ISSN (Print) ISSN (Online) Commun Sci Disord 2016;21(1):60-68 Original Article Prevalence of
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1 ISSN (Print) ISSN (Online) Commun Sci Disord 2016;21(1):60-68 Original Article Prevalence of Developmental Language Delay among Toddlers Born as Preterm YoonKyoung Lee a, HyoJoo Lee b a Division of Speech Pathology and Audiology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea b Department of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, Graduate School of Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea Correspondence: YoonKyoung Lee, PhD Division of Speech Pathology and Audiology, Hallym University, 1 Hallimdaehak-gil, Chunchon 24252, Korea Tel: Fax: ylee@hallym.ac.kr Received: January 5, 2016 Revised: February 9, 2016 Accepted: February 29, 2016 This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea Grant funded by the Korean government (NRF-2014S1A5A2A ) and Hallym University (HRF ). Objectives: Being born preterm is one of the factors which affects language development of toddlers. The purpose of this study was to examine language performance and the prevalence of developmental language delay (DLD) among toddlers who were born in preterm condition compared to full-term toddlers. Methods: A total of 165 toddlers, 86 preterm and 79 full-term, participated in this study. The two groups of toddlers were classified into three age groups: months, months, and months. Language abilities were measured using Sequenced Language Scale for Infants (SELSI) and Korean MacArthur-Bates Communication Development Inventory (K M-B CDI). The results of two toddler groups on language tests were analyzed statistically through two independent t-test, 2-way ANOVA, and χ 2 test. Results: The premature group showed significantly lower receptive language age, expressive language age, and combined language age measured by SELSI and significantly lower frequency of expressive vocabulary measured by K M-B CDI than the chronological age-matched full-term toddler group. The prevalence of DLD and at risk DLD was significantly higher in the preterm than the full-term group. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study we discuss the importance of early language intervention in preterm toddlers for preventing language delay. Keywords: Preterm toddlers, Language development, Prevalence of developmental language delay 최근들어신생아학의급속한발달과고령출산의증가등으로인하여미숙아출현율이증가하고있다 (Phillips, 2006; Schirmer, Portuguez, & Nunes, 2006). 국내의경우도 1990년부터 2000년도까지약 10년동안조산아출생빈도가약 3배수가증가되었으며, 2002년에는 4% 였던미숙아출생률이 2013년에는 5.5% 로매해꾸준히증가하고있다고보고되었다 (Lee, 2014). 미숙아출생은아동기, 특히영유아기발달지체의원인중하나이다 (Billeaud, 2003; Lee, 2004; Rossetti, 2001). 미숙아로출생한영유아의발달을추적한연구들은미숙아출생아동집단에서유의하게높은발달장애출현율을보고하였다. Roberts 등 (2007) 은미숙아로출생한영유아 236명을추적하여 2세때발달검사를실시하였는데, 그중 50.7% 가장애를가진것으로나타났다고보고하였다. Marlow, Wolke, Bracewell과 Samara (2005) 도재태기간이 25주이하인조산아 241명을 30개월과 6세때추적조사하였는데, 6세때 21% 의아동이 -2 표준편차이하에해당하는심한지적장애를보였으며, 이중 22% 는중도 (severe), 24% 는중등도 (moderate), 34% 는경도 (mild) 에해당하였다. 