ISSN (Print) ISSN (Online) Commun Sci Disord 2015;20(4): Original Article The Effectiv

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "ISSN (Print) ISSN (Online) Commun Sci Disord 2015;20(4): Original Article The Effectiv"

Transcription

1 ISSN (Print) ISSN (Online) Commun Sci Disord 2015;20(4): Original Article The Effectiveness of Parental Education via Smartphone Application on Number of Utterances and Initiation Ratio Wonjeong Park, Dongsun Yim Department of Communication Disorders, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea Correspondence: Dongsun Yim, PhD Department of Communication Disorders, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodamun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea Tel: Fax: Received: October 5, 2015 Revised: November 6, 2015 Accepted: November 14, 2015 This work was supported by the Korean government (Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning) in 2013 (NRF-2013R1A2A2A ). Objectives: Children with language delay have low competence in lexical, grammatical knowledge and pragmatic skills. The problems they have can affect their later academic performance and peer relationships. Therefore early intervention is highly recommended. One of the effective methods for early intervention is parental education. However, parents have difficulty in generalizing the strategies they have learned. Thus, the purpose of this study was to explore the effectiveness of using a smartphone application as a tool for increasing the effectiveness of parental education. Methods: Eight mothers and their children with language delay between 2 and 3 years old participated in this study. As a pretest researchers collected spontaneous language samples. After the pre-test, 6 sessions of parental education were conducted. During the parental education, four parents were asked to use the smartphone application during parent-child interaction. But, the rest of the parents were asked to keep a log of the duration of interaction instead of using the smartphone application. After the end of all sessions, a post-test was conducted in the same method as the pre-test. Each spontaneous speech sample was collected and analyzed for the number of utterances and initiation ratio. Results: The children in the experimental group, who used the smartphone application during parental education showed higher intervention effects than the control group. Conclusion: Parental education can modify parent-child interaction style in positive and effective ways. Additionally, smartphone applications can feasibly increase the effect of parental education. Keywords: Children with language delay, Parental education, Smartphone application, Initiation ratio, Number of utterances 언어발달은아동의다양한발달과정중일부에불과하지만, 아동을둘러싼주변환경에대해많은정보를제공하기때문에인지적성숙에중요한역할을한다 (Owens, 1996). 또한아동이건강한사회구성원으로서성장하는것에도필수적인과정이다 (Hegde, 1995). 때문에언어발달지연아동에게서나타나는저하된언어능력은사회적존재로서의아동의성장을저해하는요소가된다. 아동의언어발달지연은일반적으로만 2세이후, 또래와의표현어휘차이를통해드러나며 (Paul, Hernandez, Taylor, & Johnson, 1996; Scarborough & Dobrich, 1990), 어휘다양도에서도정상발달아동과의차이를보인다 (Klee, 1992; Lee & Kim, 1999). 구문적 측면에서는단어조합, 평균발화길이등의문제가나타난다 (Rescorla, Roberts, & Dahlsgaard, 1997; Whitehurst & Fischel, 1994). 단어조합은정상발달아동에게서일반적으로만 2세무렵에가능해지지만, 언어발달지연아동의경우단어조합이불가능하거나거의나타나지않게된다 (Fischel, Whitehurst, Caulfield, & De- Baryshe, 1989; Tsybina & Eriks-Brophy, 2007). 아동의생활연령을반영하는지표로서임상에서아동의언어발달수준을평가하는것에사용되는평균발화길이에서도 (Brown, 1973; Kim, 1997) 언어발달지연아동은정상발달아동에비해유의미하게짧은발화를산출하는것으로나타났다 (Lee & Kim, 1999) Copyright 2015 Korean Academy of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

2 발화분석어플리케이션을활용한상호작용증진부모교육효과 박원정외 언어발달지연아동은어휘, 구문적측면과같이언어구조적측면을보여주는언어발달지표전반에서저하된양상을보일뿐아니라의사소통기능및상호작용기술에서도또래일반아동에비해다른경향을보인다. 성인과의상호작용과정에서언어습득에중요한기여를하는공동주목하기, 성인과의사회적상호작용을시작하거나지속하는데필요한기술에서도차이를내며 (Cho & Lee, 2010), 부모와의상호작용에서또래아동에비해적은빈도의대화개시를보이고, 대화를유지하는것에서도어려움을나타낸다고보고되었다 (Cunningham, Siegel, Van der Spuy, Clark, & Bow, 1985; Paul & Shiffer, 1991). 또한언어발달지연아동은자발화상황에서주어진시간내에산출하는발화수및대화차례개시, 반응, 대화차례주고받기전반에서도정상발달아동에비해지연된경향을보인다 (Yim, Park, Cheon, Lee, & Lee, 2015). 이와같은언어발달지연아동의언어문제는성장이후에도아동의언어능력전반에영향을미칠수있으며 (Goffman & Leonard, 2000; Paul, 1991; Rescorla, 2005, 2009; Rice, Taylor, & Zubrick, 2008), 정상범위의어휘수준을갖게되어도여전히또래평균에비해저하된양상을보이거나 (Paul, 1991), 학령기어휘력, 문법, 언어적기억, 읽기이해력등전반적언어기술의취약성을통해나타나기도한다 (Rescorla, 2005). 특히화용및상호작용기술측면에서의문제는학령기이후아동의또래관계및학업에영향을줄가능성이있는것으로알려졌다 (Owens, 2004). 따라서적절한시기에아동에게언어를중재하는것은상당히중요하다 (Kuhl, Conboy, Padden, Nelson, & Pruitt, 2005). 언어발달지연아동조기중재목표는언어수행력을정상범위의또래수준에이르도록하는것이다. 이에효과적인간접중재전략으로서부모교육이실시된다. 부모를통하여이루어지는언어발달지연아동의간접중재는아동에게가장자연스러운대화상대자, 그리고아동에게가장자연스러운물리적환경을통하여이루어지기때문에아동의상호작용기술및언어발달을촉진하는데기여한다 (Tsybina & Eriks-Brophy, 2007). 대표적인언어발달지연아동의부모교육프로그램으로 Hanen Center의 It Takes Two To Talk 가있다. It Takes Two To Talk는아동이일상에서의미있는대화상대자와의의사소통을통해언어를습득한다는가정을바탕으로하여 (Pepper & Weitzman, 2004), 의사소통상대자로서부모가아동의언어발달을촉진시키기위하여사용할수있는전략을교수하는방식으로부모교육이실시된다. It Takes Two To Talk 프로그램을통한부모교육은언어발달지연아동의공동주목하기, 눈맞추기, 발성과같은의사소통행동을증가시키고 (Kim & Lee, 2007), 단어조합과형태소습득에긍정적인영향을줄수있다 (Girolametto, Pearce, & Weitzman, 1996) 이는단순히언어발달에만지체를보이는일차적언어발달지연아동뿐만아니라다운증후군, 뇌성마비와같은이차적언어발달지연아동에게도적용되어상호작용능력향상에영향을줄수있다 (Girolametto, Weitzman, & Clements- Baartman, 1998; Jung, Sim, & Yim, 2012; Pennington, 2009). 그러나부모교육의난점은학습한전략이나중재내용을가정에서직접적용하는것이어렵다는것이다. 때문에소그룹내시연활동, 전문가의비디오피드백의활용, 발화피드백을위한기기사용과같은다양한전략이사용된다 (Pepper & Weitzman, 2004; Suskind et al., 2013). 이중발화분석기기인 LENA (Language Environment Analysis) 를통해피드백을제공함으로써부모교육의효과를높이는전략은전문가의도움없이부모가손쉽게가정에서실천할수있기때문에활용도가높게평가된다 (Suskind et al., 2013). 하지만 LENA는가격면에서도비효율적임은물론, 영어권국가를대상으로개발되어국내에서의사용에어려움이따를수있다. 이에따라높은스마트폰보급률을반영하여최근, 부모및아동의발화를분석하고피드백을제공하는어플리케이션이국내에서개발되었다 (Hwang et al., 2014). 스마트폰어플리케이션을통한기기적접근은누구나쉽게활용할수있다는장점이있으나임상적용가능성에대한추가적연구없이활용되기에는어려움이따른다. 특히언어치료현장에서부모교육중재의보조수단으로서의효과성및적용가능성을알아보는연구는전무한실정이기에이에대한연구가이루어져야할것이다. 따라서본연구는언어발달지체아동의부모를대상으로한부모교육중재가아동과부모의발화및상호작용기술에영향을미치는지, 그리고부모교육의효과를가정에적용하는것에도움을주는수단으로서발화분석어플리케이션의가능성에대해탐색하는것을목적으로하였다. 구체적인연구문제는다음과같다. 1) 부모교육중재기간동안발화분석어플리케이션을사용한부모집단과사용하지않은집단간에부모교육중재효과 ( 발화수, 대화차례개시비율 ) 에서차이가나타나는가? 2) 부모교육중재기간동안발화분석어플리케이션을사용한아동집단과사용하지않은집단간에부모교육중재효과 ( 발화수, 대화차례개시비율 ) 에서차이가나타나는가? 연구방법연구대상본연구는언어발달이지연된아동과그부모를대상으로하였으며, 아동의경우다음과같은기준에따라선정되었다. 먼저 (1) 생

