Soyeong Pae, et al. Validity & Reliability of Korean SNAPSHOT Wallace et al., 2015). 언어발달고위험군에대한지속적모니터링은발달적접근에서매우중요하다. 특히미숙아, 청각장애등기질적어려움을동반한경우, 언어장애와
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1 ISSN (Print) ISSN (Online) Commun Sci Disord 2015;20(3): Original Article The Validity and Reliability of the Korean Version of the Developmental Snapshot Soyeong Pae a, Hyojin Yoon b, Ahyoung Seol c, Jill Gilkerson d a Division of Speech Language Pathology and Audiology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea b Department of Speech-Language Pathology, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea c Department of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, Graduate School of Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea d LENA Research Foundation, Boulder, CO, USA Correspondence: Hyojin Yoon, PhD Department of Speech-Language Pathology, Chosun University, 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61452, Korea Tel: Fax: hyoon@chosun.ac.kr Received: July 5, 2015 Revised: August 4, 2015 Accepted: August 8, 2015 This study was funded by the LENA Research Foundation (USA), a non-profit 501(c)3 public charity. Objectives: It is important to identify young children with language delay or children who are at risk of language delay. This study explores the validity and reliability of the Korean version of Developmental Snapshot (K-SNAP) which can be used effectively as a screening and monitoring tool of early language development. Methods: The 52-item questionnaire of the developmental snapshot was adapted into Korean by substituting 10 items. To establish the developmental validity of the K-SNAP, developmental differences in 3-month age intervals were measured in 1,515 children age 4 months to 36 months. To identify the concurrent validity of the K-SNAP, the Pearson product-moment correlation was used with the Korean version of MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories (K M-B CDI), Korean Bayley Scales of Infant Development-II (Korean Bayley II), and spontaneous speech data. The internal consistency of items and test-retest reliability were calculated. Results: Developmental differences in every 3-month interval on the K-SNAP were clearly evident. There were significant correlations between K-SNAP scores and K M-B CDI scores. Korean Bayley II and spontaneous utterance data were significantly correlated with the K- SNAP score. Items showed high internal consistency and test-retest results were highly correlated. Conclusion: K-SNAP can be used as a valid and reliable tool to screen and monitor early language and communication development in conjunction with the Korean Developmental Screening Test for Infants and Children (K-DST) and K M-B CDI. Further studies are needed to detail the sensitivity and specificity of K-SNAP. Keywords: Early language and communication, Screening, Korean Snapshot, Validity, Reliability 영유아시기아동은여러가지면에서발달한다. 