그리고 30개월에중등도에서중도에해당하였던아동의 86% 가 6세때에도여전히지적장애를보여영유아시기의발달지연이유아기까지지속되었음을보고하였다. Marlow, Roberts와 Cooke (1993) 은학령기에접어들어읽기나쓰기와같은학습영역에서도장애를보이는경우가일반아동들은 11% 인반면, 미숙아들은약 45% 에달했다고보고하면서이들의발달문제가학령기의학습문제에까지도영향을미칠수있다고보고하였다. 1980년대부터 2001년까지발표된미숙아들의인지기능에대한논문 15편에대해메타분석결과를보고한 Bhutta, Cleves, Casey, Cradock과 Anand (2002) 도미숙아출생아들의인지검사 60 Copyright 2016 Korean Academy of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
2 미숙아출생영유아의언어발달지체출현율 이윤경외 점수가만삭아에비해낮으며, 이러한경향은학령기까지지속된다고보고하였다. 미숙아의발달지체문제는언어발달측면에서도다수보고되었다 (Koldewijn et al., 2009; Lee & Lee, 2014; Stolt et al., 2014; Taylor, Klein, Minich, & Hack, 2001). Lee와 Lee (2013) 는 1990년대이후국외에서발표된미숙아출생아동의언어및의사소통발달관련연구 30편을분석하였는데, 이중약 70% 인 25편의연구가미숙아들의언어및의사소통능력이정상출생영유아에비해유의하게낮았다고보고하였다. Wolke, Samara, Bracewell 과 Marlow (2008) 는미숙아출생아동들이또래들과언어발달에서유의한차이가있을뿐아니라언어발달장애의출현율도높았다고보고하였다. 이들은미숙아로출생한 6세아동 82명의언어와학업성취를 106명의또래와비교하였는데, 미숙아출생아동들이모든말-언어점수에서또래와유의한차이를보였을뿐만아니라말-언어점수에서 -2 표준편차이하에해당하는아동이전체의 10%-20% 로말-언어장애출현율이높았다고보고하였다. 이처럼미숙아로출생한아동들이갖는발달적위험때문에서구선진국에서는 Infant Health and Development Program과같은발달촉진프로그램을통해미숙아들의발달을돕기위한노력들을시도해왔다. 미국의일부주 (state) 에서는미숙아출산을장애위험 (at risk) 요인으로파악하고이아동들을유아특수교육대상자로지원하기도한다 (Lee, 2004; Rossetti, 2001). 반면, 우리나라의경우지방자치단체에따라차이가있으나미숙아에대한지원은월평균소득이 130% 이하이며다자녀가족중셋째자녀이후의자녀에게만지원하는등 (Park, 2010) 그지원정도가미미하다. 앞에서도강조하였듯이미숙아출생은언어발달을포함한전반적인발달지체의위험요인이다. 따라서이들의발달을돕는조기중재가이루어져야할것이다. 조기중재는미숙아들이가질수있는발달문제를사전에예방또는최소화할뿐아니라가족들로하여금아동들에대한발달문제를이해하고대처하게함으로써가족기능을강화할수있도록도와준다. 나아가서는장애발생이나장애가심화되는것을미연에예방함으로써추후이들에대한사회국가적인책임을경감시키는효과를갖는다 (Lee, 2004; Rossetti, 2001). 특히언어발달은일상생활에서의의사소통의중요성과더불어언어가인지나학업은물론사회성발달등발달전반에영향을미치기때문에발달을촉진하기위한조기중재가무엇보다중요하다고할수있다 (Lee, 2011). 미숙아들의발달을지원하기위한정책마련이나프로그램개발을위해서는이들의발달에대한연구가선행되어야할것이다. 국내에서도미숙아출생률의증가와더불어미숙아관련연구들도 상대적으로증가하였지만미숙아와관련한국내연구는대부분신체 건강이나또는영양과관련된연구가대부분이며 (Kim, 2005), 발달에대한연구 (Kang & Lee, 2007; Oh, Lee, Lee, & Kim, 2004) 는그수가상대적으로매우적다. 본연구는이러한배경하에미숙아출생이영유아의언어발달에미치는영향을살펴보는것을목적으로수행하였다. 구체적인연구문제는다음과같다. 첫째, 미숙아출생영유아는만삭아집단과비교하였을때표준화언어검사수행에서차이가있는가? 둘째, 두영유아집단에서의언어발달지체출현율및출현빈도에차이가있는가? 연구방법연구대상 12-30개월의미숙아출생영유아 86명과미숙아출생영유아와생활연령이일치한만삭아 79명, 총 165명을대상으로하였다. 미숙아출생영유아는출생시몸무게가 2.5 kg 미만이며재태기간이 37 주미만인영유아였다. 만삭아출생영유아는출생시몸무게가 2.5 kg 이상이며재태기간이 37주이상인영유아들중한국판베일리영아발달검사 (Korean-Bayley Scale of Infant Development-II, K- BSID-II; Cho & Park, 2006) 를실시하여전반적발달이 정상발달 범주에속하는영유아로하였다. 두영유아집단에대한기본정보는 Table 1과같다. 미숙아집단은생활월령평균이 20.99개월이었으며, 만삭아집단은 20.81개월로유의한차이가없었다. 출생시몸무게는미숙아집단이 1.50 kg, 만삭아집단은 3.26 kg으로미숙아집단이유의하게적었으며, 재태기간도미숙아집단이 30.45개월, 만삭아집단은 개월로미숙아집단이유의하게짧았다. K-BSID-II 결과는미숙아집단이인지영역에서전체의 58명 (67%) 의영유아가 25%ile 이하 (10%ile 미만과 10%ile-25%ile 사이합산수치 ) 였으며, 동작성영역에서도 57명 (67%) 의영유아가 25%ile 이하의수행을보여절반이하의영유아가지연된발달혹은발달지연위험을보였다. 반면, 만삭아집단에서는인지영역에서는 2명 (2.5%), 동작영역에서 1명 (1.2%) 의영유아가발달지연위험을보였으며다른모든영유아는정상범위의수행을보였다. 연구도구영유아들의언어능력은국내영유아들을대상으로표준화된언어검사인영유아언어발달검사 (Sequenced Language Scale for Infants, SELSI; Kim, Kim, Yoon, & Kim, 2003) 와한국판맥아더- 베이츠의사소통검사 (Korean MacArthur-Bates Communication 61
