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Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture Korean J Environ Agric. 2014;33(2):86-102. Korean Online ISSN: 2233-4173 Published online 2014 June 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5338/kjea.2014.33.2.86 Print ISSN: 1225-3537 Research Article Open Access 전라도밭경작지의서식처유형별식물상특성 조광진, 1 김명현, 1* 김민경, 1 나영은 1, 오영주, 2 최락중 1 1 농촌진흥청국립농업과학원기후변화생태과, 2 ( 주 ) 미래환경생태연구소 Ecological Characteristics of Vascular Plants by Habitat Types of Dry Field in Jeolla-do, Korea Kwang-Jin Cho, 1 Myung-Hyun Kim, 1* Min-Kyeong Kim, 1 Young-Eun Na, 1 Young-Ju Oh 2 and Lak-Jung Choe 1 ( 1 Climate Change and Agroecology Division, National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Suwon, 441-707, Korea, 2 Institute for Future Environmental Ecology Co., Ltd, Suwon, 441-853, Korea) Received: 29 April 2014 / Revised: 5 June 2014 / Accepted: 17 June 2014 Copyright c 2014 The Korean Society of Environmental Agriculture This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract BACKGROUND: According to the types of human interference, there are various plants that have strong vitality and ability to breed in the dry field. Recently, climate change alters the geographical distribution and phenology of the plant species. So, we need to understand present occurrence pattern and ecological characteristics of these plants. METHODS AND RESULTS: The plant species data were obtained from 8 regions in Jeolla-do. Flora investigation was done from May 2013 to September 2013. Habitat type of dry field in Jeolla-do was classified into 3 types (inside of dry field: IDF, embankment around the end of a dry field: EDF, levee slope of dry field: LS). The vascular plants of study area were listed 296 taxa which contain 68 families, 203 genera, 244 species, 43 varieties and 9 forms. The vascular plants of three different habitat types were IDF 174 taxa, EDF 249 taxa and LS 136 taxa. The occurrence rate of Therophyte was arranged by the order of IDF(67.6%), EDF(51.9%), LS(54.3%). Naturalized * 교신저자 (corresponding author): Myung-Hyun Kim Phone: +82-31-290-0234; Fax: +82-31-290-0206; E-mail: wildflower@korea.kr rate was analysed as IDF 27.9%, EDF 21.0%, LS 18.6%. Urbanization index was analysed as IDF 11.8%, EDF 13.7%, LS 10.0%. CONCLUSION: With these results, we found that three habitat types were ecological difference affected by the human impacts. Also, we found environmental indicators through the ecological characteristics of flora for the type of habitat of dry field. These indicators will help assess the agriculture environmental variability and the floral change according to the climate change in dry field. Key words: Dry field, Flora, Human impact, form, Naturalized rate, Urbanization Index 서론 밭경작지는논경작지, 과수원과더불어인위적인관리에의해유지되는대상식생의한형태 (Kim, 2004) 로경작되는작물의종류와인간간섭의강도에따라강한생활력과번식력을갖고공존하는여러유형의식물군이발달한다 (Song, 1997). 이렇게발달하는식물군은인간이원하지않는곳에생육하는잡초들로이루어져있으며잡초와작물은주어진환경속에서다양한수준에서다양한방식으로상호작용한다 (Carroll et al., 1990). 밭경작지에는높은온도와건조한토 86

Ecological Characteristics of Vascular Plants by Habitat Types of Dry Field in Jeolla-do, Korea 87 양환경에적응한식물종들의구성비가높으며귀화식물의유입이양호하다 (Cho et al., 2013). 또한, 논경작지와달리담수에따른수분스트레스가적어논경작지에비해잡초의발생이다양하며최근나타나는온도상승으로인한기후변화에따라잡초의발생양상이달라질것으로예측되고있기때문에밭경작지에생육하는식물종의현황과생태적특성을이해할필요가있다. 밭경작지에생육하는식물종에대한국내보고는 1980년중반까지극히제한된몇몇조사를통해 232종 392종이기재되었고 (Ryang et al., 1984), 1990년전국의밭경작지를대상으로한연구에서 122종의식물이보고되었으며 (Chang et al., 1990), 최근연구조사에서는 112종 (Park et al., 2003), 218종 (Cho et al., 2013) 등이보고되어있어연구자마다조금씩차이가있는것으로나타났다. 한편, 경작지와같이인간의간섭과관리가지속적으로가해지고있는입지환경조건일지라도교란된군락구조에서도균질성을지닌식물군락이형성되고, 이러한식물군락은미묘한종조성의차이에의해서식처의환경조건을반영한다 (Kim, 2004). 그러므로경작지를조사할경우, 미지형적서식처유형에따라식물종을구분하여조사할필요가있다. 일본에서는논경작지를조사함에있어논중앙 (center of paddy), 논가장자리 (edge of paddy), 논사면 (levee slope) 을구분하고있으며 (Ohkuro et al., 1996), Kim(2004) 은논경작지식생에대한식생조사구설치시논둑을논둑상부와비탈면, 논바닥까지매우세부적으로구분하여조사하도록권하고있다. 국내에서농업지대를선형과비선형비오톱유형으로구분하여연구한사례 (Oh, 2004) 는있으나밭경작지의서식처유형을세부적으로구분하여식물상조사를수행한연구는이루어진바없다. 따라서본연구에서는전라도지역의밭경작지를대상으로서식처유형을구분하고서식처유형에따라생육하고있는식물종의종조성및생태적특성등을분석하여향후경작활동변화에따른농업환경변동성을모니터링하는데기초자료를제공하고자하였다. 재료및방법 조사지역연구지역은전라남도영광군군서면, 영암군미암면, 진도군군내면, 해남군화원면의 4개지역과전라북도고창군대산면, 김제시금구면, 임실군신덕면, 정읍시감곡면의 4개지역에분포하고있는밭경작지를대상으로수행하였다 (Table 1). 세부적인조사범위는각지역별로동일한경계로구분되어있는 5개이상의밭경작지가인접해위치하고있으면서총면적이 1ha(10,000 m2 ) 이상이되는곳을선정하여총 63 개구획을조사하였다. 서식처유형및조사범위구분밭경작지는주변토지이용형태에따라다양한형태로세분할수있다. 즉, 밭은비교적넓은면적을차지하는산지, 논, 과수원등과인접해있을수있으며, 폭이좁은밭둑, 도로, 수로등으로경계지어질수있다. 또한, 지형적높낮이차로인해넓은면적의경사면이형성되기도한다. 따라서이러한분포특성을고려하여공통적으로형성될수있는세부서식처유형을밭내부 (inside of dry field: IDF), 밭둑 (embankment around the end of a dry field: EDF), 밭경사면 (levee slope of dry field: LS) 으로구분하고이들서식처유형별로식물상을조사하였다. 각필지에포함되는서식처유형에대한조사범위기준은 Fig. 1의모식도와같다. 여기에서는조사지밭과인접한주변토지이용유형에따라 5가지필지유형 (division type) 으로구분되었다. Division A type( 이하 A type) 은산지와인접해있고폭이좁은 ( 너비 2 m 이하 ) 밭둑으로경계지어진필지유형으로서식처유형은밭내부와밭둑으로세분되며, 밭둑의조사범위는산지와인접한경사면하부 30 cm에서부터밭가장자리 30 cm범위그리고폭이좁은밭둑전체와밭둑과인접한밭가장자리 30 cm범위이다. Division B type은폭이좁은밭둑과폭이넓은밭둑 ( 너비 2 m 초과 ) 으로경계지어진필지유형으로서식처유형은 A type과같이밭내부와밭둑으로세분되며, 밭둑의조사범위는 A type에서조사된밭둑전체와밭둑과인접한밭가장자리 30 cm범위그리고폭이넓은밭둑과인접한밭가장자리 30 cm범위에서부터폭은넓은밭둑상부 30 cm까지이다. Division C type( 이하 C type) 은폭이넓은밭둑과수로형태의경사면으로경계지어진필지유형으로서식처유형은밭내부와밭둑, 밭경사면으로구분되며, 밭둑의조사범위는폭이넓은밭둑의상부 30 cm에서밭둑과인접한밭가장자리 30 cm범위와밭경사면과인접한밭가장자리 30 cm범위에서밭경사면상부 30 cm범위이다. 수로형태의밭경사면의조사범위는상부 30 cm아래에서경사면하부까지이다. Division D type은수로형태의경사면과단차에의해발생된경사면으로경계지어진필지유형으로서식처유형은밭내부, 밭둑, 밭경사면으로세분되며, 밭둑의조사범위는경사면상부 30 cm에서경사면과인접한밭가장자리 30 cm범위이며, 수로형태의밭경사면은 C type과같고단차에의해발생한밭경사면은상부 30 cm아래에서하부 30 cm윗부분까지이다. 마지막으로단차에의해발생한밭경사면과인접한 Division E type의서식처유형은밭내부와밭둑으로세분되며, 밭둑은경사면과인접한경사면하부 30 cm에서부터밭가장자리 30 cm범위이다. 한편, 밭둑의조사범위 30 cm는현장조사시경작및관리를목적으로주기적인통행이이루어져답압에의해밭내부식생과는뚜렷히구분되는곳의최소범위이며, 인위적인간섭이빈번한곳에서는경우에따라 30 cm이상이될수도있다. 식물조사및분석식물조사는 2013년 5월-9월까지 2차례에걸쳐수행하였으며, 출현종은도보로이동하면서육안으로확인하였다. 조사지역에서미동정된식물은채집하여실험실에서식물도감 (Lee, 1996a; Lee, 2003; Park, 2009) 을이용하여동정하였다. 식

