ISSN (Online) Commun Sci Disord 2016;21(3): Original Article 면, 해외에서발표된미숙아집단의언어및의사소통행동의연구동향을살펴본 Lee와 Lee (2013) 는분석한총 30편의연구중 20편의연구가
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1 ISSN (Online) Commun Sci Disord 2016;21(3): Original Article 면, 해외에서발표된미숙아집단의언어및의사소통행동의연구동향을살펴본 Lee와 Lee (2013) 는분석한총 30편의연구중 20편의연구가영유아를대상으로진행되었고, 이중 16편의연구에서미숙아집단이만삭아집단과언어및의사소통행동발달에서차이를보이는것으로나타났다. 미숙아로출생한영유아들은초기언어이전기의사소통행동 (De Schuymer, De Groote, Beyers, Striano, & Roeyers, 2011; Lee & Lee, 2014), 몸짓사용 (Sansavini et al., 2011), 발성산출 (De Groote, Roeyers, & Warreyn, 2006; Oller, Eilers, Steffens, Lynch, & Urbano, 1994), 수용및표현언어능력 (Bornhttp://dx.doi.org/ /csd Prelinguistic Communicative Factors Discriminating between Developmental Language Delay and Typical Language Development at 2 Years in Preterm Toddlers HyoJoo Lee a, YoonKyoung Lee b a Department of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, Graduate School of Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea b Division of Speech Pathology and Audiology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea Correspondence: YoonKyoung Lee, PhD Division of Speech Pathology and Audiology, Hallym University, 1 Hallimdaehak-gil, Chunchon 24252, Korea Tel: Fax: ylee@hallym.ac.kr Received: July 5, 2016 Revised: August 16, 2016 Accepted: August 20, 2016 This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea Grant funded by the Korean Government (NRF-2014S1A5A2A ). This article is an excerpt from the PhD s thesis of the first author (2016). Objectives: Prelinguistic communicative behaviors are important discriminating factors discriminating language delay from typical development. The purpose of this study was to examine the prelinguistic communicative behavior that most effectively distinguish the DLD from TD at 2 years in preterm toddlers. Methods: The participants were 47 preterm toddlers with a first evaluation at 15 to 18 months and a second at 24 months. Based on the assessment results, the participants were classified into 3 groups: typical- typical, delay- typical, and delay-delay. The frequency and type of intentional communicative behavior, the frequency and type of gestures, the frequency of vocalizations, and the types of consonants were measured from the behavior samples that were collected during freeplay with caregiver. Discriminant analysis was conducted for identifying factors to discriminate between DLD and TD. Results: The delay-delay group showed a significantly lower frequency of intentional communicative behavior, gestures, vocalizations, and a lower number of consonants. The results of discriminant analysis indicated that the frequency of gestures and intentional communicative behavior, the types of consonants were most significant to discriminate the subsequent presence of language delay in preterm toddlers. Conclusion: We discuss the prelinguistic communication factors for distinguish the DLD group from TD in preterm toddlers based on these results. Keywords: Preterm toddler, Prelinguistic communicative factor, Discriminant analysis 미숙아로출생한영유아들은언어및의사소통발달측면에서만삭아로출생한영유아들보다느린발달을보인다는연구결과들이많이보고되어왔다 (Aram, Hack, Hawkins, Weissman, & Borawski-Clark, 1991; Foster-Cohen, Edgin, Champion, & Woodward, 2007; Koldewijn et al., 2009; Schults, Tulviste, & Haan, 2013; Stolt et al., 2014a; Vohr, 2014). 