3 YoonKyoung Lee, et al. Prevalence of Developmental Language Delay in Preterm Toddlers Table 1. Participants information mo (N= 37) mo (N= 21) Preterm toddler mo (N= 28) Total (N= 86) mo (N= 32) mo (N= 25) Full-term toddler mo (N= 22) Total (N= 79) Chronological age (mo) 15.84± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± Gestational age (wk) 30.57± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± Birth weight (kg) 1.55± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±.345 K-BSID-II Mental scale Motor scale 3 (8.1) 7 (18.9) 27 (73.0) 8 (21.6) 7 (18.9) 22 (59.5) 5 (23.8) 6 (28.6) 10 (47.6) 1 (4.8) 11 (52.4) 2 (6.3) 30 (93.8) 4 (14.3) 5 (17.9) 19 (67.9) Values are presented as mean ± SD or number (%). K-BSID-II = Korean-Bayley Scale of Infant Development-II (Cho & Park, 2006). 37 (43.0) 21 (24.4) 28 (32.6) 37 (43.0) 21 (24.4) 28 (32.6) 2 (6.3) 30 (93.8) 1 (3.1) 31 (96.9) 25 (100) 25 (100) 22 (100) 22 (100) 2 (2.5) 77 (97.5) 1 (1.2) 78 (98.8) Development Inventory, K M-B CDI; Pae & Kwak, 2011) 를사용하여측정하였다. SELSI는생후 4-35개월영유아의전반적인언어및의사소통능력을평가하기위하여고안된검사로수용언어와표현언어로구성되어있으며, 화용, 의미, 음운, 문법등영유아의언어발달에대한전반적인정보를제공해준다. K M-B CDI는 Fenson 등 (2007) 에의해개발된 M-B CDI 를 Pae와 Kwak (2011) 이한국판으로표준화한검사도구로영아용과영유아용두가지버전이있으며영아용 (7-14개월) 은수용및표현어휘와놀이, 제스처등을, 유아용 (18-36 개월 ) 은표현어휘와문법을평가한다. 본연구에서는 개월영유아를대상으로하므로영아용과유아용에공통적으로포함하는표현어휘수만을측정하였다. 연구절차본연구의대상자모집및모든연구절차는한림대학교의생명윤리위원회의승인을받았다. 연구참가자는한곳의종합병원과미숙아부모모임, 그리고육아관련온라인카페에안내글을게시하여모집하였으며, 참여를희망한어머니들과개별적으로연락하여검사일정을조율한후, 어머니와조율한날짜와시간에가정으로방문하여자료를수집하였다. 먼저자료수집전에어머니에게연구목적과절차및검사내용등을설명하고연구참여에대한어머니의동의를얻은후검사를실시하였다. 부모보고형식의검사실시를위해어머니에게기본정보기록지, SELSI (Kim et al., 2003) 및 K M-B CDI (Pae & Kwak, 2011) 작성방법을안내하였다. 두검사모두어머니가직접답하게하였으며이해하지못한문항은연구자가다시설명해주었다. 검사응답을완료한후에는답하지않은문항이있는지검토하고, 빠진문항이있는경우에는검사자가 다시확인질문하여모든문항에빠짐없이답하게하였다. 영유아의기본발달을확인하기위해실시한 K-BSID-II는어머니가검사에응답하기전이나후에영유아가검사에응할준비가되어있을때를고려하여실시하였다. 자료측정 SELSI의결과는언어발달연령 전체언어발달연령 (CLA), 수용언어발달연령 (RLA), 표현언어발달연령 (ELA) 과각영유아가속한연령대에서차지하는백분위수 ( 전체언어, 수용언어, 표현언어영역에서의백분위수 ) 의두가지로측정하였다. K M-B CDI 표현어휘결과도표현어휘수와더불어각영유아가속한연령대에서해당표현어휘수가차지하는백분위수로측정하였다. SELSI와 K M-B CDI 모두 (1) 백분위수 10 이하 ( 10%ile) 에해당하는경우는 언어발달지체, (2) 백분위수가 사이인경우 () 는 언어발달지체위험, (3) 백분위수가 25를초과하는경우 ( >25%ile) 는 정상범위 로분류하고각각이차지하는빈도를측정하였다. 언어발달지체를백분위수에기초하여분류한것은연구에서사용한두언어검사가공통적으로백분위수를제공하였기때문이다. 언어발달지체의기준을백분위수 10 미만으로한것은 Thal과 Bates (1988) 의기준을따랐으며, 영유아기발달지체를정의할때발달검사결과가 25% 이하인경우를포함하는경우가많으므로 (Lee, 2004) 백분위수에해당하는경우는 언어발달지체위험 으로구분하였다. 통계분석측정결과는통계프로그램 IBM SPSS Statistics 21을이용하여 62
4 미숙아출생영유아의언어발달지체출현율 이윤경외 통계분석하였다. 미숙아와만삭아집단의언어수행차이분석 두집단의언어수행능력의차이를검정하기위하여 SELSI 의언 어발달연령과 K M-B CDI 의표현어휘수를종속측정치로하여두 독립표본 t- 검정을실시하였으며, 영유아집단과생활연령과의상 호작용효과를살펴보기위하여영유아집단 (2) 연령 (3) 에따라 이원분산분석 (two-way ANOVA) 을실시하였다. 미숙아집단의언어발달지체출현빈도 두영유아집단에서언어발달지체 ( 10%ile) 와언어발달지체위 험군 () 이차지하는빈도를각각백분율을통해기술 적으로살펴보고, 각집단에서의언어발달지체가차지하는빈도의 차이를 χ 2 검정을통해분석하였다. 