88 CHO et al. Table 1. Location and geographical data of survey sites Jeonnam Jeonbuk Region Mangok-ri, Gunseo-myeon, Yeonggwang-gun Sinhan-ri, Miam-myeon, Yeongam-gun Wolga-ri, Gunnae-myeon, Jindo-gun Yeongho-ri, Hwawon-myeon, Haenam-gun Yeondong-ri, Daesan-myeon, Gochang-gun Hasin-ri, Geumgu-myeon, Gimje-si Samgil-ri, Sindeok-myeon, Imsil-gun Banggyo-ri, Gamgok-myeon, Jeongeup-si Latitude and longitude N 35 16 57 E 126 28 18 N 34 42 23 E 126 32 07 N 34 30 23 E 126 16 33 N 34 41 47 E 126 19 28 N 35 19 38 E 126 33 20 N 35 47 07 E 126 58 58 N 35 39 54 E 127 08 45 N 35 42 34 E 126 55 27 No. of division Survey area( m2 ) 9 12,950 6 13,370 7 14,734 6 15,317 5 35,133 8 13,507 15 17,482 7 21,517 Fig. 1. The diagram of survey range by division types. IDF, inside of dry field; EDF, embankment around the end of a dry field; LS, Levee slope of dry field 물명은국가표준식물목록 (Korea National Arboretum and The Plant Taxonomic Society of Korea, 2007) 을기준으로하였으며식물상목록은과 (family) 이하의계급으로배열하여가나다순으로정리하였으며, 학명은알파벳순으로나열하였다. 각서식처유형에출현한식물종의기여도는전체조 사지점가운데특정식물이출현한조사지점수로표현되는상재도 (constancy degree; CD(%) = (ni/n) 100, ni: 특정서식처에서 i종이출현한조사지점수, N: 특정서식처의전체조사지점수 ) 를분석하였으며이는각서식처유형에출현한식물종의질적기여도를나타낸다.

