ISSN (Print) ISSN (Online) Commun Sci Disord 2015;20(2): Original Article Phonological
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1 ISSN (Print) ISSN (Online) Commun Sci Disord 2015;20(2): Original Article Phonological Characteristics of Late-Talkers through Phonological Whole-Word Analysis Hwa-Jeong Shin a, Eun-Ju Lee b a Graduate School of Special Education, Dankook University, Yongin, Korea b Department of Special Education, Dankook University, Yongin, Korea Correspondence: Eun-Ju Lee, PhD Department of Special Education, Dankook University, 152 Jukjeon-ro, Suji-gu, Yongin , Korea Tel: Fax: slplee@dankook.ac.kr Received: January 5, 2015 Revised: February 27, 2015 Accepted: April 24, 2015 This paper is based on the master s thesis of the first author. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the phonological characteristics of late-talkers by examining whether there were differences in phonological ability between children with normal language development and late-talkers in terms of phonological proximity and variability based on phonological whole-word analysis. Methods: Ten late-talkers (age, months) and ten age-matched, typically developing children participated in the study. Target words were produced as a naming task in a structured play situation. The words produced by the children were transcribed and then analyzed according to phonological mean length of utterance (PMLU), proportion of whole word proximity (PWP), and proportion of whole word variability (PWV) with phonological whole-word analysis. Results: First, there were significant differences in phonological proximity between the two groups. Late-talkers scored lower in PMLU and PWP. Second, there were also significant differences in phonological variability between the two groups. Late-talkers showed higher PWV. Conclusion: These findings indicate that late-talkers experience difficulty producing complex syllable structures with accurate pronunciations and thus produce words with lower intelligibility than typically developing children. They also tend to show more inconsistent phonological patterns. The findings imply a need to evaluate phonological ability as a predicting factor of language development in late-talkers and to consider phonological intervention when establishing intervention goals for late-talkers. Keywords: Whole word analysis, Late talker, Phonological proximity, Phonological variability 초기음운습득과정에서아동은성인이사용하는단어의세부적인음운자질을지각하는능력이불안정하며, 생물학적요인이라는선천적인제약때문에성인이발음한음운패턴과다른음운패턴으로산출한다 (Ferguson & Farwell, 1975; Vihman, Keren- Portnoy, & Schiemenz, 2008; Waterson, 1971). 어린아동들은단어의단위를세분화하는것에어려움이있기때문에단어를구성하고있는분절음이아닌전체단어 (whole-word) 단위로단어를표상하게된다 (Velleman & Vihman, 2007). 