연구결과 두영유아집단의언어수행차이비교 미숙아와만삭아집단의언어수행결과의차이를비교한결과는 Table 2. Results of t-test for language tests between preterm and full-term toddler group Total SELSI-RLA SELSI-ELA SELSI-CLA K M-B CDI mo SELSI-RLA SELSI-ELA SELSI-CLA K M-B CDI mo SELSI-RLA SELSI-ELA SELSI-CLA K M-B CDI mo SELSI-RLA SELSI-ELA SELSI-CLA K M-B CDI Preterm toddler Full-term toddler t (6.346) (7.027) (6.272) ( ) (3.327) (3.278) (3.209) (12.115) (3.868) (7.58) (4.146) (60.795) (4.203) (6.142) (4.678) ( ) (5.063) (5.765) (5.589) ( ) (3.590) (3.525) (3.543) (48.297) (3.067) (3.506) (3.240) ( ) (1.326) (1.593) (1.524) ( ) *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** Values are presented as mean (SD). PT = preterm toddler; FT = full-term toddler; SELSI = Sequenced Language Scale for Infants (Kim, Kim, Yoon, & Kim, 2003); RLA= receptive language age; ELA= expressive language age; CLA= combined language age; K M-B CDI= Korean MacArthur- Bates Communication Development Inventory (Pae & Kwak, 2011). **p <.01, ***p <.001. Tables 2, 3 과같다. 미숙아집단은 SELSI 의전체언어연령, 수용언어 연령, 표현언어연령과 K M-B CDI 의표현어휘수에서만삭아집단 에비해유의하게낮았다. 또한두집단의수행을 개월, 개월, 개월의세연령수준으로구분하여비교한결과에서도 모든언어검사결과가각연령군에서유의하게낮았다 (Table 2). 두영유아집단의언어검사수행차이가연령집단과는어떠한상 호작용을하는가를살펴보기위하여영유아집단 ( 미숙아와만삭 아 ) 과연령수준 (12-18 개월, 개월, 개월 ) 을독립변수로 하여이원변량분석을실시한결과 SELSI 의전체언어연령, 수용언 어연령, 표현언어연령과 K M-B CDI 의표현어휘수에서영유아집 단과연령수준각각의주효과가나타났다. 모든언어검사결과에 서집단주효과는미숙아집단이만삭아집단에비해유의하게낮 은수행으로인한것이었으며, 연령수준주효과는세연령군에서 유의한차이로인한것이었다. 집단 연령수준간의상호작용효과는 K M-B CDI 표현어휘수 에서만나타났으며 SELSI 결과에서는영유아집단과연령수준간 의유의한상호작용효과가관찰되지않았다 (Table 3). K M-B CDI Table 3. Result of two-way ANOVA depending on toddler group and age group Toddler group F(1, 159) Age F(2, 159) Toddler group age F(2,159 ) SELSI-RL *** *** SELSI-EL *** ***.520 SELSI-CL *** ***.028 K M-B CDI *** *** *** SELSI = Sequenced Language Scale for Infants (Kim, Kim, Yoon, & Kim, 2003); RL = receptive language; EL = expressive language; CLA = combined language; K M-B CDI= Korean MacArthur-Bates Communication Development Inventory (Pae & Kwak, 2011). ***p <.001. Number of expressive vocabulary PT FT mo mo mo Figure 1. Number of expressive vocabulary (Korean MacArthur-Bates Communication Development Inventory) depending on age. PT = preterm toddler; FT= full-term toddler. 63
5 YoonKyoung Lee, et al. Prevalence of Developmental Language Delay in Preterm Toddlers Table 4. Frequency and percentage of DLD between preterm and full-term groups depending on chronological age in months SELSI-RL SELSI-EL SELSI-CL K M-B CDI-EV Total χ mo χ mo χ mo PT (n = 86) FT (n = 79) PT (n = 37) FT (n = 32) PT (n = 21) FT (n = 25) PT (n = 28) FT (n = 22) 30 (34.9) 21 (24.4) 35 (40.7) 43 (50.0) 12 (14.0) 31 (36.0) 37 (43.0) 24 (27.9) 25 (29.1) 40 (46.5) 19 (22.1) 27 (31.4) 6 (7.6) 73 (92.4) 11 (13.9) 68 (86.1) 8 (10.1) 71 (89.9) 6 (7.6) 73 (92.4) *** *** *** *** 14 (37.8) 8 (21.6) 15 (40.5) 24 (64.9) 4 (10.8) 9 (24.3) 20 (54.1) 11 (29.7) 6 (16.2) 22 (59.5) 6 (16.2) 9 (24.3) 1 (3.1) 31 (96.9) 5 (15.6) 27 (84.4) 5 (15.6) 27 (84.4) 4 (12.5) 28 (87.5) *** *** *** *** 4 (19.0) 8 (38.1) 3 (14.3) 5 (23.8) 7 (33.3) 6 (28.6) 6 (28.6) 4 (16.0) 