Ecological Characteristics of Vascular Plants by Habitat Types of Dry Field in Jeolla-do, Korea 89 생태식물상분석조사지역에생육하는식물종의생태적특성을파악하기위하여라운키에르생활형 (Raunkiaer life-form; Raunkiaer, 1934), 번식전략 (invasion strategy) 그리고귀화식물을활용한귀화율 (Numata, 1975), 도시화지수 (Yim and Jeon, 1980) 를분석하였다. 도시화지수산정시국내귀화식물의종수는 321종 (Lee et al., 2011) 으로하였다. 번식전략은침투 (infiltration), 인해전술 (phalanx), 게릴라전략 (guerrilla) 으로구분할수있으며 (Wilson and Lee, 1989; Kim and Lee, 2006), Lee(1996b) 가기재한식물의지하부형태에따라 R 2 와 R 3 는인해전술형, R 1 과 R 4 는게릴라형, R 5 는침투형으로구분하였다. 생활형에서 1년생식물 (Th: therophyte) 의구성비와번식전략에서인해전술형과게릴라형식물의구성비그리고귀화율, 도시화지수는서식처에대한인간간섭의정도와강도를간접적으로파악할수있는척도가된다. 한편, 식재종은생태학적의의와중요성이낮기때문에분석에서제외하였다. 서식처유형별인간간섭도평가각서식처유형별로식물에대한인위적인간섭정도를파악하기위하여조사지의제초방법에따라경운, 제초제사용, 예취, 손제초, 멀칭, 밭태우기유형으로구분하고시행여부를기재하였다. 서식처유형별인간간섭도를수치화하기위해각서식처유형에서이루어진 6종류의제초방법시행율 [performance rate; PR(%) = (ni/n) 100, ni : 특정서식처유형에서 i 제초방법의시행조사지점수, N : 특정서식처유형의전체조사지점수 ] 을 6단계 [ 해당없음 (0점), 1-20% 미만 (1점), 20-40% 미만 (2점), 40%-60% 미만 (3점), 60-80% 미만 (4점), 80-100%(5 점 )] 로구분하고점수를부여하여 6종류의제초방법시행율에따른점수전체를합산하였다. 에서 40과 174분류군이, 밭둑에서 63과 249분류군이, 경사면에서 56과 196종이조사되었다 (Table 2). 식재종을제외하면, 밭내부에서 34과 136분류군, 밭둑에서 53과 210분류군, 경사면에서 50과 173분류군이관찰되었고총 56과 241분류군이확인되었다. 밭둑은좁은면적이지만다양한식물종이생육하는것으로확인되었고경사면에재배식물이가장적은것으로나타났다 (Fig. 2). 과별식물상특성 296분류군가운데벼과 (Gramineae) 가 16.2%(48분류군 ) 로가장높은빈도를차지하였고다음으로국화과 (Compositae) 가 14.2%(42분류군 ), 콩과 (Leguminosae) 가 9.1%(27분류군 ), 마디풀과 (Polygonaceae) 가 5.4%(16분류군 ), 십자화과 (Cruciferae) 가 4.1%(12분류군 ) 등의순으로확인되었다. 서식처유형별로도큰차이없이이들 5개과에포함된식물종이다수출현하고있었다 (Fig. 3). 약 10년전 (Park et al., 2003) 과 20년전 (Chang et al., 1990) 의국내밭잡초연구에서도국화과, 벼과, 마디풀과식물의출현이많았던것으로보고되어있어, 이들 3개과가국내밭경작지식물을대표하는것으로판단되었다. 벼과를대표하는식물은바랭이, 돌피, 뚝새풀, 속털 결과및고찰 관속식물상현황조사지역의서식처유형은밭내부, 밭둑, 경사면으로구분되었고밭내부 63개지점 (132,496 m2 ), 밭둑 63개지점 (8,439 m2 ), 경사면 34개지점 (3,075 m2 ) 에서 68과 203속 244종 43 변종 9품종을포함한 296분류군이조사되었다. 이중밭내부 Fig. 2. The number of cultivated plant and wild plant in different habitat types. IDF, inside of dry field; EDF, embankment around the end of a dry field; LS, levee slope of dry field Table 2. The number of vascular plants by the taxonomic category in study area Family Genus Species Variety Forma Total No. of Taxa IDF EDF LS* IDF EDF LS IDF EDF LS IDF EDF LS IDF EDF LS IDF EDF LS Pteridophyta - 2 2-2 2-1 1-1 1 - - - - 2 2 Gymnospermae - 2 1-2 1-3 1 - - - - - - - 3 1 Angiospermae Dicotyledoneae 33 52 46 95 133 110 113 154 129 19 24 17 2 5 5 134 183 151 Monocotyledoneae 7 7 7 26 41 29 33 45 33 7 14 9-2 - 40 61 42 Total taxa 40 63 56 121 178 142 146 203 164 26 39 27 2 7 5 174 249 196 Inside of dry field, Embankment around the end of a dry field, *Levee slope of dry field IDF, Inside of dry field; EDF, Embankment around the end of a dry field; LS, Levee slope of dry field

90 CHO et al. 과건조조건에서잘생육하는특성이있어밭에서의출현빈도가높았던것으로사료된다. 서식처유형별로, 밭내부에는쇠비름, 명아주, 깨풀, 한련초, 속속이풀, 중대가리풀, 콩, 개여뀌, 별꽃등의쌍자엽식물의출현빈도가높았고, 밭둑은바랭이, 깨풀, 쑥, 쇠비름, 개여뀌, 닭의장풀, 망초, 명아주, 돌피등의 C 4 식물의출현빈도가높았으며경사면에서는쑥, 뽀리뱅이, 망초, 개망초, 왕고들빼기와같이국화과식물의출현빈도가높게나타났다. Fig. 3. Comparison of occurrence ratio of main families in different habitat types. IDF, inside of dry field; EDF, embankment around the end of a dry field; LS, levee slope of dry field 개밀, 강아지풀, 새포아풀등으로나타났고국화과는쑥, 망초, 한련초, 개망초, 뽀리뱅이, 중대가리풀등으로확인되었으며, 마디풀과는주로여뀌류 ( 개여뀌, 명아자여뀌, 봄여뀌, 흰여뀌 ) 로조사되었다. 그리고본연구에서선행연구와달리콩과의출현빈도가높았던것은선행연구에서제외되었던땅콩, 작두콩, 콩, 팥, 녹두, 동부등과같은재배종이다수포함되었기때문인것으로사료된다. 서식처유형별식물상밭경작지에서출현한식물 296분류군가운데바랭이의상재도가가장높았으며, 다음으로깨풀, 쇠비름, 쑥, 명아주, 개여뀌, 돌피, 닭의장풀, 망초등의순이었다. Chang 등 (1990) 의연구에서도전라남도, 전라북도의하작물지 ( 夏作物地 ) 에서우점하는잡초로바랭이, 쇠비름, 깨풀, 방동사니등을보고하고있어본연구와유사한경향을나타내었다. 바랭이, 쇠비름, 명아주, 돌피, 닭의장풀등은대표적인 C 4 식물로 (Kim et al., 2011) 토양수분의이용효율이높고강한빛조건 생태식물상식재종을제외한 241분류군을대상으로생활형을분석한결과 (Table 3), 인위적인간섭과관리가집약적으로이루어지고있는밭경작지에는대체로 1년생식물 (Th) 이다수생육하고있었고특히, 지속적으로경작행위가이루어지고있는밭내부 (67.6%) 에서출현율이가장높게나타났다. 다음으로경사면 (54.3%) 과밭둑 (51.9%) 순으로분석되었다. 다년생초본식물 (Ch, G, H) 과목본성식물 (M, MM, N) 의출현율은밭둑이각각 30.0% 와 12.9% 로가장높았고다음으로경사면 (29.5%, 12.7%), 밭내부 (22.1%, 2.9%) 순으로분석되었으나밭둑과경사면의차이는크지않는것으로나타났다. 일반적으로 1년생초본식물은불안정한서식처에서그출현율이증가하고다년생초본식물과목본성식물은안정한서식처에서그출현율이증가하는경향이있다. 따라서밭내부의서식처가가장불안정하며경사면보다는밭둑의서식처가좀더안정적인것으로평가할수있었다. 한편, 번식전략을분석한결과에서는밭경작지에는침투형의식물이가장많았고다음으로인해전술형, 게릴라형순이었으며, 인해전술형과게릴라형두가지특성을나타내는복합형도포함되어있었다 (Table 4). 앞서서술한바와같이, 불안정한서식처에서는인해전술형과게릴라형의번식전략을가지고있는식물종이증가하는것으로보고되어있는데, 본조사에서는경사면 (30.1%) 이가장높았고다음으로밭둑 (27.6%), 밭내부 (20.7%) 순으로분석되었다. 이결과는앞선생활형분석과는상이한결과였다. 이러한차이가나타나는 Table 3. Comparison of life-form of Raunkiaer in three different habitat types IDF -form EDF * LS ** No. of taxa Ratio(%) No. of taxa Ratio(%) No. of taxa Ratio(%) MM 3 2.2 8 3.8 5 2.9 M - - 6 2.9 6 3.5 N 1 0.7 13 6.2 11 6.3 Ch 5 3.7 10 4.8 10 5.8 G 8 5.9 15 7.1 18 10.4 H 17 12.5 38 18.1 23 13.3 HH 10 7.4 11 5.2 6 3.5 Th 92 67.6 109 51.9 94 54.3 Total 136 100.0 210 100.0 173 100.0 MM, Megaphanerophyte; M, Microphanerophyte; N, Nanophanerophyte; Ch, Chamaephyte; G, Geophyte; H, Hemicryptophyte; HH, Hydatophyte; Th, Therophyte Inside of dry field; *Embankment around the end of a dry field; **Levee slope of dry field

