ISSN (Online) Commun Sci Disord 2016;21(2): Original Article Articulatory Variability in 24- to

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1 ISSN (Online) Commun Sci Disord 2016;21(2): Original Article Articulatory Variability in 24- to 36-Month-Old Typically Developing Children Hee-Yun Kim a, Seunghee Ha b a Department of Speech Pathology, Graduate School, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea b Division of Speech Pathology and Audiology, Audiology and Speech Pathology Research Institute, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea Correspondence: Seunghee Ha, PhD Division of Speech Pathology and Audiology, Audiology and Speech Pathology Research Institute, Hallym University, 1 Hallimdaehak-gil, Chuncheon 24252, Korea Tel: Fax: shha@hallym.ac.kr Received: April 5, 2016 Revised: May 12, 2016 Accepted: May 27, 2016 Objectives: This study aims to investigate the articulatory variability of word and phoneme production on spontaneous utterance samples in typically developing children age 24 to 36 months. Methods: Speech samples were collected from 11 children age 24 to 30 months and 11 children age 31 to 36 months. Word variability, phoneme variability, percentage of consonants correct (PCC), and consonant inventory were measured. Eojeol was a basic unit for analysis of word variability. Both correct articulations and error productions were included for the variability analysis. Statistical analyses were conducted to investigate whether word and phoneme variability measures were different between the two age groups and if there were relationships between articulatory variability measures and PCC and consonant inventory. Results: For the children age 24 to 30 months, 51.55% of Eojeols which were produced more than twice showed variable productions and 69% of consonants in the consonant inventory showed variability. For children age 31 to 36 months, word variability and phoneme variability were 36.45% and 52.45%, respectively. Both variability measures showed significantly negative correlation with PCC and consonant inventory. Conclusion: This study suggests that 2-year-old children show progressively stable and consistent articulation patterns along with phonological acquisition. The results of this study have implications for evaluating the degree of articulatory variability in children who have inconsistent phonological disorders or childhood apraxia of speech. Keywords: Word variability, Phoneme variability, Inconsistent phonological disorder, Twoyear-old children s phonological development, Spontaneous utterance sample analysis 조음변이성은초기음운습득과정에서연령이낮은아동에게관찰되는말특징이고연령이증가하고음운습득이진행되면서점진적으로사라지는특성이다 (Sosa & Stoel-Gammon, 2006). 변이적인조음특성이장기간높은비율로두드러지게나타나면아동기말실행증뿐만아니라비일관적말소리장애 (Dodd, Holm, Crosbie, & McCormack, 2005) 와같은말소리장애로진단될수있다. Holm, Crosbi 그리고 Dodd (2007) 는말소리습득과정에서일시적으로관찰되는정상적인변이성 (variability) 과장애진단표지로서의비일관성 (inconsistency) 의특징을구별하고공식적으로용어를정의해야할필요성을강조하였다. 장애진단표지인비일관성과발달적말소리습득과정에서나타나는변이성의특성을구별하기위해서는일반아동의변이적인조음특성에대해자세히살펴볼필 요가있다. 말소리습득과정에서나타나는변이적인조음특성을살펴보면단어내말소리위치에따라같은말소리가서로다른형태로나타날수있고, 위아래입술의움직임보다턱움직임의발달이보다일찍숙달되는것같이조음기관조절과협응상의성숙정도에따라산출의형태가달라질수있다. 또한심상어휘집 (lexicon) 에저장되어있는어휘에대한잘못된지각과표상으로인해음운적으로비슷한다른형태로산출할수도있으며, 대화중에청자의피드백과반응에따라서산출의형태를변화시켜조음할수도있다. 발화가한낱말산출단계에서문장산출로확장됨에따라언어학적문맥이바뀌게되는것또한단어및말소리가서로다른형태로산출되는이유가될수있다. 따라서변이성은조음음운능력의발달로인해아동이성인의산출형태로낱말을실현시키는과 Copyright 2016 Korean Academy of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

