나누어진행하였다. 사전조사기간은프로토콜적용전인 8월 1일부터 14일, 그리고 15일부터 28일이었으며사후조사기간은프로토콜적용기간인 9월 19일부터 10월 2일, 그리고 10월 3일부터 16일까지였다. 작성이완료된말초정맥주사부위관찰기록지는각병동에별도로설치된기록지수거함에넣게하였으며연구자가매일병동을순회하면서수거하였다. (2) 말초정맥주사에대한지식평가말초정맥주사에대한지식사전평가는프로토콜교육전에시행하였으며, 교육이끝난직후 1차사후평가를, 그리고 4주간의프로토콜적용후 2차사후평가를시행하였다. (3) 말초정맥주사에대한수행도평가말초정맥주사에대한수행도사전평가는프로토콜교육전에시행하였으며, 4주간의프로토콜적용이끝난 10월 16일부터 18일까지사후평가를진행하였다. (4) 간호프로토콜교육프로토콜교육은 8월 29일부터 9월 9일까지총 8회에걸쳐시행되었다. 참석인원은최소 5명에서최고 11명이었으며교육장소는어린이병원회의실을이용하였다. 8회에걸친교육에총 62명의대상자전원이참석하였으며교육은초번근무전오후 2시부터약 30분동안시행하였으며, 교육전일반적특성을포함한사전설문작성 5분, 교육 20분, 질의및사후설문작성 5분등의순서로진행하였다. 어린이병원경력 14년의수간호사 1인이교육을시행하였으며동일한교육자가 8회교육을모두시행하여교육의일관성을유지하도록하였다. 또 다른연구자 1인이원활한교육진행과대상자들의설문지작성등을돕기위해배석하였다. (5) 간호프로토콜적용아동의말초정맥주사프로토콜적용은프로토콜교육을받은간호사가근무하는 4개병동에서 9월 19일부터 4주동안진행되었다. 프로토콜적용일주일전에연구팀이정맥주사팀을만나연구의목적과프로토콜내용에대해설명하고정맥주사삽입부위를관찰할수있도록투명드레싱을시행할것을요청하였다. 프로토콜적용전날각근무팀에게보호자교육을위한보호자용교육자료를배부하였다. 또한말초정맥주사삽입부위의상태를정확하게사정하기위해 Tofani 등이개발한 touch-look-compare method와정맥염발생과연관이있는약물을위험도에따라 Red, Yellow, Green으로분류하여정리한약물신호등, 그리고정맥염사정도구인 VIP (Visual Infusion Phlebitis) score와침윤사정도구인 Infiltration/Extravasation staging, 부작용시대처알고리즘을포함한말초정맥주사간호프로토콜을각근무팀별로 EMR cart 옆에소지하게하여말초정맥주사부위를정확하고객관적으로사정할수있도록하였으며, 부작용등의문제발생시즉각적인의사결정을할수있도록하였다. 6. 자료분석수집된자료는 SPSS/WIN Statistics 23.0 프로그램을이용하여다음과같이분석하였다. 연구대상자의특성은기술통계를이용하여분석하였다. 중재적용전후의지식의차이는 ANOVA를이용하여분석하였고, 사후검증으로 Scheffe test를사용하였다. 48 Perspectives in Nursing Science

5 아동의말초정맥주사간호프로토콜적용및효과 중재적용전후의수행도의차이는 Independent t-test를이용하여분석하였다. 중재전후의말초정맥주사부작용발생률의비교는 x 2 test를이용하여분석하였다. 연구도구의신뢰도분석은 Cronbach s 로측정하였다. 연구결과 1. 대상자의일반적특성 연령대별로는 30세미만이 25명 (41.7%), 30세이상이 35명 (58.3%) 이었으며, 평균연령은 31.51±6.05세로 23세에서 53 세까지응답하였다. 평균근무경력은 6.70±5.92년로 1년미만이 18.3%, 1년이상 3년미만이 16.7%, 3년이상 5년미만이 6.7%, 5년이상 7년미만이 13.3% 였다. 어린이병원근무경력은평균 4.42±5.15년이었으며, 1년미만이 21.7%, 1년이상 3년미만이 25.0%, 3년이상 5년미만이 13.3%, 5년이상 7년미만이 21.7%, 7년이상이 18.3% 였다 (Table 2). 될것이다 라는가설 1은지지되었다 (p<.000)(table 3). 사후검정에서교육전지식총점보다교육직후와프로토콜적용후지식총점이통계적으로유의하게증가하였으며교육직후와프로토콜적용후의지식총점은통계적으로유의한차이가없었다. 문항별로비교한결과총 10개문항중 말초정맥주사삽입부위는멸균드레싱 (sterile dressing) 한다, 말초정맥주사삽입부위의드레싱교환은정기적으로시행한다, 부목 (arm board) 을이용한고정시피부순환을확인하기위해환자의손가락과발가락이보이도록고정한다, 말초정맥주사는 3-4일마다주기적으로교환한다, 말초정맥주사부위의부작용발생시즉시 IV를제거한다, 말초정맥주사교환시수액세트도같이교환한다, 개방성유지 (IV patency) 를위해매근무조마다생리식염수를이용하여정맥관관류 (flushing) 를시행한다 는 7개의문항에대한점수가프로토콜교육전에비하여교육직후와프로토콜적용후에통계적으로유의하게상승하였다. 3. 