인지적 -문제해결모델의관점에서아동의초기음운발달을 형판 (template) 의개념으로설명하고있다. 초기옹알이단계를거쳐첫낱말을산출하기위해아동은옹알이단계에서자신이이미습득한음운패턴을새로운음운패턴과연결하여음운체계를확장해나간다. 아동은자신이선 택 (selected) 한 목표단어 (target word) 와유사하게산출하기위해지속적으로노력하고, 목표단어와근접하게변형 (adapt) 된음운패턴을갖게된다. 이처럼선택과변형의상호작용으로아동은일종의음운도식인형판 (template) 을형성하게되고음운체계를구축해나간다. 형판을토대로총체적으로음운체계를습득해나가던아동은성장하면서심성어휘집 (lexicon) 이증가하고, 어휘집내의단어를음운적으로구별하려면좀더상세한음운표상이필요하므로이때고도의음운발달이이루어진다 (Vihman et al., 2008). 초기음운발달시기에언어표현의지연을보이는아동은초기음운체계의확립이어려워지고나아가어휘집으로의확장에도영향을끼친다. 만 2세가되어도표현어휘수가현저히적거나두낱말조합이나타나지않는말늦은아동 (late-talker) 에대한연구에 Copyright 2015 Korean Academy of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited
2 Hwa-Jeong Shin, et al. Phonological Characteristics of Late-Talkers 따르면말늦은아동의표현언어의지연이음운발달의지연으로연결되고, 이러한초기음운발달의지연으로의미영역과형태 구문영역에서도문제를보일수있다고한다 (Paul, 1991; Rescorla & Schwartz, 1990; Williams & Elbert, 2003). 말늦은아동의음운특성을분석한연구에따르면말늦은아동은 (1) 산출할수있는음소목록이적고, (2) 산출할수있는음절구조가제한적이고음절구조가단순하며, (3) 비전형적인음운변동을보이고, (4) 산출한단어의자음에서변이성이크다 (Stoel-Gammon, 1989; Paul & Jennings, 1992; Rescorla & Ratner, 1996; Vihman et al., 2008; Williams & Elbert, 2003). 최근국내에서진행된연구에서도말늦은아동은일반아동에비하여산출할수있는음절구조가제한적이고음소목록이더적은것으로보고되었다 (Sim & Ha, 2014). 말늦은아동중 59% 는 3세가넘었을때동일연령대집단의언어발달을따라잡지만, 일부아동은언어발달지체가계속되어단순언어장애, 학습장애로도나타날수있다 (Paul, 1989). 따라서말늦은아동의회복및지속요인을예측하기위한연구가활발하게진행되고있다. 말늦은아동의언어발달회복요인을 음운능력 측면에서살펴본연구에따르면, 언어발달회복그룹이언어발달지체가지속된그룹보다발달된음소목록과음절구조, 안정적인음운패턴산출을보인것으로나타났다 (Carson, Klee, Carson, & Hime, 2003; Roberts, Rescorla, Giroux, & Stevens, 1998; Williams & Elbert, 2003). 말늦은아동의음운발달에관한종단연구에서 Williams와 Elbert (2003) 는말늦은아동이일반아동에비해목표단어를산출할때산출한형태가목표단어의근접성 (proximity) 과변이성 (variability) 에차이가있다고주장하였다. 특히목표단어를여러번산출했을때각기다른형태로산출함을의미하는변이성에서말늦은아동은일반아동에비해안정적이지않은음운능력을가지고있는것으로볼수있다. Maillart와 Parisse (2006) 는단순언어장애 (specific language impairment) 아동의경우음운능력에문제가있을때언어발달에서더광범위한손상을예측할수있다고보고하였다. 따라서말늦은아동의장기적인음운발달의지연은언어발달의위험요인이될수있기에조기중재의결정을위한과정에서이를예측하는것이중요하다. 말늦은아동의음운발달중요성이강조되면서국외에서는관련연구가활발하게이루어지고있다. 그러나국내의말늦은아동과관련된연구에서는주로의사소통특성 (Ha, 2012; Hong, 2007), 제스처사용 (Ji, 2012; Ji, 2013) 등의연구가진행되었고, 음운특성과관련하여 Sim과 Ha (2014) 가 18-30개월말늦은아동의음운발달을일반아동과비교한연구를제외하면말늦은아동의음운발 달연구가매우드문실정이다. 말늦은아동과같은어린아동은단어를구성하고있는음운학적정보를전체적으로표상하고, 단어의단위를세분화하는것에어려움이있기때문에분절음이아닌단어수준에서분석하여야한다 (Velleman & Vihman, 2007). 어린아동의음운특성을 단어단위 (whole-word) 로평가해야한다는중요성이강조되고있지만, 기존의음운능력을평가하기위한방법은분절음에초점을둔자음정확도 (percentage of correct consonants, PCC; Shriberg & Kwiatkowski, 1982) 가대표적이다. 자음정확도는어린아동의비일관적인음운특성이반영이되기어렵다. 또한아동마다첫낱말로선택하는단어목록이다르고, 선택한단어들에맞추어음운체계를구성해나가기때문에개인차가큰어린아동의음운능력을분절음수준에서분석하는것은적절하지않다 (Ferguson & Farwell, 1975; Vihman et al., 2008). Ingram과 Ingram (2001) 이제안한 단어단위음운분석 (phonological whole word analysis) 은어린아동의음운발달을성인이발음한음운형태와비교하여단어수준에서분석할수있다. Seok (2004) 에따르면, 단어단위음운분석은기존의분절음위주의분석이었던자음정확도 (PCC) 와달리어린아동이산출한음운형태를성인의발음한목표음운형태와비교하여음운학적수행능력을살펴보는것에목적이있다. 