Ecological Characteristics of Vascular Plants by Habitat Types of Dry Field in Jeolla-do, Korea 91 원인은밭경작지에서인해전술형과게릴라형의번식전략을가진초본식물대부분이다년생식물로, 이들식물종이정착하기위해서는일정한기간이필요하다. 그러나, 밭내부는정기적인경운과주기적인제초제살포, 손제초그리고비닐멀칭에의한토양피복등의강력한제초활동이이루어져다년생초본식물이정착할수있는생육환경이조성되지않는다. 그로인해, 인해전술형과게릴라형의번식전략을가진식물의출현빈도가낮았던것으로생각된다. 그러므로다년생초본의정착이어려울정도로매우불안정한서식처에서번식전략을통한인위적인간섭정도를평가하는것은평가결과의오류를가져올수있으므로주의해야할것으로생각되었다. 전라도밭경작지내에출현한귀화식물은 18과 57분류군으로확인되었고국화과의비율 (31.6%; 18분류군 ) 이높게나타났으며 (Appendix 1), 귀화율은 23.7% 로분석되었다. 이는일본동경의밭귀화율 (32.1%; Numata, 1975) 보다낮은수치였다. 주요출현귀화식물은망초, 개망초, 유럽점나도나물, 소리쟁이, 선개불알풀, 실망초, 큰방가지똥, 좀명아주, 갓, 서양민들레등으로조사되었다. 서식처유형별로는밭내부 42 분류군, 밭둑 48분류군, 경사면 36분류군으로조사되었고밭내부에는좀명아주, 미국가막사리, 큰방가지똥등이, 밭둑과경사면에는망초, 개망초, 유럽점나도나물등이높은빈도로출현하였다. 귀화율은밭내부 30.9%, 밭둑 22.9%, 경사면 20.8% 로분석되었고, 도시화지수는밭내부 13.1%, 밭둑 15.0%, 경사면 11.2% 로나타났다. 결과적으로생태식물상을통한밭경작지서식처의안정성을평가한결과, 생활형에서는밭내부 < 경사면 < 밭둑순으로서식처의안정성이높게평가되었고귀화율에서는밭내부 < 밭둑 < 경사면순으로서식처의안정성이높게평가되었으며, 도시화지수는밭둑 < 밭내부 < 경사면순으로평가되었다. 생활형, 귀화율, 도시화지수는서식처의안정성을평가하는데있어다양한논문에서빈번하게사용되는평가값이기는하나, 한가지생태적요소만으로서식처의인위적인간섭정도를평가하기에는어려움이있었다. 따라서본연구에서는각각의생태적특성을모두고려하여분석값을산술평균하였다. 그식은 (1년생식물의비율 + 인해전술형과게릴라형번식전략식물의비율 + 귀화율 + 도시화지수 )/4로산출값이낮을수록서식처의안정성이높다는것을의미한다. 그결과밭내부 (33.1)< 밭둑 (29.4)< 경사면 (29.1) 의순으로서식처의안정성이높게평가되었다. 이는인위적인간섭정도를평가한값과같은경향으로토지이용의강도와인위적인간섭에따른서식처의안정성을평가함에있어식물의생태적특성을다양하게고려하여평가가이루어져야할것으로사료되었다. 한편, 제초법의종류별시행율을활용한서식처유형별인위적인간섭정도를평가한결과 (Table 5), 밭내부 15점, 밭둑 9점, 경사면 6점으로밭내부의인간간섭도가높게나타났다. 밭내부에서가장큰영향을준제초방법은경운과비닐, 부직포등을이용한멀칭이었으며, 제초제사용과손제초가그뒤를따랐다. 그리고밭둑과경사면에서고빈도로행해지고있는제초방법은제초제의사용과예취로확인되었다. Table 4. Comparison of invasion strategy in three different habitat types Invasion strategy form IDF(n=63) EDF(n=63) LS(n=37) No. of taxa Ratio(%) No. of taxa Ratio(%) No. of taxa Ratio(%) Phalanx+Guerrilla R 1-2 2 1.5 3 1.4 2 1.1 Phalanx R 2-3 8 5.9 13 6.2 15 8.7 R 3 5 3.7 23 10.9 15 8.7 R 3(b) - - 1 0.5 1 0.6 R 3(o) - - 1 0.5 - - R 3(s) - - 1 0.5 4 2.3 R 3(v) 3 2.2 3 1.4 2 1.1 Guerrilla R 4 10 7.4 13 6.2 13 7.5 Infiltration R 5 106 77.9 147 70.0 118 68.2 R 5(b) - - 1 0.5 - - R 5(c) 1 0.7 1 0.5 1 0.6 R 5(o) 1 0.7 1 0.5 1 0.6 R 5(s) - - 2 0.9 1 0.6 Total 136 100.0 210 100.0 173 100.0 IDF, Inside of dry field; EDF, Embankment around the end of a dry field; LS, Levee slope of dry field; R 1, Widest extent of rhizomatous growth; R 2, Moderate extent of rhizomatous growth; R 3, Narrowest extent of rhizomatous growth; R 4, Clonal growth by stolons and struck roots; R 5, Non-clonal growth(monophyte); R (b), bulb; R (c), corm; R (o), oblique growth of rhizome; R (s), succulent root; R (v), vertical growth of rhizome

