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1 The Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy 2003, Vol. 15, No. 4, ,.,,..,..,.,,, (splitting).,. :,,, :, , : jwkim23@hotmail.com

2 Freud(1962/1894) (The. Neuropsychoses of Defense). (Cooper, 1998).,. Freud.,, , Anna Freud.,. Willick (repression), (regression), (reaction (1995), formation), (displacement), (projection), (isolation), (undoing), (denial),. (aggression against the self), (reversal),, (identification, with the aggressor), (altruistic surrender)..,,,,,.. Mentzos(1982),..,,.,. Vaillant (1971).,., 100 (Cooper,, 1998)...,, (Davidson & MacGregor, 1998; Hauser, 1986)

3 /,,. Gleser. Inventory), Bond, Gardner, Christian Sigal(1983) (Defense Style Questionnaire)....,,. Perry Høglend(1998),. (Defense Style Questionnaire: DSQ), (Vaillant, 1992)., Haan(1963), Bellak, Hurvich Gediman(1973) TAT, Semrad, Grinspoon Feinberg(1973)., (Ego Profile Scale), Vaillant(1971, 1976) (life vignettes), Perry(1990) (Defense Mechanisms Rating Scales: DMRS).,,,. 10. DMT -,..,. Ihilevich(1969) (Defense Mechanism Perry(1993),,. (Mentzos, 1982). Glover, Gill, Rapaport, Brenner.. Rorschach (Defense Mechanism Test: DMT). TAT

4 , 2, 2, (Vaillant, 1992). (chronology),,,. Vaillant(1971, 1976) 1). Vaillant(1971)..,,,,,, (schizoid),.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,., -, DSM-IV(1994) -. Vaillant(1976) , IQ(Haan, (Vaillant, Bond, & Vaillant, 1986), -.35, (Snarey & Vaillant, 1985).65.,.,, Ellsworth, Strain, Strain, Vaillant, Knittle Zumoff. Soldz Vaillant(1998) Vaillant(1976). 50. Vaillant Vaillant(1990) 60.,, 1).,. 1.,...,,,.., 1963), (anticipation). (1986)..,,

5 /. (Perry, 1993).,, (global functioning), DSM-III ( ) 6 (Perry & Høglend, 1998). Cramer(2000) (Karasu Skodol, 1980; Skodol Perry 1993). DSM-III-R., DSM-IV Freud(1959/1926). DSM-IV., Freud DSM,. (conversion), (displacement),. (hallucinatory confusion), (projection). (Skodol Perry, 1993)... Laplanche Pontalis(1973),,,,,,,. Kernberg(1975).. -,. Bloch, Shear Markowitz(1993), (DMRS) (dysthymia),..,,,,,,,.,..,. Busch, Shear,, Cooper, Shapiro Leon(1995),,,

6 . 27, 27 7.,. 7. (Perry & Kardos, 1995)..,,.. 1,,,,,, , 33, 3, (SD= 1.8), (Defense Mechanism Rating Scales: DMRS) Perry(1990) 1 (action):,, ( ) 2 - (major image-distorting) :, 3 (disavowal) :,, 4 - (minor image-distorting) :, 5 (other neurotic) :,, 6 (obsessional) :,, 7 (high adaptive) 2) :,,,,,, 27, 27. 3) 2) Perry. DSM-IV..,

7 / 2, 1,., 7 SCL-90-R),,,,,, (9 )..,, (1984) 7 1., (Overall Defensive Functioning: ODF),,,. 1,. 2, , of the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems: K-IIP) ,, (2000)., (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient: ICC. Shrout & Fleiss, 1979).76, of Defense Style Questionnaire: K-DSQ) ) Perry(1990).,,. Vaillant(1992) DSM-IV 3 3. (Symptom Checklists-90-Revision:,,,,.67.89, (The Korean Version,,, /,,, /.66.98, -.6 (The Korean Version 16,,,. (1999)

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9 / 0.68, 0.66 ( r=.41, r=.16, r=-.43)., 0.49 ( 1). -.26(p <.05)..30,.25. ( 3). (50% ) 3 4,. 4.1.,,. -.46(p <.01) ( 2)... 4,,,,, (r=.27, p <.05), (r=-.27, p <.05).,,,,.34(p <.01). Perry Høglend 2. SCL-90R *.26 *.34 * *.31 *.30 * * * * *.31 *.26 *.32 * *.29 *.35 * *.35 * * * * * -.25 * -.37 * * -.28 * * -.26 * -.39 ** -.38 * * -.28 * -.30 * -.32 * -.27 * -.32 * -.25 * -.35 ** -.35 * * -.44 ** -.49 * * -.40 ** -.44 * * -.47 ** -.40 * * -.49 ** -.29 * -.46 **. SCL-90R : * p<.05, * * p<