단어단위음운분석의하위영역에는단어단위정확률 (proportion of whole word correctness, PWC), 단어단위복잡률 (proportion of whole word complexity) 또는평균음운길이 (phonological mean length of utterance, PMLU), 단어단위근접률 (proportion of whole word proximity, PWP), 단어단위변이율 (proportion of whole word variability, PWV) 네가지가있다. 단어단위음운분석은자음정확도 (PCC) 에비해분석기준과규준이충분히갖추어지지않아서임상현장에서적용하는데어려움이있으나, 자음정확도에비해더다양한음운적정보를제공할수있기에주목받고있다. 특히단어단위음운분석은 3세이하의어린아동이나말실행증과같은단어산출의변이성을보이는대상자에게적합할수있다 (Kunnari, Saaristo-Helin, & Savinainen-Makkonen, 2012). 이중어린아동을대상으로진행한연구에서는어린아동이목표단어를산출할때성인이발음한음운형태와얼마나근접한지, 음운복잡성에따라목표단어와얼마나근접하게산출할수있는지, 불완전한어린아동의음운체계가단어내변이성에영향을끼치는지살펴보았다 (Sosa & Stoel-Gammon, 2012; Vihman et al., 2008; Williams & Elbert, 2003). 따라서본연구에서는평균음운길이 (PMLU), 단어단위근접률 (PWP), 단어단위변이율 (PWV) 를분 158
3 단어단위음운분석에의한말늦은아동의음운특성 신화정외 석하였다. 첫째, 단어단위복잡률을나타내는평균음운길이 (PMLU) 는평균발화길이 (MLU) 를반영한것으로, 산출한단어내음운의복잡성에대한정보를알수있다. 음운의복잡성에영향을끼치는요인에는분절음복잡성, 음절복잡성, 단어내조합으로인한복합복잡성으로구성된다. 평균음운길이는음운의복잡성에대한정보로, 목표단어의분절수와정확하게발음한자음이반영된다. 평균음운길이는아동이발음한단어의길이와자음의정확성을동시에알려주는지표이기때문에근접성과관련한음운적정보를제공한다 (Seok, 2006). 두번째로단어단위근접률 (PWP) 은아동이산출한단어가성인이발음한형태와비교하여얼마나유사한지를측정하는방법이다. 단어단위근접률로아동의명료도를간접적으로측정할수있다. 마지막으로단어단위변이율 (PWV) 은같은단어를여러번산출했을때일관적으로발음을했는지를파악할수있다. 국외와국내에서이루어진말늦은아동의음운발달연구는주로자발화수집을통한질적분석으로진행되어왔다. 실제임상에서도말늦은아동의언어발달예측변인으로음운습득에관한정보를수집하는것이필수적이지만, 자발화수집시발화안에서단어의경계를정하는것에어려움이있다 (Yoon, Kim, & Kim, 2013). 또한자발화전사를통한질적분석은낮은명료도를보이는음운지체아동의경우의도한말의정확한전사와아동의실제음운능력을모두포함하기어려워발화표본의신뢰도에영향을끼칠수있다 (Bernthal, Bankson, & Flipsen, 2008). 말늦은아동의음운특성과관련된연구 (Vihman et al., 2008) 에서말늦은아동중일부아동은일반아동에비하여음운적으로복잡한단어를더잘산출하였다. 이는아동의말표본을연구자가자발화수집을통하여아동이산출한단어로분석하였기때문이다. 어휘집에음운적으로복잡한단어가있는아동은음운적으로연습 (practice) 이진행되어서복잡한음운구조의단어를일반아동에비하여더잘산출할수있었을것이라고연구자가논의하였다. 이처럼어린아동을대상으로한음운연구에서는발화표본의대표성을위하여선별된단어내에서분석할필요가있으며, 전체단어로음운적인표상이이루어지는어린아동의음운특성상성인이발음한목표형태와비교하는관계분석으로접근하여야한다. 따라서, 본연구에서는다양한음절구조의단어를선정하여음운의근접성측면에서평균음운길이 (PMLU) 와단어단위근접률 (PWP) 을통해말늦은아동의음운적으로복잡한단어의산출능력과명료도를분석하였다. 그리고, 음운의변이성측면에서어린아동의음운체계의안정화를살펴볼수있는단어단위변이율 (PWV) 을통해말늦은아동의단어내비일관성을살펴보았다. 연구방법 연구대상 본연구는서울과경기에거주하는 개월의말늦은아동 10 명과생활연령을일치시킨일반아동 10 명, 총 20 명을대상으로진 행하였다. 말늦은아동의선정기준은 (1) 부모보고를통해심각한 청력손상이없고, 인지, 정서, 신경학적인문제가없으며, (2) 한국 형덴버발달선별검사 -II (K-DDST II; Shin, Han, Oh, Oh, & Ha, 2002) 에서언어영역을제외한모든발달영역에서정상으로나타 나고, (3) 한국판맥아더 - 베이츠의사소통발달평가 (K M-B CDI; Pae & Kwak, 2011) 에서표현어휘수가 -1 SD 미만, (4) 영유아언어 발달검사 (SELSI; Kim, Kim, Yoon, & Kim, 2003) 에서표현언어점 수가 -1 SD 이하에속하는아동으로하였다. 생활연령을일치시킨일반아동은 (1) 부모보고를통해발달에 문제가없고, (2) 한국형덴버발달선별검사의모든영역이 정상 에 속하며, (3) 한국판맥아더 - 베이츠의사소통발달평가에서표현어 휘수가 -1 SD 이상, (4) 영유아언어발달검사결과가 -1 SD 이상인 아동으로선정하였다. 위의기준에따라선정된말늦은아동과일반아동의기본정보 는 Table 1 과같다. 연구도구 실험단어는 2-3 세아동이사용하는일상생활어휘중의미가분 명히드러나는명사어휘이고, 표현언어가늦은말늦은아동의어 휘표현을유도하기위하여 K M-B CDI 영아용의어휘에서초성이 자음으로시작되는어휘로 1 차선별하였다. 