ISSN (Online) Commun Sci Disord 2018;23(1):1-10 Original Article Relationships between Phonological, Lexi

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "ISSN (Online) Commun Sci Disord 2018;23(1):1-10 Original Article Relationships between Phonological, Lexi"

Transcription

1 ISSN (Online) Commun Sci Disord 2018;23(1):1-10 Original Article Relationships between Phonological, Lexical, and Grammatical Skills in 18- to 30-Month-Old Korean Children Minkyeong Pi a, Seunghee Ha b a Graduate Program in Speech Language Pathology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea b Division of Speech Pathology and Audiology, Audiology and Speech Pathology Research Institute, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea Correspondence: Seunghee Ha, PhD Division of Speech Pathology and Audiology, Audiology and Speech Pathology Research Institute, Hallym University, 1 Hallimdaehak-gil, Chuncheon 24252, Korea Tel: Fax: shha@hallym.ac.kr Received: January 5, 2018 Revised: February 9, 2018 Accepted: February 9, 2018 Objectives: This study examined phonological, lexical, and grammatical skills in the spontaneous speech of children between 18- to 30-months of age and the relationship of these skills to speech-language processing. Methods: Twelve children age months and twelve children age months participated in the study. Fifty utterances from each child were collected during spontaneous speech and analyzed using measures in three categories: phonological (PMLU, PWP, PWC, PCC, FMLU), lexical (NDW, NTW), and grammatical (NDGM, NTGM, TTRgm, MLUw, MLUm). Multivariate analysis of variance was used to examine age group differences, and the correlation between phonological, lexical, and grammatical skills. Results: Analysis of PMLU, FMLU, NDW, NTW, NDGM, NTGM, MLUw, and MLUm revealed that the 25- to 30-month-old children s results were significantly higher. A significant positive correlation was apparent between several of the phonological and lexical measures in the 18- to 24-month-old group; however, several of the phonological and grammatical measures revealed significant positive and negative correlations. Conclusion: These findings suggest that before 2 years of age, there appear to be tradeoffs between phonological and grammatical skills; however, when a child reaches 2 years of age, language development has progressed so that phonological and grammatical skills are interdependent. Keywords: 18- to 30-month-old children, Spontaneous speech, Phonological skills, Language skills 생후 12개월전후로나타나는첫낱말산출은아동이언어단계로전환하기시작한의미있는사건이다. 언어단계가시작된이후, 생후 18개월경부터는음운, 어휘, 구문, 형태소사용측면에서비약적인발달기를맞는다. 이시기아동의음운특성을살펴본연구들에따르면, 생후 18-36개월은말소리목록의증가뿐아니라평균음운길이 (phonological mean length of utterance, PMLU) 가길어지고, 단어단위근접률 (phonological word proximity, PWP) 과단어단위정확도 (phonological word correction, PWC) 가높아지며, 자음정확도 (percentage of consonants correct, PCC) 와말명료도가향상된다 (Ha & Hwang, 2013; Ha, Seol, So, & Pae, 2016; Jung, Pae & Kim, 2006). 어휘발달측면에서아동은 17-19개월사이에평균 50개의어휘를말하게된다 (Bates, Dale, & Thal, 1995; Chang-Song, 2004). 2세전후로어휘가급속도로증가하는 어휘폭발기 (Dore, 1979) 가나타나는데, 이로인해 2세에걸쳐아동의자발화에서서로다른낱말수와총낱말수도지속적으로증가한다 (Ha et al., 2016). 표현어휘가 50여개를넘어서면서아동은단어를조합하여산출하기시작한다. 초기에나타나는문장은단순히단어를나열하는형태이지만곧격조사, 접속조사, 보조사, 종결어미와같은문법형태소를포함한문장이나타난다 (Kim, 1997). 아동의초기언어습득과정에서음운, 어휘, 문법영역이균형적 Copyright 2018 Korean Academy of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 1

2 Minkyeong Pi, et al. Relationships between Phonological, Lexical, and Grammatical Skills 으로발달하는지, 아니면특정영역에인지적용량이집중되었을때다른영역에서의오류가높아지는지에대해서는의견이분분하다. Bock (1982) 은언어를생성, 처리및산출하는과정에서아동의작업기억용량의한계로인한언어영역간상호작용이있다고주장하였다. 예를들어아동발화에서빈번하게관찰되는단순화나오류는언어처리과정의용량상제한으로인해특정영역에초점이맞춰져발현된다고제안하였다. 즉어린아동에게서나타나는단순화나오류는인지부하로인한언어처리과정의제약으로설명할수있다. 언어구조가복잡해질수록음소목록이제한적이거나말산출정확성이떨어지는반면, 말소리산출이다양하거나정확할수록문장구조나표현어휘가단순화된다. 이것은초기언어습득과정에서관찰되는언어와말사이의교환관계 (tradeoff) 라할수있다. 아동에게나타나는언어영역간교환관계를제안하거나암시한연구결과들이있다. Streim과 Chapman (1987) 은어휘접근성 (lexical accessibility), 즉어휘심성집 (lexicon) 에저장된어휘에접근하고인출하는능력이문장산출에영향을주는요인을분석함으로써아동의어휘와구문능력간의관계에대해서살펴보았다. 이들은아동이문장산출과제를실시할때필요한목표어휘를미리제공한경우, 6-8세아동이산출한발화길이가더길어졌다고보고하였다. 즉, 표현해야하는어휘를직접제시하였을때구문능력이향상되었다는점을보여주었다. 국내에도어휘와음운의관계를살펴보기위해진행된연구가있다. 한국 2세아동의자발화와공식검사결과를바탕으로어휘능력과음운능력의상관관계를살펴본연구결과에따르면, 자발화의서로다른낱말수 (number of different word, NDW) 는단어단위정확도 (PWC), 평균음운길이 (PMLU), 단어단위근접률 (PWP), 자음정확도 (PCC) 와정적상관을보였다고한다 (Choi, Kim, & Kim, 2014). 이는한국 2세아동에게서어휘와음운이함께발달한다는점을나타낸다. 구문및문법형태소와음운의관계에대해초점을맞춘 Donahue (1985) 에따르면, 한낱말기에서두낱말조합기로전이중인아동은어휘나문법형태소가추가될수록자신이산출하기용이한형태로말소리를선택하거나음절을축약하는형태의전략이나타난다고하였다. 이런교환관계는두낱말조합시기를늦출뿐아니라, 단어조합이시작된후에도단어선택에영향을줄수있는요인이라고하였다. 즉, 아동은낱말조합을시도하면서말소리를대치하거나생략하는산출오류가빈번하게나타나는말소리제약이나타날수있으며, 말산출에서의제약이구문형성에도영향을줄수있다는점을시사하였다. 또한, Nelson 과 Kamhi (1984) 는어린아동을대상으로아동의구문복잡성이음운측면에영향을미칠수 있다는사실을밝혔는데, 흥미롭게도이런음운복잡성과구문복잡성간의교환관계는단단어구문단계에서단어조합기로넘어가는전이단계에주로발생한다고하였다. 반면에음운, 어휘, 또는문법측면간의교환관계보다는각영역이서로영향을주고받으면서균형적으로발달한다는결과를보여주는연구도있다. 어휘와음운에대해살펴본 Storkel과 Morrisette (2002) 는아동이새로운단어를학습할때어휘표상과음운표상이유기적으로작용하여어휘발달과음운발달이서로영향을준다는양방향적관계를주장하였다. 또한 Kamhi, Catts와 Davis (1984) 는 22-34개월아동을살펴보았을때높은수준의구문을산출하는아동의음운정확성이더높았으며, 길거나복잡한구문을사용한다고음운정확성이떨어지지않는다는점을밝혔다. 이는구문복잡성과음운정확성간에교환관계가나타나지않는다는점을시사한다 개월아동들은음운과언어능력이빠르게성장하여새로운말소리습득, 말소리구조의다양화, 급격한어휘성장, 단어조합시도및여러문법형태소사용이이루어지기시작하는시기이다 (Choi et al., 2014; Ha et al., 2016; Hong & Sim, 2002; Jung et al., 2006; Pi & Ha, 2017). 국내에 2세전후아동을대상으로말-언어측면의발달을살펴본연구들은있으나객관적측정치로발달을살펴보는것에그쳤다. 이시기의아동들은말과언어가균형잡힌상태로점진적으로성장하기도하지만, 다양한어휘혹은긴구문을산출하는대신말소리정확도가떨어지거나혹은그반대의모습이관찰되기도한다. Choi 등 (2014) 의연구에서 2세아동의어휘와음운능력의상관관계를살펴보았을때, 어휘와음운사이에는교환관계가나타나지않았다. 우리말음운발달은영어권에비해쉽고빠르게진행되기때문에, 인지적제약으로인한일시적교환관계가 2세이전에관찰될가능성이있다. 또한 18개월이후부터아동발화에서점차문법형태소가출현하고구문길이가증가하므로문법측면과음운측면의관계를살펴보는것또한중요하다. 아동들이특정영역에초점을맞춰발달하는시기가있는지, 언어의특정영역간에교환관계가관찰되는지, 아니면모든시기에음운, 어휘, 문법영역에서균형잡힌발달이일어나는지알아본다면말늦은아동이나언어발달지연을보이는아동들에게중재를제공할때어떤영역에초점을맞출지판단하는데이정표가될것이다. 본연구의목적은 18-30개월한국아동의자발화에나타난음운능력과어휘및문법능력을살펴본뒤상관관계를살펴보고, 이시기아동에게서나타나는말-언어처리과정내특정한관계가존재하는지밝히는것이다. 2