3 Wonjeong Park, et al. The Effect of Parental Education Using Smartphone Application Table 1. Participants characteristics Characteristic Age 활연령이만 2-3 세에해당하는남녀아동으로서, (2) 한국판맥아 더 - 베이츠의사소통발달평가기록지 (K M-B CDI; Pae & Kwak, 2011) 결과 10%ile 미만에해당하고, (3) 발화를통한의사표현이 가능하며, (4) 인지및청력기관에문제가없는아동을대상으로하 였다. 부모의경우 (1) 해당아동의주양육자이며, (2) 고등학교졸 업이상의학력을지니고, (3) 인지및청력기관에문제가없으며 (4) 이전에부모 - 아동상호작용촉진과관련한부모교육을받은경험 이없는자를기준으로하여대상자를선정하였다. 이와같은대상 자기준에따라선발된아동과부모는총 8 쌍이며, 발화분석어플 리케이션을통해제공되는피드백이부모교육의효과를높여주는 지알아보기위해대상자를생활연령을일치시킨두집단으로나 누어실험집단과통제집단으로구분하였다. 두집단의언어검사 결과및생활연령에는통계적으로유의한차이가없었다. 각집단 아동및부모에관한대상자정보는 Table 1 에제시되어있다. 또한, 중재이전 25 분간의부모 - 아동상호작용을통하여실시된자발화 수집및분석결과, 각각의종속변수에서두집단간차이는모두 통계적으로유의하지않았다. 연구도구 본연구에서사용된발화분석어플리케이션은아동및성인의 발화분석을목적으로이화여자대학교언어병리학과와한국과학 기술원 (KAIST) 전산학과의공동연구를통해개발되었으며 2015 년현재활용가능성및정확도를높여임상에적용하기위한연구 가진행중에있다. 발화분석어플리케이션의분석항목은총 2 가 지로발화수, 대화차례개시횟수이다. Parents (yr) (3.46) (2.58).000 Children (mo) (4.11) (1.63).319 Range Children s vocabulary test a (25.94) (19.12).087 Values are presented as mean (SD). a Korean MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories (Pae & Kwak, 2011). 발화분석어플리케이션은상호작용동안부모와아동의발화 수와개시정도에관한시각적피드백을제공한다. 상호작용이끝 난이후어플리케이션을종료하면그결과를분석항목 ( 발화수, 대 화차례개시횟수 ) 에따라제시한다. 또한기존연구 (Yim et al., 2015) 에기초하여또래아동과비교한해당아동의발화수, 대화차례개 F 시횟수비교그래프를보여주게된다. 따라서부모는아동과의상호작용과동시에, 그리고상호작용이끝난이후에이에관한피드백을받을수있다. 연구절차사전검사를위해연구대상아동의가정에방문하거나자발화검사가가능한장소를섭외하여기초선측정을위한자발화수집을실시하였다. 자발화수집은부모와아동의놀이상황을 30분간관찰함으로써이루어졌다. 부모와아동의놀이를위하여제공된장난감은스티커붙이기, 의사놀이, 소꿉놀이이며각각의놀이를약 10분정도사용하여놀이를진행토록하였다. 놀이과정에서일어나는부모와아동의상호작용은영상녹화와동시에음성녹음이함께이루어졌다. 사전검사종료후 6회기에걸친부모교육이실시되었다. 부모교육은 1회기에 1시간정도진행되었으며 Hanen Center의 It Takes Two To Talk (Pepper & Weitzman, 2004) 의내용을토대로하여언어발달지연아동의부모가상호작용을촉진할수있는주요전략을중심으로프로그램을구성하였다. It Takes Two To Talk의전략들은아동이자발적으로의사소통에참여토록하고, 성인과의대화에참여할수있도록함으로써부모와의상호작용을돕는다. 이러한과정에서아동에게언어에대한모델링을제시하고, 아동의말을확장해주는방식을통해아동의언어발달을촉진한다 (Pepper & Weitzman, 2004). 부모교육실시는 Hanen Center를통하여 It Takes Two To Talk 워크숍을이수하여프로그램수행을위한자격증을취득한전문가 1인에의해이루어졌다. 부모교육의구체적인내용은 Appendix 1에제시되어있다. 부모교육의첫회기가끝난이후, 실험집단의부모에게는발화분석을통해피드백을제공할수있는어플리케이션 ( 삼성 Galaxy Note4 에설치 ) 이제공되었다. 더불어, 약 15분에걸쳐발화분석어플리케이션의사용방법및결과해석방법을추가적으로교육하였다. 즉, 어플리케이션을통해발화를측정하는방법, 그리고어플리케이션의각측정항목이의미하는바와결과치를해석하는방법에대해설명하였다. 6회기의부모교육이이루어지는동안실험집단의부모는학습한전략을아동과의상호작용에적용함과동시에, 어플리케이션을사용함으로써부모자신과아동의발화수및상호작용기술에관한실시간피드백및분석결과를받도록하였다. 연구자는부모에게하루 10-15분정도매일발화분석어플리케이션을사용하도록하였고사용내역은이메일을통해연구자에게전송되었다. 발화분석어플리케이션을사용하지않는통제집단의부모에게도하루 10-15분정도부모교육에서학습한전략을적용

4 발화분석어플리케이션을활용한상호작용증진부모교육효과 박원정외 하고이에대한일지를적도록하였다. 통제집단부모에게제공된상호작용전략일지는연구자가매주부모교육이이루어지는시간에제공되었으며, 지난시간에학습했던상호작용전략을가정에서아동과의상호작용에적용해보고전략사용에대한자가점검및소감을적도록하였다. 통제집단부모의상호작용일지작성은실험집단과마찬가지로사후검사전까지이루어졌다. 일원배치분산분석을통해두집단의 1일평균상호작용촉진전략사용시간차이를확인해본결과집단간전략사용시간에는통계적으로유의한차이가나타나지않았다. 부모교육중재및상호작용전략사용이모두종료된이후사후검사가실시되었다. 사후검사는사전검사와동일한방식으로이루어졌다. 자료분석및통계적처리사전 사후자료수집결과의분석은언어병리학과석사과정수료생 1인에의해이루어졌다. 약 30분에걸친녹음및영상파일을각각 25분으로편집하여시간을통제한후자발화분석을실시하였다. 자발화샘플은사전및사후평가가이루어진뒤 1주일이내에모두전사및분석되었다. 본연구에서발화수는 Lee와 Kim (2001) 의정의를따랐으며, 자발화수집이이루어진 25분내에발생된전체빈도수로분석되었다. 대화차례개시비율은 Lee와 Lee (2013) 의기준에따라분석되었으며, 총발화수대비일어난빈도수를백분율화함으로써산출하였다. 각각의자발화분석항목에대한정의는 Appendix 2에제시되어있다. 본연구에서수집된자료는 IBM SPSS Statistics ver. 19를사용하여분석되었다. 부모교육중재과정에서발화분석어플리케이션의사용여부가부모와아동의발화수, 대화차례개시비율에영향을주었는지알아보기위해샤피로-윌크정규성검정 (Shapiro-Wilk normality test) 을실시한이후이원혼합분산분석 (two-way mixed ANOVA) 을사용하였다. 중재충실도부모교육프로그램에대한대상부모와연구자의중재충실도를확인하기위하여중재충실도체크리스트를실시하였다. 부모용중재충실도체크리스트는총 12개문항으로, 중재계획, 중재실행, 중재평가의세항목으로나누어구성되었다. 먼저중재계획에서는부모교육에관한사전정보및출석률에대해점검하였으며, 중재실행에서는각수업내용에대한이해와참여태도, 중재평가에서는일반화에관한세부문항이포함되었다. 연구자용중재충실도체크리스트는총 12문항으로부모용중재충실도체크리스트와마찬가지로중재계획, 중재실행, 중재평가크게세항목으로구분되어있다. 중재계획에는일정과내용구성, 중재실행에는각수업내용별설명및자료제시, 중재평가에는중재일반화에관한세부문항으로구성되었다. 중재충실도점수는총점 12점에대한산출점수를백분율화하여산출하였다. 먼저, 부모용중재충실도측정결과중재계획평균 85점, 중재실행평균 점, 중재평가평균 95점으로산출되었다. 또한연구자의중재충실도측정결과는중재계획, 실행및평가평균모두 100점으로나타났다. 연구결과중재에따른집단별부모의발화수및대화차례개시비율비교발화분석어플리케이션사용여부에따른부모의부모교육중재효과차이에대해알아보기위한통계적분석을통하여집단간부모발화수를비교한결과, 집단간효과검정결과는유의하지않았으나 (F(1,6) =.156, p>.05), 사전과사후평가간주효과는통계적으로유의한것으로나타났다 (F(1,6) = , p<.05). 또한사전 사후평가와어플리케이션사용여부간에는상호작용효과가유의하지않은것으로나타났다 (F(1,6) =.496, p>.05). 실험집단과통제집단부모의발화수에대한기술통계량및통계분석결과는 Table 2, Figure 1에제시되어있다. 두부모집단의대화차례개시비율은집단간주효과 (F(1,6) = 신뢰도부모와아동의발화수, 대화차례개시비율에대한검사자내신뢰도를분석하기위하여연구자는부모와아동의전체데이터중 20% 에해당하는자료를무작위로선택하여이에대한재분석을실시하였다. 이에따른일치도분석결과, 부모발화수 98.67%, 대화차례개시비율 95.23% 로나타났으며, 아동데이터분석결과는발화수 94.05%, 대화차례개시비율 92.66% 로나타났다. Table 2. Results from the pre-test and post-test comparison for the number of utterances by parents subgroup Pre-test (67.96) (118.40) b, * Post-test (37.40) (163.55) F.156 a.496 c Values are presented as mean (SD). a Between subject effect, b within subject effect, c interaction effect. *p <.05. F