국내언어병리학분야에서는최근미숙아집단의언어및의사소통행동에대하여소수의연구자들이사회적의사소통행동과 (Lee & Lee, 2014), 언어발달지체출현율을살펴보았으나 (Lee & Lee, 2016), 비교적활발하지않은실정이다. 반 Copyright 2016 Korean Academy of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited
2 HyoJoo Lee, et al. Discriminating for Developmental Language Delay in Preterm Toddlers stein & Haynes, 1998; Soraya, Mahmoodi-Bakhtiari, Badiee, Kazemi, & Soleimani, 2012; Van Noort-Van Der Spek, Franken, Wieringa, & Weisglas-Kuperus, 2010) 등에서취약한특성을보인다. 미숙아로출생한영유아의언어발달지체는연령이증가되어도유지되는경우가상대적으로높지만, 일부영유아들은연령이증가됨에따라뒤늦게정상발달수준에도달하기도한다 (Cattani et al., 2010; Marston, Peacock, Calvert, Greenough, & Marlow, 2007; Saavalainen et al., 2006). 미숙아로출생한영유아의언어이전기의사소통행동과이후언어발달을살펴본 Cattani 등 (2010) 의연구에따르면 12-21개월사이에는미숙아집단의언어및의사소통행동발달이만삭아집단과유의한차이를보였으나, 24개월에는집단간유의한차이를보이지않았다. 이에미숙아로출생한영유아가초기에보인언어발달지체가정상언어발달수준을따라잡을지, 아니면지속적으로지체를보이는지에대해이른시기에확인하는것이매우중요할것이다. 영유아의언어발달지체에대한조기발견과중재는그시기가이를수록더긍정적인효과를가져다준다. 무엇보다지체나장애를가급적빨리발견하여중재를제공한다면이후발생가능한문제를더효과적으로예방할수있을것이다 (Moeller, 2000; Rossetti, 2001; Snow & McGaha, 2003). 출생부터형성된위험요인 (established risk factors) 을가지고태어난영유아는조기발견과진단시기가비교적빠를수있지만, 그외발달위험요인 (at-risk factors) 을가진경우에는조기발견과중재의필요성에대한결정을내리기가쉽지않기때문에다른영역의발달적어려움없이언어발달에서만지체를보이는영유아에대한진단은 2세가될때까지기다리는경우가많다 (Rescorla & Schwartz, 1990). 많은연구자들은초기에언어발달지체를보였지만이후정상언어발달수준에도달하는영유아와지속적으로언어발달지체를보인영유아를조기에구별해주기위한요인으로의사소통행동의표현빈도, 의사소통행동의유형수, 몸짓사용, 발성산출, 자음포함발성산출과같은초기의사소통행동을살펴보았다 (Cho & Lee, 2010; Hong, 2004; Jeon, 2014; Jeon & Lee, 2015; Jeon, Lee, & Lee, 2013; Thal & Tobias, 1992; Wetherby, Yonclas, & Bryan, 1989). 언어이전기의사소통행동은언어발달과밀접한관련을보이며, 이후언어발달정도를반영하기때문에 (Hong, 2004; Thal & Tobias, 1992; Wetherby et al., 1989) 미숙아로출생한영유아들의언어이전기의사소통행동의패턴을확인하는것이필요할것이다. 즉, 미숙아집단내에서정상언어발달집단과언어발달지체집단을조기에구별하기위한요인으로언어이전기의사소통행동을살펴본다면, 미숙아로출생한영유아의이후언어발달과관련된조기평가와중재에 대한중요한정보를제공할수있을것이다. 본연구에서는이러한배경을토대로 24개월의미숙아로출생한영유아들을정상언어발달과언어발달지체로집단을나누어, 이들이 15-18개월에보였던언어이전기의사소통행동에서어떠한차이를보였는지살펴보고, 집단간차이를보인언어이전기의사소통행동을통해 15-18개월에언어발달지체를보였던영유아들중이후정상언어발달에도달한집단과여전히언어발달지체를보이는집단을조기에판별해줄수있는요인이무엇인지밝히는것을목적으로하였다. 연구방법연구대상본연구의대상자는출생시체중이 2.5 kg 미만이고, 재태기간 37주미만으로출생한 47명의미숙아로출생한영유아들이었다. 모든대상자는부모또는의료전문가로부터발달적, 감각적, 기질적, 신경학적이상이없으며, 이외다른동반장애가없다고보고되었다. 중재효과를통제하기위해언어재활을받은경험이있거나받고있는영유아는연구대상에서제외하였다. 1차평가는영유아의생활월령이 15-18개월일때한국-베일리영유아발달검사II (K-BSID-II; Cho & Park, 2006) 와영유아언어발달검사 (SELSI; Kim et al., 2003) 를실시하였고, 언어이전기의사소통행동표본을수집하였다. 그리고약 6-8개월후영유아의생활월령이 24개월이되었을때, 2차평가로 SELSI를실시하였다. 1차평가의월령은 Wetherby, Cain, Yonclas, 그리고 Walker (1988) 와 Cattani 등 (2010) 을참고하여언어산출이나타나지만언어보다언어이전기의사소통행동을더자주사용하며, 24개월의언어발달을가장잘예측해준다고보고된 15-18개월로정하였고, 2차평가의월령은언어이전기의사소통행동이감소하고, 언어사용이활발해지기시작하는 24개월로정하였다 (Wet herby et al., 1988). 1차평가와 2차평가의언어검사를토대로미숙아집단을세집단으로분류하였다. SELSI (Kim, Kim, Yoon, & Kim, 2003) 검사결과 1차평가와 2차평가모두에서 정상발달 (+1 표준편차이상 ) 에속한경우 정상-정상 집단으로명명하였으며, 10명의대상자가포함되었다. 1차평가에서 약간지체 (-1 표준편차부터 -2 표준편차까지 ) 및 언어발달지체 (-2 표준편차이하 ) 에속하였지만, 2차평가에서 정상발달 을보인경우 지체-정상 집단으로명명하였으며, 18명이었다. 마지막으로, 1차와 2차평가모두에서 약간지체 및 언어발달지체 를보인경우 지체-지체 로명명하였으며, 19명의영유아가포함되었다. 2차평가후분류된집단의대상자정보는 Table