2 Hee-Yun Kim, et al. Articulatory Variability in 24 to 36 Months Old 정중에있음을나타내는긍정적인신호일수있다 (Dodd, Leahy, & Hambly, 1989; Ferguson & Farwell, 1975; Forrest, Elbert, & Dinnsen, 2000; Green, Moore, & Reilly, 2002; Grunwell, 1987; Kenney, Prather, Mooney, & Jeruzal, 1984; Kenney & Prather, 1986). 대조적으로비일관적말소리장애특성을살펴보면목표음소가불규칙적으로많은수의음소로대치되어산출되기때문에오류를예측할수없다. 또한음절생략, 축약, 도치와같은음절구조를변화시키는비발달적인오류패턴의산출비율이높다. 따라서말명료도가매우낮기때문에다른말소리장애아동보다어린연령대에언어평가를받게된다 (Dodd et al., 2005; Stackhouse & Wells, 1997). 조음변이성을살펴본선행연구에따르면초기음운습득단계인 2세아동들의말소리산출에높은변이성이나타났다 (Dyson & Paden, 1983; Leonard, Schwartz, Morris, & Chapman, 1981; Sosa & Stoel-Gammon, 2006). Leonard 등 (1981) 은 1세 10개월에서 2세 2개월일반아동 8명을대상으로낱말내음소변이성을살펴보았다. 연구결과, 이시기에변이성이나타나는것은자음이나낱말구조와같은음운체계요소들이아직완성되지못했기때문이라고하였다. Dyson과 Paden (1983) 은 2세아동의음운습득전략에대한종단연구에서 18개월에서 36개월사이의아동은성인의모델에최대한도달하기위해극심한변이성을나타내는연령대라고보고하였다. 또한 Sosa와 Stoel-Gammon (2006) 도 1-2세아동을대상으로종단연구를실시하였는데낱말조합이일어나는시기에변이성이정점에달했다고보고하였다. 전반적으로많은연구에서초기음운발달시기인 2세무렵에조음측면에서높은변이성이나타났다고하였다. 아동의조음변이성을객관적으로측정하기위해여러연구자들이검사도구와다양한측정방법을제안하였다. 먼저단어변이성측정에대한연구로 Dodd, Zhu, Crosbie, Holm 그리고 Ozanne (2002) 은조음음운진단평가 (Diagnostic Evaluation of Articulation and Phonology, DEAP) 라는표준화된검사도구를개발하면서하위검사항목으로비일관성평가를포함시켰고비일관성에대한규준자료를제시하였다. 측정방법으로구조화된 25개의그림에대한이름대기과제를사용하여, 아동의변이성산출비율을구하였다. Ingram (2002) 은조음변이성의측정방법으로단어단위변이성비율 (proportion of whole-word variation, PWV) 을제안하였는데, 단어당서로다른음운형태로산출된단어의유형수를해당단어가산출된수로나누어측정한다. 예를들어세번산출된단어의형태가모두동일하면 PWV는 0 (0/3) 이되고세번모두다른형태로산출되었다면 PWV는 1 (3/3) 이된다. 따라서수치가높을수록단어를다양한음운형태로산출함을의미한다. Betz와 Stoel-Gammon (2005) 은목표단어의오류횟수에대한오류유형의변이성을측정할수있는조음오류변이성 (overall consistency of error types) 공식을제안하였다. Ingram (2002) 의 PWV는목표단어의정조음과조음오류를포함한전반적인조음변이성을나타내는측정치이고 Betz와 Stoel-Gammon (2005) 의조음오류변이성은목표단어의조음오류만을포함시킨측정치이다. 음소변이성측정에대한연구를살펴보면, Tyler, Lewis 그리고 Welch (2003) 는음소의오류일관성을측정하기위해 23개의음소에서대치되어산출된서로다른음소의총수를계산하는오류일관성지수 (Error Consistency Index, ECI) 를제시하였다. Isermann (2001) 은단어내음소위치에서비일관적오류비율로비일관적인오류가나타난음소의총수를목표음소의총수로나누어계산하는 S IC Total (percent inconsistently correct out of total number of targets by position) 를제안하였다. Iuzzini와 Forrest (2008) 는조음또는음운장애아동을대상으로두하위집단을진단및분류하기위해자음대치비일관성백분율 (consonant substitute inconsistency percentage, CSIP) 과비일관성정도백분율 (inconsistency severity percentage, ISP) 을개발하였다. 단어변이성에서전반적인조음변이성을살펴볼수있는 Ingram (2002) 의 PWV는아동의자발화에서 2회이상산출된단어의총수가아동마다다를수있기때문에연구자는미리특정목표단어를선정하여총세번또는다섯번씩산출하도록권고하고있다. 따라서 PWV를사용하여단어변이성을측정하는것은자발화상황에서제한적이다. 음소변이성에서 Tyler 등 (2003) 이제시한 ECI와 Iuzzini와 Forrest (2008) 의 ISP는비일관적 오류 의정도를살펴보는측정치이다. Isermann (2001) 의 S IC Total 은정조음과조음오류를포함하여아동의전반적인변이성을측정할수있으나자발화상황에서변이적으로산출되는특정음소가높은빈도로산출될경우낮은빈도로산출된음소보다변이성이상대적으로낮게측정되는문제가있을수있다. 즉음소의산출빈도에따라변이성정도가영향을받을수있다. 따라서본연구는자발화상황에서조음변이성을살펴보는것이목적이므로음소산출빈도에따라영향을받지않는, 정조음과조음오류가모두포함된전반적인변이성을살펴보기위해 Dodd 등 (2002) 의측정법을토대로연구자들이단어변이성과음소변이성측정치를고안하였다. 국내조음변이성연구를살펴보면 Hwang과 Ha (2012) 는 2세후반에서 4세일반아동을대상으로 Ingram (2002) 의방법을사용하여낱말및문장수준에서조음변이성을측정하였다. 그결과연령이증가함에따라조음변이성이감소하였는데특히 2세후반과 3세에서여러가지형태의조음오류를보이다가 4세에이르면보다 334