5 Wonjeong Park, et al. The Effect of Parental Education Using Smartphone Application Table 3. Results from the pre-test and post-test comparison for the initiation ratio by parents subgroup Pre-test (1.04) (.74) b Post-test (2.60) (3.57) F a.043 c Values are presented as mean (SD). a Between subject effect, b within subject effect, c interaction effect. F Table 4. Results from the pre-test and post-test comparison for the number of utterances by children s subgroup Pre-test (50.23) (72.20) b Post-test (77.29) (67.28) F a.048 c Values are presented as mean (SD). a Between subject effect, b within subject effect, c interaction effect. F The number of utterances Pre-test 1.791, p>.05), 평가간주효과 (F(1,6) =1.071, p>.05) 및상호작용검 정결과가유의하지않은것으로나타났다 (F(1,6) =.043, p>.05). 실 험집단과통제집단부모대화차례개시비율에대한기술통계량 및통계분석결과는 Table 3 에제시되어있다 Post-test Figure 1. Results from the pre-test and post-test comparison for the number of utterances by parents subgroup. 중재에따른집단별아동의발화수및대화차례개시비율비교 중재이후아동의발화수에대한집단간효과검정결과와 (F(1,6) = 3.837, p>.05) 사전 - 사후평가간주효과 (F(1,6) =1.790, p>.05) 는 유의하지않았다. 사전 사후평가와발화분석어플리케이션사용 여부간상호작용효과또한유의하지않은것으로나타났다 (F(1,6) =.048, p>.05). 실험집단및통제집단아동의발화수에대한기술 통계량및통계분석결과는 Table 4 에제시되어있다. 중재후아동의대화차례개시비율에대한사전과사후평가간 주효과 (F(1,6) = 2.822, p>.05), 집단간주효과검정결과는유의하지 않았다 (F(1,6) =.273, p>.05). 하지만사전 사후평가와어플리케이션 사용여부간상호작용효과는유의한것으로나타났다 (F(1,6) = 7.754, p<.05). 집단별아동의대화차례개시비율에대한평가와발화분 석어플리케이션사용간상호작용효과가유의함에따라, 어플리 케이션을사용한아동집단의대화차례개시비율증가폭이어플 리케이션을사용하지않은집단의대화차례개시비율증가폭에 Table 5. Results from the pre-test and post-test comparison for the initiation ratio by children s subgroup 비해유의하게큰것으로나타났다. 실험집단과통제집단아동의 대화차례개시비율에대한기술통계량및통계분석결과는 Table 5, Figure 2 에제시되어있다. 논의및결론 본연구에서는언어발달지연아동의부모를대상으로상호작용 촉진을위한부모교육을실시하였다. 중재와함께실험집단에부 모 - 아동상호작용에대한피드백을제공하는발화분석어플리케 이션을제공하여부모교육이부모와아동의발화수, 대화차례개 시비율에영향을주는지알아보고자하였다. 이에따른연구의결 과는다음과같다. Pre-test 8.70 (1.97) (4.73) b Post-test (5.17) (6.64) F.273 a c, * Values are presented as mean (SD). a Between subject effect, b within subject effect, c interaction effect. *p <.05. Initiation ratio (%) Pre-test Post-test Figure 2. Results from the pre-test and post-test comparison for the initiation ratio by children s subgroup. F

6 발화분석어플리케이션을활용한상호작용증진부모교육효과 박원정외 먼저, 실험집단부모와통제집단부모모두부모교육중재의영향으로발화수에서유의미한차이가나타났다. 하지만다른종속변수에서는유의한차이가나타나지않았다. 따라서발화분석어플리케이션의사용여부는실험집단부모와통제집단부모의부모교육중재효과에영향을주지않았다. It Takes Two to Talk 부모교육프로그램은언어발달지연부모의지시적인발화를감소시키며반응적인발화는증가시키는것으로나타났으며, 또한더느리고덜복잡한언어를구사하고아동의목표어휘를더잦은빈도로사용하는데도움을줄수있다 (Girolametto et al., 1996). 본연구에서는부모의대화차례개시비율사전 사후평가결과에서유의미한차이가나타나지않았으나, 부모의발화수는유의하게감소하였다. 부모의이러한변화는아동과균형적인상호작용의중요성에대한부모교육내용을반영한결과로보여진다. 부모-아동상호작용에서부모가자신의발화수를감소시킴으로써아이와균형있는대화차례를갖는경우아이로하여금상호작용을주도하고있다는느낌을받게하며, 부모발화수감소는아동이말할수있는기회를더많이주게된다 (Pepper & Weitzman, 2004). 따라서이러한부모의변화는부모-아동상호작용방식전체에긍정적영향을줄수있다. 아동의언어환경과언어사용양상을분석하여이에대한피드백을제공하는기기인 LENA를활용한한연구에서는아동의언어환경특히, 부모발화의중요성을강조하고 LENA를통한분석결과를매시간피드백자료로서제공하는부모교육을실시하였다. 이에따라부모가산출하는단어의수 (adult word count), 아동이산출하는발성의수, 부모- 아동대화차례횟수 (conversational turn) 의변화양상에대해살펴보았다. 결과적으로부모가산출하는단어수, 아동이산출하는발성수, 대화차례모두부모교육중재와기기사용을통하여증가한것으로나타났다 (Rafdal, 2011). 이와달리본연구에서부모의발화수는부모교육이후유의하게감소한것으로나타났다. 이는두연구에서실시된부모교육내용에서부모발화의역할에대한관점을달리하였기때문인것으로분석된다. 기존연구에서는부모발화의양적증가가아동에게더많은언어적자극을제공한다는관점에의해중재가이루어졌다면, 본연구에서는부모와아동이균형적인말차례를유지하면서아동이상호작용을주도할수있도록부모의전체적인발화수를줄이고아이와균형적인상호작용을할수있도록독려하였던점을반영하여기존과상반된연구결과가나타난것으로볼수있다. 아동의발화수, 대화차례개시비율이발화분석어플리케이션을사용한실험집단과그렇지않은통제집단에서다른양상을나타내는지알아보았다. 부모교육이후두집단에서는부모교육중재 로인한주효과혹은어플리케이션사용에따른주효과가나타나지않았다. 하지만아동의대화차례개시비율에서어플리케이션사용과부모교육중재로인한상호작용효과가유의하게나타났다. 즉, 어플리케이션을사용한집단아동의중재효과가그렇지않은아동집단에비해더크게나타났으며이는아동의상호작용방식을통제집단에비해더주도적으로만드는것에기여하였다. 중재이후발화분석어플리케이션사용의효과성에대한부모응답지에서, 실험집단부모들은어플리케이션이제공하는실시간피드백이상호작용동안부모자신의발화혹은개시의양이상당히많다는것을인지시키며, 아동과의균형된상호작용의필요성을상기시킨다고답변하였다. 이러한주요응답으로미루어보아아동의상호작용양상에대한어플리케이션의피드백은부모로하여금아동상호작용의특성에대해인지시키고이에대한전략을세울수있도록함으로써아동의변화를이끌어낼수있었던것으로분석된다. 아동이부모와의상호작용을주도적으로이끌어가는경우더많은언어적 비언어적표현을필요로하게되며이가운데서더많은언어를학습할수있다. 때문에언어발달지연아동이주도적인상호작용방식을가지는것은언어발달촉진을위해필요한과정이다 (Pepper & Weitzman, 2004). 본연구에서발화분석어플리케이션을사용한집단의아동은통제집단아동에비해더큰폭으로대화차례개시비율이상승하였다. 이는곧부모에게제공되는어플리케이션의피드백이아동의상호작용방식을보다주도적으로변화시켜아동의언어발달촉진에긍정적인영향을줄수있음을시사한다. 단지, 부모집단의변화가두드러지지않았음에도불구하고실험집단아동에게서상호작용상의변화가나타난것은, 어플리케이션사용이부모가아동의주도적인상호작용을유도할수있는비언어적전략사용을도왔기때문인것으로분석된다. It Takes Two to Talk에서는아동이상호작용을주도하게하기위해얼굴을마주보기, 대화차례를개시하도록충분한시간제공하기등다양한비언어적전략을교수한다 (Pepper & Weitzman, 2004). 발화분석어플리케이션은이러한전략을부모가가정에서적용했을때에아동의상호작용에나타나는변화를즉각적피드백및누적된결과치를통해제시함으로써부모의전략사용에대한효과를시각적으로보여줄수있다. 또한이러한부모의변화가아동의상호작용에긍정적영향을주어아동이보다주도적인상호작용을할수있도록도움을준것으로분석된다. 스마트기기를활용한중재는이전에도다수이루어져왔다. 그중 LENA를활용한연구에서는아동의주양육자에게단 1회기의부모교육이후가정에서기기를활용한중재를주 1회씩총 6주에

7 Wonjeong Park, et al. The Effect of Parental Education Using Smartphone Application 걸쳐실시한결과, 부모의발화량과대화차례주고받기횟수가유의하게증가했다 (Suskind et al., 2013). 이처럼기기를활용하여이루어진기존의연구에서는주로아동의주요한언어환경인주양육자의언어사용변화에초점을두어주양육자의발화량증가를이끌어내는, 기기를통한아동언어의간접적중재효과를검증하는것에그쳤다. 그러나본연구는더나아가기기사용및부모교육을통한아동상호작용방식의변화를목표로하여부모및아동에직접적용함으로써아동집단에서그효과를확인하였다. 또한기기를활용한다수의연구들이주로장애유형에따른아동의언어적특성및언어환경분석에초점을맞추어왔다면 (Ambrose, Van- Dam, & Moeller, 2014; Burgess, Audet, & Harjusola-Webb, 2013), 본연구는언어발달지연아동의중재효율성을높이기위한방법으로기기적접근을실시하여임상에의적용가능성을확인했다는점에서큰의의가있다. 본연구의제한점및제언사항은다음과같다. 먼저, 본연구의대상자는부모-아동 8쌍, 실험 통제집단각 4쌍으로대상자가수가적기때문에연구에서도출된결과를모든집단에일반화하기에어려움이따를수있다. 후속연구에서는대상자수를더늘려부모교육과어플리케이션의효과성에대해더정확한검증이이루어져야할것이다. 또한, 이번연구를통해서는부모교육의효과와발화분석어플리케이션사용효과를완전히분리해서볼수없으므로후속연구에서는발화분석어플리케이션만을사용한중재를실시함으로써어플리케이션활용가능성에대해심도있는연구가이루어져야한다. 더불어, 만 2-3세언어발달지연아동의상호작용과정에서아동의발화수, 대화차례개시뿐아니라대화차례주고받기및대화차례유지에관한중요성이부각되고있으므로이에대한추가적연구도필요할것이다. 마지막으로, 본연구에서사용된발화분석어플리케이션에대한기술적보완을실시하여분석정확도를더욱높임으로써발화분석어플리케이션을통하여산출된결과를직접연구에활용하여그가능성을검증하는연구가추가적으로이루어져야할것이다. REFERENCES Ambrose, S. E., VanDam, M., & Moeller, M. P. (2014). Linguistic input, electronic media, and communication outcomes of toddlers with hearing loss. Ear and Hearing, 35, Brown, R. (1973). A first language: the early stages. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Burgess, S., Audet, L., & Harjusola-Webb, S. (2013). Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the school and home language environments of preschool-aged children with ASD. Journal of Communication Disorders, 46, Cho, M. R., & Lee, Y. (2010). Communicative behaviors of toddlers with or without language delay. Korean Journal of Early Childhood Special Education, 10, Cunningham, C. E., Siegel, L. S., Van der Spuy, H. I. J., Clark, M. L., & Bow, S. J. (1985). The behavioral and linguistic interactions of specifically languagedelayed and normal boys with their mothers. Child Development, 56, Fischel, J. E., Whitehurst, G. J., Caulfield, M. B., & DeBaryshe, B. (1989). Language growth in children with expressive language delay. Pediatrics, 83, Girolametto, L., Pearce, P. S., & Weitzman, E. (1996). Interactive focused stimulation for toddlers with expressive vocabulary delays. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 39, Girolametto, L., Weitzman, E., & Clements-Baartman, J. (1998). Vocabulary intervention for children with Down syndrome: parent training using focused stimulation. Infant-Toddler Intervention, 8, Goffman, L., & Leonard, J. (2000). Growth of language skills in preschool children with specific language impairment: implications for assessment and intervention. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 9, Hegde, M. N. (1995). Introduction to communicative disorders. Austin, TX: Pro-Ed. Hwang, I., Yoo, C., Hwang, C., Yim, D., Lee, Y., Min, C.,... & Song, J. (2014). TalkBetter: family-driven mobile intervention care for children with language delay. In Proceedings of the 17th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing, Baltimore, MD, Jung, P. Y., Sim, H. S., & Yim, D. (2012). Effects of parent training program on communicative abilities of the young children with cerebral palsy and their mother. Korean Journal of Special Education, 47, Kim, J. M., & Lee, S. H. (2007). The effect of It Takes Two to Talk program on communicative abilities of the children with developmental language delay and their parents behaviors. Korean Journal of Communication Disorders, 12, Kim, Y. T. (1997). Foundation of length of utterance in 2 to 4 year-old children. Korean Journal of Communication Disorders, 2, Klee, T. (1992). Developmental and diagnostic characteristics of quantitative measures of children s language production. Topics in Language Disorders,