21 (84.0) 5 (20.0) 20 (80.0) 3 (12.0) 22 (88.0) 1 (4.0) 24 (96.0) ** ** *** *** 7 (25.0) 9 (32.1) 12 (42.9) 10 (35.7) 5 (17.9) 13 (46.4) 8 (28.6) 8 (28.6) 12 (42.9) 12 (42.9) 7 (25.0) 9 (32.1) 1 (4.5) 21 (95.5) 1 (4.5) 21 (95.5) 22 (100) 1 (4.5) 21 (95.5) χ *** ** *** *** Values are presented as number of toddlers (%). PT = preterm toddler; FT = full-term toddler; SELSI = Sequenced Language Scale for Infants (Kim, Kim, Yoon, & Kim, 2003); RL = receptive language; EL = expressive language; CLA= combined language; K M-B CDI= Korean MacArthur-Bates Communication Development Inventory (Pae & Kwak, 2011); EV= expressive vocabulary. **p <.01; ***p <.001. 표현어휘수에서의상호작용효과는두영유아집단이세연령수준에서모두유의한차이를보였으나, 만삭아집단은세연령수준간에표현어휘수가비슷한빈도로증가한반면, 미숙아집단은 개월과 19-24개월간에는큰증가를보이지않았다가 19-24개월과 25-30개월간에급속한증가를보여두영유아집단이연령수준에따른서로다른표현어휘발달패턴을보인것에서비롯되었다 (Figure 1). 미숙아와만삭아집단의언어발달지체및발달지체위험출현율전체집단에서의출현율및출현빈도비교두영유아집단에서언어발달지체및언어발달지체위험군이차지하는출현율과 χ 2 검정을통해출현빈도를비교한결과는 Table 4 와같다. 미숙아집단은 SELSI의수용언어, 표현언어, 전체언어, K M-B CDI 표현어휘결과에서언어발달지체에해당하는경우가 34.9%-50% 로높은비율을보였다. 언어발달지체위험에해당하는경우도 SELSI의수용언어, 표현언어, 전체언어, K M-B CDI 표현어휘에서 14%-27.9% 로언어발달지체또는언어발달지체위험에해당하는영유아가전체의 58%-70% 정도해당하였다. 반면, 만삭아집단은언어발달지체에해당하는경우가모든언어검사에서 0% 였으며, 언어발달지체위험에해당하는경우도 SELSI의수용언어, 표현언어, 전체언어, K M-B CDI 표현어휘각각에서 7.6%-13.9% 의낮은비율을보였다. 미숙아와만삭아집단에서의언어발달지체와언어발달지체위 험영유아가차지하는빈도를 χ 2 검정을통해비교한결과 SELSI의수용언어, 표현언어, 전체언어, K M-B CDI 표현어휘모두집단간에유의한차이가있었다 (Table 4). 연령수준에따른출현율및출현빈도비교두영유아집단에서연령수준에따라언어발달지체및언어발달지체위험군이차지하는비율을보면, 미숙아집단에서는 개월모든결과에서언어발달지체에해당하는경우가 37.8%-64.9% 였으며, 언어발달지체위험에해당하는경우도 10.8%-29.7% 로나타났다 개월에는언어발달지체에해당하는경우가 SELSI 모든결과에서 42.9%, K M-B CDI에서 28.6%, 언어발달지체위험에해당하는경우는각각 14.3%-28.6% 였으며, 25-30개월에는모든결과에서언어발달지체에해당하는경우가 25%-42.9%, 언어발달지체위험에해당하는경우가 17.9%-32.1% 로세연령수준모두에서언어발달지체에해당하는영유아가 40% 이상, 언어발달지체위험에해당하는영유아가 10%-30% 로나타났다. 반면, 만삭아집단에서는세연령수준모두에서언어발달지체에해당하는경우가없었으며, 12-18개월에는모든언어검사결과에서언어발달지체위험에해당하는경우가 3.1%-15.6%, 19-24개월에는 4%-20% 로낮은비율을보였다 개월에는 4.5% 가언어발달지체위험에해당하였으며, 언어발달지체에해당하는영유아는없었다. 각연령수준별로미숙아와만삭아집단에서의언어발달지체와언어발달지체위험영유아빈도를 χ 2 검정을통해비교한결과전체 64
6 미숙아출생영유아의언어발달지체출현율 이윤경외 결과에서와마찬가지로세연령집단에서 SELSI의모든결과와 K M-B CDI 표현어휘에서유의한차이가있었다 (Table 4). 논의및결론본연구는미숙아출생이영유아의언어발달에영향을미치는지를살펴보고자하는목적으로실시되었다. 이를위해첫째, 미숙아출생영유아의언어검사수행결과를만삭아출생영유아와비교하여살펴보고, 둘째, 각집단에서언어발달지체혹은언어발달지체위험에해당하는영유아의출현율과출현빈도를비교하였다. 언어검사수행차이먼저두영유아집단의언어검사수행차이를비교한결과, 미숙아집단은 SELSI의전체언어연령, 수용언어연령, 표현언어연령과 K M-B CDI의표현어휘수에서만삭아집단에비해유의하게낮았다. 미숙아출생영유아는언어발달에서도만삭아출생영유아들에비해느리게발달한다고여러논문에서보고된바있다 (Koldewijn et al., 2009; Lee & Lee, 2013; Stolt et al., 2014; Taylor et al., 2001). 본연구의결과에서도국외에서보고된바와마찬가지로미숙아로출생한영유아의언어발달이유의하게지체되어동일한결과를보고하였다. 연령이증가함에따라언어발달의차이가달라지는가를살펴보기위하여영유아의연령을각각 12-18개월, 19-24개월, 25-30개월의세수준으로구분하여비교하였다. 그결과도전체결과에서와마찬가지로미숙아출생영유아집단이세연령수준에서모두만삭아집단에비해유의하게낮은언어검사수행결과를보여 30개월까지도지속적으로또래에비해유의하게낮은언어발달을보이는것으로나타났다. 영유아집단과연령수준간의상호작용을통해살펴본결과에서도 K M-B CDI 표현어휘를제외한 SELSI로측정한전체언어, 수용언어, 표현언어결과에서유의한상호작용효과를보이지않아미숙아집단이만삭아집단에비해 12-18개월부터유의하게느린언어발달을보이며이러한차이가 19-24개월, 개월의연령수준까지유지되는것으로나타났다. 