말초정맥주사간호프로토콜에대한수행도 Table 2. General Characteristics of the Nurses (N=60) Variables Categories n (%) M±SD Age (year) >30 25 (41.7) 31.51± (58.3) Gender Female 60 (100.0) Education Entire working experience (year) Working experience* (year) *Only a children hospital. College Bachelor <1 1~<2 3~<4 5~<7 7 <1 1~<2 3~<4 5~<7 7 9 (15.0) 51 (85.0) 11 (18.3) 10 (16.7) 4 (6.7) 8 (13.3) 27 (45.0) 13 (21.7) 15 (25.0) 8 (13.3) 13 (21.7) 11 (18.3) 6.70± ±5.15 말초정맥주사간호프로토콜수행도에관한 37문항의전체평균점수는교육전 3.14±0.35점에서교육후 3.56±0.32점으로상승하였으며통계적으로유의한차이가있어 말초정맥주사간호프로토콜교육후의간호사의수행도가적용전보다향상될것이다 는가설 2는지지되었다 (t=-6.72, p<.000)(table 4). 문항별로분석한결과 37개의문항중 27개의문항이교육전에비해교육후에수행도가통계적으로유의하게상승하였다. 교육전과비교하여교육후에가장많은점수가상승한문항은 말초정맥주사는주기적으로교환하지않으며임상적으로문제가있는경우에만교환한다 였다. 말초정맥주사재삽입시모든수액세트도같이교체한다, 부작용발생시사정도구 ( 정맥염사정도구, 침윤 / 일혈사정도구 ) 를사용한다 는문항도교육전에비해교육후에점수가 1점이상상승하였다. 4. 말초정맥주사부작용발생률 2. 말초정맥주사관리에대한지식말초정맥주사관리에대한지식의총점은교육전 5.81± 1.06점, 교육직후 8.71±1.12점, 프로토콜적용후에는 8.31± 0.96점으로통계적으로유의하게상승되어 말초정맥주사간호프로토콜교육후의간호사의지식수준이교육전보다향상 말초정맥주사부작용발생률은프로토콜적용전 4주간 9.6% 에서프로토콜적용후 4주간 17.9% 로측정되어, 통계적으로유의한차이가있었으나발생률이증가하여 말초정맥주사간호프로토콜적용후의말초정맥주사관련부작용발생률이적용전보다감소될것이다 라는가설 3은기각되었다 (Table 5). Vol. 14 No. 2,

6 최희강 강미정 강현주등 Table 3. Knowledge Difference for Management of Peripheral Intravenous Catheter (N=60) Variables Pre training Post training After application M±SD M±SD M±SD F p Scheffe Do sterile dressing on insertion site 0.58±0.50 a 0.97±0.18 b 0.85±0.36 c <.001 a<b, c Do regularly replace dressing 0.30±0.46 a 0.73±0.44 b 0.68±0.47 c a<b, c Make sure the fixed arm board allows for checking circulation of the fingers and the toes Replace peripheral intravenous catheter every 72~96 hours Immediately remove peripheral intravenous catheter after finding out side effect Replace sets of solely used glucose, amino acid every 48 hours Replace a set every 24 hours in case of more than 12.5% glucose, high concentrated fluid like TPN, lipid-soluble fluid, or blood transfusion set Replace a set together in case of exchange the peripheral intravenous catheter Do flushing using 0.9% saline every shift to keep IV patency Apply a warm pack in case of phlebitis accompanied with acute pain and erythema 0.95±0.21 a 1.00±0.00 b 1.00±0.00 c a<b, c 0.08±0.27 a 0.92±0.27 b 0.92±0.27 c <.001 a<b, c 0.13±0.34 a 0.37±0.48 b 0.36±0.48 c a<b, c 0.88± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.43 a 0.93±0.25 b 0.8±0.32 c <.001 a<b, c 0.80±0.40 a 1.00±0.0 b 0.97±0.18 c <.001 a<b, c 0.85± ± ± Total score 5.81±1.06 a 8.71±1.12 b 8.31±0.96 c <.001 a<b, c 논의 본연구는어린이병원간호사를대상으로 2015년본연구팀이개발한말초정맥주사간호프로토콜에대한교육을시행한뒤교육전, 후말초정맥주사관리에대한간호사의지식과수행도를비교하고간호프로토콜적용전, 후의말초정맥주사관련부작용발생률을비교하여그효과를살펴보고자하였다. 