3 24-36 개월아동의조음변이성연구 김희윤외 안정된조음능력을갖게되어일관적인조음패턴이나타났다. Park, Hwang 그리고 Park (2011) 은 2세아동을대상으로 Ingram (2002) 이제안한 PWV를낱말수준에서살펴보았고평균값은.40으로보고하였다. 이는특정단어를아동이산출했을때 10번중 4번은서로다른유형이산출됨을의미하며수치가낮을수록일관된조음패턴이나타났다고볼수있는데특히 2세아동들은단어에대한정조음의일관성및오류형태의일관성이낮다고하였다. Shin과 Lee (2015) 는 24-35개월의일반아동과말늦은아동의 PWV를단어수준에서측정한결과말늦은아동의평균값은.48, 일반아동의평균값은.37로나타났다. 말늦은아동의높은변이성은일반아동에비해목표단어의산출에서비일관된음운형태가더많이나타났음을의미하며, 말늦은아동의경우표현언어의지체와불완전한음운체계를갖추고있어목표단어를가변적으로산출했다고볼수있다. 최근에아동의조음변이성의측정방법과측정값에대한연구가이루어지고있으나대부분의국내연구들은아동에게낱말의산출을여러번유도하여낱말수준에서변이성을측정하였다. 아동의자연스러운말소리산출능력을살펴보기위해서는일상적인대화상황인자발화수준에서조음변이성을살펴볼필요가있다. 또한주로단어변이성을중심으로조음변이성을살펴보았는데초기음운발달시기로조음측면에서높은변이성이나타나는 2세아동의음소변이성에대한정보를살펴보는연구가필요하다 (Hwang & Ha, 2012; Kim, Choi, & Park, 2006; Park et al., 2011; Shin & Lee, 2015). 따라서본연구에서는표현어휘가급속하게증가하고낱말조합으로문장산출이활발해지면서높은변이성이나타난다고보고되는 24-36개월아동의자발화에서단어변이성과음소변이성을측정하고 2세전반과 2세후반으로월령집단을구분하여차이를보이는지살펴보고자한다. 또한단어변이성, 음소변이성, 자음정확도, 자음목록수간에상관관계를살펴봄으로써조음변이성의특징을알아보고자하였다. 이는아동의정상적인조음발달과정에서나타나는변이성에대한이해를넓히고말소리장애의진단적근거자료로사용될수있을것이다. 연구방법연구대상본연구는서울, 경기및강원지역에거주하는일반아동을 개월과 개월로구분하여각 11명씩총 22명을대상으로실시하였으며선정기준은다음과같다. (1) 양육자보고에의해발달과관련된인지, 신경, 정서장애등의의학적진단력이없고, (2) 한국 Table 1. Subjects information Age group N Mean age SD months months 판맥아더-베이츠의사소통발달평가 (Korean MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories, K M-B CDI; Pae & Kwak, 2011) 에서표현어휘가 10%ile 이상이며, (3) 한국판영유아발달선별검사 (Korea Ages & Stages Questionnaires, K-ASQ; Heo, Squires, Lee, & Lee, 2006) 에서정상범주에속하는아동들을대상으로하였다. 대상자배경정보는 Table 1과같다. 자료수집본연구는아동의가정에방문하여장난감 ( 낚시놀이, 목욕놀이, 주방놀이, 자동차등 ) 을사용해부모와검사자가각각 15분씩총 30분간자유롭게상호작용을하였다. 발화의변이성분석을위해동일한어절이최소 2회이상산출되도록두놀이회기에서부모와검사자는동일한장난감을사용하였고아동이같은어절을반복하여산출하지못할경우 이거뭐야?, 다시이야기해볼까 등질문을사용해 2회이상반복하여산출할수있도록유도하였다. 아동과의놀이상황은캠코더 (Samsung HMX-H205BD) 와음성녹음기 (Sony ICD-UX400F) 로녹화및녹음하였다. 자료분석자료분석은 30분간아동이산출한발화를기준으로하였고자료전사는녹음자료와비디오자료를바탕으로어절단위로끊어최소 5회이상반복하여들은후한글로음성전사하였다. 정확한발음은정조음으로, 생략, 대치, 첨가, 왜곡은조음오류로분류하였고, 생략된말소리는 [Ø] 로표시하고대치된말소리는대치된자음으로표시하였다. 왜곡의경우에는 IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) 의발음구별부호 (diacritics) 나한글음소표기를이용하여최대한구체적으로왜곡형태를표기하고자하였다. 예를들어 / ㄷ / 과 / ㅈ / 의중간소리와같은성인의말소리로구분이어려운미성숙된말소리로발음한경우는 [ ㄷㅈ ] 로표시하였다. / ㅅ / 나 / ㄷ / 음소가구개음화되거나 / ㄹ / 이과도음화된경우 [j] 를이용하여전사하였다 ( 예 : / 사고 / [ ㅅjㅏ고 ], / 여기도 / [ 여기ㄷ jㅗ ], / 고래 / [ 고j ㅐ ]). 환경음이중첩되어발화를분별할수없거나불명료하게산출된어절은 * 로표시하였고분석에서제외하였다. 전사자료를토대로자음정확도, 자음목록, 음소변이성, 단어변이성을구하였다. 단어변이성측정을위한분석은어절단위로이루어졌다. 어린 335

4 Hee-Yun Kim, et al. Articulatory Variability in 24 to 36 Months Old 연령대의아동이단어를산출할때는음운체계나문법형태소를하나씩조합하여산출하는것이아닌단어전체를기본단위로말 언어를습득하기때문에언어를습득하는초기발달수준의아동에게는통단어분석이적절하다 (Ingram, 2002; Macken, 1978). 그러나우리말과같은교착어의경우아동이문법형태소를산출하기시작하면단어라는언어학적단위보다는하나의연결된조음움직임으로산출되는어절이조음측면에서는보다더타당한측정단위이다 (Hwang & Ha, 2012; Yoon, Kim, & Kim, 2013). 따라서본연구에서는어절단위로발화를기본적으로분석하였으며구체적으로 Ha와 Hwang (2013) 의기준을따랐다. 전사가어려운불명료한발화와감탄사 ( 와, 이야 ), 호응발화 ( 응, 그래, 네, 어 ) 는분석에서제외하였다. 그리고언어학적단위인어절로분리되지만구어의특징으로한호흡에연속적으로조음이나타날수있는수사와의존명사 ( 예 : 한개, 두개 ), 본용언과보조용언이결합되는경우 ( 예 : 찾아갔어요, 닫아졌어 ) 와고유명사또는관형어가불완전명사와결합되는경우 ( 예 : 요리하는거, 입는거야 ), 부정어와동사가결합되는경우 ( 예 : 안먹어 ) 는하나의어절로간주하였다. 따라서측정단위를보다정확하게기술하면자연스러운발화에서하나의덩이 ( 토막 ) 로발음되는음운론적단어를기본단위로분석하였다 (Shin & Cha, 2003). 단어변이성측정을위해어절 ( 음운론적단어 ) 을기본단위로선정하였기때문에문장내 2회이상산출된어절을선정하였고서로다른문법형태소가결합되는경우 ( 예 : 벌레가, 벌레는 ) 는다른어절로구별하여분석하였다. 조음변이성측정치는자발화상황에서일반아동의정조음과조음오류가포함된전반적인변이성을살펴보기위해 Dodd 등 (2002) 의측정법을토대로연구자들이고안한측정치를사용하였다. 단어변이성단어변이성은아동이 2회이상산출한목표어절유형수중에서음성실현이서로다르게산출된어절의유형수의비율로측정하였다. 예를들어대상자가 / 가제 / 를 / 가제 /, / 가제 /, / 가데 / 로 / 오리 / 를 / 오디 /, / 오디 /, / 오이 / 로 / 포도 / 를 / 포도 /, / 포도 / 로산출하였다면 2 회이상산출된어절의유형수는 / 가제 /, / 오리 /, / 포도 / 로 3이고서로다르게산출된어절의유형수가 / 가제 /, / 오리 / 로 2이므로 67% (2/3*100) 로측정된다. 이는아동이 2회이상산출한어절중 67% 가서로다른형태로산출되었다고해석할수있다. 단어변이성측정공식은다음과같다. 단어변이성 = 2회이상산출된어절중서로다르게산출된어절의유형수 100 2회이상산출된어절의유형수 음소변이성음소변이성은아동의자음목록에있는음소들중서로다르게산출된음소의유형수의비율로측정하였다. 서로다르게산출된음소는목표자음의생략, 대치, 왜곡된형태를의미하고, 모음환경에따라정상적으로발생하는음성적변이음은특정음소의다른형태로간주하지않았다. 