10 3. K-IIP / / * *.32 * *.37 * * * * * * -.26 * -.27 * * -.25 * * * *. K-IIP : * p<.05, * * p<.01. (1998) (r=.38)...,, 4. K-DSQ DSQ-ODF * * * * * -.37 * * * *. K-DSQ :, DSQ-ODF : * p<.05, * * p<

11 / (r=.28, p <.05; r=.31, p <.05; r=..35, p <.01). 5.27,.27, ,.27, -.26, -.26, (p <.05),,, (r=.32, p <.05). 5. SCL-90R * *.26 *.28 * * * *.28 * * * *.30 * * * * * * * -.26 * * SCL-90R : * p<.05, * * p<

12 . Perry Ianni(1998) 7, 1 4, 5 6.,, 7.,., 1 2,,.,,,.,.....,, Lazarus(2000),.,,,.. Willick(1995),....,,.,, (. ), (Soldz & Vaillant, 1998; Vaillant, 1976).. Perry(1993)

13 /,...,,,... Perry(1993),..,,.. P. Kernberg(1994), Vaillant (1976,, Perry 1977).,,,.,,..,.,,..,,.,..,.,...,

14 , Busch, F. N., Shear, K., Cooper, A. M., Shapiro, T.,.,,, & Leon, A. C. (1995). An empirical study of defense mechanisms in panic disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 183, Cooper, S. H. (1998). Changing Notions of defense within psychoanalytic theory. Journal of. Personality, 66(6), Cramer. P. (2000). Defense mechanisms in psychology today: Further processes for adaptation. American Psychologist, 55(6), Davidson K., & MacGregor. M. W. (1998). A critical,, (1984). appraisal of self-report defense mechanism. :. measures. Journal of Personality, 66(6), ,, (2000). Ellsworth, G. A., Strain, G. W., Strain, J. J., (K- P) :. : Vaillant, G. E., Knittle, J., & Zumoff, B. (1986). Defense maturity ratings and sustained, 12(1), weight loss in obesity. Psychosomatics, 27, (1999) :, 11(2), Freud, A. (1937). The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense. London: Hogarth Press. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic Freud, S. (1962/1894). The neuro-psychoses of defence. In and statistical manual of mental disorders(4th ed.). J. Strachey (Ed. and Trans.), The standard Washington, DC: Author. edition of the complete psychological works of Bellak, L., Hurvich, M., & Gediman, H. (1973). Ego Sigmund Freud(Vol 3, pp ). London: functions in schizoprenics, neurotics, and normals. Hogarth Press. New York: Wiley. Freud, S. (1959/1926). Inhibitions, symptoms, and Bloch, A. L., Shear, M. K., Markowitz, J. C., Leon, A. C., & Perry, J. C. (1993). An Empirical anxiety. In J. Strachey (Ed. and Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works study of defense mechanisms in Dysthymia. of Sigmund Freud(Vol 20, pp ). London: American Journal of Psychiatry, 150(8), Hogarth Press Gleser, G. C., & Ihilevich, D. (1969). An objective Bond, M. P., Gardner, S. T., Christian, J., & Sigal. instrument for measuring defense mechanisms. J. J. (1983). Empirical study of self-rated Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33, defense styles. Archives of General Psychiatry, 40,