본연구에서말초정맥주사관리에대한지식은총점 10점중교육전 5.81±1.06점에서교육직후 8.71±1.12점, 프로토콜적용후 8.31±0.96점으로통계적으로유의하게상승하였다. 교육직후에비해프로토콜적용후지식총점이낮아진것은통계적으로유의한차이는없었으나교육후 4주가지난시점으로교육의효과가감소된것으로생각된다. Jeong 12) 의연구에서말초정맥주사관리에대한인지도가높을수록수행도가높은것으로나타났으며인지도를높이기위해서는표준화된정맥주사관리지침개발및이에대한지속적교육이이루어져야한다고하였다. 이에표준화된교육프로그램을개발하여주기적으로시행하는것이필요하다. 말초정맥주사에대한지식측정시 10개의항목중 7개의항 목의평균점수가유의하게증가하였는데가장향상점수가높았던항목은 말초정맥주사는 3~4일마다주기적으로교환한다 였다. CDC (Centers for Disease Control and prevention) 나병원간호사회의정맥주입요법실무지침등여러가이드라인에서아동의경우말초정맥주사주사는주기적교환이아니라임상적상태를고려하여교환하도록권고하고있으나실제본연구를진행한어린이병원병동에서는성인환자와마찬가지로 4일마다정기적교환을하고있었다. 따라서이문항이이전의말초정맥주사관리방법과가장큰변화가있는것으로간호사들에게교육시이에대한내용을강조하였으며이로인해지식점수가크게향상된것으로생각된다. 부목 (arm board) 을이용한고정시피부순환을확인하기위해환자의손가락과발가락이보이도록고정한다, 12.5% 이상의포도당, TPN (Total Parenteral Nutrition) 과같은고농도수액, 지용성제재나혈액제재의경우에는수액세트를 24시간마다교환한다 는문항은신규교육, 감염관리, 안전교육등을통해간호사들이숙지하고있던내용이므로교육전과직후, 프로토콜적용후에서모두점수가높았다. 말초정맥주사부위의부작용발생시즉시 IV를제거한다 는문항은교육 50 Perspectives in Nursing Science

7 아동의말초정맥주사간호프로토콜적용및효과 Table 4. Performance Comparison about Nursing Protocol (N=60) Variables Conduct a training regularly regarding to the principles and the practice of intravenous infusion Provide education to a child and to a guardian with education materials containing of management of intravenous infusing, prevention/finding side effect, and signs/symptom to need to notice Pre training M±SD Post training t p M±SD 2.20± ± < ± ± <.001 Keep the dressing site be visible 3.07± ± Do sterile dressing on the insertion site 2.87± ± Replace the dressing immediately under contamination or problems 3.75± ± Fix the intravenous catheter by using an arm board on bendable site like fingers, hand, arm 3.77± ± and foot Make sure the fixed arm board allows to observe of the insertion area 3.35± ± Make sure the fixed arm board allows for checking circulation of the fingers and the toes 3.58± ± Record the insertion status after dressing 3.40± ± Do not replace a peripheral intravenous catheter regularly except to finding clinical problems 1.85± ± <.001 All sets connected to the peripheral intravenous catheter, such as infusion sets, extension 