예를들어아동이자발화상황에서자음목록에포함된자음개수가초성 5개 ( ㅂ, ㅁ, ㄴ, ㅈ, ㄹ ), 종성 1개 ( ㅇ ) 이고산출한자음목록중초성에서 / ㄹ / 을 /j, ㄹ, Ø/ 으로 / ㅈ / 을 / ㄷ, ㅈ / 으로, 종성에서 / ㅇ / 을 / ㅇ, Ø/ 으로해당음소를변이적으로산출하였다. 이경우서로다른유형으로산출된음소의유형수는초성 2개 ( ㄹ, ㅈ ), 종성 1개 ( ㅇ ) 이므로음소변이성이 50% (3/6*100) 로측정된다. 이는아동의자음목록중 50% 가변이적으로산출되었다고해석할수있다. 자음목록중서로다르게산출된음소의유형수음소변이성 = 100 자음목록수자음정확도자음정확도측정은목표자음에대해서만고려하였으며목표자음을생략, 대치, 첨가, 왜곡한오류를모두조음오류로분석하였고바르게산출된자음수를전체산출된자음수로나눈백분율로계산하였다. 자음목록자음목록측정은 Stoel-Gammon 과 Dunn (1985) 이제안한기준에의해서로다른 2개이상의낱말에서산출된자음만을자음목록으로포함했다. 아동이산출하는자음목록을수집하는것이목적이므로대치또는첨가오류로산출된자음도자음목록에포함시켰고왜곡오류로산출된자음은포함시키지않았다. 음절내산출위치를고려하여초성과종성의자음빈도를구한후총자음목록의빈도를구하였다. 신뢰도어린아동발화의음성전사를위해연구자와언어병리학을전공하는석사과정생과함께 5주간총 14시간동안 2세아동의영상과음성샘플로듣기훈련을실시한후분석을시작하였다. 듣기훈련을위해수집된아동의발화를어절단위로구분하였다. 초반에는함께모여음성전사를하였고, 성인의말소리로구분이어려운미성숙된말소리가포함된어절은반복적으로듣고구별하는연습을하였다. 해당말소리에대한표기방법을정하고이후각자전사한음성전사의일치도가 90% 이상이될때까지반복해서연습하였다

5 24-36 개월아동의조음변이성연구 김희윤외 이후전체연구대상자의 20% 인 5 명의자료를임의로선정하여 평가자간신뢰도와평가자내신뢰도를구하였다. 평가자간신뢰 도를위해듣기훈련에참여한언어병리학석사과정생과연구자가 독립적으로전사하여일치여부를구하였다. 신뢰도는일치한자 음수를전사된자음의총수로나눈다음 100 을곱하여산출하였 고평가자간신뢰도는 90.63%, 평가자내신뢰도는 94.37% 였다. 통계처리 본연구결과의통계처리는 SPSS Statistics ver (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA) 프로그램을이용하여분석을실시하였다. 연령에 따른단어변이성과음소변이성의유의한차이를확인하기위해 독립표본 t- 검정 (independent sample t-test) 을실시하였고자음정 확도, 자음목록수, 단어변이성, 음소변이성의상관을보기위해 Pearson 상관분석 (Pearson correlation analysis) 을실시하였다. 연구결과 연령집단간차이 2 세전반과 2 세후반의두연령집단을구분하여단어변이성과 Table 2. Independent sample t-test results between the two age groups months (N= 11) months (N= 11) Word variability (%) 51.55± ± ** Phoneme variability (%) 69.00± ± ** Percent of consonants correct (%) 68.36± ± * Inventory of consonants (%) 20.64± ± * Values are presented as mean± SD. *p <.05, **p <.01. (%) Word variability Phonological variability t months months Figure 1. Mean (standard deviation) of word variability and phoneme variability at the two age groups. 음소변이성에차이를보이는지알아보기위해기술통계량과 t- 검 정을실시한결과는 Table 2 와 Figure 1 과같다. 30 분간아동이산 출한자발화를기준으로단어변이성은아동이 2 회이상산출한 어절중 2 세전반에는 51.55%, 2 세후반에는 36.45% 로나타났다. 음소변이성은아동의자음목록중 2 세전반에는 69%, 2 세후반에 는 52.45% 가서로다른형태의음소로산출되었다. 독립표본 t- 검정 결과단어변이성 (t=-3.871, p<.01) 과음소변이성 (t =-4.345, p<.01) 모두두집단간유의미한차이가있었는데 2 세후반집단이 2 세전 반집단에비해유의하게낮은단어변이성과음소변이성을보였다. 단어와음소의변이성뿐만아니라아동의자발화에서자음정확도 와자음목록수도측정하였다 (Table 2). 변이성측정치와마찬가지 로자음정확도 (t=2.133, p<.05) 와자음목록수 (t = 2.115, p<.05) 모 두두월령집단간에유의미한차이를보였다. 변이성을보이는음소를살펴보기위해먼저 Table 3 에전체아 동중 70% 이상에게서나타난자음목록의음소들을제시하였다. 또한자음목록중 50% 이상의아동에게서변이성이나타난음소 들은기호 * 로표시하였다. 2 세전반은초성이평균 개, 2 세후 반은평균 개로마찰음 / ㅅ, ㅆ / 를제외한모든음소가 70% 이 상아동에게서산출되었다. 종성자음목록에서 2 세전반은 6 개, 2 세후반은 7 개로종성파열음 / ㅂ / 가추가되었다. 변이성을보이는 음소는초성자음목록에서 2 세전반은 8 개 ( ㅂ, ㄷ, ㄱ, ㄴ, ㅈ, ㅊ, ㄹ, ㅎ ), 2 세후반은 6 개 ( ㄷ, ㄱ, ㄴ, ㅈ, ㅊ, ㄹ ), 종성은 2 세전반은 6 개 ( ㅁ, ㄴ, ㅇ, ㄷ, ㄱ, ㄹ ), 2 세후반은 4 개 ( ㅁ, ㄴ, ㅇ, ㄹ ) 가서로다른 형태로산출되었다. 말소리측정치와의상관분석 조음변이성과발달적말소리측정치인자음정확도및자음목 록수와의관계를살펴보기위해 Pearson 상관분석을실시하였고 결과는 Table 4 와같다. 단어변이성과음소변이성간에는양의상 Table 3. Phones in consonant inventories of 70% of subjects Age group All Initial Final months ㅂ *, ㅃ, ㅍ, ㄷ *, ㄸ, ㅌㄱ *, ㄲ, ㅋ, ㅁ *, ㄴ *, ㅇ * ㅈ *, ㅉ, ㅊ *, ㄹ *, ㅎ * months ㅂ, ㅃ, ㅍ, ㄷ *, ㄸ, ㅌㄱ *, ㄲ, ㅋ, ㅁ *, ㄴ *, ㅇ * ㅈ *, ㅉ, ㅊ *, ㄹ *, ㅎ Total ㅂ, ㅃ, ㅍ, ㄷ *, ㄸ, ㅌㄱ *, ㄲ, ㅋ, ㅁ *, ㄴ *, ㅇ * ㅈ *, ㅉ, ㅊ *, ㄹ *, ㅎ ㅂ *, ㅃ, ㅍ, ㄷ *, ㄸ, ㅌㄱ *, ㄲ, ㅋ, ㅁ, ㄴ * ㅈ *, ㅉ, ㅊ *, ㄹ *, ㅎ * ㅂ, ㅃ, ㅍ, ㄷ *, ㄸ, ㅌㄱ *, ㄲ, ㅋ, ㅁ, ㄴ * ㅈ *, ㅉ, ㅊ *, ㄹ *, ㅎ ㅂ, ㅃ, ㅍ, ㄷ *, ㄸ, ㅌㄱ *, ㄲ, ㅋ, ㅁ, ㄴ * ㅈ *, ㅉ, ㅊ *, ㄹ *, ㅎ ㅁ *, ㄴ *, ㅇ * ㄷ *, ㄱ *, ㄹ * ㅁ *, ㄴ *, ㅇ * ㅂ, ㄷ, ㄱ, ㄹ * ㅁ *, ㄴ *, ㅇ * ㄷ, ㄱ, ㄹ * *Phonemes which 50% of children produced with variable forms in consonant inventories

