Original Article Korean J Child Stud 2016;37(2):27-42 http://dx.doi.org/10.5723/kjcs.2016.37.2.27 pissn: 1226-1688 eissn: 2234-408X Changes in Preschool Childcare and Private Education Expenses of Different Income Groups Caused by the Expansion of the Childcare Subsidy Recipients: A Focus on Universal Childcare Policy Su-Ji Jung 1, Yun-Hyun Pack 2, Ji-Na Song 1, Daewoong Kim 1, Soon-Hyung Yi 1, 3 Department of Child Development and Family Studies, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea 1 Interdisciplinary Program in Early Childhood Education, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea 2 Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea 3 : 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 3 1, 2, 3 Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the changes of childcare expenses and private education expenses caused by target expanding the childcare subsidy policy and its relationship to household income. Methods: The study analyzed data of the Korean Welfare Panel Study from 2009, before the universal childcare policy was enforced, to 2013, when the universal childcare policy was enforced. Results and Conclusion: The results of analysis were as follows. First, while childcare expenses, private education expenses, and their ratios to household income showed a tendency of gradual decline, the graphs of childcare and private education expenses were symmetric. Second, there were differences in childcare and private education expenses among income classes. Third, in 2009, before the universal childcare policy was enforced, household income affected childcare and private expenses. Lastly, in 2013, after the universal childcare policy was implemented, household income had a greater effect on private education expenses, while the effect of household income on childcare expenses became insignificant. Keywords: preschool childcare expenses, preschool private education expenses, universal childcare policy, income groups, childcare expenses subsidy (new social risks), (Castles, 2010). 1970 1970 4.53, 1975 3.43, 1979 2.90 Corresponding Author: Soon-Hyung Yi, Department of Child Development and Family Studies, Seoul National University, 1 Kwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea E-mail: ysh@snu.ac.kr The Korean Association of Child Studies This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
jung, pack, song, kim, and Yi 28. 1983 2.06, 2005 1.08, 2010 1.23, 2014 1.21 OECD 1.30 (Statistics Korea, 2015a).,,.,.. 1992, 2006 (Ministry of Health and Welfare [MOHW], 2013). 2000, 2010,. 2011 11 5, 2013 3 5. 0-5,, (J. S. Kim, 2014). (Branscomb & Goble, 2011). (K. I. Kim, 2014).,., 5 3 71%, 82%, 96% 3 87%, 86%, 93% (M. S. Kim et al., 2013).,., 2008 2012 (K. I. Kim, 2014), 5 (Y. J. Lee, Lee, & Kim, 2013).,,,, (Jung, 2012)., (S. H. Kim, Joo, & Hong, 2013). 2013..,. (Suh, Yang, & Son, 2012). (Min & Bae, 2014), (Yang, 2013). Y. J. Lee (2013), 65% (Cha et al., 2010).,,.,.,. 3 2,527 99.8% 74.3%
29 Changes in Childcare Expenses and Private Education Expenses (Cha et al., 2010). Kwon (2011) 74.5%, 227,400, 305,200.,.,.. (Cho & Yoo, 2013) (Hong, 2013),.,.,.,,,,, (Baek & Cho 2005; S. L. Lee, 2011).. 2011 70%, 2012 0-2, 5, (K. I. Kim, 2014).,,,, (Kwon, 2011; Suh & Yang, 2013)., (J. K. Kim, 2004).,.,,,, 2011 (Y. J. Lee et al., 2013). K. S. Lee Kim (2010) 6,..,,.. 2009 2013 50%, 70% (MOHW, 2013),.,,,.. 1,? 2,?
jung, pack, song, kim, and Yi 30 3,? 연구대상.,,,,. 2006 1 7,072, 2012 7 1,800, 2015 10 7,048 9.,. 2010 5 (2009 ) 2014 9 (2013 ). 2009 6,,, 2009 7., 2009 2010 5. (J. K. Kim, 2004),. (J. K. Kim, 2004). 1. 3, 4, 5. 5 (2009 ) 2003, 2004, 2005, 6 (2010 ) 2004, 2005, 2006, 7 (2011 ) 2005, 2006, 2007, 8 (2012 ) 2006, 2007, 2008, 9 (2013 ) 2007, 2008, 2009. 5 (2009 ) 492, 6 (2010 ) 453, 7 (2011 ) 528, 8 (2012 ) 513, 9 (2013 ) 461.,. Table 1. 40% 30%, 13% 2%. Statistics Korea (2015b) 60% 9.7-7.6%, 60-150% 66.8-71.0%, 150% 19.3-25.6%. 3, 4, 5 29.1-36.7%. 연구도구, 2. ( )?,,., ( )?,,...,.. (, ).