8 발화분석어플리케이션을활용한상호작용증진부모교육효과 박원정외 12, Kuhl, P. K., Conboy, B. T., Padden, D., Nelson, T., & Pruitt, J. (2005). Early speech perception and later language development: implications for the Critical Period. Language Learning and Development, 1, Lee, H. J., & Kim, Y. T. (1999). Measures of utterance length of normal and language-delayed children. Korean Journal of Communication Disorders, 4, Lee, H. J., & Kim, Y. T. (2001). Turn-taking characteristics of Specific language impairment and normal children. Korean Journal of Communication Disorders, 6, Lee, Y., & Lee, H. J. (2013). Conversational turn-taking of toddlers with language delay. Special Education Research, 12, Owens, R. E. (1996). Language development: an introduction. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon. Owens, R. E. (2004). Language disorders: a functional approach to assessment and intervention (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon. Pae, S., & Kwak, K. C. (2011). Korean MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories (K M-B CDI). Seoul: Mindpress. Paul, R. (1991). Profiles of toddlers with slow expressive language development. Topics in Language Disorders, 11, Paul, R., & Shiffer, M. E. (1991). Communicative initiations in normal and late-talking toddlers. Applied Psycholinguistics, 12, Paul, R., Hernandez, R., Taylor, L., & Johnson, K. (1996). Narrative development in late talkers: early school age. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 39, Pennington, L. (2009). Effects of it takes two to talk: the Hanen program for parents of preschool children with cerebral palsy: findings from an exploratory study. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 52, Pepper, J., & Weitzman, E. (2004). It takes two to talk: a practical guide for parents of children with language delays (3rd ed.). Toronto: The Hanen Centre. Rafdal, B. H. (2011). Effects of graphical feedback and coaching on the quantity and quality of parent-child language interaction (Doctoral dissertation). University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Rescorla, L. (2005). Age 13 language and reading outcomes in late-talking toddlers. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 48, Rescorla, L. (2009). Age 17 language and reading outcomes in late-talking toddlers: support for a dimensional perspective on language delay. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 52, Rescorla, L., Roberts, J., & Dahlsgaard, K. (1997). Late talkers at 2: outcome at age 3. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 40, Rice, M. L., Taylor, C. L., & Zubrick, S. R. (2008). Language outcomes of 7-yearold children with or without a history of late language emergence at 24 months. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 51, Scarborough, H. S., & Dobrich, W. (1990). Development of children with early language delay. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 33, Suskind, D., Leffel, K. R., Hernandez, M. W., Sapolich, S. G., Suskind, E., Kirkham, E.,... & Meehan, P. (2013). An exploratory study of Quantitative Linguistic Feedback : effect of LENA feedback on adult language production. Communication Disorders Quarterly, 34, Tsybina, I., & Eriks-Brophy, A. (2007). Issues in research on children with early language delay. Contemporary Issues in Communication Science and Disorders, 34, Whitehurst, G. J., & Fischel, J. E. (1994). Practitioner review: early developmental language delay: what, if anything, should the clinician do about it? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 35, Yim, D., Park, W., Cheon, S., Lee, Y. J., & Lee, J. (2015). Interaction skills via spontaneous speech sample analysis: 2- to 5-year-old children with and without language impairment. Communication Sciences & Disorders, 20,

9 Wonjeong Park, et al. The Effect of Parental Education Using Smartphone Application Appendix 1. Topics of the parental education 회기 주제 방법 내용 1 아이가주도하게하기 의사소통과상호작용이해하기 아동의상호작용단계 아동의상호작용유형 부모의상호작용유형 아이가주도하게하기전략 아동의몸짓, 행동, 표정관찰 아이가반응할수있는시간주기 말이나소리에즉시관심기울이기 2 아이의주도따르기 아이의주도를따르기전략 아이에게메시지를받았음을알려주기 아이의놀이에참여 아이의행동 표정 소리 말등을모방 아이의반응을해석 아이의말이나행동에코멘트 의사소통단계에따른전략 각의사소통단계에적합한전략사용방식 3 비디오피드백회기 4 대화주고받기 아이에게질문하기 예 / 아니오, 선택형, Wh- 질문통해대화지속하기 대화주고받기위한신호주기 대화를주고받을차례라는신호를표정, 몸짓또는기다리기를통해알려주기 5 상호작용에언어덧붙이기 언어덧붙이기 다양한낱말사용하기 아이의메시지확장 언어강조하기 짧고간단하게말하기 중요한낱말강조하기 제스처로보여주기 천천히말하기 6 일상에서언어촉진하기 아동과함께책읽기 책읽으며의사소통하기 책읽으며언어확장하기 노래로상호작용하기 노래를통한활동에서의사소통기술사용하기 노래부르며낱말학습하기 Appendix 2. Definitions for each part of spontaneous sample analysis 평가항목 발화수 정의및규준 Lee 와 Kim (2001) 에서제시된 말차례에서의발화구분원칙 을기초로하여발화를구분하였다. 따라서한문장을한발화로 보았으며, 약 5 초가량의시간이경과하거나두드러진운율의변화, 주제의변화가있을때발화의수를나누었다. 대화차례개시횟수 Lee 와 Lee (2013) 에서언급된대화차례개시의정의에따라대화차례개시를 (1) 아동이새로운주제로처음대화를시작하는경우, 혹은 (2) 3 초이상의대화중단이발생한이후에아동이먼저대화차례를시작하는경우로보았다

10 발화분석어플리케이션을활용한상호작용증진부모교육효과 박원정외 국문초록 발화분석어플리케이션을활용한상호작용증진부모교육이언어발달지연아동과부모의발화및대화차례개시에미치는영향박원정 임동선 이화여자대학교언어병리학과배경및목적 : 언어발달지연아동의조기중재방법으로서실시되는부모교육은조기중재에효과적이나부모가학습한전략을가정에서적용하고이를일반화시키는것에어려움이따른다. 따라서본연구는부모교육의효과를높여줄수있는도구로서발화분석어플리케이션의활용가능성에대해알아보는것을목적으로하였다. 방법 : 만 2-3세언어발달지연아동과그부모, 총 8쌍이연구에참여하였다. 자발화수집을통한사전평가실시이후, 총 6주간의부모교육이실시되었다. 부모교육이실시되는동안 4쌍의실험집단부모는아동과의상호작용에발화분석어플리케이션을사용하였으며, 나머지 4쌍의부모는상호작용에관한일지만을적었다. 사후평가또한사전평가와마찬가지로놀이상황에서의자발화수집을통해이루어졌으며, 사전및사후평가에서수집된자료는발화수, 대화차례개시비율로분석되었다. 결과 : 부모교육이후부모의발화수가유의하게줄어들었으며, 발화분석어플리케이션을사용한아동집단은통제집단에비해대화차례개시비율변화폭이더큰것으로나타났다. 논의및결론 : 부모교육은부모-아동상호작용에긍정적효과가있으며, 발화분석어플리케이션이이러한중재효과를높이는것에도움을주는것으로나타났다. 핵심어 : 언어발달지연, 부모교육, 발화분석어플리케이션, 대화차례개시비율, 발화수본연구는 2013년도정부 ( 미래창조과학부 ) 의재원으로한국연구재단의지원을받아연구되었음 (NRF-2013R1A2A2A ). 참고문헌 김영태 (1997). 한국 2-4세아동의발화길이에관한기초연구. 말-언어장애연구, 2, 김정미, 이수향 (2007). It Takes Two To Talk 부모교육프로그램이언어발달지체아동의의사소통과부모의행동에미치는효과. 언어청각장애연구, 12, 배소영, 곽금주 (2011). 한국판맥아더- 베이츠의사소통발달평가 (K MB CDI). 서울 : 마인드프레스. 이윤경, 이효주 (2013). 표현언어발달지체영유아의대화차례주고받기특성. 특수교육, 12, 이효진, 김영태 (2001). 단순언어장애아동의대화말차례특성. 언어청각장애연구, 6, 이희정, 김영태 (1999). 자발화표본분석의정량화를통한언어발달지체의판별연구 : 발화길이를중심으로. 언어청각장애연구, 4, 임동선, 박원정, 천성혜, 이여진, 이지연 (2015). 자발화분석을통한만 2-5세아동의상호작용기술특성및언어발달지체아동비교연구. 언어청각장애연구, 20, 정필연, 심현섭, 임동선 (2012). 상호작용촉진부모교육프로그램이취학전뇌성마비아동의말명료도및어머니와의상호작용에미치는영향. 특수교육학연구, 47, 조미라, 이윤경 (2010). 언어발달지체유아와일반유아의의사소통행동비교. 유아특수교육연구, 10,