6 Hee-Yun Kim, et al. Articulatory Variability in 24 to 36 Months Old Table 4. Pearson correlation analysis of speech measurements 관 (r =.770, p<.01) 이나타났고자음정확도와자음목록수간에도 양의상관 (r =.698, p<.01) 가나타났다. 반면단어변이성과자음정 확도 (r = -.773, p<.01), 자음목록수 (r = -.681, p<.01) 간에는음의 상관이나타났다. 음소변이성은자음정확도 (r = -.627, p <.01), 자 음목록수 (r = -.443, p<.05) 간에음의상관이나타났다. 즉단어변 이성과음소변이성이낮아질수록말소리발달수치인자음정확도 와자음목록이증가하였다. 논의및결론 Word variability Phoneme variability 본연구는자발화에나타난단어변이성과음소변이성을토대 로 2 세아동의조음음운발달수준을살펴보고자하였다. 2 세전반 과후반으로 2 세아동을구분하여두집단간조음변이성의차이 와조음변이성및말소리측정치간에상관관계를분석하였다. 월령집단간단어변이성과음소변이성을살펴본결과, 단어변 이성은 2 세전반집단에서 2 회이상산출된어절중변이적인형태 로산출된어절이 52% 정도를차지하였으나 2 세후반집단에서는 약 36% 수준으로변이적인어절유형수가감소하였다. 음소변이성 은 2 세전반집단에서아동의자음목록중 69% 정도였으나 2 세후 반집단에서 52.45% 로감소하였다. 두월령집단간에조음변이성 에서유의한집단차가있었고후반집단이전반집단보다더낮은 조음변이성을보여 2 세후반집단이전반집단에비해더일관된 조음형태로산출하였다. 이러한결과는연령이증가함에따라일 관된조음능력을나타낸다는선행연구와일치한발달적경향성을 제시하고있다 (Burt, Holm, & Dodd, 1999; Holm, Crosbie, & Dodd, 2005; Hwang & Ha, 2012; Kenney & Prather, 1986; Williams & Stackhouse, 2000). Williams 와 Stackhouse (2000) 은연령 이증가함에따라조음기관의운동통제능력이향상되기때문에 일반아동의경우 3 세에서 4 세가되면안정적이고일관적인조음패 턴으로향상된다고하였다. Holm 등 (2005) 에따르면아동의안정 적이고일관적인조음패턴은어휘학습, 더구체화된음운표상, 말 초청각의변화, 조음기관의운동능력의변화와관련이있고, 연령 PCC Phoneme variability.770** ** PCC -.773** -.627** 1 Inventory of consonants -.681** -.443*.698** PCC= percentage of consonants correct. *p <.05, **p <.01. 이증가함에따른조음음운체계의발달로변이성이감소한다고보고하였다. Hwang과 Ha (2012) 는 2세후반에서 4세일반아동을대상으로낱말및문장수준에서 Ingram (2002) 의 PWV를사용하여단어변이성을측정하였고그결과변이성측정값이 2세후반 46.67%, 3 세전반은 28.88% 로산출되었다. 선행연구의경우이름대기과제상황에서단어단위의변이성을살펴본연구로아동이산출한특정단어가얼마나서로다르게산출되었는지에대해측정하였다. 본연구는자발화수준에서어절의변이성을살펴본연구로아동이 2회이상산출한전체어절중서로다른형태로산출된어절의비율을살펴보았다. 변이성측정값이 2세전반은 51.55%, 2세후반 36.45% 로두연구에서방법적인차이가있었지만비슷한폭으로감소하였다. 이러한변이성의감소는조음음운능력의향상으로보다일관된조음패턴을보이고어휘가급속하게증가하고낱말조합으로문장산출이활발해지는 2세아동에게나타날수있는일반적인특징이라고추정할수있다. Dodd 등 (2005) 은 DEAP평가에서 25개의검사어휘중 10개이상 (>40%) 어휘에서변이성이나타났을때비일관적말소리장애로구분하였다. 또한 Sosa와 Stoel-Gammon (2006) 연구에서도 24개월아동의 PWV 측정값이개인차는있지만 50% 를넘지않았으며 Stoel-Gammon (2004) 의일반아동의종단연구에서도 PWV 측정값이 2세에 40%, 2세 3개월에 34%, 2 세 6개월에 42%, 2세 9개월에 19% 의결과를나타냈다. 본연구결과는 2세전반에 51.55% 로국내외선행연구보다다소높은수치가나타났다. 변이성수치가차이나는이유는 Hwang과 Ha (2012) 의연구에서는단어수준에서평가하였지만본연구는자발화상황에서발화를분석하여언어학적문맥이달랐다. 또한대부분의선행연구들은모두 Ingram (2002) 의 PWV를사용하여본연구와측정방법상의차이가있었다. 아동이산출한어절중변이성이나타난어절을살펴보면 K M-B CDI (Pae & Kwak, 2011) 의수용및표현어휘목록에포함되지않은, 즉아동들에게친숙하지않은단어 ( 예 : 가재, 낚싯대, 양상추 ) 가높은비율을차지하였다. 또한음절수가많은단어 ( 예 : 아이스크림, 가스레인지 ), 아동의자음목록중늦게발달되는말소리인 / ㅈ, ㅊ /, / ㄹ / 가초성이나종성에포함된어절 ( 예 : 자동차, 오렌지, 얼굴 ), 자음목록에나타나지않은초성 / ㅅ, ㅆ / 가포함된어절 ( 예 : 생선, 낚시 ) 에서변이적인패턴들이나타났다. 이는어휘습득초기단계에서어휘표상의최소단위가음소보다는단어또는구이며음운의순서배열방식에대한인지가아직미성숙하기때문에 (Sosa & Stoel-Gammon, 2006) 변이적인패턴들이나타난것으로해석된다. 또한초성 / ㅈ, ㅊ /, / ㄹ / 는상대적으로늦게습득되는자음으로

7 24-36 개월아동의조음변이성연구 김희윤외 세일반아동자음습득기준 75% (Sander, 1972) 에포함되지않은음소이다. 즉변이성을보인어휘의특징을토대로 2세아동들의조음기관운동능력과어휘표상및음운표상이아직미성숙하고불완전하여상대적으로조음변이성이높게나타난다고해석할수있다. 아동의음소변이성을살펴보기위해자음목록을초성과종성으로나누어분석하였을때 2세전반에서초성이평균 14.64개, 2 세후반은평균 15.73개로마찰음 / ㅅ, ㅆ / 를제외한모든음소가 70% 이상아동에게서산출되었다. 종성자음목록에서 2세전반은 6개, 2세후반은 7개로종성파열음 / ㅂ / 가추가되었다. 자음목록중 50% 이상아동에게서변이성을보이는음소들을자세히살펴보면, 초성자음목록에서변이성이나타나는음소에조음위치별출현빈도는 2세전반의경우성문음, 치경경구개, 치경음, 양순음, 연구개음순으로높았고조음방법별출현빈도는마찰음, 유음, 파찰음, 파열음, 비음순으로변이성이높게관찰되었다. 2세후반의조음위치별출현빈도는치경경구개음, 치경음, 연구개음순으로높았고조음방법별로는유음, 파찰음, 비음, 파열음순으로변이성이높았다. 이는비음, 파열음, 파찰음순서로발달하고유음과마찰음이늦게발달하는 (Kim & Pae, 2005) 음소의습득순서와비슷한양상으로변이성이감소되는것으로보인다. 또한 50% 이상아동에게서변이성을보이는음소들중평음이주로변이적인산출을보였다. 