3.63± ± tubes, 3-ways, shall follow the replacement period cycle Replace sets of solely used glucose, amino acid every 96 hours 2.98± ± Replace a set every 24hours in case of more than 12.5% glucose, high concentrated fluid like 3.85± ± TPN, lipid-soluble fluid, or blood transfusion set Replace a set together in case of exchange the peripheral intravenous catheter 2.03± ± <.001 Do flushing using 0.9% saline every shift to keep IV patency 3.05± ± In case of injection of medication which is not compatible with 0.9% saline, flush with 5% 3.48± ± dextrose and then flush with 0.9% saline as well Observe on the peripheral intravenous catheter site every 2 hours 2.27± ± <.001 Observe the peripheral intravenous catheter as well as dressing status 3.42± ± Observe IV patency 3.47± ± Observe the status of the peripheral intravenous catheter insertion and skin around it 3.50± ± Observe fluid sets (infusion set and connecting set, etc.) 3.57± ± Make sure infusion rate 3.78± ± Touch, look at the insertion site and compare to another part 3.50± ± Use the assessment tool (infiltration/extravasation assessment tool) 2.37± ± <.001 Record all findings at the beginning of the shift and then record it additionally after taking 3.40± ± place side effect Follow the side effect algorithm 2.87± ± <.001 Elevate the phlebitis site 3.28± ± Apply a cold pack on it in case of phlebitis accompanied with acute pain and erythema 3.33± ± Apply a warm pack(a warm towel) on it in case of phlebitis accompanied with edema 2.45± ± Stop infusing immediately when you find infiltration/extravasation 3.87± ± Inform to a doctor infiltration/extravasation, and provide clinical interventions if necessary 3.50± ± Aspirate the drug inside tissue if necessary 2.70± ± Remove the peripheral intravenous catheter except of injection an antidote 3.02± ± Elevate the infiltration/extravasation site 3.20± ± Apply a warm pack or a cold pack on the infiltration/extravasation site as depending a drug 3.18± ± Record all observations and interventions when finding side effect 3.45± ± Do not use a sharp things like scissors when removing a peripheral intravenous catheter 3.35± ± Total score 3.14± ± <.001 Vol. 14 No. 2,

