. 1. 2. 3.... 1.... 2.. :... / 3..
... 4.... 5..... 1. 2.... 3.. ' '
... ( ) 4... 5.. 1.. 1) 2). 1) ) ),
) ) / 2) ) ) ). 1) ) )
) 2) ) ). 1) 2). 1) ) ) 2).
1) 2) 3), 4) 2........ 1. 2... 3.
. 1) 2) ) ) ) ' '. 1) ) ) )
2) ) ) 3) : 4) ) ) ) 5) )
) 4. < -1-1> < -1-1> < -1-2> < 1-3> < -1-4> 20.,,....,..,,,,.,.,,.. 1996 12 1...,. ' ',,.,,,.,
,,,.. 2.,,,,.,,.,..,. 1. 10..,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.,,,,. 3. 20. 1970 1,000 0.7 1995 1.6. 1970 2 23 1 1995 7 6 1.,. 1985,,,,, 1990. 1985 1990,. 4.. ( 839 2).,,,, ' '.. ( ).,,,..,..
.,,., -. -,.,...,.,,.. 2 5,,...,.,. Kessler (1975), (Mourning), (Recovery),. Wallerstein & Blakeslee(1989),,,. (Ending the Marriage), (Mourning the loss), (Reclaiming Oneself), (Resolving or Containing Passions), (VentuFing Forth Again), (Rebuilding).....,,,. ' ' (hypothesis)....,.,.,.,..
,.,. 5.. 1).,,,. 2),.,. 3) 1977,,... 1),,. 2). 1988 11, 1996 60. 3) ' ',. 4) ( ), ' '( ). 1996 20 3, 98. :. 1) '96 4 861 17,525 6,206 6 5,605 611. 2),'96 20,506. 3)
7 (4 861 ) 1,000 '96 30 300..... 6.. 1),,,,,.....,,. 2).,.,........,,,.,.. 3)..,,... 4).,,,..
. 5),.,,..,..,... 1).,, '... 2).. 3)?.. 4).,. 5).,,,. 6).., 7..,.,,,..
.,,. 1) YMCA, YWCA,.. 2). /. /..,.,,. /.. 1).. 2) )... ) (1).. (2).... ' '. (3) ' '. ' ',,,
(, ). 3) ) (1) (Conciliation Courts)..,.,, - -. (2). (, ). (3).. -. ) (1).,,,,.. ' ', ' ' ' '. (2),, 2.,.. ) :,,,,.,.. ) (1). (,, ),
.. (2),. (3)... ).,,.. 1. 1. 1970 23 1 1993 7 1..,. (, 1993).,.,.,.......,,. ',,, '(, 1996b).. ' '.,.
.,,..,,,,.,,. (, 1993).....,,,,... 2..,,,,...,,,,,,,,,,,,,.,,,.,,,,. 3..,,,,.,,.,,..
1 (Herington Cox & Cox, 1978) 1. 10.,.,,.,,.,,,.,,.,. (1996 6 17-28 ) (1996 7 17-8 10 ) 2 15, 15, 15 ( 1 ; 2 ; 4 ).. < I-1-1>. < -1-1>
., (,,,,, ),.,.,..