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp DOI: : A Study on the Ac

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp DOI:   : A Study on the Ac Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp.269-293 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.1.201803.269 : A Study on the Actual Condition of Character Education in Early Childhood

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp DOI: * The Effect of Paren

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp DOI:   * The Effect of Paren Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp.95-116 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.29.2.201906.95 * The Effect of Parent Education Program Using Action Learning on Family

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp DOI: 3 * Effects of 9th

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp DOI:   3 * Effects of 9th Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp.357-378 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.29.2.201906.357 3 * Effects of 9th Grade Students Participation in Career Curriculum Cluster

More information

27 2, 17-31, , * ** ***,. K 1 2 2,.,,,.,.,.,,.,. :,,, : 2009/08/19 : 2009/09/09 : 2009/09/30 * 2007 ** *** ( :

27 2, 17-31, , * ** ***,. K 1 2 2,.,,,.,.,.,,.,. :,,, : 2009/08/19 : 2009/09/09 : 2009/09/30 * 2007 ** *** ( : 27 2, 17-31, 2009. -, * ** ***,. K 1 2 2,.,,,.,.,.,,.,. :,,, : 2009/08/19 : 2009/09/09 : 2009/09/30 * 2007 ** *** (: dminkim@cau.ac.kr) 18 한국교육문제연구제 27 권 2 호, 2009. Ⅰ. (,,, 2004). (,, 2006).,,, (Myrick,

More information

歯제7권1호(최종편집).PDF

歯제7권1호(최종편집).PDF ********* (*, **, *** ).., 2002, 7, 1, 1-12. 2-5 80.,.,..,,... :,,. (naming).., (word finding), (lexical look- up), (lexical retrieval), (word recall) (Fried- Oken, 1987). (pause),,, (naming error) (Snyder

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp DOI: * Experiences of Af

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp DOI:   * Experiences of Af Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp.201-229 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.26.2.201608.201 * Experiences of After-school Class Caring by Married Early Childhood

More information

서론 34 2

서론 34 2 34 2 Journal of the Korean Society of Health Information and Health Statistics Volume 34, Number 2, 2009, pp. 165 176 165 진은희 A Study on Health related Action Rates of Dietary Guidelines and Pattern of

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp DOI: * Suggestions of Ways

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp DOI:   * Suggestions of Ways Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp.65-89 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.29.1.201903.65 * Suggestions of Ways to Improve Teaching Practicum Based on the Experiences

More information

27 2, * ** 3, 3,. B ,.,,,. 3,.,,,,..,. :,, : 2009/09/03 : 2009/09/21 : 2009/09/30 * ICAD (Institute for Children Ability

27 2, * ** 3, 3,. B ,.,,,. 3,.,,,,..,. :,, : 2009/09/03 : 2009/09/21 : 2009/09/30 * ICAD (Institute for Children Ability 27 2, 71-90. 2009. 3 * ** 3, 3,. B 2003 4 2004 2.,.,,,. 3,.,,,,..,. :,, : 2009/09/03 : 2009/09/21 : 2009/09/30 * ICAD (Institute for Children Ability Development) ** ( : heyjun@gmail.com) 72 한국교육문제연구제

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp DOI: * A Analysis of

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp DOI: * A Analysis of Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp.99-117 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.1.201803.99 2015 * A Analysis of the Characters and Issues about the 2015 Revised Social

More information

歯5-2-13(전미희외).PDF

歯5-2-13(전미희외).PDF The Korean Journal of Counseling 2004, Vol. 5, No. 2, 423-434,. 4 5 18 9, 9.,,,,,.,,, t-.. :,,, (,, 1996),.,,. (, 2001),... 88 98 2000, 88 12.5%(250 )98 35.6%(712 )2.8 (,,, 2001) (Corresponding Author)

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp DOI: 3 * The Effect of H

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp DOI:   3 * The Effect of H Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp.577-601 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.4.201812.577 3 * The Effect of Home-based Activities Using Traditional Fairy Tales

More information

09-김선영.hwp

09-김선영.hwp 特 殊 敎 育 再 活 科 學 硏 究 Journal of Special Education & Rehabilitation Science Vol. 47, No. 3, pp. 179~199, 2008. 청각장애유아-어머니간의 책읽기 상호작용 유형 분석 The Analysis on Types of the Book-Reading Interaction between Hearing-Impaired

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp DOI: : Researc

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp DOI:   : Researc Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp.251-273 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.2.201706.251 : 1997 2005 Research Trend Analysis on the Korean Alternative Education

More information

- i - - ii - - iii - - iv - - v - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 - - 11 - - 12 - - 13 - - 14 - - 15 - - 16 - - 17 - - 18 - - 19 - α α - 20 - α α α α α α - 21 - - 22 - - 23 -

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp DOI: * The Effect of Boa

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp DOI:   * The Effect of Boa Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp.195-217 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.26.3.201612.195 * The Effect of Board Game Play Large Group Activities on Children's Sociability

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp DOI: * A Research Trend

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp DOI:   * A Research Trend Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp.295-318 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.4.201812.295 * A Research Trend on the Studies related to Parents of Adults with Disabilities

More information

<30312DC1A4BAB8C5EBBDC5C7E0C1A4B9D7C1A4C3A52DC1A4BFB5C3B62E687770>

<30312DC1A4BAB8C5EBBDC5C7E0C1A4B9D7C1A4C3A52DC1A4BFB5C3B62E687770> Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering 한국정보통신학회논문지(J. Korea Inst. Inf. Commun. Eng.) Vol. 19, No. 2 : 258~264 Feb. 2015 ID3 알고리즘 기반의 귀납적 추론을 활용한 모바일 OS의 성공과 실패에 대한

More information

Abstract Background : Most hospitalized children will experience physical pain as well as psychological distress. Painful procedure can increase anxie

Abstract Background : Most hospitalized children will experience physical pain as well as psychological distress. Painful procedure can increase anxie Volume 12, Number 1, 92~102, An Intervention Study of Pain Reduction during IV Therapy in Hospitalized Children Myo-Jin Kim 1), Joung-Hae Bak 1), Won-Seok Seo 2) Mi-Young Kim 3), Sun-Kyoung Park 3), Jai-Soung

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp DOI: IPA * Analysis of Perc

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp DOI:   IPA * Analysis of Perc Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp.45-72 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.2.201806.45 IPA * Analysis of Perception and Needs on Teaching Competencies of Faculty

More information

상담학연구,, SPSS 21.0., t,.,,,..,.,.. (Corresponding Author): / / / Tel: /

상담학연구,, SPSS 21.0., t,.,,,..,.,.. (Corresponding Author): / / / Tel: / ,,. 164 -. SPSS 21.0., t,.,,,..,.,.. (Corresponding Author): / / 1 11 404 / Tel: 02-880-7636 / E-mail: dikimedu@snu.ac.kr ...,,, (, 2012),, (,,, 2012a, 2012b;,, 2011;, 2011;,, 2010). (, 2013;, 2012;, ;

More information

歯14.양돈규.hwp

歯14.양돈규.hwp : The Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy 2003. Vol. 15, No. 3, 615-631. 1 2 3 1,410.,, ( ),., ( 69%),.,, ( ), ( ).,,.., ( ).,. :,,. :, (390-711) 21-1, : 043-649-1362 E-mail : ydk9498@hanmail.net

More information

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 4, August, 30, 2016:319~332 Received: 2016/07/28, Accepted: 2016/08/28 Revised: 2016/08/27, Published: 2016/08/30 [ABSTRACT] This paper examined what determina

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp DOI: Awareness, Supports

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp DOI:   Awareness, Supports Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp.335-363 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.26.3.201612.335 Awareness, Supports in Need, and Actual Situation on the Curriculum Reconstruction

More information

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 6, December, 30, 2016:275~289 Received: 2016/12/02, Accepted: 2016/12/22 Revised: 2016/12/20, Published: 2016/12/30 [ABSTRACT] SNS is used in various fields. Although

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp DOI: * A S

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp DOI:   * A S Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp.461-487 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.4.201812.461 * - 2008 2018 - A Study on the Change of Issues with Adolescent Problem

More information

석사

석사 특수교육논총 (FCT) *.,,,.,., 10. 1 3.,,. *. ** (flyzz01@hanmail.net) .,.,., (, 1995).,. (, 2011)., (, 2001; Wetherby & Prutting, 1984; Mundy et al., 1986)...,.,.,... (, 2012).,...,,.,, (, 2009).. (,, 2000).,..,

More information

54 한국교육문제연구제 27 권 2 호, I. 1.,,,,,,, (, 1998). 14.2% 16.2% (, ), OECD (, ) % (, )., 2, 3. 3

54 한국교육문제연구제 27 권 2 호, I. 1.,,,,,,, (, 1998). 14.2% 16.2% (, ), OECD (, ) % (, )., 2, 3. 3 27 2, 53-70, 2009. (Nursing Home) * ** (Nursing Home). 5 50 5 2 1,,,,, SPSS t.,,,,,,,. :,, : 2009/08/27 : 2009/09/24 : 2009/09/30 * ** (: hjkim@daelim.ac.kr) 54 한국교육문제연구제 27 권 2 호, 2009. I. 1.,,,,,,, (,

More information

상담학연구. 10,,., (CQR).,,,,,,.,,.,,,,. (Corresponding Author): / / 567 Tel: /

상담학연구. 10,,., (CQR).,,,,,,.,,.,,,,. (Corresponding Author): / / 567 Tel: / . 10,,., (CQR).,,,,,,.,,.,,,,. (Corresponding Author): / / 567 Tel: 063-270-2746 / E-mail : tgeunmi@jbnu.ac.kr . 2,... 2011 (, 2011), (, 2010),., (, 2004;, 2011). (,, 2006), (,, 2005; Yalom & Leszcz, 2005:

More information

,,,.,,,, (, 2013).,.,, (,, 2011). (, 2007;, 2008), (, 2005;,, 2007).,, (,, 2010;, 2010), (2012),,,.. (, 2011:,, 2012). (2007) 26%., (,,, 2011;, 2006;

,,,.,,,, (, 2013).,.,, (,, 2011). (, 2007;, 2008), (, 2005;,, 2007).,, (,, 2010;, 2010), (2012),,,.. (, 2011:,, 2012). (2007) 26%., (,,, 2011;, 2006; ,,.. 400,,,,,,.,,, -, -, -., 3.. :, Tel : 010-9540-0640, E-mail : sunney05@hanmail.net ,,,.,,,, (, 2013).,.,, (,, 2011). (, 2007;, 2008), (, 2005;,, 2007).,, (,, 2010;, 2010), (2012),,,.. (, 2011:,, 2012).