특히언어발달의과정은신기하고놀라운과정이다. 아이가태어나첫낱말을하게되고, 낱말과낱말을붙여서말하고여러가지서술어를붙여서말하고, 다른사람과언어로생각을주고받게된다. 대다수의아동들의언어발달이순조롭게이루어지는반면일부아동들은언어발달이지연된다. 자녀의언어발달지연은주양육자에게는매우부담이되고때로양육스트레스를증가시킬수있다 (Choi, Woo, Jung, Park, & Yi, 2009). 영유아시기언어발달선별 (screening) 은언어발달지연및장애아동을조기에발견하고필요한경우조기개입의근거가되므로 중요하다 (Paul & Norbury, 2012). 영유아시기언어치료의필요성에대해서논쟁이되어왔으나, 최근들어언어발달지연이이후학령기학습에상관이있음을이유로예방적차원에서언어발달의촉진 (facilitation) 이강조되고있다 (Rescorla, 2009, 2011). 영유아시기의표준화된발달선별검사는발달지연을좀더일찍확인할수있도록해주는장점이있다 (Guevara et al., 2013; Radecki, Sand- Loud, O Connor, Sharp, & Olson, 2011). 타당하고신뢰롭게사용할수있는선별검사들을통해언어장애아동을확인할수있으나, 어떤선별도구를사용하고어떻게개입을해야할지에대해서는신중한접근이필요하다 (Nelson, Nygren, Walker, & Panoscha, 2006; Copyright 2015 Korean Academy of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited
2 Soyeong Pae, et al. Validity & Reliability of Korean SNAPSHOT Wallace et al., 2015). 언어발달고위험군에대한지속적모니터링은발달적접근에서매우중요하다. 특히미숙아, 청각장애등기질적어려움을동반한경우, 언어장애와관련된가족력이있는경우, 사회적의사소통에서의어려움이큰경우언어발달지연고위험군이다 (Foster-Cohen, Edgin, Champion, & Woodward, 2007; Paul & Norbury, 2012). 저소득및다문화가정아동의경우에도언어자극이충분히제공되지못하는경우에는지속적인개입과모니터링이필요하다. 우리나라에서는 2007년이후영유아건강검진사업을통해국가적으로아동의발달을살피고있다 (Eun et al., 2007). 생후 4개월부터 71개월까지 7회의발달선별검사를무료로받을수있다. 아동의발달을대근육, 소근육, 인지, 언어, 사회성, 자조각영역에서월령에적절한 8항목으로선별한다. 2015년이후전면사용되고있는한국영유아발달선별검사 (Korean Developmental Screening Test for Infants and Children, K-DST; Eun & Chung, 2014) 의언어영역은한국어발달특성을고려한항목들이포함되었고, 이를통해검사의타당성이증진되었다. K-DST는 Korean Bayley Scales of Infant Development-II (Korean Bayley II; Jo & Park, 2006) 검사와인지발달지수와는.68, 동작발달지수와는.61의상관을보였고, 문항의내적일치도면에서 Cronbach α가 으로영유아선별검사로타당도와신뢰도를갖추었다. K-DST는발달장애진단민감도가.88로나타나, K-ASQ 의낮은민감도 (sensitivity) (Kim et al., 2004; Pae, Yoon, Gilkerson, Lee, & Sung, 2015) 를극복한것으로보인다. 영유아발달선별검사 (K-DST) 결과는 +1 표준편차이상인경우빠른수준으로, +1 표준편차와 -1 표준편차사이인경우또래수준으로분류한다. 한편 -1 표준편차이하부터 -2 표준편차사이인경우추적평가요망으로, -2 표준편차보다낮은경우심화평가권고로분류한다. 언어치료분야에서는최근영유아에대한서비스가매우늘어나고있다. 특히영유아검진사업을통해추적또는심화평가를권고받은가족이걱정과스트레스와함께언어치료사를찾기도한다. 이런경우에언어치료사는직 간접평가를통해아동의언어발달을심층평가한다. 그런데언어치료사들은시간과효율성면에서상대적으로간편한검사를통해다른전문가들과협력하면서아동의추적관찰및심화평가를좀더빠르고지속적으로모니터링할필요가있다. 추적및심화평가를권고받은경우언어치료사는부모보고양식인 Sequenced Language Scale for Infants (SELSI; Kim, Kim, Yoon, & Kim, 2003) 또는 Korean version of MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories (K M-B CDI; Pae & Kwak, 2011) 를사용하여언어발달수준을측정하거나, 구체적으로아동의의사 소통및발달특성을평가하기위해부모-아동상호작용을평가하기도한다. Kim 등 (2014) 은 K M-B CDI 축약판이언어지연을짧은시간에민감하게가려내효율적이고타당하게언어지연을살펴볼수있다고하였다. 그러나 K M-B CDI는표현어휘나이해어휘등어휘면에무게가두어진검사로전반적언어및의사소통을짧은시간에타당하게보기에는제한점이있다. 또한현재사용할수있는다른언어검사들은심층적으로언어를평가하다보니상대적으로평가시간이길게소요되는경향이있다. 그뿐만아니라아동이아동에게직접평가를실시하는경우는모니터링을하기위해반복적으로사용하기에는비효율적일수있다. LENA Developmental Snapshot (LDS) 은간편하게언어발달을살펴볼수있는도구로 52문항의부모설문을통해영유아시기언어및의사소통발달을짧은시간에측정한다 (Gilkerson & Richards, 2008). 회고형설문으로 2-36개월유아에게사용할수있으며연속해서 5항목에서실패로나오는경우측정을중단한다. 3세이전시기여러번의측정을통해아동의발달을지속적으로모니터링할때사용할수있다. 이도구는다른표준화언어검사도구들 (Preschool Language Scales-4, MacArthur-Bates Communication Development Inventories) 과.81에서.96의상관을보여공인타당도가있는것으로보이며약 70명이참여한검사-재검사에서.97의상관을보여부모보고가신뢰로운것으로보고되었다 (Gilkerson & Richards, 2008). 