선별된어휘에서 Jung, Pae 와 Kim (2006) 의연구를참고하여말늦은아동의어휘산출 유도를위하여해당연령보다낮은연령대에서고빈도로관찰되는 음절구조 (CV, CVC, CVCV, CVCVC) 와음절수 (1-3 음절 ), 자음목 록 ( 어두초성 / ㅍ, ㅆ, ㅉ, ㄹ / 제외, 어중초성 / ㅍ, ㅌ, ㅊ, ㅎ / 제외, 어 말종성 / ㅁ, ㅇ, ㄴ, ㅂ / 포함 ) 을고려하여선정하였다. 그리고단어 단위음운분석으로 2-4 세아동의조음음운특성연구를진행한 Park (2010) 의실험단어목록에서일상생활의어휘중다양한음 Table 1. Group characteristics LT (N = 10) TD (N = 10) Age (mo) 31.8 (2.61) 29.0 (3.36) SELSI reception 51.8 (1.68) 54.3 (2.54) SELSI expression 36.9 (8.18) 53.9 (2.68) K M-B CDI (73.44) (102.35) Values are presented as mean (SD). LT= late talker; TD= typical developing children
4 Hwa-Jeong Shin, et al. Phonological Characteristics of Late-Talkers 운이포함된 9개의단어를포함시켰다. 실험단어는 1음절단어가 7 개, 2음절단어가 13개, 3음절단어가 5개로총 25개로구성되었다. 실험단어목록은단어산출기록지 (Appendix 1) 에첨부하였다. 연구절차 Park (2010) 은 2세아동을대상으로이름대기과제진행시아동이과제진행의집중과검사자의지시수행에어려움이있었다고보고하였다. 기존의어린아동의음운능력을분석한선행연구에서는분석자료를연구자와아동의상호작용, 양육자와아동의상호작용상황에서수집한자발화상황에서수집하였다. 어린아동의경우그림이름대기와같이구조화된과제에서아동이실제사용하는음운의대표성이확보되기어렵다. 따라서자신이사용하는문맥속에서음소산출이어떻게이루어지는지수집하여야한다. 본연구에서는 Sosa와 Stoel-Gammon (2012) 의연구절차를번안하여구조화된놀이상황에서아동이산출한단어의음운능력을파악하였다. 자료수집절차연구자가대상아동의가정을개별적으로방문하여자료를수집하였다. 한회기에대상자선정을위한 K-DDST-II, K M-B CDI, SEL- SI 평가의진행과구조화된놀이상황에서아동의목표발화자료를수집하였다. 대상자선정을위한평가와발화자료수집을위해 60분내외의시간이소요되었다. 말늦은아동과일반아동모두발화수집에앞서먼저아동과의라포형성을위해 10분간자유놀이를진행하였고놀이는실험단어범주와관련된인형놀이, 부엌놀이등의놀이감, 스티커북, 그림책등으로제한하였다. 자유놀이이후에는발화수집을위한구조화된놀이상황에서아동이검사자가준비한검사도구에관심을갖게하였다. 아동과구조화된놀이상황에서자연스럽게 이게뭐야? 와같은질문으로아동이이름대기반응을통하여목표단어를산출하도록유도하였다. 만약아동이연구자가알아듣지못하게불명료하게말하거나다른사물의이름으로표현하면 다시한번말해볼래? 라고하며아동이한번더표현할수있는기회를제공하였다. 각각의실험단어는시간을두고놀이활동에따라세번씩산출할수있는기회를제공하였다 아동이산출한목표단어를다시확인하여재전사하였다. 전사하기어려울정도로아동이불명료하게말하거나다른사물로대치해서표현한단어는분석에서제외하였다. 평균음운길이, 단어단위근접률은아동이산출한세번의기회중처음산출한자료로분석하였다. 영역별분석방법은다음과같다. 평균음운길이본연구에서는 Seok (2006) 과 Park (2010) 이한국어에맞게수정한방법을사용하였다. 평균음운길이의분석방법은다음과같다. 평균음운길이 (PMLU) = 아동이산출한단어의음운길이의합 / 전체산출한단어수단어단위근접률단어단위근접률 (PWP) = 아동의 PMLU/ 목표단어의 PMLU 단어단위변이율단어단위변이율 (PWV) = 아동이산출한단어의형태수 / 해당단어반복횟수결과처리말늦은아동과일반아동의반응을전사하여엑셀프로그램 (Microsoft Excel 2010) 에입력하고평균음운길이, 단어단위근접률, 단어단위변이율을산출하였다. 각각의수치를통계적으로비교하기위하여독립표본 t검정을실시하였다. 모든통계분석처리는 SPSS 21.0 statistics를이용하여분석하였다. 신뢰도평가자간신뢰도분석을위해녹음된발화자료중전체의 20% 를임의로추출하였다. 아동이산출한단어를임상경력 3년이상의언어재활사 2급자격증을소지한제2평가자 1명과연구자가전사한것을비교하여분석하였다. 신뢰도는일치한항목수를전체항목수로나눈다음 100을곱하여산출하였다. 본연구의평가자간신뢰도는 91.63% 였다. 연구결과 자료전사및분석라포형성을위해 10분정도진행한상호작용놀이는분석에서제외하였다. 연구자는발화수집상황에서아동의발화를바로전사하고동시에녹음하였으며, 분석시에는녹음한자료를들으면서 음운의근접성말늦은아동과일반아동의평균음운길이 (PMLU) 와단어단위근접률 (PWP) 의평균과표준편차를 Table 2에제시하였다. PMLU 는일반아동집단이말늦은아동집단보다더높은것으로나타났 160