More information

untitled

untitled Original Article Experiences of Unwed Mothers Choi, Yang-Ja 1) Kim, Kwuy-Bun 2) 1) Professor, Redcross College of Nursing, 2) Professor, Kyung Hee University, College of Nursing Science 1) 2) 1) 2) Purpose:

More information

012임수진

012임수진 Received : 2012. 11. 27 Reviewed : 2012. 12. 10 Accepted : 2012. 12. 12 A Clinical Study on Effect of Electro-acupuncture Treatment for Low Back Pain and Radicular Pain in Patients Diagnosed with Lumbar

More information

(5차 편집).hwp

(5차 편집).hwp (215), 54(1), 17-3 211 STEAM,.. STEAM, STEAM, 5~6 11.,., 5~6...,. (, 21)., 29. (,, 212). 211 STEAM * :, E-mail: njkwon@hanmail.net http://dx.doi.org/1.15812/ter.54.1.2153.17 (215), 54(1), 17-3,. (Arts)

More information

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering 한국정보통신학회논문지(J. Korea Inst. Inf. Commun. Eng.) Vol. 19, No. 5 : 1031~1039 May. 2015 정보보호 산업의 경제적 파급효과 및 기여도 분석 김방룡 1 홍재표 2* Economic

More information

Effects of baseball expertise and stimulus speeds on coincidence-anticipation timing accuracy of batting Jong-Hwa Lee, Seok-Jin Kim, & Seon-Jin Kim* Seoul National University [Purpose] [Methods] [Results]

More information

A Study on Married Female Immigrants Life Style and Marriage Satisfaction in Terms of Preparing Their Old Age in Chungcheongnam-do Department of Gerontology, Hoseo University Doctoral Student : Hi Ran

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp DOI: A study on Characte

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp DOI:   A study on Characte Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp.381-404 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.1.201803.381 A study on Characteristics of Action Learning by Analyzing Learners Experiences

More information

<28C3D6C1BE295FBEF0BEEEC3BBB0A D325F5F32B4DC2E687770>

<28C3D6C1BE295FBEF0BEEEC3BBB0A D325F5F32B4DC2E687770> 영유아 어머니상호작용에서의언어발달지체영유아어머니의사소통행동특성 이윤경 a, 설아영 b a 한림대학교언어청각학부, b 한림대학교보건대학원언어병리학과 교신저자 이윤경한림대학교언어청각학부교수강원도춘천시옥천동 1 번지 e-mail: ylee@hallym.ac.kr tel: 033-248-2219 배경및목적 : 어머니의의사소통행동유형은영유아의의사소통및언어발달에영향을미치는요인중하나이다.

More information

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 6, December, 30, 2016:237~251 Received: 2016/11/20, Accepted: 2016/12/24 Revised: 2016/12/21, Published: 2016/12/30 [ABSTRACT] Recently, there is an increasing

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp DOI: * The Participant Expe

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp DOI:   * The Participant Expe Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp.17-40 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.29.1.201903.17 * The Participant Experiences and Expectations of Pre-service Teachers for

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp DOI: A Study on Organizi

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp DOI:   A Study on Organizi Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp.441-460 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.4.201812.441 A Study on Organizing Software Education of Special Education Curriculum

More information

. 45 1,258 ( 601, 657; 1,111, 147). Cronbach α=.67.95, 95.1%, Kappa.95.,,,,,,.,...,.,,,,.,,,,,.. :,, ( )

. 45 1,258 ( 601, 657; 1,111, 147). Cronbach α=.67.95, 95.1%, Kappa.95.,,,,,,.,...,.,,,,.,,,,,.. :,, ( ) . 45 1,258 ( 601, 657; 1,111, 147). Cronbach α=.67.95, 95.1%, Kappa.95.,,,,,,.,...,.,,,,.,,,,,.. :,, (402-751) 253 E-mail : yspark@inha.ac.kr ,. (, 2011),, 1980 5 49.9%, 4 (20.3%). 1985, 5 (39.0%), 4 (25.3%).

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp DOI: * Review of Research

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp DOI:   * Review of Research Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp.79-102 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.2.201706.79 * Review of Research Trends on Curriculum for Students with Severe and multiple

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp DOI: (LiD) - - * Way to

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp DOI:   (LiD) - - * Way to Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp.353-376 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.29.1.201903.353 (LiD) -- * Way to Integrate Curriculum-Lesson-Evaluation using Learning-in-Depth

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp DOI: * The Mediating Eff

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp DOI:   * The Mediating Eff Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp.159-177 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.26.2.201608.159 * The Mediating Effects of Self-esteem on the Relationship between Social

More information

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 6, December, 30, 2016:3~20 Received: 2016/12/04, Accepted: 2016/12/27 Revised: 2016/12/27, Published: 2016/12/30 [ABSTRACT] This study aims to comprehensively analyze

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp DOI: * Early Childhood T

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp DOI:   * Early Childhood T Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp.243-269 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.29.2.201906.243 * Early Childhood Teachers' Perception on Reconstruction of Curriculum

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp DOI: : * Research Subject

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp DOI:   : * Research Subject Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp.91-116 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.29.1.201903.91 : * Research Subject Trend Analysis on Educational Innovation with Network

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp DOI: : A basic research

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp DOI:   : A basic research Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp.379-404 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.3.201709.379 : A basic research for the after-school forest activities program models:

More information

118 김정민 송신철 심규철 을 미치기 때문이다(강석진 등, 2000; 심규철 등, 2001; 윤치원 등, 2005; 하태경 등, 2004; Schibeci, 1983). 모둠 내에서 구성원들이 공동으 로 추구하는 학습 목표의 달성을 위하여 각자 맡은 역할에 따라 함께

118 김정민 송신철 심규철 을 미치기 때문이다(강석진 등, 2000; 심규철 등, 2001; 윤치원 등, 2005; 하태경 등, 2004; Schibeci, 1983). 모둠 내에서 구성원들이 공동으 로 추구하는 학습 목표의 달성을 위하여 각자 맡은 역할에 따라 함께 과학교육연구지,37권 1호,pp.117-130(2013.5) Jour.Sci.Edu,Vol.37,No.1,pp.117-130(2013.5) 생물 학습을 위한 고등학생 소집단과 교사의 면담에서 나타나는 상호작용 유형 분석 김정민 송신철 1 심규철 2 * 환경생태교육연구소 1 경기신길고등학교 2 공주대학교 The Patterns of Interaction in

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp DOI: * A Study on Teache

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp DOI:   * A Study on Teache Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp.149-171 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.4.201712.149 * A Study on Teachers and Parents Perceptions on the Introduction of Innovational

More information

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA e- 비즈니스연구 (The e-business Studies) Volume 17, Number 1, February, 28, 2016:pp. 293~316 ISSN 1229-9936 (Print), ISSN 2466-1716 (Online) 원고접수일심사 ( 수정 ) 게재확정일 2015. 12. 04 2015. 12. 24 2016. 02. 25 ABSTRACT

More information

다문화 가정의 부모

다문화 가정의 부모 영유아아동정신건강연구 Korean Journal for Infant Mental Health 2013, Vol. 6, No. 1, 57-84 영유아기정서및행동문제에대한 부모와일반교사의인식및지원욕구조사 - 57 - 영유아아동정신건강연구 6 권 1 호 - 58 - 영유아기정서및행동문제에대한부모와일반교사의인식및지원욕구조사 - 59 - 영유아아동정신건강연구 6 권

More information

歯7권2호.PDF

歯7권2호.PDF (SELSI) : 1 1) ( ). (SELSI) :., 2002, 7, 2, 1-23. 3 (SELSI). SELSI 1090.,.. Cronbach.98.. 14.996,.998. :, SELSI,,,.,., 3.. 1 BK.,,. 1 3,. (babbling ),.. (joint attention ),., 3.., 3, (Bzoch, Kemker & Wood,

More information

Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ α < < < < < χ χ Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅰ Ⅲ Ⅰ Bagozzi, R., & Dholakia, U. (2002). Intentional Social Action in Virtual Communities. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 16(2), 2-21. Borkovec, T. D. (1976).