3 미숙아집단의언어발달지체를판별하는언어이전의사소통행동요인 이효주외 Table 1. Participants characteristics Typical-typical group (N= 10) Delay-typical group (N= 18) Delay-delay group (N= 19) F Chronological age (mo) (.42) (.85) (.83).028 Birth weight (kg) 1.66 (.61) 1.61 (.71) 1.66 (.75).286 Gestational age (wk) (4.43) (3.83) (3.63) SELSI Receptive language age (mo) Expressive language age (mo) Combined language age (mo) K-BSID-II Mental age (mo) Motor age (mo) (2.41) (2.06) (2.11) (3.02) (3.02) (2.35) (1.85) (1.89) (2.80) (2.19) (3.64) (2.87) (2.74) (3.16) (3.22) Values are presented as mean (SD). SELSI= Sequenced of Language Scale for Infants (Kim, Kim, Yoon, & Kim, 2003); K-BSID-II= Korean Bayley Scales of Infant Development II (Cho & Park, 2006). **p <.01, ***p < ** *** ** 에제시하였다. 세집단의기본정보에대한집단간차이를알아본결과세집단의출생시체중, 재태기간, 생활월령, 인지발달월령과동작발달월령은집단간유의한차이가없었다. 수용언어월령 (F(2,44) = 5.723, p<.01), 표현언어월령 (F(2,44) = , p<.001), 전체언어월령 (F(2,44) = , p<.01) 에서는집단간유의한차이가있었다. 연구절차및검사도구본연구의모든절차는연구자가속한교내의생명윤리위원회의승인을받았다. 연구는 1차와 2차평가로나누어진행하였는데, 1차평가에서는 K-BSID-II (Cho & Park, 2006), SELSI (Kim et al., 2003) 와언어이전기의사소통행동표본을수집하였고, 2차평가에서는 K- BSID-II (Cho & Park, 2006) 와 SELSI (Kim et al., 2003) 를실시하였다. 1차평가에서실시한언어이전기의사소통행동표본의수집은연구대상자의가정내독립된공간에서실시되었다. 영유아의언어이전기의사소통행동표본을수집하기위해어머니와영유아의 1:1 자유놀이를실시하였다. 행동관찰을위해영유아와어머니의행동을모두관찰할수있으며놀이에방해를주지않는곳에캠코더를설치하였고, 약 15-25분동안영유아와어머니의상호작용을관찰하였다. 의사소통행동수집에앞서모든어머니에게최대한자연스러운상호작용을제공해줄것을요구하는상호작용지침을제공하였다. 모든대상자들에게동일하게제공한장난감은인형, 소꿉놀이도구 ( 컵, 숟가락, 포크, 칼, 접시, 우유병, 후라이팬, 주걱, 뚜껑, 믹싱볼, 뒤집개, 주전자 ), 책 3권이었다. 이도구들은 의사소통및상징행동척도 (Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scale Developmental Profile, CSBS DP; Wetherby & Prizant, 2002) 의놀이절차에서사용되는도구로, 검사대상자의연령에적합하고많은선행연구들에서보편적으로사용되는장난감들이었다. 모든행 동표본은사전에어머니의동의를얻어디지털캠코더 (Samsung DCR-SX83) 로녹화하고분석하였다. 자료분석영유아의언어이전기의사소통행동을평가하기위해수집된어머니와의상호작용자료의도입부와마무리및정리시간을제외하고 10분을분석하였다. 분석된의사소통행동은영유아가어머니에게의도를표현하기위한목적으로사용한행동만을포함하였으며, 생후 1년에서 2세사이언어를산출하기이전의영유아들이습득해야한다고보고된언어이전기의사소통행동들이었다.(Bruner, 1981; Wetherby et al., 1988). 측정치는의사소통행동의빈도와유형수, 몸짓빈도와유형수, 발성빈도, 자음유형수였으며, Cho와 Lee (2010) 를참고하였다. 측정치에대한조작적정의와유형은 Appendix 1에제시하였다. 신뢰도언어이전기의사소통행동에대한자료분석의신뢰도를검증하기위해연구자와언어병리학을전공하는박사과정생두검사자간일치도를구하였다. 연구자는다른검사자에게연구절차와자료분석기준을설명한후함께 2명의자료로분석을연습하였다. 의견이불일치한경우분석기준에대한조작적정의와영유아의행동을함께검토하여최대한일관된분석을할수있도록연습하였다. 이후 정상-정상, 지체-정상, 지체-지체 세집단당 3명씩임의로선정하여전체수집된자료의약 20% 인 9명을독립적으로분석하였다. 최종적으로두검사자가분석한결과에대하여일치한반응의수를전체반응수로나누어 100을곱한일치도를계산하였다. 그결과의사소통행동의빈도에대한신뢰도는 93.7%, 의사소통행동유형수에대한신뢰도는 97%, 몸짓빈도에대한신뢰도는 93.6%,