92 CHO et al. Table 5. Comparison of human impact by the weeding method types in three different habitat types Weeding method type No. of site IDF (n=63) EDF (n=63) LS * (n=37) Ratio(%) Score No. of site Ratio(%) Score No. of site Ratio(%) Tillage 63 100.0 5.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Herbicide application 21 33.3 2.0 60 95.2 5.0 25 73.5 4.0 Mowing 1 1.6 1.0 15 23.8 2.0 5 14.7 1.0 Hand weeding 15 23.8 2.0 9 14.3 1.0 0 0.0 0.0 Mulching 51 81.0 5.0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 Burning 0 0.0 0.0 2 3.2 1.0 4 11.8 1.0 Total score 15.0 9.0 6.0 Inside of dry field; Embankment around the end of a dry field; * Levee slope of dry field IDF, Inside of dry field; EDF, Embankment around the end of a dry field; LS, Levee slope of dry field Score 요약 밭경작지는인간의간섭에따라강한생활력과번식능력 을가진다양한식물이생육하며, 최근기후변화는식물의지 리적분포및생물계절을변화시키고있다. 따라서밭경작지에서생육하는식물종의현재출현양상과생태적특성에대한이해가필요하다. 생태식물상비교에는전라도 8개지역에서조사된식물자료를통하여라운키에르의생활형, 번식전략, 귀화율, 도시화지수가이용되었다. 식물상조사는 2013년 5월부터 9월에걸쳐수행되었으며, 밭경작지의서식처유형은 3가지 ( 밭내부, 밭둑, 경사면 ) 로구분되었다. 조사지역의관속식물상은 68과 203속 244종 43변종 9품종을포함하여총 296분류군이확인되었다. 서식처유형별로는밭내부 174분류군, 밭둑 249분류군, 경사면 196분류군이조사되었다. 과별로는벼과 (16.2%), 국화과 (14.2%), 콩과 (9.1%), 마디풀과 (5.4%), 십자화과 (4.1%) 순이었다. 출현식물종의기여도에따르며, 밭내부는쌍자엽식물, 밭둑은 C 4 식물, 경사면은국화과식물로특징지어졌다. 생활형분석결과, 1년생식물은밭내부 (67.6%), 밭둑 (51.9%), 경사면 (54.3%) 순이었다. 귀화율은밭내부 30.9%, 밭둑 22.9%, 경사면 20.8% 이었고, 도시화지수는밭내부 13.1%, 밭둑 15.0%, 경사면 11.2% 이었다. 1년생식물의구성비, 번신전략, 귀화율, 도시화지수를모두고려했을때, 인간간섭도가가장높은곳은밭내부로확인되었다. 따라서본연구에서는생태계의기반이되는식물상의생태적특성을통해밭경작지의서식처유형에대한환경지표가발굴되었으며이러한지표는농업환경의변동성을파악하거나기후변화에따른식물상변화를평가하는데도움이될것으로기대된다. Acknowledgment This study was carried out with the support of Research Program for Agricultural Science & Technology Development (Project No. PJ008608), National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea. References Carroll, C.R., Vandermeer, J.H., Rosset, P.M., 1990. Agroecology, in: Weiner J. (Eds), Plant Population Ecology in agriculture, Mcgraw-Hill Inc., United States of America, p. 235. Chang, Y.H., Kim, C.S., Youn, K.B., 1990. Weed occurrence in upland crop fields of Korea, Korean J. Weed Sci. 10, 294-304. Cho, K.J., Oh, Y.J., Kang, K.K., Han, M.S., Na, Y.E., Kim, M., Choe, L.J., Kim, M.H., 2013. Occurrence and distribution of C 4 plants under diverse agricultural field types in Korea, Korean J Agric Forest Meteorol. 15, 85-101. Kim, J.W., 2004. Vegetation ecology, pp. 1-308, Worldscience, Korea. Kim, J.W., Lee, Y.K., 2006. Classification and assessment of plant communities, pp. 1-240. Worldscience, Korea. Kim, M.H., Han, M.S., Kang, K.K., Na, Y.E., Bang, H.S, 2011. Effects of climate change on C 4 plant list and distribution in South Korea: A Review, Korean J Agric Forest Meteorol. 13, 123-139. Korea National Arboretum and The Plant Taxonomic Society of Korea. 2007. A synonymic list of vascular plants in Korea, pp. 1-534, Korea National Arboretum, Korea. Lee, Y.M., Park, S.H., Jung, S.Y., Oh, S.H., Yang, J.C., 2011. Study on the current status of naturalized plants in South Korea, Korean J. Pl. Taxon. 41, 87-101. Lee, T.B., 2003. Illustrated flora of Korea, pp. 1-1,928, Hyangmunsa, Korea. Lee, W.T., 1996a. Standard illustrations of Korean plants, pp. 1-624, Academy Press., Korea. Lee, W.T., 1996b. Lineamenta florae Koreae, pp. 1-1,688,

Ecological Characteristics of Vascular Plants by Habitat Types of Dry Field in Jeolla-do, Korea 93 Academy Press., Korea. Numata, M., 1975. Naturalized plants pp. 1-160, Japanese books, Japan. Oh, Y.J., 2006, Phytosociological classification of semi-natural vegetation and environmental assessment of havitat in the agricultural area. doctoral dissertation, pp. 1-152, Kangwon National University, Korea. Ohkuro, T., Matsuo, K., Nemoto, M., 1996. Vegetation dynamics of abandoned paddy fields and their levee slopes in mountainous regions of central Japan, Japanese J. Ecol. 46, 245-256. Park J.E., Lee I.Y., Park, T.S., Im, S.T., Mun, B.C., Kim, C.S., Jo, J.L., O, S.M., Im, I.B., Hwang, J.B., Gu, Y.C., 2003. Occurrence characteristics of weed flora in upland field in Korea, Korean. J. Weed Sci. 23, 277-284. Park, S.H., 2009. New illustrations and photographs of naturalized plants of Korea, pp. 1-575, Ilchokak, Korea. Raunkiaer, C., 1934. The life forms of plants and statistical plant geography; being the collected papers of C. Raunkiaer, pp. 1-1,934, Clarendon Press, Oxford. Ryang, H.S., Chun, J.C., Hwang, I.T., 1984. Change in weed flora with season and cultivated crop and land, Korean. J. Weed Sci. 4, 4-10. Song, J.S., 1997. A phytosociological study on the weed communities in the cultivated and abandoned fields of Korea, Korean J. Ecol. 20, 191-200. Wilson, J.B., Lee, W.G., 1989. Infiltration invasion, Functional Ecology 3, 379-380. Yim, Y.J., Jeon, E.S., 1980. Distribution of naturalized plants in the Korean Peninsula, Korean. Jour. Bot. 23, 69-88.