우리나라의경우영유아건강검진사업을통해체계적이고지속적인언어발달의측정과개입가능성이높아졌다. K-DST 결과추적평가및심화평가로확인되면이후언어및의사소통영역에서의심층적인평가가필요하다. 일차적으로는아동의언어지연및장애유무를파악하기위해빠르고간편한언어발달평가가필요하다. Korean version of Developmental Snapshot (K-SNAP) 은 LDS를한국의언어및문화를고려하여적절하게번안및수정하여제작하였다. K-SNAP은 4-36개월아동의전반적인언어영역을평가하는문항을포함하고있으며, 빠르고간편하게부모보고형으로실시할수있다. 또한지속적으로아동의언어능력을모니터링하는데사용할수있는장점이있다. K-DST가해당월령에서의언어발달항목을통해아동의언어지연유무를대략적으로파악하는데반해 K-SNAP은아동의해당월령이전과이후에해당하는문항까지포함되어있어 K-DST보다는아동의전반적인언어능력을파악하는데용이할수있다. 본연구는 4-36개월영유아시기아동의언어및의사소통발달을 52항목으로살펴보는 LDS검사를한국의언어및문화를고려하여적절하게번안및수정한후, K-SNAP이영유아시기아동의 356
3 한국어판영유아언어및의사소통선별검사 (Korean Snapshot: K-SNAP) 의타당도및신뢰도 배소영외 언어및의사소통능력을평가하는데타당도와신뢰도를갖추었는지살펴보고자하였다. 연구방법참여자및연구도구본연구의대상자는 4-36개월의아동총 1,515명이참여하였다. 아동인구비율에맞추어서울, 경기, 경상, 전라, 충청, 강원지역에서대상자를모집하였다. 모든아동은영유아언어및의사소통선별검사 (K-SNAP) 와 K M-B CDI를사용하여언어검사를받았다. 두언어검사모두주양육자가아동의언어능력을보고하는형식으로이루어졌다. K-SNAP 검사지에응답하는시간은약 5-10분정도소요되었다. K-SNAP은총 52항목의설문으로예, 아니요중하나로응답하도록하였다. 아동이과거에수행하였거나현재보이고있는언어및의사소통행동은 예 로응답을하고, 아동이아직나타내지않는행동은 아니요 로응답하도록하였다. 각문항에서의 예 응답은 1점으로처리하였으며 아니요 는 0점으로처리하였다. 모두 예 로응답된경우총점은 52점이다. 언어병리학을전공한교수 2인이 LDS의 52개문항을한국의언어및문화에적절하게번역하였다. 번역한문항은 1급언어치료사 3인에의해한국어언어발달특성을고려하여적절하게번역되었는지검증되었다. LDS의 52문항중 7문항은문법과관련된문항으로한국어의형태및구문발달에적절하게대체하였다. 또한 3문항은문항의일부를우리말의특성에맞게수정하였다. 대체문항은복수를뜻하는 s 관사 a, an, the 가포함된문항으로 Does your child use the words a, an, and the? 와같은문항이다. 위와같은문항은 아이가연결어미를세가지이상다양하게사용하나요? 등으로대체하였다. 수정문항의예는 Does your child spontaneously produce sentences that are 10 or more words in length? 를 아이가 7단어이상을연결하고조사나어미도적절하게사용하나요? 등이다. K-SNAP은이해와표현, 그리고발성및조음음운, 의미, 문법, 화용, 관련영역의다양한영역에서항목이선정되었다. K-SNAP은발성및조음음운발달과관련된문항은 5개, 의미영역과관련된문항 26, 문법영역 8문항, 화용영역 12문항, 관련영역 1개문항으로총 52개의문항이다. 또한이해와관련된문항은 13문항, 표현과관련된문항은 39문항이다. 예를들어조음음운영역문항은 아이가두개이상의모음소리를내나요? ( 예 : / 아 /, / 우 /), 의미영역문항으로는 아이가방에있는친숙한사물의이름들을말하나 요? 와 아이에게사물이름을들려주면해당사물을가리키나요?, 문법영역문항으로는 아이가네단어를조합해서말하나요? ( 예 : 이거하고또줘. 또는 엄마먹고또자. ) 아이가 7단어이상을연결하고조사나어미도적절하게사용하나요? ( 예 : 아이가배가고파서여기이렇게우는거야., 나거기분수에서놀았는데엄청또차가왔어. ), 화용영역문항으로는 아이가처음본그림책내용을다른친구에게기승전결을갖추어잘전달할수있나요? 가그예이다. 검사실시는직접주양육자와의면담을통해실시하는것을원칙으로하였다. 직접면담을통한검사는 1급언어치료사자격증을소지한 6인이실시하였다. 부득이하게약 10% 의아동은우편으로검사지와실시방법을보낸후반송받는방식으로실시하였다. 우편으로검사를실시하는경우에는검사지가신뢰롭게기록되어있지않다고판단되었을때검사자가주양육자와의전화통화를통해다시한번확인하였다. 검사의타당도및신뢰도분석타당도분석검사에대한타당도는 K-SNAP의원점수를통해월령집단간의발달을알아보기위해발달적타당도를측정하였다. 공인타당도를측정하기위해 K M-B CDI 축약판 (Pae & Kwak, 2011) 과 Korean Bayley II (Jo & Park, 2006), 아동의발화분석을실시하였다 개월아동은 K-SNAP 원점수와 K M-B CDI 축약판의이해어휘수와제스처및놀이로상관분석을실시하였고, 18-36개월의아동은 K-SNAP 원점수와 K M-B CDI 축약판의표현어휘수, 문법점수로상관분석을실시하였다. 평가에참여한아동중 18-36개월의아동 41명을대상으로 Korean Bayley II의인지와동작점수와의상관분석을실시하였다. 낱말을사용하는 18-36개월아동 22명을대상으로발화를수집하여 K-SNAP과의상관을살펴보았다. 발화는 10 분동안책읽기상황과놀이상황에서엄마와의상호작용에서나타난아동의발화를수집하여분석하였다. 아동의발화에서측정한서로다른낱말수 (NDW), 총사용낱말수 (NTW), 평균낱말길이 (MLUw), 평균형태소길이 (MLUm) 와 K-SNAP 원점수와의상관분석을실시하였다. 신뢰도분석신뢰도는전체문항의일관성정도를확인하기위한내적일관성신뢰도인 Cronbach α와검사시행의일관성을측정하기위해 119 명의주양육자를대상으로검사-재검사신뢰도를측정하였다. 재검사기간은첫검사후 2-3주이내에실시하였다