반면, K M-B CDI 표현어휘결과에서는영유아집단과연령집단간에유의한상호작용효과가나타났는데, 이는만삭아집단은세연령수준간에표현어휘수가비슷한빈도로증가한반면, 미숙아집단은 12-18개월과 19-24개월간에는큰증가를보이지않았다가 19-24개월과 25-30개월간에급속한증가를보여두영유아집단이연령수준에따른서로다른표현어휘발달패턴을보인것에서비롯되었다. 일반적으로영유아들은 24개월전후하여표현어휘수가 급성장하는경향을보인다 (Bloom, 1991; Nelson, 1973). 본연구에서만삭아집단은 19-24개월에표현어휘수가크게증가한반면미숙아집단은이보다늦은 25-30개월의시기에표현어휘수가큰폭으로증가하는경향을보였다. 이러한결과역시미숙아집단이만삭아집단에비해지연된언어발달을보여주는것이라할수있다. 언어발달지체출현율두영유아집단에서언어발달지체또는언어발달지체위험군이차지하는비율을살펴본결과, 미숙아집단은 SELSI와 K M-B CDI 표현어휘결과에서언어발달지체 ( 10%ile) 에해당하는경우가 34.9%-50%, 언어발달지체위험 () 에해당하는경우는 14%-27.9% 로두경우가전체의 58%-70% 정도로나타났다. 반면, 만삭아집단은언어발달지체에해당하는경우가모든언어검사에서 0% 였으며, 언어발달지체위험에해당하는경우도 7.6%-13.9% 의낮은비율을나타내미숙아집단과큰차이가있었으며, χ 2 검정을통해 SELSI 및 K M-B CDI 결과에서언어발달지체및언어발달지체위험군이차지하는빈도를비교한결과에서도집단간에유의한차이가있었다. 외국에서보고된 Wolk 등 (2008) 의연구는미숙아로출생한아동을 6세가된시점에추적해서평가한결과, 말-언어검사결과가 -2 표준편차이하로말-언어장애에해당한아동이만삭아집단에비해약 10배정도많은 10%-20% 였다고보고하였다. 본연구에서는 Wolk 등 (2008) 이보고한것보다높은비율인 35%-50% 정도가언어발달지체에해당하였다. 이는본연구가 Wolk 등 (2008) 의경우보다발달의개인차가심한시기인영유아를대상으로하였으며, 언어발달지체의기준도 -2 표준편차보다광범위한 10 백분위수미만기준을사용하여나타난차이일수있다. 출현율의정도에서의차이는있으나두연구모두미숙아출생영유아집단에서유의하게더높은언어발달지체출현율을보였다는점은공통된결과라할수있다. 연령이증가함에따라언어발달지체출현율에서변화가있는지를확인하기위하여두영유아집단을세연령수준으로나누어언어발달지체와언어발달지체위험이차지하는비율을분석하였다. 그결과미숙아집단은 개월에는언어발달지체가 37.8%-64.9%, 언어발달지체위험은 10.8%-29.7% 로전체의 58%-83% 가언어발달지체혹은언어발달지체위험에속하였다 개월에는언어발달지체가 28.6%-42.9%, 언어발달지체위험은각각 14.3%-28.6% 로, 전체의 56%-65% 가언어발달지체혹은언어발달지체위험에속하였으며, 25-30개월에는언어발달지체가 25%-42.9%, 언어발달지체위험이 17.9%-32.1% 로 52%-67% 의영유아가언어발달지체혹은 65
7 YoonKyoung Lee, et al. Prevalence of Developmental Language Delay in Preterm Toddlers 언어발달지체위험에속하였다 개월에비해 19-24개월에언어발달지체해당비율이약간감소하였으나유의한차이는없었으며, 19-24개월과 25-30개월간에는출현비율에큰차이가없었다. 반면, 만삭아집단에서는세연령집단모두에서언어발달지체위험에해당하는경우가 개월에는 3.1%-15.6%, 19-24개월에는 4%-20%, 25-36개월에는 4.5% 나타났을뿐언어발달지체에해당하는영유아는없어두영유아집단간에큰차이를보였으며, χ 2 검정을통한 SELSI 및 K M-B CDI 결과에서언어발달지체및언어발달지체위험군이차지하는빈도를비교한결과에서도언어발달지체와언어발달지체위험의빈도에서유의한차이를보였다. 이러한결과는두집단의언어검사수행차이비교결과와마찬가지로 개월부터 25-30개월까지언어발달지체나언어발달지체위험에해당하는미숙아의비율이크게변하지않으며, 또래집단에비해서언어발달지체또는언어발달지체위험출현율이유의하게높음을보여준다. 본연구의결과는미숙아출생영유아의언어발달이만삭아집단에비해유의하게느릴뿐아니라, 언어발달지체는 35%-50%, 언어발달지체위험은 10% 내외로전체절반이상의영유아가언어발달지체또는발달지체위험에있다는것을보여주었다. 이러한연구결과는미숙아출생영유아를대상으로조기언어중재를제공하는것이필요함을시사한다. 발달이지연되거나발달지연의위험에있는영유아들에게발달장애를예방하거나최소화하기위해조기중재가무엇보다중요하다는것은여러문헌을통해강조되어왔다. 특히언어발달은일상생활은물론발달전반에큰영향을미치므로조기중재가무엇보다중요하다 (Lee, 2011). 본연구는미숙아출생영유아집단에서의언어발달출현율을제시함으로써이들에대한조기중재의필요성을제시하였다는점에서의의가있으나, 생후 30개월까지의영유아만을대상으로하였다는제한점이있다. 언어발달은다른발달영역에비해개인차가큰발달영역이므로 30개월이후시기까지미숙아출생아동의언어발달을추적하여살펴봄으로써언어발달양상이나언어발달지체출현율의변화를살펴보는것이필요함을제언으로한다. REFERENCES Bhutta, A. T., Cleves, M. A., Casey, P. H., Cradock, M. M., & Anand, K. J. S. (2002). Cognitive and behavioral outcomes of school-aged children who were born preterm: a meta-analysis. Journal of the American Medical Association, 288, Billeaud, F. P. (2003). Communication disorders in infants and toddlers: assessment and intervention. St. Louis, MO: Butterworth-Heinemann. Bloom, L. (1991). Language development from two to three. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Cho, B. H., & Park, H. W. (2006). Korean-Bayley Scales of Infant Development II (K-BSID-II). Seoul: Mindpress. Fenson, L., Marchamn, V., Thal, D., Dale, P. S., Bates, E., & Reznick, J. S. (2007). The MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories: user s guide and technical manual (2nd ed.). Baltimore: Paul G. Brookes Publishing. Kang, J. W., & Lee, K. S. (2007). Prognostic factors of developmental delay in premature infants. Journal of Korea Child Neurology Society, 15, Kim, J. (2005). Effects of a massage program on growth of premature infants and on confidence and satisfaction in the mothering role. Child Health Nursing Research, 11, Kim, Y. T., Kim, K. H., Yoon, H. R., & Kim, H. S. (2003). Sequenced Language Scale for Infants (SELSI). Seoul: Special Education publishing. Koldewijn, K., Wolf, M. J., van Wassenaer, A., Meijssen, D., van Sonderen, L., van Baar, A.,..., & Kok, J. (2009). The Infant Behavioral Assessment and Intervention Program for very low birth weight infants at 6 months corrected age. Journal of Pediatrics, 154, Lee, H. J., & Lee, Y. (2013). Literature review of premature child s communicative and language. Korean Journal of Early Childhood Special Education, 13, Lee, H. J., & Lee, Y. (2014). Characteristics of social communication behavior in preterm toddlers. Korean Journal of Early Childhood Special Education, 14, Lee, N. H. (2014). Ways to improve prenatal care in a low-fertility Korea. Health and Welfare Policy Forum, 217, Lee, S. H. (2004). Early childhood special education. Seoul: Hakjisa. Lee, Y. (2011). The relationships among language, communicative abilities and motor, cognitive and socio-emotional development in toddlers with language delays. Korean Journal of Communication Disorders, 16, Marlow, N., Roberts, L., & Cooke, R. (1993). Outcome at 8 years for children with birth weights of 1250 g or less. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 68, Marlow, N., Wolke, D., Bracewell, M. A., & Samara, M. (2005). Neurologic and developmental disability at six years of age after extremely preterm birth. New England Journal of Medicine, 352, Nelson, K. (1973). Structure and strategy in learning to talk. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 38, Oh, M. H., Lee, I. K., Lee, H. J., & Kim, S. Y. (2004). The developmental eval- 66
8 미숙아출생영유아의언어발달지체출현율 이윤경외 uation in preterms at risk, full-terms at risk, and normal infants. Korean Journal of Psychology: General, 23, Pae, S., & Kwak, K. C. (2011). Korean MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories (K M-B CDI): user s guide and technical manual. Seoul: Mindpress. Park, H. R. (2010). Qualitative comparison study on status of support for premature infants: focus on prematurity home care (Master s thesis). Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea. Phillips, M. E. (2006). Does the language of children born less than 28-weeks gestation differ from language-age matched pairs? (Master s thesis). University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand. Roberts, G., Howard, K., Spittle, A. J., Brown, N. C., Anderson, P. J., & Doyle, L. W. (2008). Rates of early intervention services in very preterm children with developmental disabilities at age 2 years. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 44, Rossetti, L. M. (2001). Communication intervention: birth to three. San Diego, CA: Cengage Learning. Schirmer, C. R., Portuguez, M. W., & Nunes, M. L. (2006). Clinical assessment of language development in children at age 3 years that were born preterm. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria, 64, Stolt, S., Korja, R., Matomäki, J., Lapinleimu, H., Haataja, L., & Lehtonen, L. (2014). Early relations between language development and the quality of mother-child interaction in very-low-birth-weight children. Early Human Development, 90, Thal, D., & Bates, E. (1988). Language and gesture in late talkers. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 31, Taylor, H. G., Klein, N., Minich, N. M., & Hack, M. (2001). Long-term family outcomes for children with very low birth weights. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 155, Wolke, D., Samara, M., Bracewell, M., & Marlow, N. (2008). Specific language difficulties and school achievement in children born at 25 weeks of gestation or less. Journal of Pediatrics, 152,
9 YoonKyoung Lee, et al. Prevalence of Developmental Language Delay in Preterm Toddlers 국문초록 미숙아출생영유아의언어발달지체출현율 이윤경 1 이효주 2 1 한림대학교언어청각학부, 2 한림대학교대학원언어병리청각학과 배경및목적 : 미숙아출생은영유아기언어발달지연의주된요인중하나로알려져있다. 본연구는미숙아로출생한영유아집단의언어발달지체출현율을만삭아집단과비교하여살펴보고자하였다. 방법 : 연구대상은초기언어습득기에해당하는 12-30개월사이의미숙아 86명과만삭아 79명, 총 165명의영유아였다. 두영유아집단은월령에따라 12-18개월, 19-24개월, 25-30개월의세연령집단으로구분하였다. 언어능력은 SELSI와 K M-B CDI로측정하였다. 두집단의언어검사수행결과를 t-test와 two-way ANOVA 로분석하였으며, 언어발달지체및언어발달지체위험출현빈도를 χ 2 을통해통계분석하였다. 결과 : 미숙아출생집단은전체와세연령집단모두에서 SELSI의통합언어연령, 수용언어연령, 표현언어연령과 K M-B CDI의표현어휘수에서유의하게낮은수행을보였다. 영유아집단과연령간의상호작용효과는 K M-B CDI에서만관찰되었다. 미숙아출생영유아집단이언어발달지체와언어발달지체위험군출현율이높았으며, χ 2 을통한출현빈도비교에서도유의한차이를보였다. 논의및결론 : 연구결과에기초하여미숙아출생영유아의언어지연을예방하기위한대한조기언어중재의중요성에대해논의하였다. 핵심어 : 미숙아, 언어발달, 언어발달지체, 언어발달지체위험군본연구는 2014년정부 ( 교육부 ) 의재원으로한국연구재단 (NRF-2014S1A5A2A ) 과 2015학년도한림대학교교내학술연구비 (HRF ) 의지원을받아수행되었음. 참고문헌 강준원, 이건수 (2007). 미숙아에서발달장애의예후인자. 대한소아신경학회지, 15, 김영태, 김경희, 윤혜련, 김화수 (2003). 영유아언어발달검사 (SELSI). 서울 : 도서출판특수교육. 김지영 (2005). 미숙아마사지교육프로그램이미숙아의성장과어머니역할수행에대한자신감및만족도에미치는효과. 아동간호학회지, 11, 박해령 (2010). 미숙아지원실태에대한질적연구 : 미숙아양육가정을중심으로. 성균관대학교사회복지대학원석사학위논문. 배소영, 곽금주 (2011). 맥아더- 베이츠의사소통발달평가전문가지침서. 서울 : 마인드프레스. 오명호, 이인규, 이희정, 김선영 (2004). 위험군영아에대한발달평가. 한국심리학회지 : 일반, 23, 이난희 (2014). 저출산시대산모와출생아의건강을위한산전관리내실화. 보건복지포럼, 217, 이소현 (2004). 유아특수교육. 서울 : 학지사. 이윤경 (2011). 언어발달지체영유아의언어및의사소통능력과인지, 운동및사회성발달과의관계. 언어청각장애연구, 16, 이효주, 이윤경 (2013). 미숙아출생영유아의언어및의사소통발달연구동향. 유아특수교육연구, 13, 이효주, 이윤경 (2014). 미숙아출생영유아의사회적의사소통행동특성. 유아특수교육연구, 14, 조복희, 박혜원 (2006). 한국-베일리영유아발달검사 (K-BSID-II). 서울 : 마인드프레스. 68
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