,,.,,..... 1.. 20. 1980 1,000 0.6 1993 1.1. 1980 23,150 17 1 1993 46,832 7 1. 1990 1990 < -1-1>. < -1-1>. 1970 8.3 1985 7.1 1994 9.1. 5 1970 40.9% 1985 41.5%. 1994 31.9%. 5-10 1970 28.5% 1985 30.6% 1994 24.2%., 10-15, 15-20. 20 1970 7.6% 1985 7.9%. < -1-2> < -1-2>
. 1971 1992 1, 2, 3 1985. 5 (1971 25.3%, 1980 29.5%, 1992 22.5%) 1980 1992. 10 1971 9.4% 1980 8.1% 1990 15.8% 1995 11.1%. 10 < -1-3>. < -1-3>,. 1985,,,, 1990. 1985 1990,. ' ' ' ' ' ',
. 20 ' '.,,. (, 1995). 1995 23,692 1971 4,322 5 1985 20,000. 1971 44.6% 1985 51.6% 7.0%, 1990 57.0%, 1995 55.2% 10.6%. ' ' 1980 48.9% 1995 42.1%, ' ' 1971 6.1% 1985 4.5% 1995 20.6%. 16.1%. 20. ' ' 1985 (12.7%) 1995 6.0%. ' ' 1971 18.9% 1995 17.0% '3 ' 10.5% 7.2% ' ' 5.3% 7.2% < -1-4> < -1-4>
. W. Goode Women in Divorce (1956).. ",,,,, " (Wesley R. Burr, Geoffrey K. Leigh, Randall D. Day et al, 1979). " " " " Becker, (,,,,, ), (Becker, Landes and Michael, 1977).. 1950~1960,.(Goode, 1956). 1970, (Hetherington, Cox and Cox, 1978) (Weiss, 1975).. 1980,,, (Price & McKenry, 1988).,,, (Bursik, 1991).,. (Commaille, 1982; Pitrou, 1994)., (Thery, 1993). 1960, (, 1968)., ' ' (, 1982).,., (, 1980;, 1980;, 1991).,, (, 1987;, 1994)., (, 1988) (, 1993;, 1995;, 1996b)., (, 1994;, 1993;, 1994;, 1995). (, 1992). 2.. :.,,.,,
. 1),,, (Weitzman, 1985). Columbia Virgin Island 42 (Separate Proerty System), (, 1988). common law (Equitable Distribution)., (, 1/3 ).. ( ) " "., 1/2 1/2 (Weitzman, 1985). ( ) (Combs, 1979). ( 839 2)..., 2 ( 839 23 ) 1/2.., ( )..,, (Weitzman, 1985). 2) (New Proporty) (Weitzman, 1985).,,,.,,, (Seal, 1979).,,,,, (, ),, (Combs, 1979;Weitzman, 1985).,,, ( ),,,.,.
,,.(Benebent, 1982)..,... 1),..,.,,,, ' '. (, 1995). 2).,.,.,,,,,.. ( ), 18.. 3 3. 3) ( ) (Seal, 1979). (Benebent, 1982).,,,..,.... (Spanier & Lachman, 1979), (17-33%) (Albrecht, 1980).,, (Brown,1976).
,.,.. Herington Cox & Cox(1978), Goode(1956) 2/3 Pearlin Schooler(1978) (Stressor),.,,,,, (Goode, 1956;Ahrons, 1980; Berman & Turk, 1981;Bloom, 1979;Goetting, 1981;Kraus, 1979;Kressel, 1980;Price-Bonham & Balswick, 1980;Rose & Price-Bonham, 1973).,,,,,,, (Berman & Turk, 1981;Bloom, 1979; Hetherington, 1978).,,, (Berman & Turk, 1981;Bloom, 1979;Buehler & Hogan, 1980;Hetherington, 1978; Kraus, 1979). 41 (Bloom, 1979). (Price & Mckenry, 1988). 1, 2, 3 (, 1992). 1,2,3,,.,,,,.. (1993). ' '.,, 3.0, 3.0(, ),,,,, 2.5-3.0 ( / ). 1) " ". ( ), (Raschke & Barringer, 1977). ( DeFrain & Eirick, 1981;Spamier & Casto, 1979;Weiss, 1975).,,.,,.,, (Berman & Turk, 1981;Brandwein 1974;Goode, 1956;Hetherington 1976, 1978;Menges, 1976).,. (Gove, 1973),
(Price-Bonham, 1982;Wallerstein, 1986;Zeiss, 1980)., (Hetherington 1978).., " " " ". )., - -,. (Brown & Manela, 1977; Granvold, 1979). (Chiriboga, 1978; Wallerstein, 1986).,, (Langelier & Deckert, 1980;Wallerstein, 1986;Woodard, 1980). (Corcoran, 1979)...,.. (Weitzman, 1985).. (Wallerstein & Kelly, 1980).,. ).. (Albrecht, 1983;Weiss, 1975).,, (Bloom & Caldwell, 1981;Gove, 1973;White & Bloom, 1981)., (Bernard, 1972)..,...,.,, (, 1995).. / 1) (Gove, 1973). 6 6 2 (Bloom, 1979).