4 Soyeong Pae, et al. Validity & Reliability of Korean SNAPSHOT 연구결과타당도발달적타당도 K-SNAP의월령간의발달을알아보기위해 3개월간격 11개월령집단으로일원변량분석과 Tukey 사후검정을실시하였다. 실시한결과는 Table 1, Figure 1과같이월령집단이높아짐에따라 K- SNAP의점수가증가하며, 월령집단에따라유의한차이가나타났다. 사후분석결과, 25-27개월과 28-30개월집단, 개월과 개월집단을제외한모든월령집단간에유의한차이를보였다. 공인타당도 K-SNAP과 K M-B CDI와의상관분석 K-SNAP 과 K M-B CDI의공인타당도를검증하기위해상관분석을실시하였다. 8-17개월의아동은 K-SNAP 과 K M-B CDI의축약판의이해어휘수는 r =.684, 제스처및놀이는 r =.673으로모두 p<.001 수준에서유의한상관을보였고 (Table 2), 개월의아동은 K-SNAP 과 K M-B CDI 축약판의표현어휘수와 r =.875, 문법은 r =.726으로 p<.001 수준에서높은수준의상관을보였다 (Table 3). K-SNAP 과 Korean Bayley II와의상관분석 K-SNAP과 Korean Bayley II 인지및동작검사를실시한결과, Table 1. K-SNAP raw scores every 3-month interval between children 4 to 36 months old K-SNAP raw score 4-6 (N= 112) (2.51) 7-9 (N= 132) (2.97) (N= 207) (3.75) (N= 160) (4.93) K-SNAP= Korean version of Developmental Snapshot. **p < (N= 162) (5.77) Age group (mo) (N= 137) (6.54) (N= 143) (7.85) (N= 117) (8.01) (N= 136) (8.61) (N= 92) (7.24) (N= 117) (6.15) F Tukey post-hoc ** 1<2<3<4<5<6< 7< 8,9< 10,11 Raw score Months Figure 1. Developmental change of Korean version of Developmental Snapshot (K-SNAP) every 3-month interval between children 4 to 36 months old. Table 2. Correlations between K-SNAP and K M-B CDI (N = 545) K-SNAP raw score K M-B CDI (receptive vocabulary).684*** K M-B CDI (gesture & play).673*** K-SNAP= Korean version of Developmental Snapshot; K M-B CDI= Korean MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories. ***p <.001. Table 3. Correlations between K-SNAP and K M-B CDI (N = 782) K-SNAP raw score K M-B CDI (expressive vocabulary).875*** K M-B CDI (grammar).726*** K-SNAP= Korean version of Developmental Snapshot; K M-B CDI= Korean MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories. ***p <
5 한국어판영유아언어및의사소통선별검사 (Korean Snapshot: K-SNAP) 의타당도및신뢰도 배소영외 인지는 r =.885, 동작은 r =.788 로모두 p<.001 수준에서높은상 관을보였다 (Table 4). 신뢰도는.942 로 p<.001 유의수준에서매우높은수준의재검사 신뢰도를보였다. K-SNAP 과아동발화와의상관분석 10 분동안엄마와의상호작용에서나타난아동의발화를통해 서로다른낱말수 (NDW), 총사용낱말수 (NTW), 평균낱말길이 (MLUw), 평균형태소길이 (MLUm) 를분석한후 K-SNAP 과의상 관분석을실시하였다. 그결과 NDW 는 r =.636, NTW 와 r =.592, MLUw 와 r =.649, MLUm 과 r =.623 으로모두 p<.01 유의수준으 로실제아동의언어표현력과도유의미한상관을보였다 (Table 5). 신뢰도 Cronbach α 검사의신뢰도는내적일치도를측정하는 Cronbach α 로측정하 였다. 문항의내적일치도는.972 로매우높은내적일치도를보였고, 월령집단별로도 로높은신뢰도를보였다. 1 세이전시기 가 로나타난반면, 1 세이후시기에는 으로상대 적으로높은신뢰도를보였다 (Table 6). 검사 - 재검사신뢰도 검사의일관성을알아보기위해재검사를실시한결과, 재검사 Table 4. Correlations between K-SNAP and Korean Bayley II (N= 41) K-SNAP raw score Korean Bayley II (mental raw score).885*** Korean Bayley II (psychomotor raw score).788*** K-SNAP = Korean version of Developmental Snapshot; Korean Bayley II = Korean Bayley Scales of Infant Development-II. ***p <.001. Table 5. Correlations between K-SNAP and spontaneous utterance (N= 22) K-SNAP raw score Number of different words (NDW).636** Number of total words (NTW).592** Mean length of utterance in words (MLUw).649** Mean length of utterance in morphemes (MLUm).623** K-SNAP= Korean version of Developmental Snapshot. **p <.01. 