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1 영유아 어머니상호작용에서의언어발달지체영유아어머니의사소통행동특성 이윤경 a, 설아영 b a 한림대학교언어청각학부, b 한림대학교보건대학원언어병리학과 교신저자 이윤경한림대학교언어청각학부교수강원도춘천시옥천동 1 번지 ylee@hallym.ac.kr tel: 배경및목적 : 어머니의의사소통행동유형은영유아의의사소통및언어발달에영향을미치는요인중하나이다. 본연구는언어발달지체영유아 - 어머니상호작용중에어머니와영유아의의사소통행동유형을살펴봄으로써어머니의의사소통행동유형이언어발달지체에미치는영향을살펴보고자하였다. 방법 : 언어발달지체영유아 - 어머니 15 쌍과생활연령을일치시킨일반영유아 - 어머니 15 쌍그리고언어연령을일치시킨일반영유아 - 어머니 15 쌍, 총 45 쌍의영유아 - 어머니를대상으로하였다. 영유아와어머니가자유놀이와책읽기를하는동안자료를수집하였으며, 녹화된자료중 10 분을발췌하여분석하였다. 어머니의의사소통행동은주의환기, 설명하기, 지시하기, 질문하기, 피드백의다섯가지로, 영유아의의사소통행동은요구하기, 언급하기, 모방하기, 질문하기, 반응하기, 무반응의여섯가지로측정하였다. 결과 : (1) 언어발달지체어머니들은생활연령일치집단의어머니들에비해설명하기는유의하게높은빈도로, 그리고피드백은유의하게낮은빈도로산출하였다. 언어연령일치집단의어머니들과는유의한차이가없었다. (2) 언어발달지체영유아가생활연령일치영유아들에비해언급하기와반응하기는유의하게낮은빈도를보였으며, 무반응빈도는생활연령및언어연령일치영유아에비해유의하게많았다. (3) 영유아와양육자간의사소통행동의상관분석결과, 세집단모두양육자의피드백과영유아의의사소통행동간에유의한상관을보였으며, 특히언어연령일치집단에서유의한상관이많이나타났다. 논의및결론 : 본연구는언어발달지체영유아어머니의의사소통행동유형이또래영유아어머니와차이가있으며, 어머니의의사소통행동유형이영유아의의사소통행동과의관련됨을제시하였다. 이러한결과는영유아의사소통평가및중재시어머니의의사소통행동유형도함께고려해야함을시사한다. 언어청각장애연구, 2012;17: 핵심어 : 언어발달지체영유아, 어머니 - 영유아상호작용, 어머니의의사소통유형, 양육자의의사소통유형 Ⅰ. 서론 영유아기에는다른시기에비해급격한의사소통발달이이루어진다. 이러한의사소통발달에는여러요인들이영향을미치지만, 그중에서도어머니와의상호작용이나언어및의사소통행동이무엇보다중요한영향을미친다고알려져왔다 ( 성미영, 2003; 이지연 이근영 장유경, 2004; Girolametto et al., 2000; Hart & Risley, 1992, 1995; Saxon, 1997; Warren, 2000). 영유아의의사소통발달과관련된어머니행동은 주로영유아와상호작용하는동안에어머니가제공한언어자극의양이나형태, 혹은언어전략이아동의언어습득에어떠한영향을미치는지에대한것이었다. 이들연구는어머니의언어자극의양과영유아의언어발달과정적인관계가있으며, 어머니가사용한언어형태와영유아가습득한언어유형이유의한관계가있다고보고하였다 ( 장유경 임현정 곽금주, 2004; Hart & Risley, 1992, 1995; Huttenlocher et al., 1991). 즉, 언어자극이많을수록영유아의언어발달이빨랐으며, 어머니가사용한언어형태가영유아의언어수 * 이연구는 2008 년교육과학기술부의재원으로한국연구재단의지원을받아수행되었음 (KRF B00591). 게재신청일 : 2012 년 4 월 20 일 최종수정일 : 2012 년 6 월 1 일 게재확정일 : 2012 년 6 월 9 일 c 2012 한국언어청각임상학회 263

2 언어청각장애연구 2012;17: 준과유사할수록영유아의언어습득에도움이되었다. 언어전략사용에서는어머니가지시적이고통제적인언어전략을사용하는경우보다아동의언어를반복하거나확장또는확대해주는것이효과적이라고보고하였으며, 대화상호작용시반응적인태도가영유아의언어및의사소통발달을촉진하였다 (Hart & Risley, 1992; Pellegrini, Brody & Siegel, 1985). 어머니의상호작용또는의사소통방식도영유아의언어및의사소통발달에영향을미친다 ( 성미영, 2003; Baumwell, Tamis-LeMonda & Borestein, 1997; Kochanska, 1997; Murray et al., 1993). 상호작용방식에대한연구는대부분어머니의상호작용방식을지시또는통제적인방식과반응적인방식으로나누어비교하였는데, 대체로지시 통제적인방식보다반응적인방식이영유아의언어및의사소통발달에더긍정적이었다고보고하였다 ( 성미영, 2003; Baumwell, Tamis-LeMonda & Borestein, 1997). Hart & Risley (1992) 는어머니의의사소통행동유형을중심으로상호작용방식이영유아의언어습득에미치는영향을살펴보았는데, 진술하기, 요구하기, 질문하기증에서진술이나요구하기보다질문하기가영유아들에게말할기회를더많이제공하여언어습득에효과적이었다고보고하였다. 이지연 이근영 장유경 (2004) 은어머니의의사소통행동유형을주의환기, 설명하기, 지시하기, 질문하기, 피드백의다섯가지유형으로세분화하여살펴보았는데, 다섯가지유형중에서피드백이가장영향력이컸으며, 특히상대적으로어린영유아에비해좀더나이가많은영유아에게더효과적이었다고보고하였다. 언어발달지체영유아어머니들의언어및의사소통행동이일반영유아의어머니들과차이가있는지를살펴봄으로써어머니들의언어및의사소통행동이영유아언어및의사소통발달에미치는영향을살펴보고자한연구들도이루어졌다 (Conti-Ramsden, 1990; Rescorla & Fechnay, 1996; Whitehurst et al., 1988). 이들중일부연구는언어발달지체영유아의어머니또는양육자의언어및의사소통행동이일반영유아어머니또는양육자와달랐다고보고하였다. Whitehurst et al. (1988) 은 17명의말늦은영유아부모의의사소통행동을생활연령을일치시킨또래집단과언어연령이같은일반영유아와비교하였는데, 말늦은영유아의부모가두일반영유아집단의부모에비해말을더많이하였으며, 말을따라하라는지 시를더많이하였고, 사물이름대기도더많이하였다고보고하였다. 또한어머니의의사소통행동은대체로말늦은영유아들보다생활연령이더어린언어연령일치영유아집단의부모와유사하였다고보고하였다. Conti-Ramsden (1990) 도언어발달지체영유아의양육자들이또래영유아의양육자들에비해발화를더많이반복하고, 수정이나명료화요구, 주의요구등을더많이하였으며, 일반영유아의양육자들에비해더지시적이고주도적인경향을보였다고보고하였다. 또한양육자중심의발화내용이많았으며, 아동의능력이나활동과관련된내용의발화를거의산출하지않았다고보고하였다. Whitehurst et al.(1988) 은언어발달지체영유아부모가또래부모에비해서는지시적이기는하나언어연령을일치시킨일반영유아의부모와는유의한차이를보이지않았다는점을강조하며, 언어발달지체영유아부모의의사소통행동이영유아의언어발달수준과관련될수있다고논의하였다. Rescorla & Fechnay (1996) 는앞에서소개한두연구와는달리언어발달지체영유아어머니의의사소통행동이일반영유아어머니와차이가없었다고보고하였다. 