15 / Haan, N. (1963). Proposed model of ego functioning: Coping and defense mechanisms in relationship to IQ change. Psychological Monographs, 77, Hauser, S. T. (1986). Conceptual and empirical dilemmas in the assessment of defenses. In G. E. Vaillant (Ed.), Empirical studies of ego mechanisms of Horowitz, M. J. (1988). The mechanisms of defense. In Introduction to psychodynamics: A new synthesis. New York: Basic Books. Karasu, B. T, & Skodol, A. E. (1980). VIth axis for DSM-III: psychodynamic evaluation. American Journal of Psychiatry, 137, Kernberg, O. F. (1975). Borderline conditions and pathological narcissism. New York: Jason Aronson. Laplanche, J, & Pontalis, J. B. (1973). The Language of Psychoanalysis. London: Horgarth Press. Mentzos, S. (1982). Neurotische Konf liktverarbeitung: Einführung in die psychoanalytische Neurosenlehre unter Berücksichtigung neuer Perspektiven. München: Kindler Verlag. Perry, J. C. (1990) The Defense Mechanism Rating Scales (5th ed). Cambridge MA: Author. Perry, J. C. (1993). Longitudinal studies of personality disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders, (suppl. Spring) Perry J. C, & Høglend, P. (1998). Convergent and discriminant validity of overall defensive functioning. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 186(9), Perry, J. C., & Kardos, M. (1995). A review of the Defense Mechanism Rating Scales. In H. R. Conte and R. Plutchik (Eds), Ego defenses: Theory and measurement (pp ). New York: Wiley-Interscience. Semrad, E. V., Grinspoon, L, & Feinberg, S. E. (1973). Development of an ego profile scale. Archives of General Psychiatry, 28, Shrout, P. E, & Fleiss, J. L. (1979). Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability. Psychological Bulletin, 86, Skodol, A., & Perry, J. C. (1993). Should an axis for defense mechanisms be included in DSM-? Comprehensive Psychiatry, 34, Snarey, J. R., & Vaillant, G. E. (1985). How lower and working-class youth become middle-class adults: The association between ego defense mechanisms and upward social mobility. Child Development, 56, Soldz, S., & Vaillant, G. E. (1998). A 50-year longitudinal study of defense use among inner city men: A validation of the DSM-IV defense axis. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 186, Vaillant, G. E. (1971). Theoretical hierarchy of adaptive ego mechanisms. Archives of General Psychiatry, 24, Vaillant, G. E. (1976). Natural History of male psychological health: V. The relation of choice of ego mechanisms. Archives of General Psychiatry, 33, Vaillant, G. E. (1984). The disadvantages of DSM-III outweigh its advantages. American Journal of Psychiatry, 141, Vaillant, G. E. (Ed.) (1992). Ego mechanisms of defense: A guide f or clinicians and researchers. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press. Vaillant, G. E., Bond, M., & Vaillant, C. O. (1986)

16 An empirically validated hierarchy of defense mechanisms. Archives of General Psychiatry, 43, Vaillant, G. E., & Vaillant, C. O. (1990). Natural history of male psychological health: XII. A 45-year study of predictors of successful aging at age 65. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, Willick, S. (1995). The defense. In B. Moore & B. Fine (Eds.), Psychoanalysis the maj or concepts. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. : : :

17 The Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy 2003, Vol. 15, No. 4, The Study of the Maturity of Defense Mechanisms Jung-Wook Kim Seoul Institute for Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy In this study, defense mechanisms were assessed empirically and their hierarchy was examined. This study investigated the relationship between defense maturity and psychological symptoms. Defenses lower in maturity level correlated positively with a higher level of psychological symptoms, while higher maturity defenses showed negative correlations with lower level symptoms. These results were interpreted to support the theory of defense maturity hierarchy. However, there were some interpersonal problems and psychological symptoms that showed higher correlations with 'major image-distorting' level defenses than with 'action' level defenses, the lowest in the original defense maturity hierarchy. This suggests the possibility of discrepancies between the defense maturity hierarchy from this study and the original defense mechanisms rating scales. Discrepancies could be due to cultural differences, which suggests the necessity of constructing a hierarchy specific to Korea. Depression showed relatively high positive correlation with passive aggression, while anxiety, obsession, and phobic anxiety showed positive correlation with splitting. Through understanding clients' levels of defense, the counselor can not only generate useful hypotheses about clients' underlying dynamics, but also provide appropriate interventions that are tailored to the clients' levels of defense maturity. Further research is needed to find out how to enhance clients' defense maturity and facilitate their self-observation. This study proved the defense mechanisms and their maturity hierarchy, which has important implications in the study of defense and psychotherapy. Key Words : defense mechanisms, defense maturity, psychological symptom, interpersonal problems

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상담학연구 * ,. SAS,,, Sobel test., (,, ), (, ), (, ) (,, ).,,,.,.. * (Corresponding Author): / / / Tel: / j *. 4 312,. SAS,,, Sobel test., (,, ), (, ), (, ) (,, ).,,,.,.. * 2015. (Corresponding Author): / / 516 2870 2307 / Tel: 064-754-0350 / E-mail: jmb0024@hanmail.net (, 2011).,., (, 1997).,,, (, 1997) (,

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