논의및결론 K-SNAP은 52항목으로구성된회고형설문지이며, 부모보고형검사로짧은시간안에 37개월이전시기영유아의언어및의사소통발달을간편하게살펴보는도구이다. 본연구에서는 K-SNAP이한국의영유아시기아동의언어발달을평가하는데타당하고신뢰로운지를살펴보았다. 4-36개월시기아동 1,515명을대상으로자료를수집한후, 3개월월령 11개집단에대한발달적차이를검증하였다. 만 4개월에서 24개월까지아동의경우 3개월집단별차이가모두유의미하게나타나발달적타당성을갖추었고, 만 25개월이후아동의경우 2세전반부와 2세후반부의두발달적집단이형성되었다. 발달적집단으로보았을때 K-SNAP은한국영유아의언어발달을모니터링하는데반복적으로사용할수있을것으로보인다. K-SNAP은우리나라에서영유아시기선별의목적으로많이사용하는어휘검사 K M-B CDI와이해어휘와표현어휘각각에서.684,.875의높은상관을보였다. 그뿐만아니라제스처와놀이, 문법과도각각.673,.726의상관을보여공인타당성을갖춘것으로보인다. 어휘검사는영유아시기언어발달지연아동을선별하기위해많이사용하고있다 (Heilmann, Weismer, Evans, & Hollar, 2005; Mossabeb, Wade, Finnegan, Sivieri, & Abbasi, 2012; Rescorla, Ratner, Jusczyk, & Jusczyk, 2005). LDS도 CDIs와 의상관을보이는것으로나타나한국판과미국판모두에서높은공인타당성을갖춘것으로나타났다. 또한영유아시기언어발달은인지및운동등다른발달과관련이있어언어발달지연아동을살피기위해전반적발달을측정하는검사와의공인타당성확보가필요하다. 영유아검사개발시공인타당성확보를위해많이사용하는 Bayley II와 K-SNAP과의상관을살핀결과, Korean Bayley II의인지와 r =.885, 동작과 r =.788로높은상관을보여발달검사와의공인타당성이있는것으로나타났다. K-DST의경우 Korean Bayley II의인지와 r =.68, 동작과 r =.61 의상관을보여타당성을제시한바 (Eun & Chung, 2014), K-SNAP 도 K-DST 후속추적평가로타당하게사용할수있을것으로보인 Table 6. Internal consistency by 3-month age group: Cronbach α Age group (mo) Total Cronbach α
6 Soyeong Pae, et al. Validity & Reliability of Korean SNAPSHOT 다. K-SNAP점수는아동의실제발화를통해분석한서로다른낱말수와평균발화길이와도.592에서.649의유의미한상관을보여아동의실제언어능력을어느정도타당하게반영하고있는것으로보인다. K-SNAP은 119명을대상으로한검사-재검사에서.942의매우높은상관을보여주양육자가신뢰롭게보고할수있는것으로보인다. 문항의내적일치도는전체집단의경우.970으로높게나타났다. 또한만 1세이후 3개월로본월령집단의경우문항의내적일치도가 으로나타났다. 특히언어발달이본격적으로이루어지는만 1세및 2세아동들에게신뢰롭게사용할수있을것으로기대한다. 영유아의경우검사에서대개 -1 표준편차개념을활용하여언어발달고위험군을조기에발견하고자한다 (Eun & Chung, 2014; Paul & Norbury, 2012). 영유아건강검진결과추적검사및심화평가요망의검사결과를받은아동은언어전반영역에서의평가를통해아동의언어및의사소통어려움을확인하고지속적으로모니터링하거나언어치료서비스를받을필요가있다. 언어발달고위험군아동의언어발달이적절하게이루어지는지지속적인모니터링을할때간편하고객관성을확보하기위해 K-SNAP을활용할수있을것이다. 영유아시기아동의언어지연및장애유무를확인하는것은매우중요하다. 특히, 선행연구를통해영유아시기의언어장애는이후언어발달뿐아니라읽기, 학업, 사회성, 정서등전반적인영역의발달에도부정적으로영향을미치는것으로보고되고있어초기에언어장애유무를확인하고직접적인조기중재를하는것의필요성이대두되고있다 (Conti-Ramsden, Botting, Simkin, & Knox, 2001; Dockrell & Lindsay, 1998; Fey, Catts, & Larivee, 1995). 특히, 조기언어장애확인과중재는비용-효율적인측면과이후언어발달예후에가장긍정적인효과를보이는것으로보고되었다 (Carscadden et al., 2010) 물론 K-SNAP만으로언어장애유무를확진하는것은위험할수있다. 하나의검사도구혹은한영역만을살피는검사도구로평가를하는것은위험하다. 특히, 영유아시기에언어장애를정확하게확인하는것은어려움이있기때문에부모보고, 아동에대한직접평가, 아동의의사소통의도나제스처, 발성을살펴보기위한행동관찰등다양한검사가필요하다 (Klee, Pearce, & Carson, 2000). K- SNAP 검사는주양육자가보고하는형식으로보고가과대평가되거나과소평가될수있으므로주의가필요한데다양한직접평가및관찰을통해검사신뢰도의위험을보완할수있다. Dollaghan (2007) 은여러검사를함께사용하여언어평가를실시하였을때민 감도 (sensitivity) 가증진된다고보고하였다. 영유아기언어지연및장애를보이는아동의조기선별및중재시언어치료사는다른전문가와의협력을필요로한다. K-SNAP은주양육자뿐아니라아동을잘아는교사나발달전문가가작성하여보다객관적인결과를살펴볼수있을것으로기대한다. 보육교사의언어선별에대한높은관심 (Lee & Cho, 2011) 과, 발달기별부모요구조사에서학령전기부모들이교사와의협력을무엇보다요구하고있다는한연구 (Kim & Hwang, 2013) 를참고할때 K-SNAP 은보다객관적협력자료로활용할수있을것으로기대한다. 영유아건강검진이주로소아청소년과에서이루어지고있으며, 주양육자가아동발달과관련하여상담하는전문가가소아청소년과의사이다. K-SNAP은아동의언어발달지연이의심될때 K-DST와함께사용하여좀더구체적으로아동의언어능력을평가하고모니터링하면서아동의언어발달정보를제공하여소아청소년과의사의진단및의견과통합하여사용할수있을것이다. 영유아건강검진사업은조기에언어발달고위험군아동을확인하는데유용할수있다 (Eun & Chung, 2014). 