(Gove, 1973). 2) I5 64 (Carter & Glick, 1976)., " ', (Goetting, 1981).. 5, 3.5, 1.5. (Stack, 1980). 3..., (Albrecht, 1980; Bloom, Asher, and White, 1978; Hetherington, Cox and Cox, 1978; Holmes and Rahe, 1976; Huntand Hunt, 1977; Weiss, 1975; Price & Mckenry, 1988)..,,,, (Raschke, 1987)... Kitson & Raschke(1981) ",, ". Federico(1979) " ". Spanier & Castro(1979),,,,,.,,. Knox(1985) " " " ",. ",, ".,. (, 1993). (event) (Raschke, 1987)., (Kohen, 1981). (Kitson, 1982; Weiss, 1975). 1980 (life crisistheory) (Stolberg, Kiluk, & Garrison, 1986; Wiseman, 1975) (family stress theory) (Plummer & Koch-Hattem, 1986).,
.. Kitson & Raschke(1981),,,,. 1),,,. )..,..,,,. Goode(1956) 2, Pearlin & Johnson(1977) 3, (Price-Bonham & Balswick, 1980). Hetherington, Cox, & Cox(1978) ( ), Berman & Turk(1981). (Bloom & Hodges, 1981)..(Weiss, 1975).. ),. (social network), (Gubrium, 1974). (Lowenthal, 1975). (Chiriboga, Roberts, & Stein, 1978; Goode, 1956; Hetherington, Cox, & Cox, 1978),. (Chiriboga, Robrerts, & Stein, 1978; Goode, 1956; Hetherington, Cox, & Cox, 1978).. (Chiriboga & Culter, 1978;Kessler,1978 Pais & White, 1979;Raschke & Barringer, 1977).,. ) (Spanier & Casto, 1979). (Bould, 1977). (Weitzman, 1985)..
..,.. ) (Kurdek & Blisk, 1983; Pettit & Bloom, 1984; Wallenstein, 1986).,, (Diedrick, 1991). (Spanier & Casto, 1979; Weiss, 1975). 2),,,,, 1),. ). (Hynes, 1979;Raschke & Marroni, 1977;Kitson, 1982). 1) (Price & Mckenry, 1988). (Brown, 1976;Raschke & Barringer, 1977).2) ) Minuchin(1974) ', '..,.. (Ahrons, 1980;Roberts & Price, 1985/1986). " (binuclear family)" (Ahrons, 1980).,, - (Ahrons, 1980; Ahrons & Wallisch, 1986; Goldsmith, 1980). ). (Schulman, 1981).,.. 2), ( ). )
,., (Hunt & Hunt, 1977;Price-Bonham & Balswick, 1980), (companionship), (Bursik, 1991;Weiss, 1975) (Spanier & Casto, 1979)., 1 (Spicer & Hampe, 1975), (Spanier & Thompson, 1984). (Johnson & Vinick, 1982) ), (Arendell, 1987, Morgan, 1989, Weiss, 1984).. (Morgan, 1989).. ( ),,,.,, (, 1993).,,.. 1) ( ). Albrecht(1980) 80% 22%.., (Sanadra S. Volgy, 1991). 2) ( ), (Sandra S. Volgy, 1991; Patricia Diedrick).,...,...,,,.