31 Changes in Childcare Expenses and Private Education Expenses Table 1 General Characteristics of the Participants f (%) Variable Residence 5th year (2009) 6th year (2010) 7th year (2011) 8th year (2012) 9th year (2013) Province Seoul 73 (14.8) 66 (14.6) 77 (14.6) 70 (13.6) 56 (12.1) Metropolitan city 152 (30.9) 135 (29.8) 161 (30.5) 159 (31.0) 134 (29.1) City 194 (39.4) 190 (41.9) 219 (41.5) 227 (44.2) 222 (48.2) County 66 (13.4) 54 (11.9) 58 (11.0) 46 (9.0) 38 (8.2) Urban-rural consolidated city 7 (1.4) 8 (1.8) 13 (2.5) 11 (2.1) 11 (2.4) Total 492 (100) 453 (100) 528 (100) 513 (100) 461 (100) Income group Lower income 44 (8.9) 28 (6.2) 51 (9.7) 47 (9.2) 35 (7.6) Middle income 345 (70.1) 321 (70.9) 375 (71.0) 349 (68.0) 308 (66.8) Higher income 103 (20.9) 104 (23) 102 (19.3) 117 (22.8) 118 (25.6) Total 492 (100) 453 (100) 528 (100) 513 (100) 461 (100) Age 3 years 157 (31.9) 159 (35.1) 197 (33.9) 168 (32.7) 134 (29.1) 4 years 158 (32.1) 142 (31.3) 191 (36.2) 164 (32.0) 169 (36.7) 5 years 177 (36) 152 (33.6) 158 (29.9) 181 (35.3) 158 (34.3) Total 492 (100) 453 (100) 528 (100) 513 (100) 461 (100)., (equivalence scale) (Ku, Son, & Ahn, 2010)., OECD.. 소득균등화된소득 가구원수 1 2., 3.. 60%. OECD 60-150%, 150% (Statistics Korea, 2015b). 자료분석 SPSS Statistics 22.0 (IBM Co., Armonk, NY).. 5 (2009 ) 9 (2013 ),.,,,. 2013 5 (2010 ) 9 (2014 ),, Pearson, Durbin-Watson (Variation Inflation Factor [VIF]).
jung, pack, song, kim, and Yi 32 보육비, 사교육비변화경향 5 (2009 ) 9 (2013 ) 3-5 Figure 1. 2010 2013. 1 2009 122,200 2013 105,800., 2013 3 1., 2009-2013., 2011, 2013.,. Figure 2,, 2009-2013. 2009 2013, 2009 2013. 2010 2010, 2013. 가구소득구분에따른보육비, 사교육비변화경향 Figure 3 Figure 4. 2009-2012, 2013,. (Figure 3), 2009 2013, 2009 2010 2011 2013., 2013 1., 2011, 2013,,,. (Figure 4),. 2011, 2011. Figure 1. The pattern of changes in childcare expenses and private education expenses. Figure 2. The pattern of changes in childcare expenses and private education expenses to household disposable income.
33 Changes in Childcare Expenses and Private Education Expenses Figure 3. The pattern of changes in childcare expenses according to income groups.. (Figure 5), 2009-2013. 2010 0-5 70% 2011. 2009-2013. Figure 6,,. 70% 0-5 2011 Figure 4. The pattern of changes in private education expenses according to income groups. 3 5. 2009 2010 2012 2013 2009. 2013. 2012 2013,. 1, Figure 5 Figure 6.,,, 2011 Figure 5. The pattern of changes in childcare expenses to household disposable income according to income groups. Figure 6. The pattern of changes in private education expenses to household disposable income according to income groups.
jung, pack, song, kim, and Yi 34, 2012 2013. 무상보육정책시행전후가구소득, 보육비, 사교육비의관계 무상보육정책시행전가구소득, 보육비, 사교육비의관계,,, 2009 (5 ) 2013 (9 ),,.,,. (natural log). 5 (2009 ),,. Table 2, (r =.314, p <.001), (r =.326, p <.001). (r = -.199, p <.001)...,. Durbin-Watson, 2 ( = 2.000, = 1.980).,.8 VIF 10., 2009 (5 ) Table 3. 1,,,,, 2. 1 9.8%, (F = 4.131, p <.001). 1 (β = -.124, p <.05), (β =.131, p <.01). 2 13.6%, (F = 5.406, p <.001). R 2.038 (F = 16.476, p <.001). 2, (β =.110, p <.05). (β =.220, p <.001), β. 2009 (5 ) Table 2 Correlations of Analyzed Variables of 5th Year (2009) Data Private education expenses - Childcare expenses -.199*** - Private education expenses Childcare expenses Ln equalized disposable income Ln equalized disposable income.326***.314*** - Note. Ln is an abbreviation of natural log. **p <.01. ***p <.001.