이들은 24 31개월의말늦은영유아- 어머니 18쌍을대상으로어머니들의의사소통행동이일반영유아어머니들과차이가있는가를차이분석과상관분석을통해살펴보았는데, 말늦은영유아의어머니들이발화의양이나기능에서일반영유아어머니들과다르지않았으며, 사회적단서사용이나대화상황에서영유아의관심사를따라주거나공동주목하는면에서도차이가없었다고보고하였다. 그리고말늦은영유아의의사소통행동과일반영유아들과어머니의의사소통행동간에매우높은정적상관관계가있었다고보고하였다. 연구자들은언어발달지체영유아어머니들의언어및의사소통행동이일반영유아어머니들과다르지않으며, 기존연구에서보고된차이는언어발달지체영유아가제한된언어능력으로인해어머니에게적절히반응하지않아서어머니가일방적이거나지시적인언어및의사소통행동을보이게된것일수있다고설명하였다. 최근에이루어진 van Balkom, Verhoeven & van Weerdenburg (2010) 의연구는 2 3 세사이의언어발달지체영유아-양육자 18쌍의대화상호작용을동일생활연령의영유아-양육자와비교하였다. 이들은 2개월간격으로총 18개월동안종단적으로자료를수집하여분석하였는데, 언어발달지체영유아들은구어적 264

3 이윤경 설아영 / 영유아 - 어머니상호작용에서의언어발달지체영유아어머니의사소통행동특성 행동에서는물론비구어적의사소통행동과차례주고받기, 주제개시및유지모두에서일반또래와차이를보였다. 언어발달지체영유아양육자들도일반영유아양육자들과차이를보여, 주의요구하기나말의형태수정요구, 발화반복, 대화주제재소개빈도를더많이보였다. 연구자들은언어발달지체영유아의양육자들이일반영유아양육자들에비해대화스타일이촉진적이거나반응적이지못하므로양육자들에게적절한대화상호작용기술교수가필요하다고결론지었다. 이상과같이언어발달지체영유아어머니와일반영유아어머니들의의사소통행동을비교한연구들의결과에서는차이가있으나언어발달지체영유아의언어및의사소통행동이어머니나양육자의상호작용이나의사소통행동과밀접한관계를갖는다는점에서는같은결론을내리고있다. 영유아의언어및의사소통발달에어머니의의사소통스타일이나상호작용방식의중요성이강조되면서국내에서도이에대한연구들이다양하게이루어졌다 ( 김연수 곽금주, 2010; 박선미 조희숙, 2008; 성미영, 2003; 이지연 이근영 장유경, 2004; 장유경 임현정 곽금주, 2004). 그러나현재까지이루어진연구들은모두일반영유아와양육자를대상으로한것이며, 언어발달지체영유아와양육자를대상으로한양육자와영유아의의사소통행동과그관계를살펴본연구는거의없다. 영유아와양육자의의사소통행동은물론상호작용은문화에의해영향을받을수있다 (Owens, 2005). 따라서우리나라의언어발달지체영유아와양육자의의사소통행동을살펴보는것이필요하다. 본연구는이러한배경하에영유아-어머니상호작용동안언어발달지체어머니와영유아의의사소통행동을각각생활연령과언어연령을일치시킨두집단의일반영유아-양육자들과비교하고, 각각의집단별로영유아와어머니의사소통행동간의관계를살펴보고자하였다. Ⅱ. 연구방법 1. 연구대상만 18 36개월사이의언어발달지체영유아와어머니 15쌍, 생활연령을일치시킨일반영유아와어머 니 15 쌍, 언어연령을일치시킨일반영유아와어니 15 쌍, 총 45쌍 ( 어머니 45명, 영유아 45명 ). 언어발달지체영유아는 (1) 주양육자인어머니에게서언어발달이느린것같다고보고된영유아중에서 (2) 영 유아언어발달선별검사 (SELSI) 검사결과언어연령이자신의생활연령보다 6개월이상지체되거나 -1표준편차이하에속하고 ( 김영태, 2002; 김영태외, 2003), (3) 정서및 행동문제나사회심리문제, 감각기관의장애를가지지않은영유아로하였다. 일반영유아는 (1) 주양육자에게기질적장애, 정서장애, 행동장애, 감각장애, 발달장애, 조음에이상이없고, 말더듬과같은말장애가없다고보고되고, (2) SELSI 검사결과, -1표준편차이상에속하고 ( 김영태외, 2003) (3) Bayley 영유아발달검사 ( 조복희 박혜원, 2006) 결과, 인지척도와동작척도가정상범위에속하는영유아로선정하였다. 위의절차를통해선별된일반영유아중에서생활연령일치집단은언어발달지체영유아들과일대일로비교하였을때생활연령이 ±3개월이내에속하며, 언어연령일치영유아는언어연령이 ±3개월이내에속하는영유아로하였다. 통제가잘이루어졌는가를확인하기위하여 t-test를실시한결과, 언어발달지체집단은생활연령일치집단과는생활연령에서, 언어연령일치집단과는언어연령에서유의한차이가없었다. 어머니는언어발달지체영유아및일반영유아모두 (1) 영유아들의주양육자로, (2) 고졸이상의학력과 (3) 경제수준은중산층이상이며 (4) 부모교육또는부모참여프로그램에참가경험이없는어머니들로하였다. 본연구에참여한영유아와어머니관련정보는 < 표 -1> 과같다. < 표 - 1> 영유아및어머니기본정보 생활연령 ( 개월 ) 언어발달지체생활연령일치언어연령일치 평균 (18 34) 표준편차 5.09 SELSI 언어연령 (9 26) 영유아베일리 인지 ( 개월 ) (14 31) 베일리 동작 ( 개월 ) (14 29) 어머니생활연령 ( 세 ) 평균표준편차 (18 36) (17 36) 25.2 (18 42) 25.6 (18 42) 평균표준편차 (12 30) (12 29) (11 28) (12 28)

4 언어청각장애연구 2012;17: 자료수집도구어머니와영유아들의상호작용이주로자유놀이나책읽기상황에서이루어진다는선행연구 ( 이지연 이근영 장유경, 2004) 에따라자유놀이나책읽기두가지활동을통해자료를수집하였다. 자료수집도구로는영유아들의발달수준에적합한장난감인공, 인형, 주방놀이세트, 플레이도와글자없는그림책두권을준비하였다. 3. 자료수집절차연구자가영유아의집을직접방문하여자료를수집하였다. 자료수집전에어머니에게영유아와평상시와같이상호작용하도록지시하였으며, 특별한상호작용방법은요구하지않았다. 가급적연구자가준비한장난감과동화책을사용하도록하였으나, 영유아가장난감이나그림책에흥미를보이지않을경우에는영유아가좋아하는장난감이나책사용을허용하였다. 장난감이나책을사용하는순서에대해서는제약을두지않았다. 자료는약 30분내외의시간동안수집하였으며, 모든자료는디지털캠코더 (SONY handycam HDR- UX7) 를이용하여녹화하였다. 4. 자료분석및측정녹화된전체자료중에서놀이의시작과끝부분에해당하는앞뒤 5 10분씩을제외하고상호작용이활발하게진행되는 10분만을발췌하여분석하였다 ( 김연수 곽금주, 2010; Kim & Mahoney, 2004; Paul & Shiffer, 1991; Rescorla & Fechnay, 1996). 어머니는구어의사소통행동만, 영유아는구어및비구어행동모두를분석하였다 (Rescorla & Fechnay, 1996). 구어및비구어적행동은조미라 이윤경 (2010) 의기준에따라구분하였다. 어머니의의사소통유형은이지연 이근영 장유경 (2004) 이제시한 주의환기, 설명하기, 지시하기, 질문하기, 피드백 의다섯가지의범주로구분하여분석하였으며, 영유아의의사소통행동은 Senechal, Cornell & Broda(1995) 의연구에따라 요구하기, 언급하기, 모방하기, 질문하기, 반응하기 의다섯가지에 무반응 을추가하여총여섯가지유형으로분석하였다. 