More information

[ 영어영문학 ] 제 55 권 4 호 (2010) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1) Kyuchul Yoon, Ji-Yeon Oh & Sang-Cheol Ahn. Teaching English prosody through English poems with clon

[ 영어영문학 ] 제 55 권 4 호 (2010) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1) Kyuchul Yoon, Ji-Yeon Oh & Sang-Cheol Ahn. Teaching English prosody through English poems with clon [ 영어영문학 ] 제 55 권 4 호 (2010) 775-794 ( ) ( ) ( ) 1) Kyuchul Yoon, Ji-Yeon Oh & Sang-Cheol Ahn. Teaching English prosody through English poems with cloned native intonation. The purpose of this work is to

More information

- iii - - i - - ii - - iii - 국문요약 종합병원남자간호사가지각하는조직공정성 사회정체성과 조직시민행동과의관계 - iv - - v - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 - - 11 - - 12 - - 13 - - 14 - α α α α - 15 - α α α α α α

More information

특수교육논총 * ,,,,..,..,, 76.7%.,,,.,,.. * 1. **

특수교육논총 * ,,,,..,..,, 76.7%.,,,.,,.. * 1. ** 특수교육논총 *. 257..,,,,..,..,, 76.7%.,,,.,,.. * 1. ** (eun67@dankook.ac.kr) .,,,,,,,,,, (,, 2014)., (,, 2007)....,,,, (,, 2014).. (2003)...,,, (Baron-Cohen, O Riordan, Stone, Jone, & Plaisted, 1999; Hobson,

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp DOI: * The Grounds and Cons

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp DOI:   * The Grounds and Cons Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp.63-81 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.26.3.201612.63 * The Grounds and Consequences of the Elementary School Teachers' Trust Formation

More information

歯1.PDF

歯1.PDF 200176 .,.,.,. 5... 1/2. /. / 2. . 293.33 (54.32%), 65.54(12.13%), / 53.80(9.96%), 25.60(4.74%), 5.22(0.97%). / 3 S (1997)14.59% (1971) 10%, (1977).5%~11.5%, (1986)

More information

Research subject change trend analysis of Journal of Educational Information and Media Studies : Network text analysis of the last 20 years * The obje

Research subject change trend analysis of Journal of Educational Information and Media Studies : Network text analysis of the last 20 years * The obje Research subject change trend analysis of Journal of Educational Information and Media Studies : Network text analysis of the last 20 years * The objectives of this study are analyzing research trends

More information

,......

,...... The Impact of Personal Traits, Family Characteristics, and Job Satisfaction on the Psychological Well-Being of Middle Aged Men from the Baby Boomer Generation Working in Large Corporations Department of

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp DOI: (NCS) Method of Con

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp DOI:   (NCS) Method of Con Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp.181-212 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.3.201709.181 (NCS) Method of Constructing and Using the Differentiated National Competency

More information

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA 김진주 김수연. 초등학생대상장애이해교육에활용된동화에나타난장애인관분석. 특수교육, 2013, 제12권, 제2호, 135-160... 20.,,. 4.,,.,..... 주제어 : 장애이해교육, 동화, 장애인관 1. ( 1 ) Incheon Munhak Elementary School ( )(, E-mail: sooyoun@ginue.ac.kr) Dept. of

More information

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA e- 비즈니스연구 (The e-business Studies) Volume 17, Number 1, February, 28, 2016:pp. 3~30 ISSN 1229-9936 (Print), ISSN 2466-1716 (Online) 원고접수일심사 ( 수정 ) 게재확정일 2016. 01. 08 2016. 01. 09 2016. 02. 25 ABSTRACT

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp DOI: * The

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp DOI:   * The Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp.243-268 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.1.201703.243 * - 2001 2015 - The Research Trends on Peer Counseling in Elementary and

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp DOI: * Strenghening the Cap

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp DOI:   * Strenghening the Cap Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp.27-43 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.3.201809.27 * Strenghening the Capacity of Cultural Arts Required in Special Education

More information

<C7D1B1B9B1B3C0B0B0B3B9DFBFF85FC7D1B1B9B1B3C0B05F3430B1C733C8A35FC5EBC7D5BABB28C3D6C1BE292DC7A5C1F6C6F7C7D42E687770>

<C7D1B1B9B1B3C0B0B0B3B9DFBFF85FC7D1B1B9B1B3C0B05F3430B1C733C8A35FC5EBC7D5BABB28C3D6C1BE292DC7A5C1F6C6F7C7D42E687770> 기혼 여성이 사이버대학에서 상담을 전공하면서 겪는 경험 방기연 (고려사이버대학교 상담심리학과 부교수) * 요 약 본 연구는 기혼 여성의 사이버대학 상담전공 학과 입학에서 졸업까지의 경험을 이해하는 것을 목적으로 한 다. 이를 위해 연구참여자 10명을 대상으로 심층면접을 하고, 합의적 질적 분석 방법으로 분석하였다. 입학 전 에 연구참여자들은 고등교육의 기회를

More information

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 6, December, 30, 2016:21~34 Received: 2016/12/04, Accepted: 2016/12/27 Revised: 2016/12/19, Published: 2016/12/30 [ABSTRACT] With the development of the Internet,

More information

27 2, 1-16, * **,,,,. KS,,,., PC,.,,.,,. :,,, : 2009/08/12 : 2009/09/03 : 2009/09/30 * ** ( :

27 2, 1-16, * **,,,,. KS,,,., PC,.,,.,,. :,,, : 2009/08/12 : 2009/09/03 : 2009/09/30 * ** ( : 27 2, 1-16, 2009. * **,,,,. KS,,,., PC,.,,.,,. :,,, : 2009/08/12 : 2009/09/03 : 2009/09/30 * ** (: jjhkim@cau.ac.kr) 2 한국교육문제연구제 27 권 2 호, 2009 Ⅰ.,. 2008 3,536, 10 99.9% (, 2008). PC,, (, 2007). (, 2008),.,

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp DOI: An Exploratory Stud

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp DOI:   An Exploratory Stud Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp.423-441 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.29.1.201903.423 An Exploratory Study on the Improvement of Democratic Consultative Culture

More information

3.hwp

3.hwp It Takes Two to Talk 부모교육프로그램이언어발달지체아동의의사소통과부모의행동에미치는효과 김정미 이수향 ( 나사렛대학교언어치료학과 ) 김정미 이수향. It Takes Two to Talk 부모교육프로그램이언어발달지체아동의의사소통과부모의행동에미치는효과. 언어청각장애연구, 2007, 제 12 권, 제 4 호, 607-624. 배경및목적 : 영유아언어발달에있어서부모의역할은매우크다.

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp DOI: * A Study on the Pe

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp DOI:   * A Study on the Pe Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp.405-425 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.1.201803.405 * A Study on the Perceptions and Factors of Immigrant Background Youth

More information

<28C3D6C1BE295FBEF0BEEEC3BBB0A22031372D325F5F32B4DC2E687770>

<28C3D6C1BE295FBEF0BEEEC3BBB0A22031372D325F5F32B4DC2E687770> 학령 전 다문화가정 아동과 일반가정 아동의 격조사와 보조사 산출 최미현 a 정미란 b, 황민아 c a 단국대학교 특수교육대학원, b 영동대학교 언어치료학과, c 단국대학교 특수교육과 교신저자 정미란 영동대학교 언어치료학과 교수 충북 영동군 영동읍 설계리 대학로 310번지 e-mail: jmr370@yd.ac.kr tel.: 043-740-1631 배경 및 목적:

More information

Àå¾Ö¿Í°í¿ë ³»Áö

Àå¾Ö¿Í°í¿ë ³»Áö Disability & Employment 55 Disability & Employment 56 57 Disability & Employment 58 59 Disability & Employment 60 61 Disability & Employment 62 63 Disability & Employment 64 65 Disability & Employment

More information

<35BFCFBCBA2E687770>

<35BFCFBCBA2E687770> 주요개념 : 컴퓨터음란물 접촉자, 성지식, 성태도 남자중학생의 컴퓨터음란물 접촉자와 비접촉자간의 성지식과 태도의 차이 김 영 혜* 이 화 자** 정 향 미*** 1. 연구의 필요성 한국은 I. 서 론 1960 년대 이후부터 시작된 돌진적 산업화 ( 한 상진, 1996) 로 인하여 경제적 부흥을 이루어 집집마다 TV 수상기를 가질 수 있게 되었고 최근에는 PC보급율

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp DOI: A Study on the Opti

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp DOI:   A Study on the Opti Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp.127-148 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/11024/pnuedi.27.4.201712.127 A Study on the Optimization of Appropriate Hearing-impaired Curriculum Purpose:

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp DOI: : - Qualitative Met

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp DOI:   : - Qualitative Met Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp.369-397 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.2.201806.369 : - Qualitative Meta-Synthesis on Child-Nurturing Experiences of Female

More information

09È«¼®¿µ 5~152s

09È«¼®¿µ5~152s Korean Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol.23, No.2, 2007, pp.45~52 Measurement of Backscattering Coefficients of Rice Canopy Using a Ground Polarimetric Scatterometer System Suk-Young Hong*, Jin-Young Hong**,

More information

Rheu-suppl hwp

Rheu-suppl hwp Objective: This paper reviews the existing Korean medical and public health, and nursing academy articles on disease-specific and domain-specific quality of life, and provides recommendations for the universally

More information

<30345F283439372D353034295F313135375FC0CCB5BFC8F15FB5B5B7CEC5CDB3CEC0C720B0BBB1B8BACE20B0E6B0FCBCB3B0E8B0A120C5CDB3CE20B3BBBACEC1B6B8ED2E687770>

<30345F283439372D353034295F313135375FC0CCB5BFC8F15FB5B5B7CEC5CDB3CEC0C720B0BBB1B8BACE20B0E6B0FCBCB3B0E8B0A120C5CDB3CE20B3BBBACEC1B6B8ED2E687770> J of Korean Tunn Undergr Sp Assoc 15(5)497-504(2013) eissn: 2287-4747 http://dx.doi.org/10.9711/ktaj.2013.15.5.497 pissn: 2233-8292 도로터널의 갱구부 경관설계가 터널 내부조명에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구 이미애 1 ㆍ이동희 2 * 1 아이라이트 대표이사 2

More information

278 경찰학연구제 12 권제 3 호 ( 통권제 31 호 )

278 경찰학연구제 12 권제 3 호 ( 통권제 31 호 ) 여성경찰관의직업윤리의식결정요인분석 * An Analysis of Determinantal Factors Influencing Professional Ethical Standards of South Korean Police Women 신문희 ** 이영민 *** Ⅰ. 서론 Ⅱ. 이론적배경 Ⅲ. 연구방법 Ⅳ. 연구결과 Ⅴ. 결론 Ⅰ. 서론 278 경찰학연구제 12