8 최희강 강미정 강현주등 Table 5. Incidence Rate of Side Effect Variables Before application After application x 2 p Side effect cases Peripheral intravenous catheter insertion cases 1, <.001 Incidence rate of side effect (%)* *Side effect cases/peripheral intravenous catheter insertion cases 100. 전과직후, 프로토콜적용후에모두점수가낮았다. 교육직후와프로토콜적용후에도오답률이높았던문항으로부작용시대처알고리즘에서는정맥염사정시 VIP (Visual Infusion Phlebitis) score 2점이상, 침윤 / 일혈 2단계이상인경우에말초정맥주사를제거하도록권고하였으나부작용모니터링기간에작성된정맥주사관찰기록지를분석해보면 VIP score 1 점인정맥염 44건중 2건만유지, 관찰하였고 42건에서는말초정맥주사를제거하였다. 또한침윤 / 일혈 1단계 59건모두말초정맥주사를제거하였다. 이는대부분의간호사가부작용이의심되는경우합병증이심해질것을우려하여부작용초기에말초정맥주사를제거한것으로보인다. 따라서임상적용이가능하도록부작용시대처방법중말초정맥주사제거단계에대한추후논의가필요할것으로생각된다. 아동의말초정맥주사간호프로토콜수행도점수는교육전 3.14±0.35에서 3.56±0.32로유의하게증가하였다. 이는 Jeong 12) 의연구결과에서평균수행도 3.29점보다적용전점수는비슷하였으나적용후점수는높은것으로나타났다. 총 37개항목중유의하게수행도가증가한항목은 27개로교육전과비교하여교육후에가장많은점수가상승한문항은 말초정맥주사는주기적으로교환하지않으며임상적으로문제가있는경우에만교환한다 였다. 본문항은지식점수도가장많이향상되었는데, 이는지금까지말초정맥주사를주기적으로교환해왔던말초정맥주사관리방법과달라진것으로교육시강조하여설명하였으며임상적상태를고려하여교환하도록한새로운프로토콜을적용했기때문이라생각된다. 다음으로수행도점수가상승한항목은 말초정맥주사재삽입시모든수액세트도같이교체한다, 부작용발생시사정도구 ( 정맥염사정도구, 침윤 / 일혈사정도구 ) 를사용한다 이다. 행위변화가많았던 말초정맥주사재삽입시모든수액세트도같이교체한다 는항목에대해서는정맥주사교체시모든수액세트를함께교체하는것이어렵다는사용자의의견이있었다. 프로토콜적용전에는정맥주사부위와직접연결된라인만교체하였으나프로토콜적용동안약물과연결된수액라인, 중간연결라인을모두교체하도록하여시간소요및업무부담이가 중되었으리라생각된다. 이항목은 Choi 등 13) 의연구에서도적용률이 80% 로낮았으며병원간호사회의정맥주입요법가이드라인의권고수준역시근거수준 III, 권고등급 C로낮아추후논의가필요하리라생각된다. 부작용발생시사정도구 ( 정맥염사정도구, 침윤 / 일혈사정도구 ) 를사용한다 항목은프로토콜에대한교육과함께프로토콜적용시정맥염사정도구인 VIP score 와침윤사정도구인 Infiltration/Extravasation staging을각근무팀의 EMR카트옆에소지하도록하여간호사들이사용하기쉽도록했기때문인것으로생각된다. 정맥염사정도구와침윤사정도구를전자의무기록으로쉽게접근할수있도록한다면앞으로말초정맥주사부작용을객관적인기준에의거하여사정할수있을것이다. 프로토콜적용전과후에수행도점수가높은항목인 12.5% 이상의포도당, TPN과같은고농도수액, 지용성제재나혈액제재의경우에는수액세트를 24시간마다교환한다 는지식점수도높았으며, 임상에서잘시행하고있는것을보인다. 프로토콜적용후에도낮은점수를보인항목은 정맥주입요법의원리와실무에대해주기적으로교육을받는다, 말초정맥주사삽입부위는 2시간마다관찰한다, 교육자료를이용하여보호자와환아교육을한다 순이었으며이는프로토콜적용후에도변화가잘일어나지않았던항목이다. 입사시신입간호사에게정맥주사관리교육을실시하고있으나, 주기적인간호사교육이없어 정맥주입요법의원리와실무에대해주기적으로교육을받는다 는항목이가장낮은점수를보였을것으로생각한다. 이에표준화된교육프로그램을개발하여주기적으로시행하는것이필요하다. 말초정맥주사삽입부위는 2시간마다관찰한다 항목은프로토콜교육시에강조하였으나추가업무부담으로수행도가낮았다고생각된다. 프로토콜사용자중 6명이 2시간마다관찰하는것이현실적으로어렵다고기술하였다. 아동은성인에비하여피하층이두껍고혈관이약하여정맥주사삽입과유지가어렵고 3) 미세한처치가많고협조가되지않아성인에비해간호처치시간이많이소요되는것이사실이다. 그러나삽입부위를자주관찰하는것은말초정맥주사관리에있어매우중요한부분이며 52 Perspectives in Nursing Science