94 CHO et al. Appendix 1. The list of vascular plants in survey sites Solanaceae Capsicum annuum L. *** Ⅱ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Lycium chinense Mill. *** Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ N R 5 Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. *** Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Nicotiana tabacum L. *** Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Physalis angulata L. ** Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Solanum melongena L. *** Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Solanum nigrum L. var. nigrum Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅰ Ⅱ Th R 5 Rhamnaceae Ebenaceae Solanum tuberosum L. *** Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5(s) Zizyphus jujuba var. inermis (Bunge) Rehder *** Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ MM R 5 Diospyros kaki Thunb. *** Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ MM R 5 Juncaceae Oxalidaceae Compositae Diospyros lotus L. Ⅰ Ⅰ MM R 5 Luzula capitata (Miq.) Miq. Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ H R 5 Oxalis corniculata L. Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ch R 4 Artemisia princeps Pamp. Ⅲ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ch R 2-3 Aster subulatus var. sandwicensis A.G.Jones ** Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 3 Aster yomena (Kitam.) Honda Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ch R 3 Bidens bipinnata L. Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Bidens frondosa L. ** Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅱ Th R 5 Bidens tripartita L. Ⅰ Ⅰ HH R 5 Breea segeta (Willd.) Kitam. for. segeta Ⅰ Ⅰ H R 3 Centipeda minima (L.) A.Br. & Asch. Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅰ Ⅲ Th R 5 Cirsium japonicum var. maackii (Maxim.) Matsum. Ⅰ Ⅰ H R 5 Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist ** Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅰ Th R 5 Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist ** Ⅱ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅲ Th R 5 Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. ** Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S.Moore ** Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Crepidiastrum denticulatum (Houtt.) Pak & Kawano Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Crepidiastrum sonchifolium (Bunge) Pak & Kawano Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅱ Ⅲ Th R 5 Erechtites hieracifolia Raf. ** Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. ** Ⅱ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Th R 5 Gnaphalium affine D.Don Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ch R 5 Helianthus tuberosus L. ** Ⅰ Ⅰ G R 3(s) Hemistepa lyrata Bunge Ⅰ Ⅲ Ⅱ Ⅱ Th R 5 Hypochaeris radicata L. ** Ⅰ Ⅰ H R 5 Ixeridium dentatum (Thunb. ex Mori) Tzvelev Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ H R 5 Ixeris debilis (Thunb.) A.Gray Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ H R 4 Ixeris polycephala Cass. Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅰ Ⅰ H R 5 Lactuca indica for. indivisa (Makino) Hara Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅰ Th R 5 Lactuca indica L. Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅲ Th R 5 Lactuca sativa L. *** Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Lactuca scariola L. ** Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Petasites japonicus (Siebold & Zucc.) Maxim. Ⅰ Ⅰ H R 2-3

Ecological Characteristics of Vascular Plants by Habitat Types of Dry Field in Jeolla-do, Korea 95 Appendix 1. Continued Senecio vulgaris L. ** Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Sigesbeckia glabrescens (Makino) Makino Ⅱ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Sigesbeckia pubescens (Makino) Makino Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Solidago altissima L. ** Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ H R 3 Sonchus asper (L.) Hill ** Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅱ Ⅲ Th R 5 Sonchus brachyotus DC. Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ H R 2-3 Sonchus oleraceus L. ** Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Taraxacum laevigatum DC. ** Ⅰ Ⅰ H R 3(v) Taraxacum officinale Weber ** Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅱ H R 3(v) Taraxacum platycarpum Dahlst. Ⅰ Ⅰ H R 3(v) Xanthium strumarium L. ** Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Aspleniaceae Rubiaceae Youngia japonica (L.) DC. Ⅱ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Th R 5 Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum (Desv.) Underw. ex Hell. *** Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ G R 1-2 Galium spurium var. echinospermon (Wallr.) Hayek Ⅰ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅲ Th R 5 Labiatae Paederia scandens (Lour.) Merr. var. scandens Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅰ Ch R 3 Ajuga decumbens Thunb. Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ H R 5 Lamium amplexicaule L. Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Leonurus japonicus Houtt. Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Mosla dianthera (Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.) ex Maxim. Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Perilla frutescens var. japonica (Hassk.) Hara *** Ⅱ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅱ Th R 5 Symplocaceae Celastraceae Stachys japonica Miq. Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ H R 2-3 Symplocos tanakana Nakai Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ N R 5 Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb. Ⅰ Ⅰ M R 5 Santalaceae Commelinaceae Euonymus japonicus Thunb. Ⅰ Ⅰ N R 5 Thesium chinense Turcz. Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ H R 5 Commelina communis L. Ⅱ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅳ Th R 5 Commelina communis var. angustifolia for. leucantha Nakai Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Euphorbiaceae Commelina communis var. angustifolia Nakai Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Acalypha australis L. Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅴ Th R 5 Euphorbia supina Raf. ** Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Crassulaceae Araliaceae Mallotus japonicus (Thunb.) Muell. Arg. Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ MM R 5 Sedum sarmentosum Bunge Ⅰ Ⅰ H R 4 Aralia elata (Miq.) Seem. *** Ⅰ Ⅰ M R 5 Eleutherococcus sessiliflorus (Rupr. & Maxim.) S.Y.Hu *** Ⅰ Ⅰ N R 5

96 CHO et al. Appendix 1. Continued Eucommiaceae Dioscoreaceae Polygonaceae Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. *** Ⅰ Ⅰ M R 5 Dioscorea batatus Decne. Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ G R 5(s) Fagopyrum esculentum Moench *** Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Spach var. hydropiper Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ HH R 4 Persicaria japonica (Meisn.) H.Gross ex Nakai Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ HH R 2-3 Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) Gray var. lapathifolia Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Persicaria longiseta (Bruijn) Kitag. Ⅲ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅳ Th R 5 Persicaria nodosa (Pers.) Opiz Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅰ Ⅱ Th R 5 Persicaria perfoliata (L.) H.Gross Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅰ Th R 5 Persicaria senticosa (Meisn.) H.Gross ex Nakai var. senticosa Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Persicaria thunbergii (Siebold & Zucc.) H.Gross ex Nakai Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ HH R 4 Persicaria vulgaris Webb & Moq. Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Polygonum aviculare L. Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Rumex acetosa L. Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ H R 5 Rumex acetosella L. ** Ⅰ Ⅰ H R 2-3 Rumex crispus L. ** Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅱ H R 5 Rumex nipponicus Franch. & Sav. ** Ⅰ Ⅰ H R 5 Meliaceae Convolvulaceae Rumex obtusifolius L. ** Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ H R 5 Melia azedarach L. Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ MM R 5 Calystegia hederacea Wall. Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ G R 2-3 Calystegia sepium (L.) R.Br. Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅱ Ⅱ G R 2-3 Calystegia sepium var. japonicum (Choisy) Makino Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅰ Ⅰ G R 2-3 Cuscuta pentagona Engelm. ** Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. *** Ⅱ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5(s) Ipomoea hederacea Jacq. var. hederacea ** Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Ipomoea hederacea var. integriuscula A.Gray ** Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Ipomoea lacunosa L. ** Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Chenopodiaceae Ipomoea purpurea Roth ** Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Chenopodium album var. centrorubrum Makino Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅲ Ⅳ Th R 5 Chenopodium ficifolium Smith ** Ⅲ Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅱ Th R 5 Ranunculaceae Onagraceae Chenopodium glaucum L. ** Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Clematis apiifolia DC. Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ N R 4 Ludwigia prostrata Roxb. Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ HH R 5 Cucurbitaceae Oenothera biennis L. ** Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Citrullus vulgaris Schrad. *** Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Cucumis melo var. makuwa Makino *** Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5