3 18-30 개월아동의자발화에나타난음운, 어휘, 문법능력의관계 피민경외 연구방법대상자본연구는 18-30개월사이에있는일반아동 24명 ( 남 10명, 여 14 명 ) 을대상으로하였다. 대상아동은양육자로부터 (1) 출생및발달상문제가나타나지않았다고보고되고, (2) 영아선별교육진단검사 (DEP; Jang, Seo, & Ha, 2009) 에서모든영역이백분위 35%ile 이상으로정상발달에속하며, (3) 한국판맥아더- 베이츠의사소통발달평가 (K M-B CDI; Pae & Kwak, 2011) 에서표현어휘수가연령집단별평균에서 10%ile 이상, (4) 영유아언어발달검사 (SELSI; Kim, Kim, Yoon, & Kim, 2003) 에서수용및표현언어가 10%ile 이상인아동이포함되었다. 월령에따라아동의언어및음운능력을세밀하게살펴보기위해, 생후 18-24개월아동집단 ( 남 4명, 여 8명 ) 과 25-30개월아동집단 ( 남 6명, 여 6명 ) 으로구분하였다. 연구대상자의기본정보는 Table 1에제시하였다. 자료수집연구절차는한림대학교생명윤리위원회의승인 (No. HIRB ) 을받아진행되었다. 자발화수집은언어병리학전공대학원생이대상자의가정에방문하여이루어졌다. 자발화수집은총 40분간수집되었는데, 양육자와검사자가각 20여분동안아동들이쉽게접할수있는장난감 ( 주방놀이, 목욕놀이, 낚시놀이, 자동차, 공, 딸랑이, 책 ) 을이용해아동과상호작용하였다. 모든상호작용상황은캠코더 (Samsung HMX-H205BD) 와음성녹음기 (SONY ICD- PX333) 를통해녹화및녹음되었다. 자료분석상호작용자료는수집후 2주이내에영상및녹음자료를토대로전사를진행하였다. 전사는아동의목표형태및음성전사를함께기록하였다. 아동의활발한상호작용을관찰하기위해상호작용자료의전반부 3분과후반부 2분은제외하였으며, 부모상호작용 15분, 검사자상호작용 15분자료가전사되었다. 전사가완료된후에는녹음자료를다시듣고음성전사가정확하게이루어졌는지재확인하였다. 전사원칙은 Jung 등 (2006) 을참조하여자료를 3번 Table 1. Participants information Age group mo (N = 12) mo (N = 12) Total (N= 24) Gender (boy:girl) 4:8 6:6 10:14 Age (mo) (2.02) (1.61) (3.55) 반복해서들어도전사가불가능한발성이나발화는전사하지않았으며, 모방과자발화를구분하지않고모두전사하였다. 전사된자료중감탄사나간투사만으로이루어진발화및음절성발성이나자곤처럼의미가분명하지않은발화는분석에서제외하였으며, 대답하기기능으로산출한 네, 응 / 어 는첫번째로산출된것만발화로포함시켰다. 모든분석치는아동이산출한발화중연속 50개발화를선정하여분석하였다. 연속 50개발화는전체전사자료에서아동별전체발화수의중앙값을구하여, 중앙값전후의발화를 25 개씩택하는방식으로선정하였다. 어휘지표와문법지표의분석은한국어발화분석 (Korean Language Analysis, 프로그램을사용하였다. KLA 프로그램은발화전사를기반으로낱말경계는띄어쓰고, 문법형태소경계는 / 로구분하여코딩하였을때언어지표가자동적으로분석되는프로그램이다. 가령아동의발화의목표형태가 곰돌이한테가자 였고 곰돌이 를반복하였다면 ( 곰돌이 ) 곰돌이 / 한테가 / 자 로코딩하였다. 코딩시발화내에나타난단어반복, 구반복, 문장반복은모두괄호안에넣어낱말과문법형태소분석에서제외하였다. 음운지표어린아동의음운능력을살펴보는분석치중에는평균음운길이 (PMLU), 단어단위근접률 (PWP), 단어단위정확률 (PWC) 과같은단어단위음운지표와자음정확도 (PCC) 가있다. PCC는 ( 정조음한자음수 )/( 전체산출된자음수 ) 100으로산출하며임상현장과다수연구들에서아동의음운능력을살펴보기위해쓰이고있다 (Shriberg & Kwiatkowski, 1982). 하지만 PCC는음소단위로음운능력을평가하는측정치이므로낱말전체로음운을습득하는 2세전후어린아동들에게는이측정치가음운능력을완전히대변하기에적절하지않을수있다. 따라서, 여러문헌에서는단어단위로음운능력을측정하는방법을제안하고있다 (Ingram, 2002; Park, Hwang, & Park, 2011; Shin & Lee, 2015; Yoon, Kim, & Kim, 2013). 단어단위음운지표의분석기준은 Yoon 등 (2013) 을참조하여사용하였다. PMLU는아동이자음을생략하지않고산출하였는지, 자음을정확하게산출하였는지에따라점수를부여하므로 PCC에비해자음산출면에서보다세밀하게살펴보는측정치이다. PMLU의계산은아동이산출한자음과모음에 1점을부여한뒤정조음한자음과이중모음에 1점을추가하였다. 성인발화를기준으로한목표형태와비교하였을때아동이추가한음소나음절은점수를주지않았다. 아동발화의전체점수를합산한뒤발화수로나누어서발화당평균음운길이 3

4 Minkyeong Pi, et al. Relationships between Phonological, Lexical, and Grammatical Skills 를도출하였다. PWP는아동발화가성인발화와비교하였을때얼마나정확하게근접하였는가를알수있으며, ( 아동발화의 PMLU)/ ( 목표형태발화의 PMLU) 로계산하였다. 단어단위정확률 (PWC) 은 ( 아동이정확하게산출한어절수 )/( 전체어절수 ) 로산출하였다. PWC도 PWP처럼목표형태와아동발화를비교하지만, PWC는단어나어절전체를기준으로정확도를판단하기때문에 PWP보다는개략적으로성인발화와형태를비교한다고볼수있다. 어절은표준어띄어쓰기를원칙으로구분하되, 본용언과보조용언, 부정어와동사, 관형어와불완전명사, 수사와단위가결합된경우두개의어절을하나로보았다 (Yoon et al., 2013). 본연구에서추가적으로살펴보는음운능력측정치는평균자질길이 (feature mean length of utterance, FMLU) 이다 (Ha & Kim, in press). FMLU는아동의단어수준내지는음소수준오반응을 오류 로판단하여점수를부여하지않았던기존측정치와달리, 아동이정조음을하지못하는음소도변별자질에따라가중치를부여하는측정치이다. FMLU는기본적으로 PMLU 처럼아동이산출한자음과모음에각각 1점을준다. 그다음조음난이도에따라초성, 중성, 종성에부가점수를부여한다. 자세히살펴보면초성은조음위치, 조음방법, 발성유형이어떤가에따라부가점수가달라진다. 먼저초성의경우, 조음위치가정확하면 1점을주었다. 만약초성자음이파열음인경우, 발성유형이동일할때 1점을추가하고, 파찰음이나치조마찰음, 비음, 유음이라면조음방법이정확할때 1 점을추가하였다. 앞서언급된자음이아닌성문마찰음 / ㅎ / 은부가점수가없다. 둘째로중성의경우, 단모음을정확하게산출하였을경우 1점을주었다. 이중모음을정확하게산출하였을경우 1점을추가하였다. 마지막으로종성의경우, 어말종성을정확하게산출한경우 1점을추가하고, 어중종성은비음일경우에만 1점을추가하였다. 그다음계산한전체점수를모두합하여발화수로나누었다. 이처럼 FMLU는초성, 중성, 종성모두를대상으로음소의자질을고려하여세밀하게아동의음운능력을살펴보는점수체계이다. 2세전후아동의주된음운변동은대치와생략이므로 FMLU 는이시기아동들의음운능력을살펴보기에적합할것이다. 어휘지표아동의자발화를기반으로어휘능력을살펴본연구에서는서로다른낱말수 (NDW) 와총낱말수 (number of total word, NTW) 를주로이용하였다 (Choi et al., 2014; Ha et al., 2016). 이측정치들은아동의어휘수와어휘산출빈도에대해알수있다. 따라서본연구에서어휘지표는 NDW, NTW를포함하였다. 문법지표본연구에서는아동이자발화에서문법형태소를다양하게산출하는지측정하기위해문법형태소유형수 (number of different grammatical morphemes, NDGM), 총문법형태소수 (number of total grammatical morphemes, NTGM), 문법형태소다양도 (type-token ratio of grammatical morphemes, TTRgm) 를살펴보고자한다. 문법형태소유형수 (NDGM) 는자발화에나타난서로다른문법형태소의개수를이르며, 총문법형태소수는자발화에나타난전체문법형태소를말한다. 문법형태소다양도는문법형태소유형수를총문법형태소수로나눈것으로아동이전체문법형태소사용량대비, 얼마나다양한문법형태소를사용하는지살펴볼수있다. 평균발화길이 (mean length of utterance, MLU) 는아동발화에포함된낱말수 (mean length of utterance in words, MLUw) 나형태소수 (mean length of utterance in morphemes, MLUm) 의평균을구하는측정치이다. MLUw와 MLUm은자발화표본을분석하는연구에서구문길이를정량화하기위해사용되었으므로 (Ha et al., 2016; Lee, & Kim, 1999), 아동의구문복잡성을측정하기에도움이될것이다. 신뢰도자료의전사신뢰도와측정치의분석신뢰도를위해전체자료의약 17% 를임의로선정하여전사자간신뢰도및분석자간신뢰도를구하였다. 전사자간신뢰도와분석자간신뢰도는제1저자와언어병리학전공대학원생이독립적으로분석한자료를비교하였다. 전사신뢰도는 ( 일치한자음수 )/( 전체자음수 ) 100으로계산한결과, 91.45% 였다. 언어지표는전사자료의문법형태소경계를나누는코딩작업이선행된후, KLA 프로그램을통해자동으로분석된다. 따라서, 언어지표의신뢰도는문법형태소경계의코딩이일관적으로수행되었는지가중요하다. 문법형태소경계에대한코딩일치도는 ( 일치한코딩위치 )/( 제1저자의코딩위치 ) 100으로산출하였다. 그결과, 분석자간신뢰도는 93.07% 로나타났다. 음운지표는 Cohen s Kappa를이용하여분석자간신뢰도를측정하였다. 음운지표분석결과, PMLU.911, PWP.926, PWC.947, PCC.952, FMLU.903으로높은분석자간신뢰도가나타났다. 통계분석통계처리는 SPSS version 22.0 프로그램을사용하였다. 자발화에서수집된측정치의지표별상관관계를살펴보았을때, 대다수높은상관관계가나타났다. 따라서월령집단간차이를살펴보기위해다변량분산분석 (multivariate analysis of variance, MANO- 4