이제는영유아시기언어발달고위험군아동의직접적인언어중재가어느정도필요한지살펴보는후속연구가필요한시점이다. 또한예방적차원에서언어발달을촉진하는부모교육이매우필요할것으로보이는바어떤부모교육을어떻게해야하는지에대한가이드라인도제시되어야할것으로보인다. 영유아시기언어발달고위험군아동을대상으로한연구들은언어발달촉진에서부모참여프로그램의효과가뚜렷한것으로밝히고있다 (Jin, Sung, Lee, & Pae, 2014). 부모의언어적행동과아동과의상호작용면에서촉진자역할을강조하는프로그램에서는소그룹의언어지연아기들부모참여프로그램이부모의스트레스를개선하는데효과가있는것으로나타났다 (Robertson & Weismer, 1999). 언어발달에서만고위험군인아동을대상으로한언어발달촉진효과검증연구가더필요하다 (Wallace et al., 2015). 촉진연구에서언어평가를지속적으로해야할때 K-SNAP 도함께사용할수있을것으로보인다. K-SNAP에대한일차적타당도와신뢰도는확보되었으나아직어느정도민감하고구체적으로언어발달지연아동과일반아동을가려내는지살펴볼필요가있다. 후속연구에서는언어치료사에의해언어발달지연으로판정된아동과언어발달이어려움이없는아동을대상으로하여 K-SNAP 검사에대한민감도 (sensitivity) 와특이도 (specificity) 를살펴보는연구가필요할것이다. 또한영유아시기의언어발달에서는언어영역뿐아니라의사소통의도나놀이, 제스처등의발달이중요한언어발달척도가되기때문에 K-SNAP 이위의영역과상관관계를보이는지도살펴보는것이필요할것이다
7 한국어판영유아언어및의사소통선별검사 (Korean Snapshot: K-SNAP) 의타당도및신뢰도 배소영외 REFERENCES Carscadden, J., Corsiatto, P., Ericson, L., Illchuk, R., Esopenko, C., Sterner, E.,... Oddie, S. D. (2010). A pilot study to evaluate a new early screening instrument for speech and language delays. Canadian Journal of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, 34, Choi, N., Woo, H., Jung, H., Park, H., & Yi, S. (2009). Mothers parenting stress in multi-cultural families. Journal of Korean Home Management Association, 27, Conti-Ramsden, G., Botting, N., Simkin, Z., & Knox, E. (2001). Follow-up of children attending infant language units: outcomes at 11 years of age. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 36, Dockrell, J., & Lindsay, G. (1998). The ways in which speech and language difficulties impact on children s access to the curriculum. Child Language Teaching and Therapy, 14, Dollaghan, C. A. (2007). The handbook for evidence-based practice in communication disorders. Baltimore, MD: Brookes. Eun, B., Kim, S., Kim, Y., Kim, J., Moon, J., Park, S., Chung, H. (2007). Introduction to national health screening program for infant and children. Journal of Korea Child Neurology Society, 15, Eun, B. L., & Chung, H. J. (2014). Korean developmental screening test for infants & children. Cheongju: Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Fey, M. E., Catts, H. W., & Larivee, L. S. (1995). Preparing preschoolers for the academic and social challenges of school. In M. E. Fey, J. Windsor, & S. F. Warren (Eds.), Language intervention: preschool through the elementary years (pp. 3-37). Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing. Foster-Cohen, S., Edgin, J. O., Champion, P. R., & Woodward, L. J. (2007). Early delayed language development in very preterm infants: evidence from the MacArthur-Bates CDI. Journal of Child Language, 34, Gilkerson, J., & Richards, J. A. (2008). The LENA developmental snapshot (LTR- 07-2). Boulder, CO: LENA Foundation. Guevara, J. P., Gerdes, M., Localio, R., Huang, Y. V., Pinto-Martin, J., Minkovitz, C. S.,... Pati, S. (2013). Effectiveness of developmental screening in an urban setting. Pediatrics, 131, Heilmann, J., Weismer, S. E., Evans, J., & Hollar, C. (2005). Utility of the Mac- Arthur-Bates communicative development inventory in identifying language abilities of late-talking and typically developing toddlers. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 14, Jin, Y. S., Sung, I. K., Lee, H. S., & Pae, S. (2014). Parent education program on social communication skills of preterm toddlers. Korean Journal of Early Childhood Special Education, 14, Jo, B., & Park, H. (2006). Korean Bayley Scales of Infant Development-II. Seoul: Mindpress. Kim, J. H., & Hwang, S. H. (2013). Parents practices and demands in speech therapy service delivery by age groups. Journal of Speech-Language & Hearing Disorders, 22, Kim, S. W., Jeon, H. R., Park, E. J., Kim, H. I., Jung, D. W., & Woo, M. R. (2014). The usefulness of M-B CDI-K short form as screening test in children with language developmental delay. Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine, 38, Kim, S. Y., Jung. Y. K., Jung, H. L, Kim, W. T., Shin, I. H., Park, J. H., Kim, J. K. (2004). The relationship between developmental quotient in children with delayed language development and later intellectual quotient. Korean Journal of Pediatrics, 47, Kim, Y. T., Kim, K. H., Yoon, H. R., & Kim, H. S. (2003). Sequenced Language Scale for Infants (SELSI). Seoul: Special Education Publishing. Klee, T., Pearce, K., & Carson, D. (2000). Improving the positive predictive value of screening for developmental language disorder. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 43, Lee, J. K., & Cho, Y. K. (2011). Analysis on the present support conditions based on screening and needs of child care and education teachers for children with language developmental delayed. Journal of Korean Child Care and Education, 7, Mossabeb, R., Wade, K. C., Finnegan, K., Sivieri, E., & Abbasi, S. (2012). Language development survey provides a useful screening tool for language delay in preterm infants. Clinical Pediatrics, 51, Nelson, H. D., Nygren, P., Walker, M., & Panoscha, R. (2006). Screening for speech and language delay in preschool children: systematic evidence review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Pediatrics, 117, e298-e319. Pae, S., & Kwak, K. (2011). Short-form versions of Korean MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories (K M-B CDI). Seoul: Mindpress. Pae, S., Yoon, H., Gilkerson, J., Lee, H. S., & Sung, I. K. (2015). Early language and communication screening: the sensitivity and specificity Korean-Age and Stage Questionnaires. Korean Journal of Early Childhood Special Education, 15, Paul, R., & Norbury, C. (2012). Language disorders from infancy through adolescence (4th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby. Radecki, L., Sand-Loud, N., O Connor, K. G., Sharp, S., & Olson, L. M. (2011). Trends in the use of standardized tools for developmental screening in ear