4 HyoJoo Lee, et al. Discriminating for Developmental Language Delay in Preterm Toddlers Table 2. Comparison of prelinguistic communicative factors by group Typical-typical (A) (n= 10) Delay-typical (B) (n= 18) Delay-delay (C) (n= 19) F Post-hoc Frequency of communicative behavior (10.30) (5.76) (3.67) *** A vs. B, A vs. C, B vs. A Type of communicative behavior 3.90 (1.10) 3.89 (1.18) 3.11 (1.15) Frequency of gestures (8.97) (5.72) 7.53 (3.27) *** A vs. C, B vs. A Type of gestures 3.70 (1.42) 3.44 (1.25) 2.84 (1.34) Frequency of vocalization (6.62) 7.00 (5.63) 4.84 (3.95) 3.308* A vs. C Type of consonants 4.50 (2.37) 1.94 (1.86) 1.05 (1.31) *** A vs. B, A vs. C *p <.05, ***p <.001. 몸짓유형수에대한신뢰도는 96.4%, 발성빈도에대한신뢰도는 92.5%, 자음유형수에대한신뢰도는 98% 였다. 통계분석언어이전기의사소통행동이집단간어떠한차이를보이는지알아보기위해일원배치분산분석 (one-way ANOVA) 을실시하였고, 1차평가에언어발달지체를보였던영유아들중 2차평가에서정상수준에도달한영유아들과지속적으로지체를보이는영유아를판별하는 1차언어이전기의사소통요인을확인하기위해의사소통행동의하위항목을독립변인으로하고두집단을종속변인으로한판별분석 (discriminant analysis) 을실시하였다. 연구결과세집단의언어이전기의사소통행동비교 정상-정상, 지체-정상, 지체-지체 세집단의 15-18개월의언어이전기의사소통행동에서어떠한차이를보이는지살펴보았으며, 결과는 Table 2와같다. 먼저, 의사소통행동빈도와유형수, 몸짓빈도와몸짓의유형수, 발성빈도와자음유형수모두에서가장높은빈도를보인집단은 정상-정상 집단이었고, 다음으로 지체-정상 집단, 마지막으로 지체-지체 집단순이었다. 세집단의빈도차이가통계적으로유의한지알아보기위해실시한분산분석결과의사소통행동빈도 (F(2,44) =12.313, p<.001), 몸짓빈도 (F(2,44) =10.728, p<.001), 발성빈도 (F(2,44) = 3.308, p<.05), 자음유형수 (F(2,44) =12.355, p<.001) 에서유의한차이가있었다. 언어이전기의사소통행동의빈도가어떤집단에서차이를보였는지알아보기위해 Tukey 사후분석을실시한결과, 정상-정상 집단과 지체-정상 집단사이에서는의사소통행동빈도와자음유형수가유의한차이를보였고, 정상-정상 집단과 지체-지체 집단사이에서는의사소통행동빈도, 몸짓빈도, 발성빈도, 자음유형 Table 3. Relative importance of prelinguistic communicative factors Discriminative variables Structure matrix Frequency of gestures.808 Frequency of communicative behavior.762 Types of consonants.342 Frequency of vocalization.274 수모두유의한차이를보였다. 마지막으로 지체-정상 집단과 지체-지체 집단사이에서는의사소통행동빈도, 몸짓빈도에서유의한차이를보였다. 언어이전기의사소통행동을통한언어발달지체와정상언어발달집단판별분석집단간유의한차이를보인네가지요인을독립변수로하고, 집단을종속변수로한직접적판별분석을실시한결과, 도출된함수는두집단을판별하기에유의하였다 (eigenvalue =.699, 정준상관계수 =.642, Wilks의람다 =.588, χ² =17.499, p <.01). 구조행렬 (structure matrix) 을통해초기의도적의사소통행동의상대적중요도를살펴본결과는 Table 3에제시하였다. 각사례의판별점수와그사례가갖는예측변인에대한값의상관을구한중요도는값이클수록변인들사이에서판별의기여도가높은것으로해석할수있다. 일반적으로구조행렬의계수가 ±.30 이상의값을보일때그중요도가높다고해석된다 (Hair, Black, Babin, Anderson, & Tatham, 2006). 본연구의결과에서는 지체-정상 과 지체-지체 집단을판별하는데있어서몸짓빈도, 의사소통행동빈도, 자음유형수순으로높은중요도를보이는것으로나타났다. 본연구에서분류한집단이얼마나정확하게분류되었는지살펴본결과총 37명중 31명이정확히분류되어 83.8% 의정확도를보였다. 정상수준에도달한집단에서는총 18명중 14명이, 지속적으로언어발달지체를보이는집단에서는총 19명중 17명이정확히분류되었다
5 미숙아집단의언어발달지체를판별하는언어이전의사소통행동요인 이효주외 논의및결론본연구는미숙아집단에서언어발달지체와정상언어발달집단을판별해주는요인을밝히는것을목적으로실시되었다. 이를위해 1차평가와 2차평가의언어검사결과를기초로 정상-정상, 지체-정상, 지체-지체 세집단으로나누었다. 먼저, 세집단간언어이전기의사소통행동에서어떠한차이가있는지비교하고, 다음으로집단간차이를보인의사소통행동을통한집단의판별이가능한지알아보았다. 미숙아집단의 개월언어이전기의사소통행동먼저 정상-정상, 지체-정상, 지체-지체 집단간언어이전기의사소통행동이어떠한차이가있는지알아보고자하였다. 세집단의미숙아로출생한영유아들이 1차평가에서보였던의사소통행동의빈도와유형수, 몸짓사용의빈도와유형수, 발성사용의빈도와발성에포함된자음유형수에서집단간어떤차이가있는지비교하였다. 그결과의사소통행동의빈도, 몸짓빈도, 발성빈도와자음유형수에서집단간유의한차이를보였다. 정상-정상 집단은 지체-정상 집단에비해의사소통행동의빈도와자음유형수에서유의하게높은수행능력을보였고, 지체-지체 집단에비해의사소통행동빈도, 몸짓빈도, 발성빈도, 자음유형수에서차이를보였다. 지체-정상 집단과 지체-지체 집단사이에서는의사소통행동빈도와몸짓빈도에서차이를보였다. 정상-정상 집단과 지체-정상 집단사이에는의사소통행동빈도와자음유형수에서유의한차이를보였다. 본연구에서측정한의사소통행동의빈도는다른측정치를합한전체빈도이기때문에두집단간나타나는의사소통행동빈도의차이는자음유형수의차이로인한것일수있다. 자음유형수는영유아들이초기에습득해서사용하는의사소통수단중가장늦은시기에발달하는수단이다 (Oller, 2000; Wetherby et al., 1988). 본연구의 지체-정상 집단의영유아들은초기에비록느린발달을보이지만, 더어린시기에출현하는몸짓이나발성과같은수단의사용에서는정상언어발달미숙아와차이를보이지않는것으로나타났다. 