5 18-30 개월아동의자발화에나타난음운, 어휘, 문법능력의관계 피민경외 VA) 을실시하였다. 부분에타제곱 (ηp 2 ) 값을통해집단간차이에대한효과크기를살펴보았다. 언어지표와음운지표간의상관관계는 Pearson 상관계수를통해살펴보았다. 모든유의수준은 p<.05 로설정하였다. 연구결과월령집단별로측정치간차이를비교하기이전에, 성비가결과에영향을미치는지먼저살펴보았다. 월령집단별로성별에따른음운, 어휘, 문법능력에차이가있는지검증하기위해모든측정치에대해독립표본 t-검정을실시하였다. 그결과, 전체아동집단, 개월아동집단과 25-30개월아동집단에게서어휘지표 (NDW, NTW, TTRw), 문법지표 (NDGM, NTGM, TTRgm, MLUw, MLUm), 음운지표 (PMLU, PWP, PWC, PCC, FMLU) 에서성별에따른유의미한차이는나타나지않았다 (p>.05). 음운, 어휘및문법능력의발달음운, 어휘, 문법지표별하위측정치에따라월령집단간차이를살펴본결과를 Table 2에제시하였다. 연속 50개발화에서 PMLU 는 6.72에서 8.70으로유의하게증가하였으며, FMLU도 9.97에서 15.22로유의하게증가하였다. PWP, PWC, PCC는월령이증가하였을때유의한차이가나타나지않았다 개월아동의연속 50개발화에나타난 NDW는약 31개였으나, 25-30개월아동은약 43개를산출하여유의하게증가하였다. NTW도월령이증가함에따라약 66개에서약 91개로유의하게증가하였다. 구문지표에서도 TTRgm을제외한모든측정치가 25-30개월아동집단에서유의하게높게나타났다. 음운지표에서는 25-30개월아동집단에서유의미하게높은측정치가 PMLU 와 FMLU로나타났다. 월령집단에따라음운지표의합산점수, 어휘지표의합산점 Table 2. Age group comparisons for all subtype measures Phonological measure mo mo F p-value ηp 2 PMLU 6.72 (1.29) 8.70 (2.01) PWP.80 (.10).81 (.06) PWC.47 (.17).47 (.07) <.001 PCC (14.20) (5.97) FMLU 9.97 (2.21) (3.82) < Lexical measure NDW (10.37) (11.39) < NTW (16.21) (21.52) < Grammatical measure NDGM 9.83 (4.80) (7.57) NTGM (12.64) (22.65) TTRgm (20.99) (10.36) MLUw 1.37 (.24) 1.81 (.43) MLUm 1.83 (.46) 2.79 (.83) Values are presented as mean (SD). NDW = number of different words; NTW = number of total words; NDGM = number of different grammatical morphemes; NTGM = number of total grammatical morphemes; TTRgm = type-token ratio of grammatical morphemes; MLUw = mean length of utterance in morphemes; MLUm = mean length of utterance in words; PMLU = phonological mean length of utterance; PWP = phonological word proximity; PWC = phonological word correction; PCC = percentage of consonants correct; FMLU = feature mean length of utterance. Table 3. Age group comparisons for phonological and language measures mo mo Wilks λ F p-value ηp 2 Phonological measure (15.65) (10.63) Lexical measure (24.00) (31.96) < Grammatical measure (16.70) (30.35) Values are presented as mean (SD). 5

6 Minkyeong Pi, et al. Relationships between Phonological, Lexical, and Grammatical Skills Table 4. Correlations between phonological and language measures at months of age Lexical measure Grammatical measure 수, 구문지표의합산점수를비교하여 Table 3 에제시하였다. 음운 지표는 개월아동집단에비해 개월아동집단의측정값 이유의하게높은것으로나타났다 (Wilks λ=.541, F(5, 18) = 3.055, p=.036, ηp 2 =.459). 어휘지표는 개월아동의측정값이유의 하게높은것으로나타났다 (Wilks λ=.050, F(2, 10) = , p<.001, ηp 2 =.950). 구문지표도 개월아동의측정값이높았으나월령 집단간유의한차이는나타나지않았고, 중간수준의실제적유의 성을가진것으로나타났다 (Wilks λ=.591, F(5, 18) = 2.492, p=.070, ηp 2 =.409). Phonological measure PMLU PWP PWC PCC FMLU NDW NTW.875**.670* ** NDGM.678* * NTGM.693* * TTRgm * -.578* MLUw.938** ** MLUm.863** ** NDW = number of different words; NTW = number of total words; NDGM = number of different grammatical morphemes; NTGM= number of total grammatical morphemes; TTRgm= type-token ratio of grammatical morphemes; MLUw= mean length of utterance in morphemes; MLUm = mean length of utterance in words; PMLU = phonological mean length of utterance; PWP = phonological word proximity; PWC = phonological word correction; PCC= percentage of consonants correct; FMLU= feature mean length of utterance. *p <.05, **p <.01. Table 5. Correlations between phonological and language measures at months of age Lexical measure Grammatical measure Phonological measure PMLU PWP PWC PCC FMLU NDW ** NTW ** NDGM ** NTGM ** TTRgm ** * MLUw ** MLUm ** NDW = number of different words; NTW = number of total words; NDGM = number of different grammatical morphemes; NTGM= number of total grammatical morphemes; TTRgm= type-token ratio of grammatical morphemes; MLUw= mean length of utterance in morphemes; MLUm = mean length of utterance in words; PMLU = phonological mean length of utterance; PWP = phonological word proximity; PWC = phonological word correction; PCC= percentage of consonants correct; FMLU= feature mean length of utterance. *p <.05, **p <.01. Table 6. Correlation measures by age group 언어지표와음운지표의상관관계 개월아동집단의언어지표와음운지표의상관관계 개월아동집단의어휘및문법측정치와음운측정치간의 관계를살펴보기위해상관분석을실시한결과를 Table 4 에제시 하였다. PMLU 는 NTW, NDGM 과유의한정적상관이나타났다. PWP 는 NTW 와정적상관이나타난반면 TTRgm 과는부적상관 이나타났다. PWC 는 TTRgm 하고부적상관이나타났다. PCC 는 어떠한측정치와도유의한상관관계가나타나지않았으며, FMLU 는 NTW, NDGM, NTGM, MLUw, MLUm 과정적상관이나타났다 개월아동집단의언어지표와음운지표의상관관계 개월아동집단의어휘및구문측정치와음운측정치간의 관계를살펴보기위해상관분석을실시한결과를 Table 5 에제시 하였다. PWP 와 PCC 가 TTRgm 과유의한정적상관이나타났다. FMLU 는 NDW, NTW, NDGM, NTGM, MLUw, MLUm 과유의 한정적상관이나타났다 개월에유의한부적상관이나타났던 PWP 와 TTRgm 은 유의한정적상관으로변화하였으며, 또한유의한부적상관을보 인 PWC 와 TTRgm 은통계적으로유의하지는않으나정적상관형 태로변화하였다. 월령집단별로통계적으로유의한상관이나타 난측정치들을 Table 6 에정리하였다. 논의및결론 mo mo Positive correlation PMLU-NTW PWP-TTRgm PWP-NTW FMLU-NTW PMLU-NDGM FMLU-NDGM FMLU-MLUw FMLU-MLUm PCC-TTRgm FMLU-NDGM FMLU-NTGM FMLU-MLUw FMLU-MLUm Negative correlation PWP-TTRgm - PWC-TTRgm PMLU= phonological mean length of utterance; NTW= number of total words; PWP= phonological word proximity; TTRgm = type-token ratio of grammatical morphemes; PWC= phonological word correction; PCC= percentage of consonants correct; FMLU = feature mean length of utterance; NDGM= number of different grammatical morphemes; NTGM = number of total grammatical morphemes; MLUw = mean length of utterance in morphemes; MLUm= mean length of utterance in words. 본연구는 개월아동을 24 개월기점으로두월령집단으로 나누어자발화 50 개를토대로어휘지표, 문법지표및음운지표의 6

7 18-30 개월아동의자발화에나타난음운, 어휘, 문법능력의관계 피민경외 산출양상을비교하였으며, 음운지표와어휘및문법지표간의관계를살펴보았다. 음운지표의발달양상을살펴보면, 월령이증가함에따라 PMLU 와 FMLU는유의하게증가하였으나, PWP, PWC, PCC는유의하게증가하지않았다. 이는지표특성의차이로볼수있다. 아동의발화가성인발화와얼마나근접한지살펴보는 PWP, 어절기준으로얼마나정확한지살펴보는 PWC는초기음운발달시기에있는 개월아동들에게명확한차이가나타날만한측정치가아니었다고볼수있다. 마찬가지로 PCC도자음만을기준으로정확도를보기때문에자음의대치와생략이빈번한 18-30개월아동에게서 6개월만에유의하게발달하는지표로볼수없다. 하지만, Ha 등 (2016) 의결과에따르면 24-30개월, 개월아동집단간에는 PWP, PWC, PCC에서유의한차이가있었다고한다. 이러한연구결과는 PWP, PWC, PCC가 1세후반과 2세전반사이에진행되는음운발달을민감하게반영하지못할수있음을제안한다. PMLU 는목표음소를산출하였을때점수를부여하고, 정확하게산출한자음및이중모음에추가적인점수를주는측정치이다. 2세이전아동과 2세아동간 PMLU에서유의한차이가난사실은아동이 2세에이르면서모음을정확하게산출하면서음절구조를지켜말을산출한다는점을암시한다. FMLU는아동의대치오류형태를단순하게오반응으로본것이아니라조음위치, 조음방법, 발성유형이정확했는가에따라가산점을부여하였다. 이점수체계는아동이얼마나자음의자질을정확하게산출하는지자세히살펴볼수있는기회를제공한다. 즉, 18-30개월아동이월령이증가함에따라 FMLU가유의하게증가하였다는점은 1세후반에음소를생략하는오류를보이다가 2세에는생략보다자음의일부자질면에서오류를보이는대치오류로변화한말소리발달특성을반영한다할수있다. 유의수준과효과크기를참조하여보았을때, PMLU 와 FMLU 중 18-30개월아동의음운발달을더민감하게확인할수있는지표는 FMLU이다. 따라서, 1세후반에서 2세전반에이르는어린아동이나말측면에서지연을보이는아동들에게본연구에서고안된측정치인 FMLU를객관적인지표로사용하면발달현황을좀더세밀하게살펴볼수있을것이다. 어휘지표인 NDW와 NTW는 18-30개월아동에게서월령이증가함에따라비약적으로발전하였다. 이는생후 18개월경어휘폭발기를맞아아동의어휘습득과사용이모두활발하게이루어진다는선행연구결과와일치한다 (Chang-Song, 2004; Dore, 1979). 구문지표에서문법형태소에대한측정치인 NDGM, NTGM은월령이증가함에따라유의하게증가하였다. 즉, 1세후반아동이 2 세전반부에이르면서약 2배정도다양한문법형태소를사용할수 있게되며, 문법형태소를포함한발화를 2배이상많이산출하게되었다는점을알수있다. 앞선 NDGM과 NTGM의증가율차이로인해 TTRgm은감소한결과가나타났다. 즉, TTRgm의감소는아동의문법형태소발달양상이자신에게익숙한일부문법형태소를반복적으로산출하는형태로나타났기때문이라고해석할수있다. 실제로아동발화를살펴보면, 1세후반에비해다양한문법형태소를쓸수있게된 2세전반아동들이주격조사, 선어말어미, 어말어미중일부를집중적으로사용하는모습이관찰되었다 ( 예 : 아빠갔어?, 내가했어., 토끼가먹었어., 엄마가해. ; 이발화들에서는시제를나타내는선어말어미 -었 -, 어말어미 -어, 주격조사 -가 가반복적으로사용되었음 ). 구문지표에서구문길이에대한정보를알아보는 MLUw, MLUm 은월령이증가함에따라유의하게증가하였다. 이두측정치를모두고려하였을때, 18-24개월아동은한낱말표현을주로사용하나낱말조합을시도하는전이기로볼수있으며, 25-30개월아동은두낱말조합을이전보다더많이산출하며실질형태소가아닌문법형태소가구문에한개정도포함된다는사실을알수있다. 월령집단간음운과어휘및구문능력의상관관계를살펴본결과, 개월에는음운과어휘, 음운과구문측면에서유의한정적상관이주로관찰되었다. 하지만 PWP, PWC와 TTRgm에서부적상관이나타났다. 이는아동이문법형태소를다양하게사용할수록말소리를성인형태로근접하게말하거나정확하게산출하는능력이감소한다는것이다. 다시말하면문법형태소와음운능력에서교환관계가일어나고있다는사실을보여준다. 이는한낱말단계에서두낱말조합기의전이단계에있는아동에게서구문복잡성과음운복잡성간의교환관계가성립한다는선행연구결과와일치한다 (Donahue, 1985; Nelson & Kamhi, 1984). 즉, 18-24개월아동의음운, 어휘, 구문간의관계는기본적으로유기적으로영향을주고받으며상호의존적인관계라고볼수있지만, 문법형태소와음운면에서는제한된인지능력과이로인한언어처리과정의부하로인해교환관계가나타났다고볼수있다 개월아동의통계적으로유의한상관관계는음운과구문영역에서모두정적상관이관찰되었다. 1세후반에는문법형태소를다양하게많이사용할수록음운능력이손해를보거나, 말소리가정확해지면문법형태소를단조롭고적게사용하는패턴을보였다. 하지만 2세에이르러서는인지처리용량이성장하였을뿐아니라음운과구문에대한경험이누적되고말-언어산출이자동화되어음운과구문영역이균형적으로발달하고있음을제안한다. 또한 25-30개월아동의음운과어휘영역에서정적상관이관찰되었는데이결과는한국 2세아동에게서어휘와음운이상호의존적으 7