각의사소통유형에대한정의는 < 표 -2> 와같다. 어머니와영유아의의사소통행동은모두빈도로측정하였다. < 표 - 2> 어머니의의사소통특성에따른분석기준 의사소통특성 어머니 영유아 주의환기 설명하기 지시하기질문하기 피드백 요구하기언급하기모방하기질문하기반응하기 정의 아동의주의를끌기위한행동. 아동의이름을부르거나 이거 ( 여기 ) 봐라 와같은지시포함. 아동에게사물이나상황을명명또는기술해주거나, 주관적인생각이나사실을표현해주는행동. 아동에게행동을요청하거나지시하는행동. 의문사질문 ( 무엇, 어디, 누구, 왜, 어떻게 ) 이나선택또는확인을위한 네 / 아니오 질문 아동의행동에대해칭찬, 확인, 모방, 수정하는행동아동의질문에대한반응해주는행동 필요한사물이나행동을구어및비구어적으로요구하는행동 사물명명하기혹은사물또는사건에대해언급하거나보이는행동 어머니의발화를완전하게혹은부분적으로따라하는행동 어머니의대답이나반응을유도하는행동 어머니의행동이나질문, 지시에대한반응 무반응어머니의행동에대한무반응 5. 통계분석 세아동집단의어머니와영유아의의사소통행동유형은일원분산분석 (one-way ANOVA) 으로분석하였으며, 어머니와영유아의의사소통행동간의관계는 Person 상관분석으로분석하였다. Ⅲ. 연구결과 1. 세집단어머니와영유아의의사소통행동비교 세집단어머니와영유아의의사소통행동의기술통계및분산분석결과는 < 표 -3> 및 < 표 -4> 와같다. 266

5 이윤경 설아영 / 영유아 - 어머니상호작용에서의언어발달지체영유아어머니의사소통행동특성 < 표 - 3> 세집단어머니와영유아의의사소통행동기술통계결과 어머니 영유아 언어발달지체생활연령일치언어연령일치 평균 표준편차 평균표준편차 평균표준편차 주의환기 설명하기 지시하기 질문하기 피드백 요구하기 언급하기 모방하기 질문하기 반응하기 무반응 < 그림 - 1> 어머니의의사소통행동유형 < 그림 - 2> 영유아의의사소통행동유형 어머니의경우는언어발달지체집단이주의환기, 설명하기, 지시하기, 질문하기에서가장높은빈도를보였으며, 피드백과기타는생활연령일치집단이가장높은빈도를보였다. 영유아는언어발달지체집단이모방하기와무반응빈도가가장많았던반면, 나머지유 형에서는모두생활연령일치집단이가장높은빈도를보였다. (< 표 -3> 참조 ). 분산분석결과, 어머니의의사소통행동유형에서는설명하기 (F (2, 42) =.4.161), 피드백 (F (2, 42) = 3.991) 에서 유의한차이가있었다. Scheffé 사후검정결과설명하기는언어발달지체어머니가생활연령일치집단간에유의한차이가있었다. 영유아의의사소통행동유형에서는언급하기 (F (2, 42) =4.867), 반응하기 (F (2, 42) = 4.614), 무반응 (F (2, 42) = 8.614) 에서유의한차이가있었다. 사후분석결과언급하기와반응하기는언어발달지체집단과생활연령과생활연령일치집단간에, 무반 < 표 - 4> 어머니와영유아의의사소통행동의분산분석결과 어머니 영유아 분산원 총편차 자유도평균편차 F 사후분석 집단 주의오차 환기총 집단 설명오차 * 하기총 >2 집단 지시오차 하기총 집단 질문오차 하기총 집단 피드백 오차 * 1<2 총 집단 요구오차 하기총 집단 언급오차 * 하기총 <2 집단 모방오차 하기총 집단 질문오차 하기총 집단 반응오차 * 하기총 <2 집단 무반응 오차 ** 1>2, 3 총 언어발달지체집단 ; 2. 생활연령일치집단 ; 3. 언어연령일치집단 * p <.05, ** p <

6 언어청각장애연구 2012;17: 응은언어발달지체집단과두일반영유아집단간에유의한차이가있었다. (< 표 -4> 참조 ). 2. 세집단어머니와영유아의의사소통행동간의상관관계 세집단어머니와영유아의의사소통행동간의관계를알아보기위하여 Person 상관분석을실시한결과는 < 표 -5> 와같다. 세영유아집단모두어머니피드백과유의한정적상관관계를보였다. 언어발달지체집단에서는모방하기와반응하기가, 생활연령일치집단에서는질문하기와반응하기가, 언어연령일치집단에서는요구하기, 언급하기, 모방하기, 질문하기가어머니의피드백과유의한정적상관을보였다. 그외생활연령일치집단에서는어머니의질문하기와영유아의언급하기가부적상관을보였다. < 표 - 5> 세집단어머니와영유아의의사소통행동간의상관분석결과 영유아 언어발달지체 생활연령일치 언어연령일치 양육자 주의환기 설명하기 지시하기 질문하기 피드백기타 요구하기 언급하기 모방하기 *.06 질문하기 반응하기 * -.21 무반응 요구하기 언급하기 ** 모방하기 질문하기 **.05 반응하기 **.32 무반응 요구하기 *.24 언급하기 *.16 모방하기 **.24 질문하기 **.21 반응하기 **.25 * p <.05, ** p <.01 무반응 Ⅳ. 논의및결론 본연구는언어발달지체영유아어머니와일반영유아어머니의의사소통행동과언어발달지체영유아와일반영유아의의사소통행동을각각비교하고, 언어발달지체영유아및일반영유아집단의어머니와영유아간의의사소통행동이서로어떠한관계를갖는가살펴보고자하였다. 먼저양육자의사소통행동을비교한결과를보면, 주의환기, 설명하기, 지시하기, 질문하기, 피드백 의다섯가지유형중에서설명하기와피드백기능에서생활연령일치영유아어머니집단과유의한차이가있었다. 즉, 언어발달지체영유아어머니가생활연령을일치시킨일반영유아어머니에비해설명하기는더많이그리고피드백은적게보였다. 반면언어연령을일치한영유아어머니와는유의한차이를보이지않았다. 본연구의결과는두가지측면에서논의할수있다. 하나는언어발달지체영유아어머니가생활연령일치영유아어머니와는유의한차이를보인반면언어연령일치영유아어머니와는유의한차이를보이지않았다는점이다. 이는 Whitehurst et al. (1988) 이주장한것처럼언어발달지체영유아어머니들이본질적으로일반영유아의어머니들과다른의사소통태도를갖는것이나아니라영유아들의언어수준과밀접하게관련될수있음을보여주는것이다. 다른하나는언어발달지체영유아어머니가생활연령일치영유아어머니에비해서설명하기는많이, 그리고피드백은적게보인점이다. 반면생활연령일치영유아어머니와언어연령일치영유아어머니집단간에는유의한차이가없었다. 이러한결과는일반영유아어머니들에비해서설명하기를많이, 피드백은적게제공한다는것을보여준다. 본연구에서설명하기는어머니가영유아에게사물이나상황을명명또는기술해주거나어머니의주관적인생각이나사실적지식을제공하는행동으로측정하였으며, 피드백은아동의행동을칭찬, 확인, 모방, 교정또는반응해주는행동으로측정하였다. 따라서의사소통행동을주도적인행동과반응적인행동두가지로구분하였을때, 설명하기는영유아의행동과상관없이어머니의생각이나정보를제공해주는어머니주도적인행동으로피드백은영유아의행동에대해반응해주는행동으로볼수있다. 반응적이기보다는지시적이고주도적인행동은언어발달지체영유아어머니들의의사소통 268