즉, 15-18개월언어발달지체를보이는미숙아로출생한영유아들이사용하는자음유형수외에다른수단의사용이빈번하다면, 이후정상언어발달수준에도달할잠재력을가지고있을가능성이더커질것이다. 정상-정상 집단과 지체-지체 집단사이에는의사소통행동빈도, 몸짓빈도, 발성빈도, 자음유형수에서유의한차이를보였다. 다수의선행연구들에서언어발달지체영유아의언어이전기의사소통행동이지체된발달을보이며 (Cho & Lee, 2010; Lee, 2011; Paul & Shiffer, 1991), 의사소통행동은이후언어발달과밀접한관련을보인다고보고되었다 (Capirci, Iverson, Pizzuto, & Volterra, 1996; Thal & Tobias, 1992; Yoder & Warren, 2001). 미숙아출생영유아들은만삭아출생영유아에비해지체된의사소통발달을보이며 (De Groote et al., 2006; De Schuymer et al., 2011; Lee & Lee, 2014; Olafsen et al., 2006; Oller et al., 1994; Van Noort-Van Der Spek et al., 2010), 또한이후언어발달과도밀접한관련을보인다 (D Odorico, Majorano, Fasolo, Salerni, & Suttora, 2011; Sansavini et al., 2011; Smith & Ulvund, 2003; Stolt, Lehtonen, Haataja, & Lapinleimu, 2012; Stolt et al., 2014b; Suttora & Salerni, 2012; Ulvund & Smith, 1996). 본연구결과를통해미숙아집단내에서언어발달이지체된경우언어이전기의사소통행동의빈도가더적으며, 이들이보인적은빈도의언어이전기의사소통행동과수단의사용이이후언어능력을반영할수있음을시사하였다. 지체-정상 집단과 지체-지체 집단사이에서는의사소통행동빈도와몸짓빈도에서유의한차이를보였다. 이는 15-18개월에언어발달지체를보였던미숙아집단내에서 24개월까지지속적으로언어발달지체를보이는영유아들은정상언어발달수준에도달한영유아들에비해상대적으로더적은언어이전기의사소통행동의빈도와몸짓빈도를보인것이다. 몸짓은아직구어를습득하지못한언어이전기영유아들의주요의사소통수단이다 (Capone & McGregor, 2004; Wetherby et al., 1988) 개월사이정상발달영유아들에게서활발하게사용되는수단인몸짓은이후언어발달과밀접한관계를보이며, 언어발달을예측해주는중요한지표로서많은선행연구들에서강조되어왔다 (Bates, 1979; Bates & Dick, 2002; Calandrella & Wilcox, 2000; Iverson & Goldin-Mea dow, 2005; Lee & Lee, 2015; Özçalışkan & Goldin-Meadow, 2005; Thal & Tobias, 1992). 미숙아로출생한영유아의몸짓사용능력을살펴본일부연구들에서도미숙아로출생한영유아의초기몸짓사용능력이취약하다고보고한바있다 (Cattani et al., 2010; San savini et al., 2011; Stolt et al., 2014b). 본연구에서도선행연구들과유사하게 15-18개월사이에의사소통행동수단으로몸짓사용능력을살펴보았고, 이후 24개월에언어발달을살펴보았다. 선행연구들에서는이후언어발달수준에도달한영유아들과일부지속적으로지체를보이는영유아들이한집단에포함되어있었다는데본연구와차이가있었으나, 15개월경언어발달지체를보였던미숙아로출생한영유아들의초기몸짓사용능력이지체된발달을보인다는것은공통된결과라고할수있다. 언어발달지체미숙아가또래정상언어발달미숙아에비해서도지체된발달을보인초기몸짓사용능력은이후언어발달에중요
6 HyoJoo Lee, et al. Discriminating for Developmental Language Delay in Preterm Toddlers 한지표가될수있을것이다. Calandrella와 Wilcox (2000) 는언어이전기의사소통행동의빈도는더명확한언어적의사소통을하고자하는영유아의요구를반영한다고하였다. 즉, 구어보다언어이전기의사소통행동을더많이사용하는영유아들은의사소통상대자가이해하기어려운수준의의사소통행동을보일것이다. 영유아는몸짓, 발성과같은의미전달이다소불명료한언어이전기의사소통행동을사용함으로써점점증가되는좌절을경험하는데, 이러한어려움을피하기위해스스로더구어적인수단을필요로할것이며이러한동기부여는언어습득을촉진할것이라고제안하였다. 이를통해본연구의결과에서 지체-정상 집단의언어이전기의사소통수단의사용빈도가비교적높았던것은이들이의사소통상대방에게본인의의사소통의도를더정확하게표현하고자하는욕구에서비롯된것이며, 이러한요구가이후언어발달을촉진시킨것으로해석할수있다. 본연구의 지체-지체 집단과 지체-정상 집단에서나타난유의한차이를통해언어이전기의사소통행동을통한두집단의조기판별의가능성을시사하였다. 언어이전기의사소통행동을통한언어발달지체와정상언어발달집단판별 지체-정상 집단과 지체-지체 집단간차이를보였던의사소통행동빈도, 몸짓빈도, 발성빈도, 자음유형수를통한집단의판별이가능한지알아보기위해판별분석을실시하였다. 1차평가에서언어발달지체를보였던미숙아집단내에서 2차평가에서정상언어발달에도달한집단과언어발달지체를보인집단의판별분석결과도출된함수는통계적으로유의하였으며, 분류정확도는 83.8% 의높은정확도를보였다. 따라서 15-18개월에보인언어이전기의사소통행동이 24개월의정상언어발달집단과언어발달지체집단을조기에판별해줄수있는것으로나타났다. 특히 지체-정상 집단과 지체-지체 집단의판별에있어서몸짓빈도, 언어이전기의사소통행동의빈도및자음유형수가상대적으로높은중요도를보였다. 몸짓사용의빈도는 지체-정상 집단과 지체-지체 집단사이에서유의한차이를보였을뿐만아니라, 두집단을조기에판별해줄수있는가장중요도높은요인이었다. Bates와 Dick (2002) 은 15개월전후영유아들에게서활발하게사용되는언어이전기의사소통수단중하나로몸짓을꼽았다. 구어를활발하게사용하기이전의영유아들은주로의사소통수단으로써몸짓을사용하며, 24개월을전후로몸짓의빈도는급감하고구어산출이더활발해진다 (Hong & Kim, 2001; Wetherby et al., 1989). 본연구에서지속적으로언어발달지체를보이는집단의영유아들은상대적으로매우적 은빈도의몸짓을사용하였다. 따라서이들의지체된몸짓사용능력이이후언어발달정도를반영하는중요한요인중하나인것으로해석할수있다 (Bates & Dick, 2002). 