35 Changes in Childcare Expenses and Private Education Expenses Table 3 Hierarchial Multiple Regression Analysis: The Effects of Household Income on Preschool Childcare Expenses of 5th Year (2009) Data Step 1 Step 2 Independent variables B β t B β t Control variables Mother s employment dummy a 1.311.049.988.765.029.585 Father s middle school graduation dummy b -4.144 -.072-1.079-1.236 -.021 -.323 Father s highschool graduation dummy b -1.674 -.063-1.122 -.157 -.006 -.104 Mother s middle school graduation dummy b -4.281 -.070-1.052-2.883 -.047 -.720 Mother s high school graduation dummy b -.875 -.033 -.591 -.480 -.018 -.330 Total number of children -2.339 -.124-2.007* -1.923 -.102-1.677 Age of a child 2.123.131 2.620** 1.777.110 2.225* Birth order -1.533 -.086-1.383-1.366 -.076-1.256 Metropolitan city dummy c -2.520 -.088-1.388-1.434 -.050 -.797 County ( gun ) dummy c -4.555 -.121-1.875-3.238 -.086-1.347 Household income Ln equalized disposal income 6.063.220 4.059*** F = 4.131*** R 2 =.098 F = 5.406*** R 2 =.136 R 2 =.038*** Note. Ln is an abbreviation of natural log. a 1 = employed, 0 = unemployed; b 1 = college graduate, 0 = middle/high school graduate; c 1 = Seoul, 0 = metropolitan city/county *p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001. Table 4. 1,,,,, 2. 1 12.7%, (F = 5.537, p <.001). (β = -.152, p <.05), (β = -.143, p <.05), (β = -.248, p <.001). (β = -.166, p <.01) (β = -.144, p <.05). 2 21%, (F = 9.173, p <.001). R 2.083 (F = 42.274, p <.001). 1, 2. 1, (β = -.279, p <.001). (β =.327, p <.001), β,. β, β.. 무상보육정책시행후가구소득, 보육비, 사교육비의관계 2013,,, 9 (2013 ), 5 (2009 )
jung, pack, song, kim, and Yi 36 Table 4 Hierarchial Multiple Regression Analysis: The Effects of Household Income on Preschool Private Education Expenses of 5th Year (2009) Data Independent variables a Step 1 Step 2 B β t B β t Control variables Mother s employment dummy b -1.908 -.061-1.242-2.882 -.092-1.959 Father s middle school graduation dummy b -10.379 -.152-2.334* -5.308 -.078-1.231 Father s highschool graduation dummy b -2.169 -.070-1.259.462.015.273 Mother s middle school graduation dummy b -1.379 -.019 -.293 1.083.015.240 Mother s high school graduation dummy b -2.124 -.069-1.242-1.424 -.046 -.872 Total number of children -3.168 -.143-2.352* -2.432 -.109-1.888 Age of a child -4.744 -.248-5.045*** -5.340 -.279-5.930*** Birth order.686.032.534.985.047.804 Metropolitan city dummy c -5.602 -.166-2.663** -3.695 -.109-1.824 County ( gun ) dummy c -6.355 -.144-2.259* -4.041 -.091-1.494 Household income Ln equalized disposal income 10.613.327 6.314*** F = 5.537*** R 2 =.127 F = 9.173*** R 2 =.210 R 2 =.083*** Note. Ln is an abbreviation of natural log. a 1 = employed, 0 = unemployed; b 1 = college graduate, 0 = middle/high school graduate; c 1 = Seoul, 0 = metropolitan city/county *p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001.. 2013,, Table 5. 2009 (r =.147, p <.01), (r =.359, p <.001). (r = -.123, p <.01) 2009. 2009 (r =.314, p <.001), (r =.326, p <.001), 2013. 2012 2013.,.. Durbin-Watson, 2 ( = 1.880, = 1.873).,.8 VIF 10. 2013 (9 ) (Table 6). 1,,,,, 2. 1, 10.8%, (F = 4.589, p <.001). 1 (β = -.152, p <.01), (β = -.318, p <.001) (β = -.276, p <.001). 2 9.1%,