그중 / ㄱ /, / ㄴ /, / ㄷ /, / ㄹ /, / ㅂ /, / ㅎ / 은 2세전반에더많은아동에게변이적인형태로나타나다가 2세후반에서감소하는반면비교적후기에발달되는음소인 / ㅈ, ㅊ /, / ㄹ / 은 2세전반보다 2세후반에서더많은아동에게변이적인형태로나타났다. / ㅈ, ㅊ /, / ㄹ / 은 2세전반에서아직습득전으로모두일관적으로오류를보이다가 2세후반에는음운환경에따라정조음되거나서로다른음소로대치되어다양하게산출되었다. 즉음소의변이적인산출은음소산출이관찰되지않거나, 정확하게산출하는완전습득단계가아닌음소습득의중간단계에놓여있는경우관찰되는특징이다. 말소리측정치간상관관계를살펴본결과, 단어변이성과음소변이성에서모두자음정확도와자음목록수간에음의상관이나타났다. 이는월령이증가함에따라자음정확도와자음목록이향상되어안정된조음능력을갖게되므로보다일관적인조음패턴이나타난것으로보인다. 변이성과음운발달에대한연구들을살펴보면 Stoel-Gammon (2004) 는 2세아동을대상으로낱말모방과자발화상황에서낱말변이성과정확도를측정하였을때 21개월에서 60%, 33개월에서 19% 로변이성이감소하였고낱말정확도는 21 개월에 7% 에서 33개월에 59% 로증가하였다고보고했다. Ertmer와 Goffman (2011) 은초성의자음과모음을 3번씩모방하게하여정확도와변이성을측정하였고일반아동이높은정확도와낮은변이 성을보였다고보고하였다. 국내연구에서는 Park 등 (2011) 은 2세일반아동을대상으로자발화상황에서 Ingram (2002) 의 PWV를사용하여단어단위변이성을측정하고단어단위변이성과정확율간상관관계를살펴보았고그결과, 변이성과자음정확도및자음목록수간에음의상관을나타냈다. 선행연구와직접적인비교가제한적이지만정상아동의말소리발달측정치가증가함에따라변이성이감소했다는것은본연구결과와유사했다. 그러나말소리발달측정치가증가하여도조음변이성이감소되지않았다는연구도있다 (McCartney, 2000). McCartney (2000) 는인공와우이식아동과일반아동을대상으로단어단위음운분석을실시해서정확율과변이성간상관을살펴보았는데, 일반아동은음의상관을보인반면인공와우이식아동은상관이나타나지않았다. 이러한결과는아동의조음능력이향상될수록변이성이낮아지는것은일반아동에게나타날수있는특징으로비일관적인오류가말소리장애의주요한증상인아동의경우에는단순히자음정확도향상을위한치료가아닌비일관적인오류특성에적합한치료를적용해야함을시사한다. 본연구는자발화수준에서단어와음소의변이적인산출정도를살펴보고자선행연구를토대로단어변이성과음소변이성의측정방법및측정치를고안하였고, 2세아동의조음음운발달수준을살펴보았다. 그결과월령집단간통계적으로유의한차이를보여 2세후반으로갈수록조음능력이향상되어보다일관된조음형태를산출하게됨을제시하고있다. 단어변이성이나타난어절의특징으로친숙하지않거나새로습득한단어, 음절수가많은단어, 자음목록중늦게발달되는말소리가포함된어절이있는데이는말소리습득과정에서나타나는변이적인조음특성의이유를제안하고있다. 변이적인산출을보인음소를조음방법별출현빈도로살펴보았을때비교적후기에발달되는음소들이 2세전반보다 2 세후반에서더많은아동에게변이적인형태로나타났다. 이것은 2세전반에는아직습득전인음소들로모두일관적인오류를나타내다가 2세후반에음운환경에따라정확하게산출되거나서로다른음소로대치되어정확한산출로가는전이단계에놓여있기때문으로해석된다. 본연구의결과는말소리발달지연아동이나말실행증및비일관적인조음오류를보이는아동의조음변이성정도를보다객관적으로비교하고평가하는데참고자료로사용될수있다. 하지만본연구는 2세아동만을두월령집단으로구분하여연구했기때문에두집단간의차이즉, 발달적인경향성만을살펴볼수있다. 따라서후속연구에서는 1세후반과 3-5세아동을포함시켜전체적인조음음운발달과정을살펴볼필요가있겠다. 또한여러선행연구에 339

8 Hee-Yun Kim, et al. Articulatory Variability in 24 to 36 Months Old 서 50개어휘산출이전시기의아동들은말소리산출에서높은변이성을나타냈다고보고하였으므로 (Grunwell, 1987; Menn & Stoel- Gammon, 1995; Sosa & Stoel-Gammon, 2006; Teitzel & Ozanne, 1999) 후속연구에서는아동의어휘습득수준에따른조음변이성의특성을살펴보는것도좋을것이다. 또한말소리장애아동의하위유형을나누는것은효과적인조음치료를실시하는데중요한시사점이있으므로후속연구에서는말소리장애유형별로조음변이성의특성을살펴볼필요가있겠다. REFERENCES Betz, S. K., & Stoel Gammon, C. (2005). Measuring articulatory error consistency in children with developmental apraxia of speech. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 19, Burt, L., Holm, A., & Dodd, B. (1999). Phonological awareness skills of 4-yearold British children: an assessment and developmental data. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 34, Dodd, B., Holm, A., Crosbie, S., & McCormack, P. (2005). Differential diagnosis of phonological disorders. In B. Dodd (Ed.), Differential diagnosis and treatment of children with speech disorder (2nd ed., pp ). London: Whurr. Dodd, B., Leahy, J., & Hambly, G. (1989). Phonological disorders in children: underlying cognitive deficits. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 7, Dodd, B., Zhu, H., Crosbie, S., Holm, A., & Ozanne, A. (2002). Diagnostic evaluation of articulation and phonology (DEAP). London: Psychology Corporation. Dyson, A. T., & Paden, E. P. (1983). Some phonological acquisition strategies used by two-year-olds. Communication Disorders Quarterly, 7, Ertmer, D. J., & Goffman, L. A. (2011). Speech production accuracy and variability in young cochlear implant recipients: comparisons with typically developing age-peers. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 54, Ferguson, C. A., & Farwell, C. B. (1975). Words and sounds in early language acquisition. Language, 51, Forrest, K., Elbert, M., & Dinnsen, D. A. (2000). The effect of substitution patterns on phonological treatment outcomes. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 14, Green, J. R., Moore, C. A., & Reilly, K. J. (2002). The sequential development of jaw and lip control for speech. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 45, Grunwell, P. (1987). Clinical phonology (2nd ed.). Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins. Ha, S., & Hwang, J. (2013). Speech measures from phonological analyses of spontaneous conversations in children between months of age. Communication Sciences & Disorders, 18, Heo, K. H., Squires, J., Lee, S. Y., & Lee, J. S. (2006). K-ASQ: Korean Ages and Stages Questionnaires/a parent completed development screening tool. Seoul: Seoul Community Rehabilitation Center. Holm, A., Crosbie, S., & Dodd, B. (2005). Treating inconsistent speech disorders. In B. Dodd (Ed.), Differential diagnosis and treatment of children with speech disorder (2nd ed., pp ). London: Whurr. Holm, A., Crosbie, S., & Dodd, B. (2007). Differentiating normal variability from inconsistency in children s speech: normative data. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 42, Hwang, J., & Ha, S. (2012). A study of articulatory variation in typically developing children between 2 and 4 years of age. Communication Sciences & Disorders, 17, Ingram, D. (2002). The measurement of whole-word productions. Journal of Child Language, 29, Isermann, B. S. (2001). Variability of consistency of articulation in children with phonological disorders (Master s thesis). Ohio State University, Columbus, OH. Iuzzini, J., & Forrest, K. (2008). Acoustic vowel area in phonologically disordered, CAS, and normal speech. Poster presented at the 2008 Motor Speech Conference, Monterey, CA. Kenney, K. W., & Prather, E. M. (1986). Articulation development in preschool children: consistency of productions. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 29, Kenney, K. W., Prather, E. M., Mooney, M. A., & Jeruzal, N. C. (1984). Comparisons among three articulation sampling procedures with preschool children. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 27, Kim, M. J., & Pae, S. (2005). The percentage of consonants correct and the ages of consonantal acquisition for Korean-Test of Articulation for Children (K-TAC). Korean Journal of Speech Sciences, 12, Kim, Y. E., Choi, S. I., & Park, S. H. (2006). Phonological analysis of phonological disorders and normal children by whole-word approach. Korean Journal of Speech Sciences, 13, Leonard, L. B., Schwartz, R. G., Morris, B., & Chapman, K. (1981). Factors influencing early lexical acquisition: lexical orientation and phonological 340

9 24-36 개월아동의조음변이성연구 김희윤외 composition. Child Development, 52, Macken, M. A. (1978). Permitted complexity in phonological development: one child s acquisition of Spanish consonants. Lingua, 44, McCartney, P. O. (2000). Word-initial fricative and affricate production and whole-word variability by children using cochlear implants (Master s thesis). Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ. Menn, L., & Stoel-Gammon, C. (1995). Phonological development. In P. Fletchr & B. MacWhinney (Eds.), The handbook of child language (pp ). Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. Pae, S., & Kwak, K. C. (2011). Korean MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories (K M-B CDI). Seoul: Mindpress. Park, H. J., Hwang, H. J., & Park, H. (2011). A study on phonological characteristics of two-years-old children by measures of whole-word. Journal of Speech-Language & Hearing Disorders, 20, Sander, E. K. (1972). When are speech sounds learned? Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 37, Shin, H. J., & Lee, E. J. (2015). Phonological characteristics of late-talkers through phonological whole-word analysis. Communication Sciences & Disorders, 20, Shin, J. Y., & Cha, J. E. (2003). Korean speech sound system. Seoul: Hankookmunhwasa. Sosa, A. V., & Stoel-Gammon, C. (2006). Patterns of intra-word phonological variability during the second year of life. Journal of Child Language, 33, Stackhouse, J., & Wells, B. (1997). Children s speech and literacy difficulties: a psycholinguistic framework. London: Whurr. Stoel-Gammon, C. (2004). Variability in children s speech. Paper presented at the 2004 Child Phonology Conference, Tempe, AZ. Stoel-Gammon, C., & Dunn, C. (1985). Normal and disordered phonology in children. Baltimore, MD: University Park Press. Teitzel, T., & Ozanne, A. (1999). The development of consistency of speech production. Paper presented at the 20th Annual Child Phonology Conference, Bangor, Wales. Tyler, A. A., Lewis, K. E., & Welch, C. M. (2003). Predictors of phonological change following intervention. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 12, Williams, P., & Stackhouse, J. (2000). Rate, accuracy and consistency: diadochokinetic performance of young, normally developing children. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 14, Yoon, M. S., Kim, S. M., & Kim, S. J. (2013). Phonological whole-word measures of spontaneous speech in 2-4 years of age. Journal of Speech-Language & Hearing Disorders, 22,

10 Hee-Yun Kim, et al. Articulatory Variability in 24 to 36 Months Old 국문초록 개월아동의조음변이성연구 김희윤 1 하승희 2 1 한림대학교대학원언어청각학과, 2 한림대학교언어청각학부 배경및목적 : 24-36개월아동의단어변이성과음소변이성을자발화상황에서측정하여, 아동의월령집단간차이비교를통해초기음운발달과정중에나타나는조음변이성의특징을살펴보고자하였다. 방법 : 24-30개월과 개월일반아동각 11명씩총 22명의자발화를수집하여단어변이성, 음소변이성, 자음정확도, 자음목록수를구하였다. 자발화수준에서단어변이성은어절단위로분석하였고, 정조음과조음오류를모두포함하여단어및음소변이성을측정하였다. 두월령집단간에단어변이성, 음소변이성에서차이가유의한지분석하였고, 단어변이성및음소변이성과자음정확도및자음목록수간에상관관계를살펴보았다. 결과 : 30분간아동이산출한발화를기준으로단어변이성을살펴보면 2세전반에는 2회이상산출한어절중 51.55% 가다양한형태로산출되다가 2세후반에는 36.45% 로단어변이성이감소하였다. 음소변이성을살펴보면 2세전반에는아동의자음목록중 69% 의음소가다양한형태로산출되다가 2세후반에는 52.45% 로음소변이성이감소하였다. 단어변이성과음소변이성은모두자음정확도와자음목록수간에음의상관관계를나타냈다. 논의및결론 : 2세에음운습득이비약적으로이루어지면서안정적이고일관된조음패턴을나타낸다는조음특성을제시하고있다. 본연구결과는말소리발달지연아동이나비일관적인음운장애를보이는아동의조음변이성정도를보다객관적으로비교하고평가하는데사용될수있을것이다. 핵심어 : 단어변이성, 음소변이성, 비일관적음운장애, 2세음운발달, 자발화분석 참고문헌 김민정, 배소영 (2005). 아동용조음검사 를이용한연령별자음정확도와우리말자음의습득연령. 음성과학, 12, 김영은, 최성일, 박상희 (2006). 단어단위접근법을이용한음운장애아동과정상아동의음운분석. 음성과학, 13, 박희정, 황하정, 박현 (2012). 단어단위음운분석을통한 2세아동의음운특성연구. 언어치료연구, 20, 배소영, 곽금주 (2011). 한국판맥아더- 베이츠의사소통발달평가 (K M-B CDI). 서울 : 마인드프레스. 신지영, 차재은 (2003). 우리말소리의체계 : 국어음운론연구의기초를위하여. 서울 : 한국문화사. 신화정, 이은주 (2015). 단어단위음운분석에의한말늦은아동의음운특성. 언어청각장애연구, 20, 윤미선, 김정미, 김수진 (2013). 자발화문맥에서의단어단위음운평가. 언어치료연구, 22, 하승희, 황진경 (2013) 개월아동의자발화분석에기초한말소리측정치에관한연구. 언어청각장애연구, 18, 허계형, Jane Squires, 이소영, 이준석 (2006). 부모작성형유아모니터링체계 (K-ASQ). 서울 : 서울장애인종합복지관. 황진경, 하승희 (2012). 2세후반-4세아동의조음변이성연구. 언어청각장애연구, 17,

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