미숙아로출생한영유아의언어발달예측요인을살펴본다수의연구들에서는의사소통행동빈도, 몸짓과자음수가중요한요인인것으로반복적으로보고되어왔다 (De Schuymer et al., 2011; Sansavini et al., 2011; Smith & Ulvund, 2003; Suttora & Salerni, 2012; Ulvund & Smith, 1996). Ulvund와 Smith (1996) 는 13개월영유아의의사소통행동이 2세언어발달을예측해줄수있다하였고, 이러한예측력은 3세와 5세까지유지되었다. Smith와 Ulvund (2003) 의연구에서는 13개월의사소통행동이 8세까지영향을미치는것으로나타났다. Stolt 등 (2014b) 과 Cattani 등 (2010) 은초기몸짓사용능력이이후언어발달을예측해줄수있으며, 특히 Cattani 등 (2010) 은 24개월의언어능력을가장잘예측해줄수있는시점은 15개월이라고제안하였다. 12, 18개월의음절성발성의산출능력을살펴본 D Odorico 등 (2011) 또한 18개월영유아의자음산출능력이 24개월의어휘발달과관련을보인다고하였다. 본연구의결과를통해 24개월의언어발달정도를판별해주는가장중요도높은 15-18개월의언어이전기의사소통행동빈도와몸짓빈도및자음유형수는이후언어발달과밀접한관련을보일뿐만아니라초기에두집단을구별해줄수있는요인인것으로나타났다. 본연구의결과를종합하면, 세집단간 15-18개월에측정한의사소통행동빈도, 몸짓빈도, 발성빈도및자음유형수에서집단간유의한차이를보였다. 언어발달지체미숙아로출생한영유아들이 1차평가의언어이전기의사소통행동에서도정상발달미숙아로출생한영유아보다느린발달을보인다는본연구의결과를통해언어이전기의사소통행동의사용능력이이후언어발달의중요한지표가될수있다는것을확인할수있었다 개월사이에미숙아로출생한영유아들이보인언어이전기의사소통행동요인은 24개월의언어발달지체정도를조기에판별하기에적합한것으로나타났다. 특히, 15-18개월사이언어발달지체를보이는미숙아로출생한영유아들의언어이전기의사소통행동의빈도, 몸짓사용의빈도와산출가능한자음유형수는 24개월의언어발달정도를예측하데유용한정보를제공해줄것이다. Billeaud (2003) 는미숙아출생과같이높은발생률을보이지만쉽게눈에띄지않는장애들에대하여 다른발달영역에부정적인영향을미칠수있는문제와문제가가지고있는잠재력이가진파급력을밝히는것에대한노력 이필요하다고언급하였다. 본연구에서는이후언어발달지체를보일수있는미숙아로출생한영유아의 잠재력 의발견에대한기초를마련했다는점에서의의가있다
7 미숙아집단의언어발달지체를판별하는언어이전의사소통행동요인 이효주외 후속연구에대한제언으로정상언어발달수준에도달한집단과지속적으로언어발달지체를보이는미숙아로출생한영유아집단을유아기아동기를거쳐학령기까지의언어발달이어떠한특성을보이는지종단적으로추적하는연구가필요할것이다. 마지막으로, 본연구에서미숙아로출생한영유아집단내에서이후정상언어발달에도달하는집단과언어발달지체를보이는집단을더이른시기에판별하고자했던목적은조기중재와도관련이있었다. 본연구의판별분석결과에서밝혀진몸짓, 발성, 자음유형수와같은언어이전기의사소통행동을목표로한중재를실시했을때, 어떠한효과가있는지중재효과를검증하는연구가진행되어야할것이다. REFERENCES Aram, D. M., Hack, M., Hawkins, S., Weissman, B. M., & Borawski-Clark, E. (1991). Very-low-birthweight children and speech and language development. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 34, Bates, E. (1979). The emergence of symbols: cognition and communication in infancy. New York: Academic Press. Bates, E., & Dick, F. (2002). Language, gesture, and the developing brain. Developmental Psychobiology, 40, Billeaud, F. P. (2003). Communication disorders in infants and toddlers: assessment and intervention (3rd ed.). St. Louis, MO: Butterworth-Heinemann. Bornstein, M. H., & Haynes, O. M. (1998). Vocabulary competence in early childhood: measurement, latent construct, and predictive validity. Child Development, 69, Bruner, J. (1981). The social context of language acquisition. Language & Communication, 1, Calandrella, A. M., & Wilcox, M. J. (2000). Predicting language outcomes for young prelinguistic children with developmental delay. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 43, Capirci, O., Iverson, J. M., Pizzuto, E., & Volterra, V. (1996). Gestures and words during the transition to two-word speech. Journal of Child Language, 23, Capone, N. C., & McGregor, K. K. (2004). Gesture development: a review for clinical and research practices. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 47, Cattani, A., Bonifacio, S., Fertz, M., Iverson, J. M., Zocconi, E., & Caselli, M. C. (2010). Communicative and linguistic development in preterm children: a longitudinal study from 12 to 24 months. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 45, Cho, B. H., & Park, H. W. (2006). Korean-Bayley Scales of Infant Development II (K-BSID-II). Seoul: Mindpress. Cho, M. R., & Lee, Y. K. (2010). Communicative behaviors of toddlers with or without language delay. Korean Journal of Early Childhood Special Education, 10, D Odorico, L., Majorano, M., Fasolo, M., Salerni, N., & Suttora, C. (2011). Characteristics of phonological development as a risk factor for language development in Italian-speaking pre-term children: a longitudinal study. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 25, De Groote, I., Roeyers, H., & Warreyn, P. (2006). Social-communicative abilities in young high-risk preterm children. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 18, De Schuymer, L., De Groote, I., Beyers, W., Striano, T., & Roeyers, H. (2011). Preverbal skills as mediators for language outcome in preterm and full term children. Early Human Development, 87, Foster-Cohen, S., Edgin, J. O., Champion, P. R., & Woodward, L. J. (2007). Early delayed language development in very preterm infants: evidence from the MacArthur-Bates CDI. Journal of Child Language, 34, Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2006). Multivariate data analysis (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Hong, G. H., & Kim, Y. T. (2001). A longitudinal study of the acquisition of communicative intentions. Korean Journal of Communication Disorders, 6, Hong, K. (2004). A longitudinal study of predictors for expressive vocabulary development of the late-talkers (Doctoral dissertation). Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea. Iverson, J. M., & Goldin-Meadow, S. (2005). Gesture paves the way for language development. Psychological Science, 16, Jeon, J. (2014). Early social communication factors discriminating autism spectrum disorder from developmental language delay (Doctoral dissertation). Hallym University, Chunchoen, Korea. Jeon, J., & Lee, Y. (2015). Discriminative items of early social communication between autism spectrum disorder and developmental language delay under the age of three. Asia Pacific Regional International Meeting for Autism Research, Shanghai, China. Jeon, J., Lee, H., & Lee, Y. (2013). Comparison of language and social communication abilities of toddlers who are at risk of autism spectrum disorders and developmental language delay. Communication Sciences & Disorders, 18, Kim, Y. T., Kim, K. H., Yoon, H. R., & Kim, H. S. (2003). Sequenced Language Scale for Infants (SELSI). Seoul: Special Education Publishing