37 Changes in Childcare Expenses and Private Education Expenses Table 5 Correlations of Analyzed Variables of 9th Year (2013) Data Private education expenses - Childcare expenses -.123** - Private education expenses Childcare expenses Ln Equalized disposable income Ln equalized disposable income.359***.147** - Note. Ln is an abbreviation of natural log. **p <.01. ***p <.001. (F = 4.531, p <.001). R 2.008. (β =.101, p >.05).,. 2013 (9 ) Table 7. 1,,,,. 2. 1 9.5%, (F = 4.002, p <.001).,, (β = -.142, p <.05). (β =.191, p <.001). (β = -.158, p <.05), (β = -.157, p <.05). Table 6 Hierarchial Multiple Regression Analysis: The Effects of Household Income on Preschool Childcare Expenses of 9th Year (2013) Data Independent variables Step 1 Step 2 B β t B β t Control variables Mother s employment dummy.324.014.283 -.155 -.007 -.133 Father s middle school graduation dummy -2.102 -.038 -.707-1.137 -.021 -.378 Father s highschool graduation dummy -.379 -.016 -.284.189.008.138 Mother s middle school graduation dummy -2.051 -.034 -.621-1.614 -.027 -.489 Mother s high school graduation dummy -1.329 -.055-1.001-1.183 -.049 -.892 Total number of children -1.852 -.152-3.018** -1.761 -.145-2.870** Age of a child.360.024.478.348.023.463 Birth order.080.014.281.149.026.521 Metropolitan city dummy -8.853 -.318-5.236*** -8.591 -.308-5.082*** County ( gun ) dummy -11.090 -.276-4.493*** -10.509 -.262-4.240*** Household income Ln equalized disposal income 2.777.101 1.908 F = 4.589*** R 2 =.108 F = 4.531*** R 2 =.116 R 2 =.008 Note. Ln is an abbreviation of natural log. a 1 = employed, 0 = unemployed; b 1 = college graduate, 0 = middle/high school graduate; c 1 = Seoul, 0 = metropolitan city/county **p <.01. ***p <.001.
jung, pack, song, kim, and Yi 38 2 16.2%, (F = 7.877, p <.001). 1 R 2.091, 9.1%, (F = 42.274, p <.001). 1 (β =.188, p <.001), (β = -.128, p <.05).. (β =.332, p <.001), 9 β 5 β β. 5, 9.,,.,., 2009 2013,. 2009, 2013.., 1, 2010-2012 2013, 2010-2012 2013. 2009 2013. Table 7 Hierarchial Multiple Regression Analysis: The Effects of Household Income on Preschool Private Education Expenses of 9th Year (2013) Data Control variables Independent variables Step 1 Step 2 B β t B β t Mother s employment dummy 1.013.032.637-1.151 -.036 -.744 Father s middle school graduation dummy -1.534 -.020 -.371 2.826.037.709 Father s highschool graduation dummy -4.703 -.142-2.531* -2.137 -.065-1.182 Mother s middle school graduation dummy -4.809 -.058-1.048-2.836 -.034 -.649 Mother s high school graduation dummy -.597 -.018 -.323.065.002.037 Total number of children -1.190 -.071-1.394 -.778 -.046 -.957 Age of a child 3.965.191 3.781*** 3.908.188 3.923*** Birth order -.641 -.082-1.620 -.330 -.042 -.872 Metropolitan city dummy -6.095 -.158-2.592* -4.912 -.128-2.193* County ( gun ) dummy -8.671 -.157-2.527* -6.048 -.109-1.841 Household income Ln equalized disposal income 12.542.332 6.502*** F = 4.002*** R 2 =.095 F = 7.877*** R 2 =.186 R 2 =.091*** Note. Ln is an abbreviation of natural log. a 1 = employed, 0 = unemployed; b 1 = college graduate, 0 = middle/high school graduate; c 1 = Seoul, 0 = metropolitan city/county *p <.05. ***p <.001.
39 Changes in Childcare Expenses and Private Education Expenses (Y. J. Lee et al., 2013)., (zero sum)., (Min & Bae, 2014; Suh et al., 2012).,.. 2009, (Kim et al., 2013).,.,..,.,,.,,.,.,. 2013.,., Cho Yoo (2013). 2013. (Min & Bae, 2014; Suh et al., 2012). (K. S. Lee & Kim, 2010).,. 2009 2013, 2009 2010.,. 2011 0-5 70%. Y. J. Lee (2013), Hong (2013) K. I. Kim (2014)..,. 70%, 2012 2013 5 30%. 2013
jung, pack, song, kim, and Yi 40, 2013.,.,.,,..,.,,,.,.,. (Suh & Yang, 2013)..,,,..,.,,..,.,.,.,.,.,, (Rhee, 2010).,..,
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