5 단어단위음운분석에의한말늦은아동의음운특성 신화정외 Table 2. PMLU, PWP, PWV by group 으며 t 검정결과두집단간에유의한차이가있었다 (t =-5.8, p<.01). PWP 역시일반아동이말늦은아동보다더높은것으로나타났으 며 t 검정결과또한두집단간에유의한차이가있었다 (t = -6.56, p<.01). 음운의근접성에서말늦은아동은일반아동에비해낮은 근접성을보였다. 음운의변이성 말늦은아동과일반아동의단어단위변이율 (PWV) 의평균과 표준편차를 Table 2 에함께제시하였다. PWV 은말늦은아동집단 이일반아동집단보다더높은것으로나타났으며 t 검정결과두집 단간에유의한차이가있었다 (t = 4.9, p<.01). 말늦은아동은일반 아동에비해단어단위변이율의점수가더높게나타났는데, 말늦 은아동은일반아동에비해목표단어의산출에서더비일관된음 운형태를나타내는것으로해석할수있다. 논의및결론 본연구는말늦은아동의음운특성을파악하기위해단어단위 음운분석방법을사용하여 개월의말늦은아동과생활연령 을일치시킨일반아동과의비교를통하여음운의근접성과변이 성을살펴보았다. LT (N = 10) TD (N = 10) t PMLU 3.94 (1.12) 6.59 (.86) -5.80** PWP.56 (.13).91 (.10) -6.56** PWV.48 (.47).37 (.35) 4.90** Values are presented as mean (SD). LT = late talker; TD = typical developing children; PMLU = phonological mean length of utterance; PWP = proportion of whole word proximity; PWV = proportion of whole word variability. **p <.01. 음운의근접성측면에서는말늦은아동이일반아동에비해유의 하게낮은근접성을보였다. 단어단위음운분석의평균음운길이와 단어단위근접률로비교하였을때, 말늦은아동은일반아동에비 해평균음운길이와단어단위근접률모두더낮은것으로나타났다. 이러한결과는말늦은아동에대한선행연구들 (Carson et al., 2003; Locke, 1994; Roberts et al., 1998; Vihman et al., 2008; Williams & Elbert, 2003) 과유사한결과이다. Mirak 과 Rescorla (1998) 에따르면심성어휘집증가와초기음운발달은함께이루어지는 데말늦은아동은초기표현할수있는어휘가적으므로음운발 달이지연될수있다. 음운발달은어휘집을근거로이루어지기때 문에초기단어인출에어려움이있는말늦은아동의음운능력은정상언어발달아동에비해저조한편이다 (Smith, McGregor, & Demille, 2006). 따라서말늦은아동은또래연령의아동에비해단어표현이현저히적으므로음운능력의확장에어려움이있다고볼수있다. 즉말늦은아동의현저하게적은표현단어가음운체계의발달에영향을미쳐서음소목록과음절구조의제한, 정확한자음산출의어려움등으로인해목표단어를성인과유사하게표현하는데에어려움이있다고해석할수있다. 음운의변이성측면에서는말늦은아동이일반아동에비해단어단위변이율이더높았으며두집단간에유의한차이가있었다. 즉, 말늦은아동은일반아동에비해목표단어의산출에서더비일관적인음운형태를나타내는것으로볼수있다. 이는말늦은아동은일반아동에비하여체계적인음운구조를갖추지못해비일관된조음형태를보인다는 Rescorla와 Ratner (1996) 의입장과일치한다. Park (2010) 은아동의연령이어릴수록비일관적인음운형태를보인다고보고했는데, 말늦은아동은표현언어의지체로일반아동에비해좀더어린연령대의음운수준을나타내기때문에음운체계의발달도그에상응하게나타나는것으로볼수있다. 이와같은맥락에서 Vihman 등 (2008) 은말늦은아동은표현언어가지체되어초기음운발달에서단어의산출로이루어지는음운의형판 (template) 이제대로형성되지않아불완전한음운표상으로비일관된음운형태를보이는것이라고하였다. 본연구의결과역시말늦은아동이표현언어의지체로불완전한음운체계를갖추고있어목표단어를가변적으로산출한것이라고해석할수있다. 연구의결과를종합해보았을때말늦은아동은일반아동에비해산출하려는목표단어에서낮은근접성과높은변이성을보였다. 이러한결과는말늦은아동의표현언어능력의지체로음운발달에영향을끼쳐불완전한음운체계를가지고있음을나타낸것으로볼수있다. 말늦은아동중약 59% 는언어발달의지체가지속되고, 특히음운발달에취약함을보이는언어발달지체아동은음운처리과정의어려움으로인해학령기에이르면문해기술습득의어려움을나타낼수있다고한다 (Leonard, 1998; Paul, 1989). 따라서언어발달장애나지체의가능성이있는아동을조기에진단하고효과적인중재를제공하는것은매우중요하다. 단어단위음운분석의영역중평균음운길이와단어단위근접률은아동의연령에적합한음운학적정보를제공하기때문에말늦은아동의음운중재목표에반영할수있다 (Kim, 2012; Kunnari et al., 2012; Yoon et al., 2013). 단어단위음운분석은어린아동의음운평가및치료중재에유용 161
6 Hwa-Jeong Shin, et al. Phonological Characteristics of Late-Talkers 하게활용할수있는요소를갖추고있다. 따라서본연구결과는언어발달이지연되고있는아동의평가에단어단위음운분석을사용한음운평가를포함시켜서조기선별및중재에단어단위음운분석이활용될필요성이있음을시사한다. 본연구에서의제한점과후속연구를위한제언은다음과같다. 첫째, 본연구에서는말늦은아동의음운능력을고려하여더어린연령대아동들이고빈도로산출하는음절구조와자음목록으로이루어진단어들을목표단어로선정하여아동의음운능력을살펴보았다. 추후연구에서는음절과자음복잡성, 연속되는자음배열특성의난이도를좀더다양하게고려하여말늦은아동의음운능력을살펴볼필요가있다. 둘째, 실험단어를산출할때가능한음운변동을충분히고려하지못하였다. 목표단어산출에서자음의연쇄가일어날때나타나는제약을허용하지않았다. 추후연구에서는우리말의음운변동을충분히고려하여실험단어를선정하고분석기준을마련할필요가있다. 셋째, 연구기간의제한으로연구가종료된후연구대상자의이후언어발달수준을확인하지못하였다. 