More information

Lumbar spine

Lumbar spine Lumbar spine CT 32 111 DOI : 10.3831/KPI.2010.13.2.111 Lumbar Spine CT 32 Received : 10. 05. 23 Revised : 10. 06. 04 Accepted : 10. 06. 11 Key Words: Disc herniation, CT scan, Clinical analysis The Clinical

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp DOI: The Effect of Caree

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp DOI:   The Effect of Caree Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp.325-349 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.3.201809.325 The Effect of Career Preparation Behavior Before and After Major Transitions

More information

(JBE Vol. 21, No. 1, January 2016) (Regular Paper) 21 1, (JBE Vol. 21, No. 1, January 2016) ISSN 228

(JBE Vol. 21, No. 1, January 2016) (Regular Paper) 21 1, (JBE Vol. 21, No. 1, January 2016)   ISSN 228 (JBE Vol. 1, No. 1, January 016) (Regular Paper) 1 1, 016 1 (JBE Vol. 1, No. 1, January 016) http://dx.doi.org/10.5909/jbe.016.1.1.60 ISSN 87-9137 (Online) ISSN 16-7953 (Print) a), a) An Efficient Method

More information

#Ȳ¿ë¼®

#Ȳ¿ë¼® http://www.kbc.go.kr/ A B yk u δ = 2u k 1 = yk u = 0. 659 2nu k = 1 k k 1 n yk k Abstract Web Repertoire and Concentration Rate : Analysing Web Traffic Data Yong - Suk Hwang (Research

More information

04-다시_고속철도61~80p

04-다시_고속철도61~80p Approach for Value Improvement to Increase High-speed Railway Speed An effective way to develop a highly competitive system is to create a new market place that can create new values. Creating tools and

More information

<30312DC1A4BAB8C5EBBDC5C7E0C1A4B9D7C1A4C3A528B1E8C1BEB9E8292E687770>

<30312DC1A4BAB8C5EBBDC5C7E0C1A4B9D7C1A4C3A528B1E8C1BEB9E8292E687770> Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering 한국정보통신학회논문지(J. Korea Inst. Inf. Commun. Eng.) Vol. 18, No. 11 : 2593~2599 Nov. 2014 오픈소스 모바일 UI컴포넌트 선정 절차 프레임워크 손효정 1 이민규 2 성백민

More information

230 한국교육학연구 제20권 제3호 I. 서 론 청소년의 언어가 거칠어지고 있다. 개ㅅㄲ, ㅆㅂ놈(년), 미친ㅆㄲ, 닥쳐, 엠창, 뒤져 등과 같은 말은 주위에서 쉽게 들을 수 있다. 말과 글이 점차 된소리나 거센소리로 바뀌고, 외 국어 남용과 사이버 문화의 익명성 등

230 한국교육학연구 제20권 제3호 I. 서 론 청소년의 언어가 거칠어지고 있다. 개ㅅㄲ, ㅆㅂ놈(년), 미친ㅆㄲ, 닥쳐, 엠창, 뒤져 등과 같은 말은 주위에서 쉽게 들을 수 있다. 말과 글이 점차 된소리나 거센소리로 바뀌고, 외 국어 남용과 사이버 문화의 익명성 등 청소년의 개인, 가정, 학교변인에 따른 비교육적 언어 사용의 차이 229 한국교육학연구 제20권 제3호 The Korea Educational Review 2014. 10. Vol.20. No.3. pp.229-251. 1) 청소년의 개인, 가정, 학교변인에 따른 비교육적 언어 사용의 차이* 강기수 조규판(동아대학교) [요 약] 본 연구의 목적은 청소년의 개인변인인

More information

도비라

도비라 광고학연구 : 제24권 5호(2013년) The Korean Journal of Advertising, Vol.24, No.5 (2013). pp.99 116 대학생 광고공모전이 광고업계 취업에 미치는 영향: 대학생과 실무자의 인식 비교를 중심으로 차 유 철 우석대학교 광고이벤트학과 교수, 언론학박사 이 희 복 상지대학교 언론광고학부 교수, 언론학박사* 신

More information

., (, 2000;, 1993;,,, 1994), () 65, 4 51, (,, ). 33, 4 30, 23 3 (, ) () () 25, (),,,, (,,, 2015b). 1 5,

., (, 2000;, 1993;,,, 1994), () 65, 4 51, (,, ). 33, 4 30, 23 3 (, ) () () 25, (),,,, (,,, 2015b). 1 5, * 4.,, 3,,, 3,, -., 3, 12, 27, 20. 9,,,,,,,,. 6,,,,,. 5,,,,.. * (2016),. (Corresponding Author): / / 303 Tel: 063-225-4496 / E-mail: jnj1015@jj.ac.kr ., (, 2000;, 1993;,,, 1994), 2000. 2015 () 65, 4 51,

More information

<30382E20B1C7BCF8C0E720C6EDC1FD5FC3D6C1BEBABB2E687770>

<30382E20B1C7BCF8C0E720C6EDC1FD5FC3D6C1BEBABB2E687770> 정보시스템연구 제23권 제1호 한국정보시스템학회 2014년 3월, pp. 161~184 http://dx.doi.org/10.5859/kais.2014.23.1.161 베이비붐세대의 디지털라이프 지수* 1) 권순재**, 김미령*** Ⅰ. 서론 Ⅱ. 기존문헌 연구 2.1 베이비붐세대의 현황과 특성 2.2 베이비붐의 세대이 정보화 연구 Ⅲ. 연구내용 및 방법 Ⅳ.

More information

歯6권2호.PDF

歯6권2호.PDF : * ** (*, **. :., 2 00 1, 6, 2, 4 4 7-4 62. -,, -. 4-7 51. 4.,.,.,..,,,..., (Shantz, 1987.,, (Cummings, 1994; Furman & McQuiad, 1992..,..,, 447 ,,, (Cicirelli, 1995.., (Rinaldi & Howe, 1998; Siddiqui

More information

<31335FB1C7B0E6C7CABFDC2E687770>

<31335FB1C7B0E6C7CABFDC2E687770> 에너지기후변화교육 4(2):203~211(2014) 203 초등학교 교과서 에너지 단원의 탐구활동과 시각자료 기능 분석 사례 연구 신명경 권경필 * 경인교육대학교 Abstract : This study aimed to analyze energy related inquiry activity and visual materials in elementary textbook.

More information

Kor. J. Aesthet. Cosmetol., 라이프스타일은 개인 생활에 있어 심리적 문화적 사회적 모든 측면의 생활방식과 차이 전체를 말한다. 이러한 라이프스 타일은 사람의 내재된 가치관이나 욕구, 행동 변화를 파악하여 소비행동과 심리를 추측할 수 있고, 개인의

Kor. J. Aesthet. Cosmetol., 라이프스타일은 개인 생활에 있어 심리적 문화적 사회적 모든 측면의 생활방식과 차이 전체를 말한다. 이러한 라이프스 타일은 사람의 내재된 가치관이나 욕구, 행동 변화를 파악하여 소비행동과 심리를 추측할 수 있고, 개인의 RESEARCH ARTICLE Kor. J. Aesthet. Cosmetol., 한국 중년 여성의 라이프스타일이 메이크업 추구이미지와 화장품 구매행동에 미치는 영향 주영주 1 *, 이순희 2 1 서경대학교대학원미용예술학과, 2 신성대학교 미용예술계열 The Effects of The Life Style for Korean Middle Aged Women on

More information

<32382DC3BBB0A2C0E5BED6C0DA2E687770>

<32382DC3BBB0A2C0E5BED6C0DA2E687770> 논문접수일 : 2014.12.20 심사일 : 2015.01.06 게재확정일 : 2015.01.27 청각 장애자들을 위한 보급형 휴대폰 액세서리 디자인 프로토타입 개발 Development Prototype of Low-end Mobile Phone Accessory Design for Hearing-impaired Person 주저자 : 윤수인 서경대학교 예술대학

More information

THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE Nov.; 26(11),

THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE Nov.; 26(11), THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. 2015 Nov.; 26(11), 985991. http://dx.doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2015.26.11.985 ISSN 1226-3133 (Print)ISSN 2288-226X (Online) Analysis

More information

232 도시행정학보 제25집 제4호 I. 서 론 1. 연구의 배경 및 목적 사회가 다원화될수록 다양성과 복합성의 요소는 증가하게 된다. 도시의 발달은 사회의 다원 화와 밀접하게 관련되어 있기 때문에 현대화된 도시는 경제, 사회, 정치 등이 복합적으로 연 계되어 있어 특

232 도시행정학보 제25집 제4호 I. 서 론 1. 연구의 배경 및 목적 사회가 다원화될수록 다양성과 복합성의 요소는 증가하게 된다. 도시의 발달은 사회의 다원 화와 밀접하게 관련되어 있기 때문에 현대화된 도시는 경제, 사회, 정치 등이 복합적으로 연 계되어 있어 특 한국도시행정학회 도시행정학보 제25집 제4호 2012. 12 : pp.231~251 생활지향형 요소의 근린주거공간 분포특성 연구: 경기도 시 군을 중심으로* Spatial Distribution of Daily Life-Oriented Features in the Neighborhood: Focused on Municipalities of Gyeonggi Province

More information

,,,,,,, ,, 2 3,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (2001) 2

,,,,,,, ,, 2 3,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (2001) 2 2004- - : 2004 5 11 :?,,,,,? Sen (human capability) 1?,, I 1 2 1 Sen A Why health equity? Health Econ 2002:11;659-666 2 1991 p 17 1 ,,,,,,, 20 1 2,, 2 3,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3 3 1 (2001) 2 1),, 2), 2),, 3),,,

More information

원고스타일 정의

원고스타일 정의 논문접수일 : 2014.12.19 심사일 : 2015.01.07 게재확정일 : 2015.01.27 기부 캠페인용 웹페이지의 시각적 프레이밍이 내적 기부동기에 미치는 영향 Effects of Visual Framing of a Donation Campaign Webpage on the Internal Motivation for Giving 주저자 : 김은지 이화여자대학교

More information