9 아동의말초정맥주사간호프로토콜적용및효과 Gorski 등 14) 의연구에따르면아동의경우최소한 1시간마다말초정맥주사삽입부위를관찰하라고권고하고있다. 아동의정맥주사관련부작용을조기에발견하고대처하기위해반복적인교육으로잦은관찰의필요성을강조해야할것이다. 보호자교육을위한보호자용교육자료를배부하였으나 교육자료를이용하여보호자와환아교육을한다 는항목의수행도가낮게나타났다. 보호자를대상으로하는교육은아동의이상반응에대한보호자의민감성과대처능력을높일수있어아동의말초정맥주사관리에매우중요하다. 따라서간호사들에게보호자교육에대한중요성을강조하는것이필요하다. 또한보호자용교육자료를쉽게사용할수있도록전자의무기록내교육자료나보호자용설명처방을개발하여활용하는것이도움이될것이다. 본연구에서말초정맥주사부작용발생률을조사한결과프로토콜적용전은 9.6%, 적용후 17.9% 로부작용발생률이증가하였다. 이는프로토콜에따라부작용을정맥염과, 침윤, 일혈로한정지었는데프로토콜적용전에는이에대한교육이시행되기전으로부작용에대한정확한이해및사정이이루어지지않았을것으로생각된다. 한편기존의연구결과를살펴보면정맥주사관찰기록지로아동의정맥주사침윤발생위험요인을분석한 Sung 등 8) 의연구에서아동의말초정맥주사관련침윤발생률은 23.7% 이라고보고하였으며 Choi 등 13) 의연구에서의무기록분석을통해분석한부작용발생률은 17% 였다. Choi 등 13) 의연구에서기존연구에비해부작용발생률이낮은것은의무기록분석을통한것으로기록의누락의영향을배재할수없다고하였다. 프로토콜적용전의부작용발생률보다사후의부작용발생률이증가한것은객관적인사정도구를이용하여자주말초정맥주사부위를정확히사정하여부작용 1단계에서부터부작용으로인지하고기록하게된결과라고생각된다. 또한말초정맥주사를주기적으로교환하지않고임상적으로문제가있는경우에만교환하도록하여전체말초정맥주사삽입건수의감소의영향으로부작용발생률이증가된것으로나타났다고생각된다. 실제간호사들이프로토콜적용후느낀점에서연구를통해말초정맥주사부위를더자주주의깊게자주확인할수있었다는답변이다수있었으며말초정맥주사부위의세심한관찰로부작용시즉시중재할수있었다는의견으로보아정확한사정과주의깊은관찰로프로토콜적용전보다조기에부작용을발견하고대처하였기때문일것이다. 아동은혈관은가늘고연약하기때문에정맥주사를삽입하기어렵고천자동안가만히있지않고계속움직이므로혈관벽 의손상은더욱증가하게되며카테터끝이연약한혈관벽에구멍을내어혈관벽이기계적손상을입게되면수액이주위조직으로스며들어가므로침윤이발생하게된다. 7) 영유아는유연한피하조직을가지고있기때문에성인에비해더욱더침윤에취약하게된다. 15) 또한말초정맥주사가지연되거나실패하면정맥을통한치료가지연되어발생하는합병증이증가할뿐만아니라환아는통증과불안을경험하고부모의만족도는감소한다고하였다. 16) 따라서아동간호중침습적처치인말초정맥삽입을줄이는것이무엇보다도중요하다. 본연구에서는말초정맥주사삽입건수는프로토콜적용전 4주간 1,174 건, 적용후 4주간 997건으로삽입건수를같은기간재원환자수로나누어삽입률을계산한결과 33.5% 에서 26.5% 로유의하게감소하였다. 이는기존에말초정맥주사를 4일마다교환하던것을임상적으로문제가있는경우에만교환하도록하여감소한것으로생각된다. 실제간호사들이프로토콜사용후느낀점중좋았던점에 문제가없을시재삽입을하지않아환아에게고통을주지않았다 와 주기적교환날짜를신경쓰지않아도되어업무부담이감소했다, 자주교체하지않아보호자만족도가높아짐 으로기술하였다. 이는주기적교환을하지않는새로운프로토콜적용으로환자들에게불필요한침습적처치를줄일수있었으며간호사업무에있어서도말초정맥주사의정기적교환에대한업무부담을감소시키는효과가있었다고생각된다. 한편, 본연구에서아동의말초정맥주사간호프로토콜교육을받은간호사들이정맥주사부작용을관찰하고중재를하는과정에서부작용발생률을같이측정함으로써객관적인자료수집이되지않은부분은제한점이라할수있다. 결론 본연구는서울시소재상급종합병원의어린이병원 4개병동에서근무하고있는간호사를대상으로말초정맥주사간호프로토콜교육을시행하고교육받은간호사들이이를업무에적용하도록하여교육전, 후의말초정맥주사간호에대한지식과수행도및프로토콜적용전, 후의말초정맥주사관련부작용발생률을비교하여그효과를확인하는단일군시계열설계의전후비교에의한유사실험연구이다. 연구결과아동의말초정맥주사간호프로토콜교육이간호사들의말초정맥주사관련지식을향상시킬뿐만아니라업무수행도도높임을알수있었다. 이에본말초정맥주사간호프로토콜이임상에서근무하는간호사들이보다과학적인근거를가지고간호업 Vol. 14 No. 2,

10 최희강 강미정 강현주등 무를할수있으며또한간호업무의효율성이개선되는데기여할것으로생각된다. 본연구결과를바탕으로아래와같이제언하고자한다. 첫째, 향후대상병동을어린이병원전체로확대하여본프로토콜의효과를검증하는연구를제언한다. 둘째, 타병원에서도아동의말초정맥주사관리시본프로토콜을적용해볼것을제언한다. REFERENCES 1. Kim EJ, Kim HJ, Kim HJ, Kim KH, Kim SH, Lee SC, et al. Retrospective analysis for complications of the central venous catheter in patients with cancer at a single center in Korea. Korean J Hosp Palliat Care. 2010;13(1): Lee GS. Factors related to the duration of PIV in hospitalized children [dissertation]. Seoul: Yonsei University; Oh HS, Jeong IS, Ahn SH, Choe KW. A study on the characteristics of the intravenous therapy for children in the hospital. Korean J Nosocominal Infect Control. 