8 Minkyeong Pi, et al. Relationships between Phonological, Lexical, and Grammatical Skills 로발달한다는연구결과와일치한다 (Choi et al., 2014). 본연구는 18-30개월아동을대상으로자발화에나타난음운, 어휘, 구문의관계를살펴보았다. 이시기의아동들은주의집중과과제이해상의어려움으로인해구조화된실험조건을통해음운, 어휘, 구문간의관계를살펴보는것이제한적이므로자발화를통해각언어영역간의관계를살펴보았다. 본연구결과는 2세이전아동이문장을산출할때음운과구문중한영역에집중하여산출정확성의불균형을초래할수있지만, 2세이후에는음운, 어휘, 구문모두균형적으로발달한다는점을보여주었다. 이사실은말늦은아동이나언어발달지연을보이는아동들에게불균형이일어난언어영역이무엇인지파악하고정확하게중재를제공해야한다는점에시사하는바가있다. 영역간발달이불균형적으로표출될만큼말-언어발달이명백하게지연되었다면음운, 어휘, 구문영역모두에초점을맞추는중재를제공하는것이아니라미숙한영역을보강하는방향으로중재의초점을맞추어야한다. 예를들어말측면에서지연을보이는아동에게는아동이자신감있게산출할수있는어휘와구문구조를활용하여말중재를실시하는것이바람직할것이다. 또한언어가지연된아동에게는아동의말소리목록에포함된음소를활용하여새로운어휘를배우고구문구조를습득하게한다면음운, 어휘, 구문영역의유기적인발달을촉진하여전반적인언어발달에긍정적영향을미칠것으로보인다. 음운, 어휘, 구문능력이지연되었으나균형적으로발달하는아동이라면세영역이유기적으로발달할수있도록고르게중재를제공해야할것이다. 본연구는아동의자발화를토대로음운, 어휘, 구문능력을살펴보았으므로아동이발화를산출할때특정말소리가포함된어휘나문법형태소를기피하였을가능성을배제할수없다. 따라서후속연구에서는어휘친숙도, 어휘길이, 문법형태소친숙도, 구문길이를조절한구조화된실험조건에서도아동의음운, 어휘, 구문영역의관계가유기적으로나타나는지, 불균형적으로나타나는지살펴볼필요가있다. REFERENCES Bates, E., Dale, P. S., & Thal, D. (1995). Individual differences and their implications for theories of language development. In P. Fletcher & B. Mac- Whinney (Eds.), The handbook of child language (pp ). Oxford: Blackwell. Bock, J. K. (1982). Toward a cognitive psychology of syntax: information processing contributions to sentence formulation. Psychological Review, 89, Chang-Song, Y. K. (2004). Early lexical development of Korean infants: 8-17 months. Korean Journal Psychology: General, 23, Choi, M. S., Kim, S. J., & Kim, H. S. (2014). Lexical and phonology development in 2-year-old Korean children. Korean Journal of Early Childhood Special Education, 14, Donahue, M. (1986). Phonological constraints on the emergence of two-word utterances. Journal of Child Language, 13, Dore, J. (1979). What s so conceptual about the acquisition of linguistic structures? Journal of Child Language, 6, Ha, S., & Hwang, J. (2013). Speech measures from phonological analyses of spontaneous conversations in children between months of age. Communication Sciences & Disorders, 18, Ha, S., & Kim, M. (in press). Comparison of articulatory measures in preschool Korean children. Manuscript in preparation. Ha, S., Seol, A., So, J., & Pae, S. (2016). Speech and language development patterns of Korean two-year-old children from analysis of spontaneous utterances. Communication Sciences & Disorders, 21, Hong, G. H., & Sim, H. S. (2002). A longitudinal study of development of the infant s speech sounds: 18 to 24 months. Korean Journal of Communication Disorders, 7, Ingram, D. (2002). The measurement of whole-word productions. Journal of Child Language, 29, Jang, H. S., Seo, S. J., & Ha, J. Y. (2009). Developmental assessment for the early intervention program planning. Seoul: Hakjisa. Jung, K. H., Pae, S., & Kim, G. (2006). The early phonological development of Korean children. Korean Journal of Communication Disorders, 11, Kamhi, A. G., Catts, H. W., & Davis, M. K. (1984). Management of sentence production demands. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 27, Kim, Y. J. (1997). The acquisition of Korean. The Crosslinguistic Study of Language Acquisition, 4, Kim, Y. T., Kim, K. H., Yoon, H. R., & Kim, H. S. (2003). Sequenced Language Scale for Infants (SELSI). Seoul: Special Education Publishing. Lee, H. J., & Kim, Y. T. (1999). Measures of utterance length of normal and language-delayed children. Korean Journal of Communication Disorders, 4, Nelson, L., & Kamhi, A. (1984). Syntactic, semantic, and phonological tradeoffs in preschool children s utterances. Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, San Francisco, CA. 8

9 18-30 개월아동의자발화에나타난음운, 어휘, 문법능력의관계 피민경외 Pae, S., & Kwak, K. C. (2011). Korean MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories (K M-B CDI). Seoul: Mindpress. Park, H. J., Hwang, H. J., & Park, H. (2011). A study on phonological characteristics of two-years-old children by measures of whole-word. Journal of Speech-Language & Hearing Disorders, 20, Pi, M., & Ha, S. (2017). Phonological characteristics of early vocabulary among children with cleft palate, late talking children, and typically developing children. Communication Sciences & Disorders, 22, Shin, H. J., & Lee, E. J. (2015). Phonological characteristics of late-talkers through phonological whole-word analysis. Communication Sciences & Disorders, 20, Shriberg, L. D., & Kwiatkowski, J. (1982). Phonological disorders III: a procedure for assessing severity of involvement. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 47, Storkel, H. L., & Morrisette, M. L. (2002). The lexicon and phonology: interactions in language acquisition. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 33, Streim, N. W., & Chapman, R. S. (1987). The effects of discourse support on the organization and production of children s utterances. Applied Psycholinguistics, 8, Yoon, M. S., Kim, J. M., & Kim, S. J. (2013). Phonological whole-word measures of spontaneous speech in children two to four years of age. Journal of Speech-Language & Hearing Disorders, 22,

10 Minkyeong Pi, et al. Relationships between Phonological, Lexical, and Grammatical Skills 국문초록 개월아동의자발화에나타난음운, 어휘, 문법능력의관계 피민경 1 하승희 2 1 한림대학교대학원언어병리청각학과, 2 한림대학교언어청각학부, 한림청각언어연구센터 배경및목적 : 본연구의목적은 18-30개월한국아동의자발화에나타난음운, 어휘, 문법의발달현황을살펴보고, 이시기아동에게서나타나는음운, 어휘, 문법능력간의관계를밝히는것이다. 방법 : 생후 개월아동과 25-30개월아동, 각 12명씩총 24명에게서수집된자발화중연속 50개발화를기반으로음운지표, 어휘지표, 문법지표를분석하였다. 이를토대로월령집단간수행력차이와음운지표와어휘및문법지표간의상관관계를살펴보았다. 결과 : 단어단위근접률, 단어단위정확도, 자음정확도, 문법형태소다양도를제외한모든음운, 어휘, 문법측정치가 18-24개월아동에비해 25-30개월아동이유의하게높은결과가나타났다 개월아동에게서일부음운과어휘측정치, 음운과문법측정치간정적상관이나타났으며, 음운과문법측정치에서부적상관도관찰되었다 개월아동들은일부음운과어휘, 문법측정치에서정적상관만나타났다. 논의및결론 : 본연구결과는 2세이전아동의자발화에서음운과문법영역간교환관계가나타나기도하지만 2세에이르러서는음운과어휘, 음운과문법간정적상관관계를보이며언어발달이이루어진다는점을시사한다. 핵심어 : 18-30개월, 자발화, 음운능력, 언어능력, 관계 참고문헌 김영태, 김경희, 윤혜련, 김화수 (2003). 영유아언어발달검사 (SELSI). 서울 : 도서출판특수교육. 박희정, 황하정, 박현 (2011). 단어단위음운분석을통한 2세아동의음운특성연구. 언어치료연구, 20, 배소영, 곽금주 (2011). 한국판맥아더- 베이츠의사소통발달평가 (K M-B CDI). 서울 : 마인드프레스. 신화정, 이은주 (2015). 단어단위음운분석에의한말늦은아동의음운특성. 언어청각장애연구, 20, 윤미선, 김정미, 김수진 (2013). 자발화문맥에서의단어단위음운평가. 언어치료연구, 22, 이희정, 김영태 (1999). 자발화표본분석의정량화를통한언어발달지체의판별연구 : 발화길이를중심으로. 언어청각장애연구, 4, 장유경 (2004). 한국영아의초기어휘발달 : 8개월-17개월. 한국심리학회지 : 일반, 23, 장혜성, 서소정, 하지영 (2008). 영아선별교육진단검사. 서울 : 학지사. 정경희, 배소영, 김기숙 (2006). 12, 18, 24개월영유아의음운발달특성. 언어청각장애연구, 11, 최민실, 김수진, 김효선 (2014). 2세전후반의어휘능력과음운능력. 유아특수교육연구, 14, 피민경, 하승희 (2017). 구개열아동, 말늦은아동, 일반아동의초기어휘에나타난음운특성. 언어청각장애연구, 22, 하승희, 설아영, 소정민, 배소영 (2016). 자발화분석을통한만 2세한국아동의말-언어발달특성. 언어청각장애연구, 21, 하승희, 황진경 (2013) 개월아동의자발화분석에기초한말소리측정치에관한연구. 언어청각장애연구, 18, 홍경훈, 심현섭 (2002). 유아의말소리발달특성 : 개월종단연구. 언어청각장애연구, 7,