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9 미숙아집단의언어발달지체를판별하는언어이전의사소통행동요인 이효주외 Van Noort-Van Der Spek, I. L., Franken, M. C. J., Wieringa, M. H., & Weisglas-Kuperus, N. (2010). Phonological development in very low birthweight children: an exploratory study. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 52, Vohr, B. (2014). Speech and language outcomes of very preterm infants. Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, 19, Wetherby, A. M., & Prizant, B. M. (2002). CSBS DP manual: communication and symbolic behavior scales: developmental profile. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookers Publishing. Wetherby, A. M., Cain, D. H., Yonclas, D. G., & Walker, V. G. (1988). Analysis of intentional communication of normal children from the prelinguistic to the multiword stage. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 31, Wetherby, A. M., Yonclas, D. G., & Bryan, A. A. (1989). Communicative profiles of preschool children with handicaps: implications for early identification. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 54, Yoder, P. J., & Warren, S. F. (2001). Relative treatment effects of two prelinguistic communication interventions on language development in toddlers with developmental delays vary by maternal characteristics. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 44,
10 HyoJoo Lee, et al. Discriminating for Developmental Language Delay in Preterm Toddlers Appendix 1. 언어이전기의사소통행동의조작적정의와유형 언어이전기의사소통행동 의사소통행동빈도 영유아가상대방에게의사소통의도를표현한빈도의총수 조작적정의및유형 의사소통행동유형수 9 가지의사소통행동유형중영유아가사용한유형의수로, 사물요구하기, 사물거부하기, 행동요구하기, 행동거부하기, 인사하기, 부르기, 보여주기, 언급하기, 질문하기포함 몸짓빈도 영유아가의사소통의도를표현하기위해사용한몸짓의빈도 몸짓유형수 8 개의몸짓유형중영유아가사용한유형의수로, 가리키기, 주기, 보여주기, 손내밀기, 손흔들기, 손가로젓기, 고개가로젓기, 끄덕이기포함 발성빈도 자음유형수 영유아가의사소통의도를표현하기위해사용한전사가능한말소리로, 모음과자음위주발성, 모음유사소리, 자음포함음절포함 영유아가산출한말소리에포함된자음의총수
11 미숙아집단의언어발달지체를판별하는언어이전의사소통행동요인 이효주외 국문초록 미숙아집단의언어발달지체를판별하는언어이전의사소통행동요인 이효주 1 이윤경 2 1 한림대학교대학원언어병리청각학과, 2 한림대학교언어청각학부 배경및목적 : 언어이전기의사소통행동은언어발달지체와정상언어발달을판별하는주요한요인이다. 본연구의목적은 2세미숙아집단에서언어발달지체와정상언어발달을판별하는가장중요도높은요인이무엇인지밝히고자하였다. 방법 : 대상자는미숙아로출생한영유아 47명이었다. 대상자들은언어검사결과에따라 정상-정상 집단, 지체- 정상 집단, 지체- 지체 집단으로분류되었다. 양육자와의자유놀이상황에서영유아의의사소통행동을수집하였고, 수집된의사소통행동표본에서의사소통행동빈도와유형수, 몸짓빈도와유형수, 발성빈도와자음유형수를측정하였다. 결과 : 지체-지체 집단은유의하게낮은의사소통행동, 몸짓, 발성의빈도를보였고, 유의하게적은수의자음을산출하였다. 판별분석결과몸짓빈도, 의사소통행동빈도, 자음유형수가미숙아집단내 지체-정상 과 지체-지체 집단을판별하는데가장중요도높은요인이었다. 논의및결론 : 연구결과에따라미숙아집단의언어발달지체와정상언어발달을판별해주는언어이전기의사소통행동에대하여논의하였다. 핵심어 : 미숙아, 언어이전기의사소통행동, 판별분석본연구는 2014년정부 ( 교육부 ) 의재원으로한국연구재단의지원을받아수행되었음 (NRF-2014S1A5A2A ). 이논문은제1저자의박사학위논문 (2016) 의일부를발췌한것임. 참고문헌 김영태, 김경희, 윤혜련, 김화수 (2003). 영유아언어발달검사 (SELSI). 서울 : 도서출판특수교육. 이윤경 (2011). 언어발달지체영유아의언어및의사소통능력과인지, 운동및사회성발달과의관계. 언어청각장애연구, 16, 이윤경, 이효주 (2015). 언어발달지체영아의의사소통적제스처특성과언어발달과의관계. 언어청각장애연구, 20, 이윤경, 이효주 (2016). 미숙아출생영유아의언어발달지체출현율. 언어청각장애연구, 21, 이효주, 이윤경 (2013). 미숙아출생영유아의언어및의사소통발달연구동향. 유아특수교육연구, 13, 이효주, 이윤경 (2014). 미숙아출생영유아의사회적의사소통행동특성. 유아특수교육연구, 14, 전진아 (2014). 자폐범주성장애위험군과언어발달지체영유아의판별요인연구. 한림대학교대학원박사학위논문. 전진아, 이효주, 이윤경 (2013). 자폐범주성장애의심영유아와언어발달지체영유아의언어및사회적의사소통능력비교. 언어청각장애연구, 18, 조미라, 이윤경 (2010). 언어발달지체유아와일반유아의의사소통행동비교. 유아특수교육연구, 10, 조복희, 박혜원 (2006). 한국-베일리영유아발달검사 (K-BSID-II). 서울 : 마인드프레스. 홍경훈 (2004). 말늦은아동 (late-talker) 의표현어휘발달예측요인에대한종단연구. 이화여자대학교대학원박사학위논문. 홍경훈, 김영태 (2001). 아동의의사소통의도습득에대한종단연구. 언어청각장애연구, 6,
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