말늦은아동중조음오류를덜보이고일관된음운형태를보이는아동은언어발달의예후가긍정적이라는선행연구결과 (Vihman et al., 2008; Williams & Elbert, 2003) 를고려할때, 추후연구에서는말늦은아동의음운능력에따라집단을나누어종단적으로살펴봄으로써언어발달의예후를확인할필요가있다. REFERENCES Bernthal, J. E., Bankson, N. W., & Flipsen, P. (2008). Articulation and phonological disorders (6th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon. Carson, C. P., Klee, T., Carson, D. K., & Hime, L. K. (2003). Phonological profiles of 2-year-olds with delayed language development: predicting clinical outcomes at age 3. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 12, Ferguson, C. A., & Farwell, C. B. (1975). Words and sounds in early language acquisition. Language, 51, Ha, E. B. (2012). Comparison of temperament and mother-children communicative characteristics between late-talker and normal children (Master s thesis). Dankook University, Youngin, Korea. Hong, G. H. (2007). A longitudinal study of communicative intention variables for predicting expressive vocabulary development of the late-talkers. Korean Journal of Early Childhood Special Education, 7, Ingram, D., & Ingram, K. D. (2001). A whole-word approach to phonological analysis and intervention. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 32, Ji, J. H. (2013). The effects of gestures on fast mapping of verbs with late talkers (Master s thesis). Dankook University, Yongin, Korea. Ji, S. J. (2012). Relationship between the communicative gestures and the vocabulary of late-talking toddlers (Master s thesis). Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea. Jung, K. H., Pae, S. Y., & Kim, K. S. (2006). The early phonological development of Korean children. Korean Journal of Communication Disorders, 11, Kim, M. J. (2012). Treatment of children with phonological cases accompanied by expressive language delay. The Korean Academy of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology & The Korean Association of Speech-Language Pathologists joint workshop casebook, Kim, Y. T., Kim, K. H., Yoon, H. R., & Kim, H. S. (2003). Sequenced Language Scale for Infants (SELSI). Seoul: Special Education Publishing. Kunnari, S., Saaristo-Helin, K., & Savinainen-Makkonen, T. (2012). Phonological mean length of utterance in specific language impairment: a multicase study of children acquiring Finnish. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 26, Leonard, L. B. (1998). Children with specific language impairment. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Locke, J. L. (1994). Gradual emergence of developmental language disorders. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 37, Maillart, C., & Parisse, C. (2006). Phonological deficits in French speaking children with SLI. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 41, Mirak, J., & Rescorla, L. (1998). Phonetic skills and vocabulary size in late talkers: concurrent and predictive relationships. Applied Psycholinguistics, 19, Pae, S. Y., & Kwak, K. J. (2011). MacArthur-Bates communicative development inventory-korean: words and gestures. Seoul: Mind Press. Park, H. (2010). Phonological whole-word measures in 2-4 years old children (Doctoral dissertation). Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Korea. Paul, R. (1989). Profiles of toddlers with delayed expressive language. In the Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development. Kansas City: MO. Paul, R. (1991). Profiles of toddlers with slow expressive language development. Topics in Language Disorders, 11, Paul, R., & Jennings, P. (1992). Phonological behaviors in toddlers with slow expressive language development. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 162
7 단어단위음운분석에의한말늦은아동의음운특성 신화정외 35, Rescorla, L., & Ratner, N. B. (1996). Phonetic profiles of toddlers with specific expressive language impairment (SLI-E). Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 39, Rescorla, L., & Schwartz, E. (1990). Outcome of toddlers with specific expressive language delay. Applied Psycholinguistics, 11, Roberts, J., Rescorla, L., Giroux, J., & Stevens, L. (1998). Phonological skills of children with specific expressive language impairment (SLI-E) outcome at age 3. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 41, Seok, D. I. (2004). A whole-word approach to phonological analysis with phonological disorders. Journal of Special Education: Theory and Practice, 5, Seok, D. I. (2006). A whole-word approach to phonological analysis with normal children aged from 3 to 5 years. Journal of Speech & Hearing Disorders, 15, Shin, H. S., Han, K. J., Oh, K. S., Oh, J. J., & Ha, M. N. (2002). Korean Denver II. Seoul: Hyunmoonsa. Shriberg, L. D., & Kwiatkowski, J. (1982). Phonological disorders IA diagnostic classification system. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 47, Sim, H., & Ha, S. (2014). Comparison of phonological development between typically developing children and late talking children aged months. Communication Sciences & Disorders, 19, Smith, B. L., McGregor, K. K., & Demille, D. (2006). Phonological development in lexically precocious 2-year-olds. Applied Psycholinguistics, 27, Sosa, A. V., & Stoel-Gammon, C. (2012). Lexical and phonological effects in early word production. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 55, Stoel-Gammon, C. (1989). Prespeech and early speech development of two late talkers. First Language, 9, Velleman, S. L., & Vihman, M. M. (2007). Phonological development in infancy and early childhood: implications for theories of language learning. In M. C. Pennington (Ed.), Phonology in context (pp ). Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan. Vihman, M. M., Keren-Portnoy, T., & Schiemenz, S. (2008). The development of phonological systematicity: late talkers and typically developing children. Leeds Working Papers in Linguistics and Phonetics, 13, Waterson, N. (1971). Child phonology: a prosodic view. Journal of Linguistics, 7, Williams, A. L., & Elbert, M. (2003). A prospective longitudinal study of phonological development in late talkers. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 34, Yoon, M. S., Kim, J. M., & Kim, S. J. (2013). Phonological whole-word measures of spontaneous speech in children two to four years of age. Journal of Speech-Language & Hearing Disorders, 22,
8 Hwa-Jeong Shin, et al. Phonological Characteristics of Late-Talkers Appendix 1. 단어산출기록지 단어산출기록지 대상자코드생년월일생활월령 성별지역검사일자 목표단어 [ 목표산출 ] 1차반응 2차반응 3차반응 코 [ 코 ] 눈 [ 눈 ] 물 [ 물 ] 책 [ 책 ] 칼 [ 칼 ] 빵 [ 빵 ] 컵 [ 컵 ] 바지 [ 바지 ] 나비 [ 나비 ] 머리 [ 머리 ] 포크 [ 포크, 포끄 ] 기차 [ 기차 ] 수박 [ 수박 ] 가방 [ 가방 ] 라면 [ 라면 ] 딸기 [ 딸기 ] 접시 [ 접씨 ] 신발 [ 신발, 심발 ] 냄비 [ 냄비 ] 풍선 [ 풍선 ] 바나나 [ 바나나 ] 토마토 [ 토마토 ] 비행기 [ 비행기 ] 청소기 [ 청소기 ] 냉장고 [ 냉장고 ] 164
9 단어단위음운분석에의한말늦은아동의음운특성 신화정외 국문초록 단어단위음운분석에의한말늦은아동의음운특성 신화정 1 이은주 2 1 단국대학교특수교육대학원언어치료전공, 2 단국대학교특수교육과 배경및목적 : 본연구는말늦은아동의음운특성을단어단위음운분석을사용하여음운의근접성과변이성의측면에서일반아동과비교하여살펴보고자하였다. 방법 : 24-35개월사이의말늦은아동 10명과생활연령을일치시킨일반아동 10명을대상으로구조화된놀이상황에서목표실험단어를산출하도록유도하였다. 아동이산출한단어를전사하여평균음운길이, 단어단위근접률, 단어단위변이율을분석하고말늦은아동과일반아동간에음운의근접성과변이성에차이가있는지비교하였다. 결과 : 음운의근접성은두집단간에유의한차이가있었고말늦은아동이일반아동에비해평균음운길이와단어단위근접률이더낮게나타났다. 음운의변이성은두집단간에유의한차이가있었고말늦은아동이일반아동에비해단어단위변이율이더낮게나타났다. 논의및결론 : 본연구결과를통해말늦은아동의언어발달예측요인으로음운능력평가의필요성을논의하고, 중재시음운적중재를함께고려할것을제안하였다. 핵심어 : 말늦은아동, 단어단위음운분석, 음운의근접성, 음운의변이성본연구는제1저자의석사학위논문을수정 보완하였음. 참고문헌 김민정 (2012). 표현언어지체를동반한아동의음운치료사례. 한국언어청각임상학회, 한국언어재활사협회공동연수회자료집, 김영태, 김경희, 윤혜련, 김화수 (2003). 영유아언어발달검사 (SELSI). 서울 : 도서출판특수교육. 박현 (2010). 단어단위분석에의한 2-4세아동의조음음운특성연구. 대구대학교대학원박사학위논문. 배소영, 곽금주 (2011). 한국형맥아더- 베이츠의사소통발달평가 (K M-B CDI). 서울 : 마인드프레스. 석동일 (2004). 단어단위접근법에의한조음음운장애아동의음운분석. 특수교육저널 : 이론과실천, 5, 신희선, 한경자, 오가실, 오진주, 하미나 (2002). 한국형 Denver II 검사. 서울 : 현문사. 심혜림, 하승희 (2014) 개월말늦은아동과일반아동의음운발달비교. 언어청각장애연구, 19, 윤미선, 김정미, 김수진 (2013). 자발화문맥에서의단어단위음운평가. 언어치료연구, 22, 정경희, 배소영, 김기숙 (2006). 12, 18, 24개월영유아의음운발달특성. 언어청각장애연구, 11, 지수진 (2012). 말늦은영유아 (late-talker) 의의사소통적몸짓과어휘사용간의관계. 한림대학교대학원석사학위논문. 지정희 (2013). 몸짓 (gesture) 이말늦은유아 (late talker) 의빠른의미연결 (fast-mapping) 에미치는효과. 단국대학교대학원석사학위논문. 하은빈 (2012). 말늦은아동과일반아동의기질및어머니-아동간의사소통특성비교. 단국대학교대학원, 석사학위논문. 홍경훈 (2007). 말늦은아동 의표현어휘발달예측을위한의사소통의도산출특성종단연구. 유아특수교육연구, 7,
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