8 Soyeong Pae, et al. Validity & Reliability of Korean SNAPSHOT ly childhood: Pediatrics, 128, Rescorla, L. (2009). Age 17 language and reading outcomes in late-talking toddlers: support for a dimensional perspective on language delay. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 52, Rescorla, L. (2011). Late talkers: do good predictors of outcome exist? Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 17, Rescorla, L., Ratner, N. B., Jusczyk, P., & Jusczyk, A. M. (2005). Concurrent validity of the language development survey: associations with the MacArthur-Bates communicative development inventories words and sentences. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 14, Robertson, S. B., & Weismer, S. E. (1999). Effects of treatment on linguistic and social skills in toddlers with delayed language development. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 42, Wallace, I. F., Berkman, N. D., Watson, L. R., Coyne-Beasley, T., Wood, C. T., Cullen, K.,... Lohr, K. N. (2015). Screening for speech and language delay in children 5 years old and younger: a systematic review. Pediatrics, 136, e448-e
9 한국어판영유아언어및의사소통선별검사 (Korean Snapshot: K-SNAP) 의타당도및신뢰도 배소영외 국문초록 한국어판영유아언어및의사소통선별검사 (Korean Snapshot: K-SNAP) 의타당도및신뢰도 배소영 1 윤효진 2 설아영 3 Jill Gilkerson 4 1 한림대학교언어청각학부, 2 조선대학교언어치료학과, 3 한림대학교일반대학원언어병리청각학과, 4 LENA Research Foundation, USA 배경및목적 : 영유아시기언어발달고위험군의조기선별과지원이필요하다. 언어발달추적을위해한국의언어및문화를고려하여개발한 Korean SNAP의타당도와신뢰도를살펴보고자한다. 방법 : 52문항의회고형설문 LENA Developmental Snapshot을한국어발달에맞게번안하고수정한후타당도와신뢰도를살펴보았다. 1,515명의자료를토대로발달적타당성과다른언어선별검사와의상관을보았다. 일부아동에게발달검사및발화자료를수집한후상관을살폈다. 신뢰도는문항의내적일치도와검사-재검사신뢰도를통해살펴보았다. 결과 : 11개월령집단중 9개집단이통계적으로유의미하게발달적차이가나는것으로나타났다. K M-B CDI와유의미한상관이있는것으로나타나언어선별도구로써의타당성이있었다. Korean Bayley II의인지및동작검사결과와유의미한상관을보였다. 아동의발화분석결과와도유의미한상관이나타났다. 문항의내적일치도는 Cronbach 알파가.972로매우높은편이다. 119명에대한검사-재검사신뢰도는.942로높게나타났다. 논의및결론 : 한국어판 K-SNAP은어휘중심의 K M-B CDI를보완하고, 8문항으로영유아검진에서사용하는 K-DST 언어영역과연계하여발달을추적관찰하는데사용할수있을것이다. 이검사도구의민감도와특이도에대한후속연구가필요하다. 핵심어 : 영유아언어및의사소통, 선별, Korean Snapshot, 타당도, 신뢰도본연구는미국 LENA 연구재단의연구지원에의해수행되었음. 참고문헌 김소연, 정연경, 정혜리, 김우택, 신임희, 박정한, 김행미, 김진경 (2004). 언어발달지연아의발달지수와후기지능과의관련성. 대한소아과학회지, 47, 김영태, 김경희, 윤혜련, 김화수 (2003). 영유아언어발달검사 (SELSI). 서울 : 도서출판특수교육. 김지현, 황상심 (2013). 자녀연령에따른장애아부모의언어치료실태및요구조사. 언어치료연구, 22, 배소영, 윤효진, Jill Gilkerson, 이현숙, 성인경 (2015). 영유아언어및의사소통선별검사 : K-ASQ의민감도타당도. 유아특수교육연구, 15, 배소영, 곽금주 (2011). 맥아더- 베이츠의사소통발달평가 (K M-B CDI) 축약판. 서울 : 마인드프레스. 은백린, 김성우, 김영기, 김정욱, 문진수, 박수경, 성인경, 신손문, 유선미, 은소희, 이혜경, 임현택, 정희정 (2007). 영유아건강검진사업의이해. 대한소아신경학회지, 15, 은백린, 정희정 (2014). 한국영유아건강검진발달선별검사 (K-DST). 청주 : 질병관리본부. 이진경, 조윤경 (2011). 보육교사의언어발달지연유아선별에따른지원실태와요구분석. 한국보육지원학회, 7, 조복희, 박혜원 (2006). 한국베일리영유아발달검사 -II (K-BSID-II). 서울 : 마인드프레스. 진연선, 성인경, 이현숙, 배소영 (2014). 부모교육프로그램이 3세이하미숙아와양육자의사회적의사소통증진에미치는효과. 유아특수교육연구, 14, 최나야, 우현경, 정현심, 박혜준, 이순형 (2009). 영유아기자녀를둔다문화가정어머니의양육스트레스. 한국가정관리학회지, 27,
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