ISSN (Online) Commun Sci Disord 2017;22(2): Original Article Phonological Characteristics of Early

ISSN (Online) Commun Sci Disord 2017;22(2): Original Article   Phonological Characteristics of Early ISSN 2288-0917 (Online) Commun Sci Disord 2017;22(2):328-340 Original Article Phonological Characteristics of Early Vocabulary among Children with Cleft Palate, Late Talking Children, and Typically Developing

More information

歯제7권1호(최종편집).PDF

歯제7권1호(최종편집).PDF ********* (*, **, *** ).., 2002, 7, 1, 1-12. 2-5 80.,.,..,,... :,,. (naming).., (word finding), (lexical look- up), (lexical retrieval), (word recall) (Fried- Oken, 1987). (pause),,, (naming error) (Snyder

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp DOI: * The Mediating Eff

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp DOI:   * The Mediating Eff Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp.159-177 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.26.2.201608.159 * The Mediating Effects of Self-esteem on the Relationship between Social

More information

ISSN (Online) Commun Sci Disord 2016;21(4): Original Article Consonant Frequency and Phonological

ISSN (Online) Commun Sci Disord 2016;21(4): Original Article   Consonant Frequency and Phonological ISSN 2288-0917 (Online) Commun Sci Disord 2016;21(4):567-579 Original Article Consonant Frequency and Phonological Characteristics of Eojeols in Spontaneous Speech Samples from 18- to 30-Month-Old Korean

More information

서론 34 2

서론 34 2 34 2 Journal of the Korean Society of Health Information and Health Statistics Volume 34, Number 2, 2009, pp. 165 176 165 진은희 A Study on Health related Action Rates of Dietary Guidelines and Pattern of

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp DOI: 3 * Effects of 9th

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp DOI:   3 * Effects of 9th Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp.357-378 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.29.2.201906.357 3 * Effects of 9th Grade Students Participation in Career Curriculum Cluster

More information

ISSN (Print) ISSN (Online) Commun Sci Disord 2015;20(2): Original Article Phonological

ISSN (Print) ISSN (Online) Commun Sci Disord 2015;20(2): Original Article   Phonological ISSN 2288-1328 (Print) ISSN 2288-0917 (Online) Commun Sci Disord 2015;20(2):157-165 Original Article Phonological Characteristics of Late-Talkers through Phonological Whole-Word Analysis Hwa-Jeong Shin

More information

<30312DC1A4BAB8C5EBBDC5C7E0C1A4B9D7C1A4C3A52DC1A4BFB5C3B62E687770>

<30312DC1A4BAB8C5EBBDC5C7E0C1A4B9D7C1A4C3A52DC1A4BFB5C3B62E687770> Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering 한국정보통신학회논문지(J. Korea Inst. Inf. Commun. Eng.) Vol. 19, No. 2 : 258~264 Feb. 2015 ID3 알고리즘 기반의 귀납적 추론을 활용한 모바일 OS의 성공과 실패에 대한

More information

,,,.,,,, (, 2013).,.,, (,, 2011). (, 2007;, 2008), (, 2005;,, 2007).,, (,, 2010;, 2010), (2012),,,.. (, 2011:,, 2012). (2007) 26%., (,,, 2011;, 2006;

,,,.,,,, (, 2013).,.,, (,, 2011). (, 2007;, 2008), (, 2005;,, 2007).,, (,, 2010;, 2010), (2012),,,.. (, 2011:,, 2012). (2007) 26%., (,,, 2011;, 2006; ,,.. 400,,,,,,.,,, -, -, -., 3.. :, Tel : 010-9540-0640, E-mail : sunney05@hanmail.net ,,,.,,,, (, 2013).,.,, (,, 2011). (, 2007;, 2008), (, 2005;,, 2007).,, (,, 2010;, 2010), (2012),,,.. (, 2011:,, 2012).

More information

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 4, August, 30, 2016:319~332 Received: 2016/07/28, Accepted: 2016/08/28 Revised: 2016/08/27, Published: 2016/08/30 [ABSTRACT] This paper examined what determina

More information

ISSN (Online) Commun Sci Disord 2016;21(2): Original Article Articulatory Variability in 24- to

ISSN (Online) Commun Sci Disord 2016;21(2): Original Article   Articulatory Variability in 24- to ISSN 2288-0917 (Online) Commun Sci Disord 2016;21(2):333-342 Original Article Articulatory Variability in 24- to 36-Month-Old Typically Developing Children Hee-Yun Kim a, Seunghee Ha b a Department of

More information

Microsoft Word doc

Microsoft Word doc KISEP RESEARCH PAPER AUDIOLOGY 청능재활 2005;1:59-66 ABSTRACT 한국어음소의주파수특성에관한연구 한림대학교대학원언어청각학협동과정, 1 한림대학교자연과학대학언어청각학부, 청각언어연구소 2 이주현 1 장현숙 2 정한진 1 A Study on Frequency Characteristics of Korean Phonemes The

More information

<32B4DCC6EDC1FD5F5F2837B1B3295FBEF0BEEEC3BBB0A D312E687770>

<32B4DCC6EDC1FD5F5F2837B1B3295FBEF0BEEEC3BBB0A D312E687770> 12 24 개월구개열유아와일반유아의음운발달 문희원 a 하승희 a,b, a 한림대학교대학원언어청각학과, b 청각언어연구소 교신저자 하승희한림대학교언어청각학부교수강원도춘천시한림대학교길 39 번지 e-mail: shha@hallym.ac.kr tel.: 033-248-2215 배경및목적 : 구개열아동들은선천적인구강구조의결함으로인해발달초기부터일반아동들과는다른말 -

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp DOI: 3 * The Effect of H

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp DOI:   3 * The Effect of H Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp.577-601 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.4.201812.577 3 * The Effect of Home-based Activities Using Traditional Fairy Tales

More information

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA e- 비즈니스연구 (The e-business Studies) Volume 17, Number 1, February, 28, 2016:pp. 293~316 ISSN 1229-9936 (Print), ISSN 2466-1716 (Online) 원고접수일심사 ( 수정 ) 게재확정일 2015. 12. 04 2015. 12. 24 2016. 02. 25 ABSTRACT

More information

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 6, December, 30, 2016:3~20 Received: 2016/12/04, Accepted: 2016/12/27 Revised: 2016/12/27, Published: 2016/12/30 [ABSTRACT] This study aims to comprehensively analyze

More information

- iii - - i - - ii - - iii - 국문요약 종합병원남자간호사가지각하는조직공정성 사회정체성과 조직시민행동과의관계 - iv - - v - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 - - 11 - - 12 - - 13 - - 14 - α α α α - 15 - α α α α α α

More information

012임수진

012임수진 Received : 2012. 11. 27 Reviewed : 2012. 12. 10 Accepted : 2012. 12. 12 A Clinical Study on Effect of Electro-acupuncture Treatment for Low Back Pain and Radicular Pain in Patients Diagnosed with Lumbar

More information

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA e- 비즈니스연구 (The e-business Studies) Volume 17, Number 1, February, 28, 2016:pp. 3~30 ISSN 1229-9936 (Print), ISSN 2466-1716 (Online) 원고접수일심사 ( 수정 ) 게재확정일 2016. 01. 08 2016. 01. 09 2016. 02. 25 ABSTRACT

More information

(5차 편집).hwp

(5차 편집).hwp (215), 54(1), 17-3 211 STEAM,.. STEAM, STEAM, 5~6 11.,., 5~6...,. (, 21)., 29. (,, 212). 211 STEAM * :, E-mail: njkwon@hanmail.net http://dx.doi.org/1.15812/ter.54.1.2153.17 (215), 54(1), 17-3,. (Arts)

More information

27 2, * ** 3, 3,. B ,.,,,. 3,.,,,,..,. :,, : 2009/09/03 : 2009/09/21 : 2009/09/30 * ICAD (Institute for Children Ability

27 2, * ** 3, 3,. B ,.,,,. 3,.,,,,..,. :,, : 2009/09/03 : 2009/09/21 : 2009/09/30 * ICAD (Institute for Children Ability 27 2, 71-90. 2009. 3 * ** 3, 3,. B 2003 4 2004 2.,.,,,. 3,.,,,,..,. :,, : 2009/09/03 : 2009/09/21 : 2009/09/30 * ICAD (Institute for Children Ability Development) ** ( : heyjun@gmail.com) 72 한국교육문제연구제

More information

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA 김진주 김수연. 초등학생대상장애이해교육에활용된동화에나타난장애인관분석. 특수교육, 2013, 제12권, 제2호, 135-160... 20.,,. 4.,,.,..... 주제어 : 장애이해교육, 동화, 장애인관 1. ( 1 ) Incheon Munhak Elementary School ( )(, E-mail: sooyoun@ginue.ac.kr) Dept. of

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp DOI: * Experiences of Af

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp DOI:   * Experiences of Af Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp.201-229 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.26.2.201608.201 * Experiences of After-school Class Caring by Married Early Childhood

More information

232 도시행정학보 제25집 제4호 I. 서 론 1. 연구의 배경 및 목적 사회가 다원화될수록 다양성과 복합성의 요소는 증가하게 된다. 도시의 발달은 사회의 다원 화와 밀접하게 관련되어 있기 때문에 현대화된 도시는 경제, 사회, 정치 등이 복합적으로 연 계되어 있어 특