1997;2(1): Kim HJ. Factors related to the restart of PIV in hospitalized children - data from patients cared by the IV team nurses [dissertation]. Seoul: Yonsei University; Rosenthal K. Infiltration: an ounce of prevention. Nurs Made Incred Easy. 2003;1(2): Garland JS, Dunne WM, Havens P, Hintermeyer M, Bozzette MA, Wincek J, et al. Peripheral intravenous catheter complication in critically ill children: a prospective study. Pediatrics. 1992;89(6): Amjad I, Murphy T, Nylander-Housholder L, Ranft A. A new approach to management of intravenous infiltration in pediatric patients: pathophysiology, classification, and treatment. J Infus Nurs. 2011;34(4): Sung SH, Kim HS. Risk factors of intravenous infiltration in children. J Korean Clin Nurs Res. 2007;13(2): Gu MO, Cho YA, Cho MS, Eun Y, Jeong JS, Jung IS, et al. Adaptation of intravenous infusion nursing practice guideline. J Korean Clin Nurs Res. 2013;19(1): Han SS, Park SK. The evaluation of medical quality improvement activities through standardised intravenous injection control instruction. J East West Nurs Res. 2005;11(2): Cohen J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates. 12. Jeong MR. Perception and performance on the prevention management of peripheral intravenous therapy complications [dissertation]. Suwon: Ajou University; Choi HG, Kang MJ, Kang HJ, Kim EH, Bang KS. Development of an evidence-based nursing protocol for management of peripheral catheters in children. J Korean Clin Nurs Res. 2016;22 (1): Gorski LA, Hallock D, Kuehn SC, Morris P, Russell JM, Skala LC. Recommendations for frequency of assessment of the short peripheral catheter site. J Infus Nurs. 2012;35(5): McCullen KL, Pieper B. A retrospective chart review of risk factors for extravasation among neonates receiving peripheral intravascular fluids. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs. 2006; 33(2): Peterson KA, Phillips AL, Truemper E, Agrawal S. Does the use of an assistive device by nurses impact peripheral intravenous catheter insertion success in Children. J Pediatr Nurs. 2012;27(2): Perspectives in Nursing Science

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