7 이윤경 설아영 / 영유아 - 어머니상호작용에서의언어발달지체영유아어머니의사소통행동특성 행동에대한선행연구에서이미보고된행동특성이기도하다 (Conti-Ramsden, 1990; Whitehurst et al., 1988). Rescorla & Fechnay (1996) 는이러한결과에대해언어발달지체영유아들이자발적으로의사소통을시도하는경우가드물기때문에어머니들이그들의행동에반응해줄수있는기회가제한되고, 상대적으로어머니주도적인행동을많이보이게된다고설명하였다. 일반적으로지시적이고주도적인행동에비해반응적인행동이영유아언어및의사소통발달에긍정적인영향을준다고보고되어왔다 ( 성미영, 2003; Baumwell, Tamis-LeMonda, & Borestein, 1997). 따라서언어발달지체영유아어머니의지시적이고주도적인행동이영유아들의제한된언어및의사소통행동으로인해비롯된것이라할지라도이후의영유아언어및의사소통발달에부정적영향을미칠수있으므로이러한언어발달지체영유아어머니들의의사소통행동특성에대한고려가필요하다. 영유아의의사소통행동에서는, 언급하기, 반응하기, 무반응에서만유의한결과가나타났다. 사후분석결과언급하기와반응하기는언어발달지체집단이생활연령일치집단에비해유의하게적게산출하고, 무반응빈도는언어발달지체집단이생활연령은물론언어연령일치집단에비해서많이나타냈다. 언어발달지체영유아가일반영유아에비해반응하기행동을적게보인다는결과는여러연구들에서보고되었다. Whitehurst et al.(1988) 은언어발달지체영유아가일반영유아들에비해부모와의상호작용중에대화차례반응빈도가유의하게적었다고보고하였으며, Conti-Ramsden & Friel-Patii (1983) 나 Cunningham et al.(1985) 도언어발달지체영유아가일반영유아에비해대화상황에서반응적이지않다고보고하였다. 어머니들의의사소통행동비교에서, 주의환기나지시하기, 질문하기와같이반응하기를유도하는행동들에서는집단간에유의한차이가없었음에도불구하고언어발달지체영유아가반응하기를적게보인것은이러한행동이어머니행동과상관없이언어발달지체영유아들이갖는문제로이해할수있다. 즉이들은제한된언어및의사소통능력으로인해상대방의의사소통행동에대해잘반응하지않는경향을보인다는것이다. 이러한영유아들의행동은어머니의의사소통행동에영향을미칠수있다. Rescorla & Fechnay (1996) 가설명한것처럼영유아가반응을잘하지않기때문에어머니가피드백을제공할기회가상대적으로적어지 며, 설명하기와같은어머니주도적행동이많아질수있다. 언어발달지체영유아들이언급하기기능을잘보이지않는다는것도선행연구에서보고되었다. Rescorla et al. (2001) 은말늦은영유아들이질문하기등과더불어언급하기기능이또래에비해부족하였다고보고하였으며, 우리나라언어발달지체영유아의의사소통행동을살펴본조미라 이윤경 (2010) 의연구에서도언어발달지체영유아들이언급하기기능을유의하게적게사용하였다고보고하였다. 언급하기를위해서는언급하고자하는대상이나사물로대화상대자의주의를이끄는공동주목능력이요구된다 (Dunham & Dunham, 1992). 언어발달지체영유아는일반영유아에비해공동주목능력이부족하다고많이보고되는데 ( 조미라 이윤경, 2010; Paul & Shiffer, 1990), 그들의제한된언어능력과더불어공동주목특성도언급하기에영향을미쳤을수있다. 그리고이러한제한된언급하기기능사용도어머니가피드백을제공할기회를감소시켜어머니의사소통행동에영향을주었을수있다. 어머니와영유아의의사소통행동간의상관분석결과에서는세집단모두공통적으로반응하기기능이어머니의피드백과유의한상관을보였다. 이와더불어언어발달지체집단에서는모방하기가, 생활연령일치집단에서는질문하기가, 언어연령일치집단에서는요구하기, 언급하기, 모방하기, 질문하기가어머니의피드백과높은상관을보였다. 이러한결과는어머니의피드백이일반영유아는물론언어발달지체영유아의다양한의사소통행동에긍정적영향을미침을보여준다. 본연구와동일한범주로어머니의사소통행동유형을분석한이지연 이근영 장유경 (2004) 도피드백사용이영유아의초기언어발달을가장설명해주었다는동일한결과를보고하였으며, 어머니의의사소통행동이영유아의의사소통발달에중요한영향을미친다고강조한 Yoder et al (2001) 도부모의따라주기 (compliance) 와모방과같은반응적행동이특히중요한영향을미친다고하였다. 어머니의피드백사용은영유아의의사소통행동에대해확인, 칭찬, 확대등으로반응해주는것으로영유아의의사소통행동을촉진한다. 선행연구들은질문하기나지시하기, 설명하기와같은지시통제적인기능에비해반응하기기능이영유아의사소통발달에효과적이었다고보고되는데 ( 김연수 곽금주, 2010; 성미영, 2003; Baumwell, 269

8 언어청각장애연구 2012;17: Tamis-LeMonda, & Borestein, 1997; Kim & Mahoney, 2004) 본연구의결과는이러한선행연구를지지하는결과이다. 본연구는언어발달지체영유아와어머니가상호작용하는동안에나타낸의사소통행동을일반영유아- 어머니들과비교하고, 각각이서로어떠한관계를갖는지를살펴보았다. 연구결과는언어발달지체영유아 어머니들이설명하기와피드백기능에서또래어머니들과는차이가있는것으로나타났으며, 이는언어발달지체영유아들의의사소통행동과관계될수있음을보여주었다. 이러한결과는언어발달지체영유아어머니의의사소통특성및영유아의사소통행동과의관계를이해하는데도움이되며, 나아가언어발달지체영유아들의의사소통중재시어머니의의사소통행동도고려해야함을시사해준다. 본연구는의사소통행동유형을중심으로연구하였는데, 추후어머니가사용한언어형태나전략사용, 나아가서는차례주고받기나주제운용과같은대화기술이미치는영향등에대한연구도의미가있을것이다. 참고문헌 김연수 곽금주 (2010). 영아기어머니의언어적반응성및영아의비언어적의사소통능력과아동초기언어능력간의관계. 인간발달연구, 17(1), 김영태 (2002). 영유아언어발달검사 (SELSI) 개발연구 : 문항및신뢰도분석. 언어청각장애연구, 2, 김영태 김경희 윤혜련 김화수 (2003). 영 유아언어발달선별검사 (SELSI), 서울 : 도서출판특수교육. 박선미 조희숙 (2008). 어머니 - 영아간상호작용맥락에따른어머니의대화전략유형과영아의초기어휘발달. 미래유아교육학회지, 15(4), 성미영 (2003). 자유놀이상황에나타난어머니의대화양식과유아의의사소통의도. 아동학회지, 25(5), 이지연 이근영 장유경 (2004). 어머니의책읽기상호작용유형이영아의초기어휘발달에미치는영향. 한국심리학회지 : 발달, 17(1), 조미라 이윤경 (2010). 언어발달지체유아와일반유아의의사소통행동비교. 유아특수교육, 10(1), 조복희 박혜원 (2006). 한국베일리영유아발달검사 -Ⅱ, 서울 : 마인드프레스. 장유경 이근영 곽금주 성현란 (2003). 어머니의언어적입력이영아의초기어휘발달에미치는영향. 한국심리학회지 : 발달, 16(4), 장유경 임현정 곽금주 (2004). 언어적입력의품사가영아의초기어휘발달에미치는영향. 한국심리학회지 : 일반, 23(2), Baumwell, L., Tamis-LeMonda, C. S., & Bornstein, M. H. (1997). Maternal verbal sensitivity and child language comprehension. Infant Behavior and Development, 20(2), Conti-Ramsden, G. (1990). Maternal recasts and other contingent replies to language-impaired children. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 55, Conti-Ramsden, G., & Friel-Patti, S. (1983). Mother s discourse adjustments to language-impaired and non-languageimpaired children. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 48, Cunningham, C. E., Siegel, L. S., van der Spuy, H. I. J., Clark, M. L., & Bow, S. J. (1985). The behavioral and linguistic interactions of specifically language-delayed and normal boys with their mothers. Child Development, 56, Dunham, P., & Dunham, R. (1992). Lexical development during middle infancy: A mutually driven infantcaregiver process. Developmental Psychology, 28, Girolametto, L., Hoaken, L., Weitzmen, E., & van Lieshout, R. (2000). Patterns of adult-child interaction in integrated day care groups. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 31, Hart, B., & Risley, T. (1992). American parenting of languagelearning children: Persisting differences in family-child interactions observed in natural home environments. Developmental Psychology, 28, Hart, B., & Risley, T. (1995). Meaningful differences in the everyday experience young American children. Baltimore, MD: Brookes. Huttenlocher, J., Haight, W., Bryk, A., Seltzer, M., & Lyons, T. (1991). Early vocabulary growth: Relation to language input and gender. Developmental Psychology, 27, Kim, J. M., & Mahoney, G. (2004). The effects of mother s style of interaction on children s engagement : Implications for using responsive interventions with parents. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 24(1), Kochanska, G. (1997). Mutually responsive orientation between mothers and their young children: Implications for early socialization. Child Development, 68(1), Mahoney, G. (1988). Enhancing the developmental competence of handicapped infants. In K. Marfo (Ed.), Parentchild interaction and developmental disabilities. New York, NY: Paeger. Murray, L., Kempton, C., woolgar, M., & Hooper, R. (1993). Depressed mothers speech to their infants and its relation to infant gender and cognitive development. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 34, Owens, R. E. (2005). Language development: An introduction (6th). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon. Paul, R., & Shiffer, M. E. (1991). Communicative initiations in normal and late-talking toddlers. Applied Psycholinguistics, 12, Pellegrini, A. D., Brody, G. H., & Siegel, I. E. (1985). Parent s book-reading habits with their children. Journal of 270

9 이윤경 설아영 / 영유아 - 어머니상호작용에서의언어발달지체영유아어머니의사소통행동특성 Educational Psychology, 77(3), Rescorla, L., & Fechnay, T. (1996). Mother-child synchrony and communicative reciprocity in late-talking children. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 39, Rescorla, L., Bascome, A., Lampard, J., & Feeny, N. (2001). Conversational patterns in late talkers at age 3. Applied Psycholinguistics, 22, Saxon, T. F. (1997). A longitudinal study of early motherinfant interaction and later language competence. First Language, 17, Senechal, M., Cornell, E. H., & Broda, L. S. (1995). Age-related differences in the organization of parent-infant interactions during picture-book reading. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 10, van Balkom, H., Verhoeven, L., & van Weerdenburg, M. (2010). Conversational behaviour of children with developmental language delay and their caretakers. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, 45(3), Warren, S. F. (2000). The future of early communication and language intervention. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 20(1), Whitehurst, G. J., Fischel, J. E., Lonigan, C. J., Valdez- Menchaca, M. C., DeBarysche, G. D., & Caulfield, M. B. (1988). Verbal interaction in families of normal and expressive-language-delayed children. Developmental Psychology, 24, 5, Yoder, P. J., McCatheren, R. B., Warren, S. F., & Watson, A. L. (2001). Important distinctions in measuring maternal responses to communication in prelinguistic children with disabilities. Communication Disorders Quarterly, 22(3),

10 Korean Journal of Communication Disorders 2012;17: ABSTRACT Maternal Communication Style of Toddlers with Developmental Language Delay during Toddler-Mother Interaction Yoon Kyoung Lee a, AhYoung Seol b a Division of Speech Pathology and Audiology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea b Graduate School of Public Health Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea Correspondence to Prof. Yoon Kyoung Lee, PhD, Division of Speech Pathology and Audiology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea 39 Hallymdaehakgil, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, Korea ylee@hallym.ac.kr tel: Background & Objectives: It was reported that the communicative style of mothers affected communication development of their child. This study aimed to examine the communicative style of toddlers with developmental language delay and their mothers during play interaction. Methods: A total of forty-five toddlers ranging in age from 18 to 36 months and their mothers participated in this study including fifteen toddlers with developmental language delay (DLD) and their mothers, fifteen typical development toddlers matched for chronological age with the DLD individuals (CA controls) and their mothers, and fifteen typical development toddlers matched for language age with the DLD individuals (LA controls) and their mothers. Language samples of the toddlers and their mothers were collected during play interaction for 30 minutes. The mothers communicative behaviors were categorized into calling to attention, explaining, instructing, asking, and feedback, while the toddlers communicative behaviors were categorized into demanding, commenting, imitating, questioning, responding, and no response. Results: The mothers of the DLD individuals used more of the explaining function and less feedback than the mothers of the CA controls. The DLD toddlers produced less commenting and responding and more no response behaviors than CA controls. The feedback of the mothers in all of the groups were significantly related to the response of their toddlers. Discussion & Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that the communication style of mothers of DLD toddlers was slightly different than that of mothers of typical development toddlers. (Korean Journal of Communication Disorders 2012;17: ) Key Words: toddlers with developmental language delay, mother s communication style, mother-child interaction, communicative