232 도시행정학보 제25집 제4호 I. 서 론 1. 연구의 배경 및 목적 사회가 다원화될수록 다양성과 복합성의 요소는 증가하게 된다. 도시의 발달은 사회의 다원 화와 밀접하게 관련되어 있기 때문에 현대화된 도시는 경제, 사회, 정치 등이 복합적으로 연 계되어 있어 특 한국도시행정학회 도시행정학보 제25집 제4호 2012. 12 : pp.231~251 생활지향형 요소의 근린주거공간 분포특성 연구: 경기도 시 군을 중심으로* Spatial Distribution of Daily Life-Oriented Features in the Neighborhood: Focused on Municipalities of Gyeonggi Province

More information

Soyeong Pae, et al. Validity & Reliability of Korean SNAPSHOT Wallace et al., 2015). 언어발달고위험군에대한지속적모니터링은발달적접근에서매우중요하다. 특히미숙아, 청각장애등기질적어려움을동반한경우, 언어장애와

Soyeong Pae, et al. Validity & Reliability of Korean SNAPSHOT Wallace et al., 2015). 언어발달고위험군에대한지속적모니터링은발달적접근에서매우중요하다. 특히미숙아, 청각장애등기질적어려움을동반한경우, 언어장애와 ISSN 2288-1328 (Print) ISSN 2288-0917 (Online) Commun Sci Disord 2015;20(3):355-363 Original Article The Validity and Reliability of the Korean Version of the Developmental Snapshot Soyeong Pae a, Hyojin

More information

<28C3D6C1BE295FBEF0BEEEC3BBB0A22031372D325F5F32B4DC2E687770>

<28C3D6C1BE295FBEF0BEEEC3BBB0A22031372D325F5F32B4DC2E687770> 학령 전 다문화가정 아동과 일반가정 아동의 격조사와 보조사 산출 최미현 a 정미란 b, 황민아 c a 단국대학교 특수교육대학원, b 영동대학교 언어치료학과, c 단국대학교 특수교육과 교신저자 정미란 영동대학교 언어치료학과 교수 충북 영동군 영동읍 설계리 대학로 310번지 e-mail: jmr370@yd.ac.kr tel.: 043-740-1631 배경 및 목적:

More information

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 6, December, 30, 2016:237~251 Received: 2016/11/20, Accepted: 2016/12/24 Revised: 2016/12/21, Published: 2016/12/30 [ABSTRACT] Recently, there is an increasing

More information

특수교육논총 * ,,,,..,..,, 76.7%.,,,.,,.. * 1. **

특수교육논총 * ,,,,..,..,, 76.7%.,,,.,,.. * 1. ** 특수교육논총 *. 257..,,,,..,..,, 76.7%.,,,.,,.. * 1. ** (eun67@dankook.ac.kr) .,,,,,,,,,, (,, 2014)., (,, 2007)....,,,, (,, 2014).. (2003)...,,, (Baron-Cohen, O Riordan, Stone, Jone, & Plaisted, 1999; Hobson,

More information

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering 한국정보통신학회논문지(J. Korea Inst. Inf. Commun. Eng.) Vol. 19, No. 5 : 1031~1039 May. 2015 정보보호 산업의 경제적 파급효과 및 기여도 분석 김방룡 1 홍재표 2* Economic

More information

3 한국심리학회지 : 발달 한국발달심리학회

3 한국심리학회지 : 발달 한국발달심리학회 3 한국심리학회지 : 발달 한국발달심리학회 3 * (, ). 4., 3. 1 /. 2 3,., 3, (, ). 3. * 2012 2014 BK21. (2014).,,,,,,. :,, 84 E-mail: yochoi@cau.ac.kr (genericity) (generic expression) (, 2010)., (kind),, (Lyons, 1977). (kind)

More information

- i - - ii - - iii - - iv - - v - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 - - 11 - - 12 - - 13 - - 14 - - 15 - - 16 - - 17 - - 18 - - 19 - α α - 20 - α α α α α α - 21 - - 22 - - 23 -

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp DOI: * A Research Trend

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp DOI:   * A Research Trend Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp.295-318 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.4.201812.295 * A Research Trend on the Studies related to Parents of Adults with Disabilities

More information

Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ α < < < < < χ χ Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅰ Ⅲ Ⅰ Bagozzi, R., & Dholakia, U. (2002). Intentional Social Action in Virtual Communities. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 16(2), 2-21. Borkovec, T. D. (1976).

More information

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 6, December, 30, 2016:275~289 Received: 2016/12/02, Accepted: 2016/12/22 Revised: 2016/12/20, Published: 2016/12/30 [ABSTRACT] SNS is used in various fields. Although

More information

歯14.양돈규.hwp

歯14.양돈규.hwp : The Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy 2003. Vol. 15, No. 3, 615-631. 1 2 3 1,410.,, ( ),., ( 69%),.,, ( ), ( ).,,.., ( ).,. :,,. :, (390-711) 21-1, : 043-649-1362 E-mail : ydk9498@hanmail.net

More information

Abstract Background : Most hospitalized children will experience physical pain as well as psychological distress. Painful procedure can increase anxie

Abstract Background : Most hospitalized children will experience physical pain as well as psychological distress. Painful procedure can increase anxie Volume 12, Number 1, 92~102, An Intervention Study of Pain Reduction during IV Therapy in Hospitalized Children Myo-Jin Kim 1), Joung-Hae Bak 1), Won-Seok Seo 2) Mi-Young Kim 3), Sun-Kyoung Park 3), Jai-Soung

More information

한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구

한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구 한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구 한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구 - - i - - i - - ii - - iii - - iv - χ - v - - vi - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - 그림 1. 연구대상자선정도표 - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - 그림 2. 연구의틀 χ - 9 - - 10 - - 11 -

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp DOI: : Researc

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp DOI:   : Researc Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp.251-273 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.2.201706.251 : 1997 2005 Research Trend Analysis on the Korean Alternative Education

More information

슬라이드 1

슬라이드 1 1 언어의두가지모습과언어학 5 1. 언어수행 (linguistic performance): 실제대화상황에 서사용하는언어 (the actual use of language in concrete situations) 2. 언어능력 (linguistic competence): 머릿속에저장되어 있는언어지식 (the mental knowledge that a speaker

More information

http://www.kbc.go.kr/pds/2.html Abstract Exploring the Relationship Between the Traditional Media Use and the Internet Use Mee-Eun Kang This study examines the relationship between

More information

<28C6EDC1FD5FC0FCC3BC D332E687770>

<28C6EDC1FD5FC0FCC3BC D332E687770> 영유아의상징놀이발달과초기표현어휘발달과의관계 최윤지 a,b 이윤경 c, a 한림대학교보건대학원언어병리학과, b 서초아동발달연구소, c 한림대학교언어청각학부 교신저자이윤경한림대학교언어청각학부교수강원도춘천시옥천동 1번지 e-mail: ylee@hallym.ac.kr tel: 033-248-2219 배경및목적 : 영유아시기의상징놀이발달은영유아시기의발달과밀접하게관련된다.

More information

인문사회과학기술융합학회

인문사회과학기술융합학회 Vol.5, No.5, October (2015), pp.471-479 http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ajmahs.2015.10.50 스마트온실을 위한 가상 외부기상측정시스템 개발 한새론 1), 이재수 2), 홍영기 3), 김국환 4), 김성기 5), 김상철 6) Development of Virtual Ambient Weather Measurement

More information

THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE Nov.; 26(11),

THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE Nov.; 26(11), THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. 2015 Nov.; 26(11), 985991. http://dx.doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2015.26.11.985 ISSN 1226-3133 (Print)ISSN 2288-226X (Online) Analysis

More information

<5BBEF0BEEE33332D335D20312EB1E8B4EBC0CD2E687770>

<5BBEF0BEEE33332D335D20312EB1E8B4EBC0CD2E687770> 언어장애의 몇 가지 유형에서 관찰되는 어휘빈도와 음운변화 효과 * 김충명 남기춘 ** (광주대학교 고려대학교) Kim, Choong-Myung and Nam, Kichun. 2008. The Effects of Korean Word Frequency and Phonological Change in Several Types of Language Disorder.

More information

歯7권2호.PDF

歯7권2호.PDF 1 2) * ** *** (*, **, *** ).., 2002, 7, 2, 46-63. 24-30. MCDI- K (SELSI),... MLUm, T NW, NDW, T TR TT R.. :,,, MCDI- K, SELSI. 3.. 16 9 198, 20 41 405 (F enson et al., 1993). (T hal et al., 1999), (noncommunicative)

More information

Effects of baseball expertise and stimulus speeds on coincidence-anticipation timing accuracy of batting Jong-Hwa Lee, Seok-Jin Kim, & Seon-Jin Kim* Seoul National University [Purpose] [Methods] [Results]

More information

<C7D1B1B9B1B3C0B0B0B3B9DFBFF85FC7D1B1B9B1B3C0B05F3430B1C733C8A35FC5EBC7D5BABB28C3D6C1BE292DC7A5C1F6C6F7C7D42E687770>

<C7D1B1B9B1B3C0B0B0B3B9DFBFF85FC7D1B1B9B1B3C0B05F3430B1C733C8A35FC5EBC7D5BABB28C3D6C1BE292DC7A5C1F6C6F7C7D42E687770> 기혼 여성이 사이버대학에서 상담을 전공하면서 겪는 경험 방기연 (고려사이버대학교 상담심리학과 부교수) * 요 약 본 연구는 기혼 여성의 사이버대학 상담전공 학과 입학에서 졸업까지의 경험을 이해하는 것을 목적으로 한 다. 이를 위해 연구참여자 10명을 대상으로 심층면접을 하고, 합의적 질적 분석 방법으로 분석하였다. 입학 전 에 연구참여자들은 고등교육의 기회를

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp DOI: : A Study on the Ac

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp DOI:   : A Study on the Ac Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp.269-293 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.1.201803.269 : A Study on the Actual Condition of Character Education in Early Childhood

More information

언어치료연구, 제25권제1호 Journal of Speech-Language & Hearing Disorders , Vol.25, No.1, 11 ~ 22

언어치료연구, 제25권제1호 Journal of Speech-Language & Hearing Disorders , Vol.25, No.1, 11 ~ 22 언어치료연구, 제25권제1호 Journal of Speech-Language & Hearing Disorders http://www.ksha1990.or.kr/ 2016, Vol.25, No.1, 11 ~ 22 http://dx.doi.org/10.15724/jslhd.2016.25.1.002 조음음운장애평가에관한문헌고찰 A Literature Review

More information

212 52,.,. 1),. (2007), (2009), (2010 ), Buzássyová, K.(1999), Bauer, L.(2001:36), Štekauer, P.(2001, 2002), Fernández-Domínguez(2009:88-91) (parole),

212 52,.,. 1),. (2007), (2009), (2010 ), Buzássyová, K.(1999), Bauer, L.(2001:36), Štekauer, P.(2001, 2002), Fernández-Domínguez(2009:88-91) (parole), - - Jung, Handero. 2011. 08. The formation and listedness of nonce words - Focused on wordization of syntactic construction -. Korean Linguistics 52, 211-241. This paper aims to examine the formation and

More information

. 45 1,258 ( 601, 657; 1,111, 147). Cronbach α=.67.95, 95.1%, Kappa.95.,,,,,,.,...,.,,,,.,,,,,.. :,, ( )

. 45 1,258 ( 601, 657; 1,111, 147). Cronbach α=.67.95, 95.1%, Kappa.95.,,,,,,.,...,.,,,,.,,,,,.. :,, ( ) . 45 1,258 ( 601, 657; 1,111, 147). Cronbach α=.67.95, 95.1%, Kappa.95.,,,,,,.,...,.,,,,.,,,,,.. :,, (402-751) 253 E-mail : yspark@inha.ac.kr ,. (, 2011),, 1980 5 49.9%, 4 (20.3%). 1985, 5 (39.0%), 4 (25.3%).