Ecological Characteristics of Vascular Plants by Habitat Types of Dry Field in Jeolla-do, Korea 97 Appendix 1. Continued Cucumis sativus L. *** Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Cucurbita moschata Duchesne *** Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Melothria japonica Maxim. Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Asclepiadaceae Menispermaceae Liliaceae Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ G R 5(o) Metaplexis japonica (Thunb.) Makino Ⅰ Ⅲ Ⅱ Ⅱ G R 2-3 Cocculus trilobus (Thunb.) DC. Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅰ N R 2-3 Allium ascalonicum L. *** Ⅰ Ⅰ G R 3(b) Allium cepa L. *** Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ G R 3(b) Allium fistulosum L. *** Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ G R 3(b) Allium macrostemon Bunge Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ G R 3(b) Allium scorodorpasum var. viviparum Regel *** Ⅰ Ⅰ G R 3(b) Liriope platyphylla F.T.Wang & T.Tang Ⅰ Ⅰ G R 3(s) Liriope spicata (Thunb.) Lour. Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ G R 3 Ophiopogon japonicus (L.f.) KerGawl. Ⅰ Ⅰ G R 3(s) Scilla scilloides (Lindl.) Druce Ⅰ Ⅰ G R 5(b) Smilax china L. Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ N R 3(s) Gramineae Smilax sieboldii Miq. for. sieboldii Ⅰ Ⅰ N R 5 Agropyron ciliare (Trin.) Franch. Ⅰ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅱ Th R 5 Agropyron tsukushiense var. transiens (Hack.) Ohwi Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅱ Th R 5 Alopecurus aequalis Sobol. Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Th R 5 Alopecurus japonicus Steud. ** Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Arundinella hirta (Thunb.) Koidz. Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ H R 2-3 Avena fatua L. ** Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Beckmannia syzigachne (Steud.) Fernald Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ HH R 5 Bromus japonicus Thunb. ex Murray Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Bromus unioloides H.B. & K. ** Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Cymbopogon tortilis var. goeringii (Steud.) Hand.-Mazz. Ⅰ Ⅰ H R 5 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Ⅰ Ⅰ H R 4 Dactylis glomerata L. ** Ⅰ Ⅰ H R 3 Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koel. Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Th R 4 Digitaria radicosa (Presl) Miq. Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 4 Digitaria violascens Link Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅰ Ⅱ Th R 5 Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) P.Beauv. var. crusgalli Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅳ HH R 5 Echinochloa crusgalli var. oryzicola (Vasinger) Ohwi Ⅰ Ⅰ HH R 3 Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅰ Ⅱ Th R 5 Eragrostis ferruginea (Thunb.) P.Beauv. Ⅰ Ⅰ H R 3 Eragrostis multicaulis Steud. Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Festuca myuros L. ** Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Festuca ovina L. var. ovina Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ H R 3 Festuca parvigluma Steud. Ⅰ Ⅰ H R 3 Hordeum vulgare var. hexastichon (L.) Asch. *** Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5

98 CHO et al. Appendix 1. Continued Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii (Retz.) Pilg. Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅰ G R 1-2 Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ H R 3 Lolium multiflorum Lam. var. multiflorum ** Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Lolium perenne L. ** Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Microstegium vimineum (Trin.) A.Camus var. vimineum Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Miscanthus sacchariflorus (Maxim.) Benth. Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ H R 2-3 Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens (Andersson) Rendle Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅰ H R 3 Oryza sativa L. var. sativa *** Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx. ** Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Paspalum thunbergii Kunth ex Steud. Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ H R 3 Pennisetum alopecuroides (L.) Spreng. var. alopecuroides Ⅰ Ⅰ H R 3 Phragmites communis Trin. Ⅰ Ⅰ HH R 1-2 Poa annua L. Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅰ Ⅱ Th R 5 Poa pratensis L. ** Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ H R 2-3 Pseudoraphis ukishiba Ohwi Ⅰ Ⅰ HH R 2-3 Pseudosasa japonica (Siebold & Zucc. ex Steud.) Makino Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ M R 1-2 Setaria pycnocoma (Steud.) Henrard ex Nakai Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Setaria glauca (L.) P.Beauv. Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅰ Th R 5 Setaria viridis (L.) P.Beauv. var. viridis Ⅰ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅱ Th R 5 Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench *** Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Themeda triandra var. japonica (Willd.) Makino Ⅰ Ⅰ H R 3 Trisetum bifidum (Thunb.) Ohwi Ⅰ Ⅰ H R 3 Zea mays L. *** Ⅱ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Sterculiaceae Lythraceae Amaranthaceae Zoysia japonica Steud. Ⅰ Ⅰ H R 1-2 Corchoropsis tomentosa (Thunb.) Makino Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Lagerstroemia indica L. *** Ⅰ Ⅰ M R 5 Achyranthes japonica (Miq.) Nakai Ⅰ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅱ H R 5 Amaranthus lividus L. ** Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅰ Ⅱ Th R 5 Moraceae Amaranthus viridis L. ** Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Cudrania tricuspidata (Carr.) Bureau ex Lavallee Ⅰ Ⅰ M R 5 Cyperaceae Morus alba L. Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅰ MM R 5 Carex breviculmis R.Br. Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ G R 3 Cyperus amuricus Maxim. Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Cyperus difformis L. Ⅰ Ⅰ HH R 5 Cyperus hakonensis Franch. & Sav. Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Cyperus iria L. Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅰ Ⅱ Th R 5 Cyperus microiria Steud. Ⅱ Ⅳ Ⅱ Ⅲ Th R 5 Cyperus nipponicus Franch. & Sav. Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb. Ⅰ Ⅰ HH R 3

Ecological Characteristics of Vascular Plants by Habitat Types of Dry Field in Jeolla-do, Korea 99 Appendix 1. Continued Umbelliferae Anthriscus caucalis M.Bieb. ** Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Hydrocotyle maritima Honda Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ch R 4 Oenanthe javanica (Blume) DC. Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ HH R 4 Torilis japonica (Houtt.) DC. Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Cannabaceae Humulus japonicus Sieboid & Zucc. Ⅱ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Th R 5 Saururaceae Houttuynia cordata Thunb. **, *** Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ G R 1-3 Zingiberaceae Zingiber officinale Roscoe *** Ⅰ Ⅰ G R 3(s) Molluginaceae Mollugo pentaphylla L. Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅰ Ⅱ Th R 5 Caryophyllaceae Mollugo verticillata L. ** Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Arenaria serpyllifolia L. Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Cerastium glomeratum Thuill. ** Ⅰ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅱ Th R 5 Cerastium holosteoides var. hallaisanense (Nakai) Mizush. Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ H R 5 Silene firma Siebold & Zucc. Ⅰ Ⅰ H R 5 Stellaria alsine var. undulata (Thunb.) Ohwi Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Stellaria aquatica (L.) Scop. Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Pinaceae Stellaria media (L.) Vill. Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅲ Th R 4 Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc. Ⅰ Ⅰ MM R 5 Pinus thunbergii Parl. Ⅰ Ⅰ MM R 5 Equisetaceae Equisetum arvense L. Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ G R 2-3 Portulacaceae Portulaca oleracea L. Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅲ Ⅳ Th R 5 Cruciferae Arabis glabra Bernh. Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. var. juncea ** Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅰ Th R 5 Brassica napus L. *** Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Brassica rapa var. glabra Regel *** Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Capsella bursapastoris (L.) L.W.Medicus Ⅱ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅲ Th R 5 Cardamine flexuosa With. Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Draba nemorosa L. for. nemorosa Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Lepidium apetalum Willd. ** Ⅰ Ⅲ Ⅰ Ⅱ Th R 5 Raphanus sativus L. *** Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Rorippa cantoniensis (Lour.) Ohwi Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Rorippa indica (L.) Hiern Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Rorippa palustris (Leyss.) Besser Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅱ Ⅲ Th R 5