interaction. REFERENCES Baumwell, L., Tamis-LeMonda, C. S., & Bornstein, M. H. (1997). Maternal verbal sensitivity and child language comprehension. Infant Behavior and Development, 20(2), Chang, Y. K., Lee, K. Y., Kwak, K. J., & Sung, H. R. (2006). Relations of maternal linguistic inputs to lexical development of Korean infants. Korean Journal of Psychology, 16(4), Chang, Y. K., Lim, H. J., & Kwak, K. J. (2004). The Effects of lexical category of maternal linguistic inputs on early lexical development of Korean infants. Korean Journal of Psychology, 23(2), Cho, B. H., & Park, H. W.(2006). Korean Bayley Scales of Infant Development-II. Seoul: Mind Press. Cho, M. R., & Lee, Y. K. (2010). Communicative behaviors of toddlers with or without language delay. The Korean Journal of Early Childhood Special Education, 10(1), Conti-Ramsden, G. (1990). Maternal recasts and other contingent replies to language-impaired children. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 55, Conti-Ramsden, G. (1990). Maternal recasts and other contingent replies to language-impaired children. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 55, Conti-Ramsden, G., & Friel-Patti, S. (1983). Mother s discourse adjustments to language-impaired and non-languageimpaired children. Journal of Speech and Hearing Dis- * This work was supperted by the Korea Research Foindation Grant funded by the Korean government (KRF B00591). Received April 20, 2012 Final revision received June 1, 2012 Accepted June 9, c 2012 The Korean Academy of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology 272

11 Lee & Seol / Maternal Communication Style of Toddlers with Developmental Language Delay during Toddler-Mother Interaction orders, 48, Cunningham, C. E., Siegel, L. S., van der Spuy, H. I. J., Clark, M. L., & Bow, S. J. (1985). The behavioral and linguistic interactions of specifically language-delayed and normal boys with their mothers. Child Development, 56, Dunham, P., & Dunham, R. (1992). Lexical development during middle infancy: A mutually driven infantcaregiver process. Developmental Psychology, 28, Girolametto, L., Hoaken, L., Weitzmen, E., & van Lieshout, R. (2000). Patterns of adult-child interaction in integrated day care groups. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 31, Hart, B., & Risley, T. (1992). American parenting of languagelearning children: Persisting differences in family-child interactions observed in natural home environments. Developmental Psychology, 28, Hart, B., & Risley, T. (1995). Meaningful differences in the everyday experience young American children. Baltimore, MD: Brookes. Huttenlocher, J., Haight, W., Bryk, A., Seltzer, M., & Lyons, T. (1991). Early vocabulary growth: Relation to language input and gender. Developmental Psychology, 27, Kim, J. M., & Mahoney, G. (2004). The effects of mother s style of interaction on children s engagement : Implications for using responsive interventions with parents. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 24(1), Kim, Y. S., & Kwak, K. J. (2010). The relationship between maternal verbal responsiveness, Infant s social communication ability during infancy and language ability in early childhood. Journal of the Human Development, 17(1), Kim, Y. T. (2002). Content and reliability analysis of the Sequenced Language Scale for Infants (SELSI). Korean Journal of Communication Disorders, 7(2), Kim, Y. T., Kim, K. H., Yoon, H. R., & Kim, H. S. (2003). Sequenced Language Scale for Infant. Seoul: Special Education Publishing. Kochanska, G. (1997). Mutually responsive orientation between mothers and their young children: Implications for early socialization. Child Development, 68(1), Lee, J. Y., Lee, K. Y., & Chang, Y. K. (2004). The effect of maternal verbal interaction style on infants` early vocabulary development during picture book reading. Korean Journal of Psychology, 17(1), Mahoney, G. (1988). Enhancing the developmental competence of handicapped infants. In K. Marfo (Ed.), Parentchild interaction and developmental disabilities. New York, NY: Paeger. Murray, L., Kempton, C., woolgar, M., & Hooper, R. (1993). Depressed mothers speech to their infants and its relation to infant gender and cognitive development. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 34, Owens, R. E. (2005). Language development: An introduction (6th). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon. Park, S. M., & Jo, H. S. (2008). Maternal conversation strategies in mother-child interactions and infants` early vocabulary development: Focused on the contextual effects. Journal of Future Early Childhood Education, 15(4), Paul, R., & Shiffer, M. E. (1991). Communicative initiations in normal and late-talking toddlers. Applied Psycholinguistics, 12, Pellegrini, A. D., Brody, G. H., & Siegel, I. E. (1985). Parent s book-reading habits with their children. Journal of Educational Psychology, 77(3), Rescorla, L., & Fechnay, T. (1996). Mother-child synchrony and communicative reciprocity in late-talking children. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 39, Rescorla, L., Bascome, A., Lampard, J., & Feeny, N. (2001). Conversational patterns in late talkers at age 3. Applied Psycholinguistics, 22, Saxon, T. F. (1997). A longitudinal study of early motherinfant interaction and later language competence. First Language, 17, Senechal, M., Cornell, E. H., & Broda, L. S. (1995). Age-related differences in the organization of parent-infant interactions during picture-book reading. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 10, Sung, M. Y. (2003). Maternal conversation style and communicative intent of young children during free play. Journal of Korean Association of Child Studies, 25(5), van Balkom, H., Verhoeven, L., & van Weerdenburg, M. (2010). Conversational behaviour of children with developmental language delay and their caretakers. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, 45(3), Warren, S. F. (2000). The future of early communication and language intervention. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 20(1), Whitehurst, G. J., Fischel, J. E., Lonigan, C. J., Valdez- Menchaca, M. C., DeBarysche, G. D., & Caulfield, M. B. (1988). Verbal interaction in families of normal and expressive-language-delayed children. Developmental Psychology, 24, 5, Yoder, P. J., McCatheren, R. B., Warren, S. F., & Watson, A. L. (2001). Important distinctions in measuring maternal responses to communication in prelinguistic children with disabilities. Communication Disorders Quarterly, 22(3),

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