More information

[ 영어영문학 ] 제 55 권 4 호 (2010) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1) Kyuchul Yoon, Ji-Yeon Oh & Sang-Cheol Ahn. Teaching English prosody through English poems with clon

[ 영어영문학 ] 제 55 권 4 호 (2010) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1) Kyuchul Yoon, Ji-Yeon Oh & Sang-Cheol Ahn. Teaching English prosody through English poems with clon [ 영어영문학 ] 제 55 권 4 호 (2010) 775-794 ( ) ( ) ( ) 1) Kyuchul Yoon, Ji-Yeon Oh & Sang-Cheol Ahn. Teaching English prosody through English poems with cloned native intonation. The purpose of this work is to

More information

歯5-2-13(전미희외).PDF

歯5-2-13(전미희외).PDF The Korean Journal of Counseling 2004, Vol. 5, No. 2, 423-434,. 4 5 18 9, 9.,,,,,.,,, t-.. :,,, (,, 1996),.,,. (, 2001),... 88 98 2000, 88 12.5%(250 )98 35.6%(712 )2.8 (,,, 2001) (Corresponding Author)

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp DOI: * Review of Research

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp DOI:   * Review of Research Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp.79-102 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.2.201706.79 * Review of Research Trends on Curriculum for Students with Severe and multiple

More information

차 례... 박영목 **.,... * **.,., ,,,.,,

차 례... 박영목 **.,... * **.,., ,,,.,, 차 례... 박영목 **.,... * 2010. **.,.,.... 1980.,,,.,,. 1980.. .... (Bereiter Scardamalia, 1987).. Hayes Flower(1980),,,..,,.....,,,... Hayes Flower 1980, Hayes 1996, Kellogg 1996, Hayes 2012. Hayes Flower

More information

Rheu-suppl hwp

Rheu-suppl hwp Objective: This paper reviews the existing Korean medical and public health, and nursing academy articles on disease-specific and domain-specific quality of life, and provides recommendations for the universally

More information

Analyses the Contents of Points per a Game and the Difference among Weight Categories after the Revision of Greco-Roman Style Wrestling Rules Han-bong

Analyses the Contents of Points per a Game and the Difference among Weight Categories after the Revision of Greco-Roman Style Wrestling Rules Han-bong Analyses the Contents of Points per a Game and the Difference among Weight Categories after the Revision of Greco-Roman Style Wrestling Rules Han-bong An 1 & Kyoo-jeong Choi 2 * 1 Korea National Wrestling

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp DOI: * A S

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp DOI:   * A S Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp.461-487 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.4.201812.461 * - 2008 2018 - A Study on the Change of Issues with Adolescent Problem

More information

KCC2011 우수발표논문 휴먼오피니언자동분류시스템구현을위한비결정오피니언형용사구문에대한연구 1) Study on Domain-dependent Keywords Co-occurring with the Adjectives of Non-deterministic Opinion

KCC2011 우수발표논문 휴먼오피니언자동분류시스템구현을위한비결정오피니언형용사구문에대한연구 1) Study on Domain-dependent Keywords Co-occurring with the Adjectives of Non-deterministic Opinion KCC2011 우수발표논문 휴먼오피니언자동분류시스템구현을위한비결정오피니언형용사구문에대한연구 1) Study on Domain-dependent Keywords Co-occurring with the Adjectives of Non-deterministic Opinion 요약 본연구에서는, 웹문서로부터특정상품에대한의견문장을분석하는오피니언마이닝 (Opinion

More information

저작자표시 - 비영리 - 변경금지 2.0 대한민국 이용자는아래의조건을따르는경우에한하여자유롭게 이저작물을복제, 배포, 전송, 전시, 공연및방송할수있습니다. 다음과같은조건을따라야합니다 : 저작자표시. 귀하는원저작자를표시하여야합니다. 비영리. 귀하는이저작물을영리목적으로이용할

저작자표시 - 비영리 - 변경금지 2.0 대한민국 이용자는아래의조건을따르는경우에한하여자유롭게 이저작물을복제, 배포, 전송, 전시, 공연및방송할수있습니다. 다음과같은조건을따라야합니다 : 저작자표시. 귀하는원저작자를표시하여야합니다. 비영리. 귀하는이저작물을영리목적으로이용할 저작자표시 - 비영리 - 변경금지 2.0 대한민국 이용자는아래의조건을따르는경우에한하여자유롭게 이저작물을복제, 배포, 전송, 전시, 공연및방송할수있습니다. 다음과같은조건을따라야합니다 : 저작자표시. 귀하는원저작자를표시하여야합니다. 비영리. 귀하는이저작물을영리목적으로이용할수없습니다. 변경금지. 귀하는이저작물을개작, 변형또는가공할수없습니다. 귀하는, 이저작물의재이용이나배포의경우,

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp DOI: * Meta Analysis : T

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp DOI:   * Meta Analysis : T Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp.289-314 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.26.3.201612.289 * Meta Analysis : Trends and Effects of Art-Therapy with Clay Purpose:

More information

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA e- 비즈니스연구 (The e-business Studies) Volume 17, Number 3, June, 30, 2016:pp. 93~116 ISSN 1229-9936 (Print), ISSN 2466-1716 (Online) 원고접수일심사 ( 수정 ) 게재확정일 2016. 06. 12 2016. 06. 20 2016. 06. 26 ABSTRACT e-

More information

석사

석사 특수교육논총 (FCT) *.,,,.,., 10. 1 3.,,. *. ** (flyzz01@hanmail.net) .,.,., (, 1995).,. (, 2011)., (, 2001; Wetherby & Prutting, 1984; Mundy et al., 1986)...,.,.,... (, 2012).,...,,.,, (, 2009).. (,, 2000).,..,

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp DOI: * The Effect of Paren

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp DOI:   * The Effect of Paren Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp.95-116 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.29.2.201906.95 * The Effect of Parent Education Program Using Action Learning on Family

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp DOI: * The Effect of Boa

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp DOI:   * The Effect of Boa Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp.195-217 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.26.3.201612.195 * The Effect of Board Game Play Large Group Activities on Children's Sociability

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp DOI: : A basic research

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp DOI:   : A basic research Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp.379-404 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.3.201709.379 : A basic research for the after-school forest activities program models:

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp DOI: * A Analysis of

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp DOI: * A Analysis of Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp.99-117 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.1.201803.99 2015 * A Analysis of the Characters and Issues about the 2015 Revised Social

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp DOI: A study on Characte

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp DOI:   A study on Characte Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp.381-404 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.1.201803.381 A study on Characteristics of Action Learning by Analyzing Learners Experiences

More information

03-서연옥.hwp

03-서연옥.hwp 농업생명과학연구 49(4) pp.31-37 Journal of Agriculture & Life Science 49(4) pp.31-37 Print ISSN 1598-5504 Online ISSN 2383-8272 http://dx.doi.org/10.14397/jals.2015.49.4.31 국가산림자원조사 자료를 적용한 충남지역 사유림경영율 추정 서연옥

More information

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 6, December, 30, 2016:21~34 Received: 2016/12/04, Accepted: 2016/12/27 Revised: 2016/12/19, Published: 2016/12/30 [ABSTRACT] With the development of the Internet,

More information

ISSN (Print) ISSN (Online) Commun Sci Disord 2016;21(1):60-68 Original Article Prevalence of

ISSN (Print) ISSN (Online) Commun Sci Disord 2016;21(1):60-68 Original Article   Prevalence of ISSN 2288-1328 (Print) ISSN 2288-0917 (Online) Commun Sci Disord 2016;21(1):60-68 Original Article Prevalence of Developmental Language Delay among Toddlers Born as Preterm YoonKyoung Lee a, HyoJoo Lee

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp DOI: (NCS) Method of Con

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp DOI:   (NCS) Method of Con Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp.181-212 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.3.201709.181 (NCS) Method of Constructing and Using the Differentiated National Competency

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp.1-16 DOI: * A Study on Good School

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp.1-16 DOI:   * A Study on Good School Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp.1-16 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.26.3.201612.1 * A Study on Good School and School Evaluation Purpose: This study was to examine

More information

상담학연구,, SPSS 21.0., t,.,,,..,.,.. (Corresponding Author): / / / Tel: /

상담학연구,, SPSS 21.0., t,.,,,..,.,.. (Corresponding Author): / / / Tel: / ,,. 164 -. SPSS 21.0., t,.,,,..,.,.. (Corresponding Author): / / 1 11 404 / Tel: 02-880-7636 / E-mail: dikimedu@snu.ac.kr ...,,, (, 2012),, (,,, 2012a, 2012b;,, 2011;, 2011;,, 2010). (, 2013;, 2012;, ;

More information

27 2, 17-31, , * ** ***,. K 1 2 2,.,,,.,.,.,,.,. :,,, : 2009/08/19 : 2009/09/09 : 2009/09/30 * 2007 ** *** ( :

27 2, 17-31, , * ** ***,. K 1 2 2,.,,,.,.,.,,.,. :,,, : 2009/08/19 : 2009/09/09 : 2009/09/30 * 2007 ** *** ( : 27 2, 17-31, 2009. -, * ** ***,. K 1 2 2,.,,,.,.,.,,.,. :,,, : 2009/08/19 : 2009/09/09 : 2009/09/30 * 2007 ** *** (: dminkim@cau.ac.kr) 18 한국교육문제연구제 27 권 2 호, 2009. Ⅰ. (,,, 2004). (,, 2006).,,, (Myrick,

More information

A Study on Married Female Immigrants Life Style and Marriage Satisfaction in Terms of Preparing Their Old Age in Chungcheongnam-do Department of Gerontology, Hoseo University Doctoral Student : Hi Ran

More information

歯제7권1호(최종편집).PDF

歯제7권1호(최종편집).PDF ********** (*, **, ***, **** ).., 2002, 7, 1, 49-64..,,. 1. 4, 5 6 72,. 4,, 50 %, 34 %, 8 %, 5 75 %, 67 %, 13 %, 6 95 %, 51 %., (,, ), (,, )..888,.448,.361.,,,,... :,,,,,,,..... (Catts, 1989). (Wagner

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp DOI: * The Participant Expe

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp DOI:   * The Participant Expe Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp.17-40 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.29.1.201903.17 * The Participant Experiences and Expectations of Pre-service Teachers for

More information

03이경미(237~248)ok

03이경미(237~248)ok The recent (2001-2010) changes on temperature and precipitation related to normals (1971-2000) in Korea* Kyoungmi Lee** Hee-Jeong Baek*** ChunHo Cho**** Won-Tae Kwon*****. 61 (1971~2000) 10 (2001~2010).