100 CHO et al. Appendix 1. Continued Urticaceae Boehmeria longispica Steud. Ⅰ Ⅰ Ch R 3 Malvaceae Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaudich. Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ch R 3 Hibiscus syriacus L. *** Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ N R 5 Papaveraceae Anacardiaceae Malva neglecta Wallr. ** Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Chelidonium majus var. asiaticum (Hara) Ohwi Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Rhus tricocarpa Miq. Ⅰ Ⅰ M R 5 Rutaceae Lardizabalaceae Ginkgoaceae Caprifoliaceae Rhus verniciflua Stokes *** Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ MM R 5 Zanthoxylum schinifolium Siebold & Zucc. Ⅰ Ⅰ M R 5 Akebia quinata (Thunb.) Decne. Ⅰ Ⅰ N R 3 Ginkgo biloba L. *** Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ MM R 5 Lonicera japonica Thunb. Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ M R 3 Phytolaccaceae Rosaceae Lonicera japonica var. repens (Siebold) Rehder Ⅰ Ⅰ M R 3 Phytolacca americana L. ** Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅱ G R 5 Duchesnea indica (Andr.) Focke Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ch R 4 Prunus mume Siebold & Zucc. for. mume *** Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ MM R 5 Prunus persica (L.) Batsch for. persica *** Ⅰ Ⅰ M R 5 Prunus tomentosa Thunb. *** Ⅰ Ⅰ N R 5 Rosa maximowicziana Regel Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ N R 5 Rosa multiflora Thunb. var. multiflora Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅰ N R 3 Rubus coreanus Miq. *** Ⅰ Ⅰ N R 5 Rubus crataegifolius Bunge Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ N R 5 Violaceae Acanthaceae Boraginaceae Rubus parvifolius L. for. parvifolius Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅰ N R 5 Viola mandshurica W.Becker Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅰ Ⅰ H R 3(v) Justicia procumbens L. Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Bothriospermum tenellum (Hornem.) Fisch. & C.A.Mey. Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅰ Th R 5 Plantaginaceae Pedaliaceae Fagaceae Trigonotis peduncularis (Trevir.) Benth. ex Hemsl. Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Plantago asiatica L. Ⅰ Ⅰ H R 3(o) Sesamum indicum L. *** Ⅱ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Quercus acutissima Carruth. Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ MM R 5

Ecological Characteristics of Vascular Plants by Habitat Types of Dry Field in Jeolla-do, Korea 101 Appendix 1. Continued Araceae Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott *** Ⅰ Ⅰ G R 5(c) Campanulaceae Leguminosae Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breitenb. Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅰ G R 5(c) Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A.DC. *** Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ G R 3 Aeschynomene indica L. Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Arachis hypogaea L. *** Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Astragalus sinicus L. ** Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Canavalia ensiformis DC. *** Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Chamaecrista nomame (Siebold) H.Ohashi Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Glycine max (L.) Merr. *** Ⅲ Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅱ Th R 5 Glycine soja Siebold & Zucc. Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Indigofera kirilowii Maxim. ex Palib. Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ N R 5 Kummerowia striata (Thunb.) Schindl. Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Lespedeza cuneata G.Don Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ H R 5 Melilotus suaveolens Ledeb. ** Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Pisum sativum L. ** Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi Ⅰ Ⅰ Ch R 5(s) Rhynchosia volubilis Lour. Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ G R 5 Robinia pseudoacacia L. ** Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ MM R 5 Senna tora (L.) Roxb. *** Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Trifolium repens L. ** Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ch R 4 Vicia amoena Fisch. ex DC. Ⅰ Ⅰ G R 2-3 Vicia angustifolia L. ex Reichard Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Vicia angustifolia var. segetilis (Thuill.) K.Koch. Ⅰ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅱ Th R 5 Vicia hirsuta (L.) Gray Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅰ Th R 5 Vicia tetrasperma (L.) Schreb. Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi & H.Ohashi *** Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅰ Ⅱ Th R 5 Vigna angularis var. nipponensis (Ohwi) Ohwi & H.Ohashi *** Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek *** Ⅱ Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅰ Th R 5 Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. *** Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Vitaceae Wisteria floribunda (Willd.) DC. for. floribunda *** Ⅰ Ⅰ MM R 5 Ampelopsis brevipedunculata (Maxim.) Trautv. Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ N R 3 Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Siebold & Zucc.) Planch. Ⅰ Ⅰ M R 5 Tiliaceae Vitis ficifolia var. sinuata (Regel) H.Hara Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ M R 3 Grewia parviflora Bunge Ⅰ Ⅰ N R 5 Scrophulariaceae Triumfetta japonica Makino Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Th R 5 Lindernia procumbens (Krock.) Borbas Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ HH R 5 Mazus pumilus (Burm.f.) Steenis Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅱ Th R 5 Veronica arvensis L. ** Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅱ Th R 5 Veronica peregrina L. Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ HH R 5 Veronica persica Poir. ** Ⅰ Ⅲ Ⅱ Ⅱ Th R 4

102 CHO et al. Appendix 1. Continued Cannaceae) Buxaceae) Canna generalis Bailey *** Ⅰ Ⅰ G R 3 Buxus koreana Nakai ex Chung & al. *** Ⅰ Ⅰ N R 5 IDF, Inside of dry field; EDF, Embankment around the end of a dry field; LS, Levee slope of dry field, Class(Ⅰ-Ⅴ) is the constancy degree Th, Therophyte; G, Geophyte; H, Hemicryptophyte; Ch, Chamaephyte; MM, Megaphanerophyte; M, Microphanerophyte; N, Nanophanerophyte; HH, Hydatophyte *R 1, Widest extent of rhizomatous growth; R 2, Moderate extent of rhizomatous growth; R 3, Narrowest extent of rhizomatous growth; R 4, Clonal growth by stolons and struck roots; R 5, Non-clonal growth(monophyte); R (b), Bulb; R (c), Corm; R (o), Oblique growth of rhizome; R (s), Succulent root; R (v), Vertical growth of rhizome; ** Naturalized plants; *** Cultivated plants