More information

A Study of Event-Related Brain Potentials in Children s Korean Sentence Comprehension Graduate School of Social Welfare, Myongji University Assistant Professor : Inhwa Choi Department of Child Development

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp DOI: * A Study on the Pe

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp DOI:   * A Study on the Pe Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp.405-425 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.1.201803.405 * A Study on the Perceptions and Factors of Immigrant Background Youth

More information

에너지경제연구 Korean Energy Economic Review Volume 17, Number 2, September 2018 : pp. 1~29 정책 용도별특성을고려한도시가스수요함수의 추정 :, ARDL,,, C4, Q4-1 -

에너지경제연구 Korean Energy Economic Review Volume 17, Number 2, September 2018 : pp. 1~29 정책 용도별특성을고려한도시가스수요함수의 추정 :, ARDL,,, C4, Q4-1 - 에너지경제연구 Korean Energy Economic Review Volume 17, Number 2, September 2018 : pp. 1~29 정책 용도별특성을고려한도시가스수요함수의 추정 :, ARDL,,, C4, Q4-1 - . - 2 - . 1. - 3 - [ 그림 1] 도시가스수요와실질 GDP 추이 - 4 - - 5 - - 6 - < 표 1>

More information

<B8BBBCD2B8AEC0E5BED620BABBB9AEC0FCC3BC2E687770>

<B8BBBCD2B8AEC0E5BED620BABBB9AEC0FCC3BC2E687770> 제 7 장 말소리장애평가 7.1 평가방법선택에영향을미치는요인 7.2 평가맥락 7.3 말소리장애지표의종류 7.4 말소리분석수준 7.5 자발화분석연습 136 말소리장애 일반적으로처음언어치료를시작할때언어치료사들에게가장어려운것이진단이라고말한다. 진단의어려움은실습이끝나도쉽게해결되지않고초보치료사들에게계속해서어려움으로남는다. 전문가들누구도처음부터진단 에자신이있었다고하지않는다.

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp DOI: The Effect of Caree

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp DOI:   The Effect of Caree Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp.325-349 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.3.201809.325 The Effect of Career Preparation Behavior Before and After Major Transitions

More information

<5B32B4DC5D31352D3320BEF0BEEEC3BBB0A22DC6EDC1FD28C3D6C1BE292E687770>

<5B32B4DC5D31352D3320BEF0BEEEC3BBB0A22DC6EDC1FD28C3D6C1BE292E687770> 학령 전 아동의 담화결속장치 발달에 관한 종단 연구 이희란 a 이승복 b, a 부산가톨릭대학교 언어청각치료학과, b 충북대학교 심리학과 교신저자 이승복 충북대학교 심리학과 교수. 충북 청주시 흥덕구 성봉로 410 충북대학교 e-mail: lsbok@chungbuk.ac.kr tel.: 043-261-2193 배경 및 목적: 본 연구에서는 학령전 아동의 다양한

More information

다문화 가정의 부모

다문화 가정의 부모 영유아아동정신건강연구 Korean Journal for Infant Mental Health 2013, Vol. 6, No. 1, 57-84 영유아기정서및행동문제에대한 부모와일반교사의인식및지원욕구조사 - 57 - 영유아아동정신건강연구 6 권 1 호 - 58 - 영유아기정서및행동문제에대한부모와일반교사의인식및지원욕구조사 - 59 - 영유아아동정신건강연구 6 권

More information

,......

,...... The Impact of Personal Traits, Family Characteristics, and Job Satisfaction on the Psychological Well-Being of Middle Aged Men from the Baby Boomer Generation Working in Large Corporations Department of

More information

THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 29, no. 10, Oct ,,. 0.5 %.., cm mm FR4 (ε r =4.4)

THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 29, no. 10, Oct ,,. 0.5 %.., cm mm FR4 (ε r =4.4) THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. 2018 Oct.; 29(10), 799 804. http://dx.doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2018.29.10.799 ISSN 1226-3133 (Print) ISSN 2288-226X (Online) Method

More information

조사연구 권 호 연구논문 한국노동패널조사자료의분석을위한패널가중치산출및사용방안사례연구 A Case Study on Construction and Use of Longitudinal Weights for Korea Labor Income Panel Survey 2)3) a

조사연구 권 호 연구논문 한국노동패널조사자료의분석을위한패널가중치산출및사용방안사례연구 A Case Study on Construction and Use of Longitudinal Weights for Korea Labor Income Panel Survey 2)3) a 조사연구 권 호 연구논문 한국노동패널조사자료의분석을위한패널가중치산출및사용방안사례연구 A Case Study on Construction and Use of Longitudinal Weights for Korea Labor Income Panel Survey 2)3) a) b) 조사연구 주제어 패널조사 횡단면가중치 종단면가중치 선형혼합모형 일반화선형혼 합모형

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp DOI: : - Qualitative Met

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp DOI:   : - Qualitative Met Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp.369-397 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.2.201806.369 : - Qualitative Meta-Synthesis on Child-Nurturing Experiences of Female

More information

<353420B1C7B9CCB6F52DC1F5B0ADC7F6BDC7C0BB20C0CCBFEBC7D120BEC6B5BFB1B3C0B0C7C1B7CEB1D7B7A52E687770>

<353420B1C7B9CCB6F52DC1F5B0ADC7F6BDC7C0BB20C0CCBFEBC7D120BEC6B5BFB1B3C0B0C7C1B7CEB1D7B7A52E687770> Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society Vol. 13, No. 2 pp. 866-871, 2012 http://dx.doi.org/10.5762/kais.2012.13.2.866 증강현실을 이용한 아동교육프로그램 모델제안 권미란 1*, 김정일 2 1 나사렛대학교 아동학과, 2 한세대학교 e-비즈니스학과

More information

:,,.,. 456, 253 ( 89, 164 ), 203 ( 44, 159 ). Cronbach α= ,.,,..,,,.,. :,, ( )

:,,.,. 456, 253 ( 89, 164 ), 203 ( 44, 159 ). Cronbach α= ,.,,..,,,.,. :,, ( ) :,,.,. 456, 253 ( 89, 164 ), 203 ( 44, 159 ). Cronbach α=.83.91.,.,,..,,,.,. :,, (402-751) 253 E-mail : yspark@inha.ac.kr ..,.,.,. Bandura(1997),.,,,,., (,,, 2009), (,,,, 2014).?.,,,.. Bandura (1995) (Resiliency

More information

A Time Series and Spatial Analysis of Factors Affecting Housing Prices in Seoul Ha Yeon Hong* Joo Hyung Lee** 요약 주제어 ABSTRACT:This study recognizes th

A Time Series and Spatial Analysis of Factors Affecting Housing Prices in Seoul Ha Yeon Hong* Joo Hyung Lee** 요약 주제어 ABSTRACT:This study recognizes th A Time Series and Spatial Analysis of Factors Affecting Housing Prices in Seoul Ha Yeon Hong*Joo Hyung Lee** 요약 주제어 ABSTRACT:This study recognizes that the factors which influence the apartment price are

More information

<312E20C0CCC8F1B6F52E687770>

<312E20C0CCC8F1B6F52E687770> 부모보고를통해종단관찰한한국아동의초기문법형태소습득 이희란 * 장유경 ** 최유리 ** 이승복 ***, (* 부산가톨릭대학교언어청각치료학과, ** 한솔교육문화연구원, *** 충북대학교심리학과 ) 이희란 장유경 최유리 이승복. 부모보고를통해종단관찰한한국아동의초기문법형태소습득. 언어청각장애연구, 2008, 제 13 권, 제 2 호, 159-173. 배경및목적 : 본연구는한국아동의초기문법형태소습득의전반적인발달규준을얻기위하여,

More information

歯7권2호.PDF

歯7권2호.PDF (SELSI) : 1 1) ( ). (SELSI) :., 2002, 7, 2, 1-23. 3 (SELSI). SELSI 1090.,.. Cronbach.98.. 14.996,.998. :, SELSI,,,.,., 3.. 1 BK.,,. 1 3,. (babbling ),.. (joint attention ),., 3.., 3, (Bzoch, Kemker & Wood,

More information

1..

1.. Volume 12, Number 1, 6~16, Factors influencing consultation time and waiting time of ambulatory patients in a tertiary teaching hospital Jee-In Hwang College of Nursing Science, Kyung Hee University :

More information

Study on the Improvement of Management System through Analysis of golf semi- market: Focus on Physical Education Facility Act Ji-Myung Jung 1, Ju-Ho Park 2 *, & Youngdae Lee 3 1 Korea Institute of Sport

More information

ISSN (Print) ISSN (Online) Commun Sci & Dis 2014;19(3): Original Article Korean Late-T

ISSN (Print) ISSN (Online) Commun Sci & Dis 2014;19(3): Original Article   Korean Late-T ISSN 2288-1328 (Print) ISSN 2288-0917 (Online) Commun Sci & Dis 2014;19(3):285-293 Original Article Korean Late-Talkers Use of the Mutual Exclusivity Assumption on First versus Second Label Learning Il-Ran

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp DOI: * The Grounds and Cons

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp DOI:   * The Grounds and Cons Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp.63-81 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.26.3.201612.63 * The Grounds and Consequences of the Elementary School Teachers' Trust Formation

More information

386-390.hwp

386-390.hwp 386 HANYANG MEDICAL REVIEWS Vol. 29 No. 4, 2009 우리나라 미숙아의 통계와 의료비용 Statistics and Medical Cost of Preterm in Korea 윤혜선 을지대학교 노원을지병원 소아청소년과학교실 Hye Sun Yoon, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Pediatrics, Nowon

More information