.. 2 5 (Weiss, 1975),, (Raschke & Barringer, 1977;Smart,1979). (Masheter, 1991;Price-Bonham & Balswick, 1980),. Weiss(1975),,,, ' '..., (Berman, 1981;Brown, Felton, Whiteman, & Manela, 1980;Kitson, 1982; Weiss, 1975).,, (Bursik, 1991; Getting, 1980). Kessler (1975), (Mourning), (Recovery), ( I) Wallerstein & Blakeslee(1989),,,.. (Ending the Marriage), (Mourning the loss), (Reclaiming Oneself) (Resolving or Containing Passions), (Venturing Forth Again), (Rebuilding) ( I). (1996) ' (Stages of Grief)'. 4. 1995 (11,355 ) 174,245 1.5% 54,492, 78,861. 1.5 (1995 23,692 1.7 (, 1996)). 12...,,,. ' ' (hypothesis)..,,,,,,. (1974,1975,1976) 6 2-3
,,,. 3-4. 5-6. 5. 7-8. 9-10,. 1. 9-10..,,.,,,. 1,.,, (, 1995 ). ' '.,. (Lowery & Settle, 1985). McLanahan(1985), 17.,,... (, 1995). (,,,, )....,... -...
(Herzog, & Sudia, 1973). 90%. Hetherington (Hetherington, 1978).... 1 2.. 2.. (, 1995), (, 1995).. ( 1982)., 1 ' '. (, 1996b)..,... (Yarrow, 1961, 1980)., ( 1980)..,. ( ).,.,.,
.... 5. 1990 1.. ( 839 2), ( 837 ), ( 837 2)...., ( ) ( ) (, 1996)...,.,.,, ( ) 1/2. 1,,,,, 1/2,,,, ( 1994. 9. 16. 94 1074 )..., (1995. 3. 10. 2 94 1379)...
839 2,,,, (1993. 5. 11. 2 93 6 ). ( 1996, 10. 29)..,,.. 839 2 2,,, 839 2 2 " " ( 1995. 3. 28., 94 1584, 1995, 1752)... 1.. 50%, 50%. ( ( 2), 1993).. " "....,,..,.,
.,.., (, 1995).,,,., ' '.. ( 1995)..,..,.. <.>,, (1992.5.14, 91 19044).,. ' '.,. ' ' 3 ' ' (, 1994.1.21).,,..,. <
>,, 5, 1 8 7 (1990.6.15, 89 4147)....... 20..,., ' ' (Thery, 1986),,. ' '.,. 10.,.,.,.,. 14.,.,.,., (, ) (, 1993).,,, ' '..,,,,,,..
,., (, 1987). <.>,,,,,,.(1991,7.23. 90 828, 835).. O 1988.5. 1 1988.6.6. O, O (1990.6.15, 89 4147 ).,.., (Thery, 1993).,. 20 C( ) S ( ) S. (, 94.6.7).,.,... (Fulchiron, 1985). <.>.
... (1994.5.20, 93 74635.,.. < >,, (1991.12.10,91 64).,,. ' '.,.,,., ' ' 2. ' '.,.. ' ' ' '.,,,,,,.,,,,.. " " (Kaplan et al., 1977). Bronfenbrenner(1977).,,,,. 1. (1992),. 24.7%.,,,,,.
' ' 70.6%. ' ' ' '.,,. 1,, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. 47 (84.5%). - 30% (, 1993). (1993),,,,,,..,,., ( ). 2... 1 2 (, 4 ).,,,.. : 411-2 (02) 700-2080) 1987. 9. 1. 5 11, 35,.,.,. 9 380, 27.,,,... : 11-13(, 02) 782-3427) 1956 1996 10 457,000. 1977,,. 1984,,,. 1986
1. 1983 28, 12. 3. ' ',,, ( ).. ' ' : 11-13(, 02)780-5688) ' ',,. ' '.,. 12 11-12 30, 1 2 1985 1996 25,,. ' ' 24, 25. 24, 25 ' '. : 6 310-1 02)999-3431). ' ' 1988 11, 1996 60.,.,,. - -
- - ( ) - : 4 :, ( )- '?', ' ', ' ', ' '.,.. : 4 803-1(3 ) 02)652-0458 1995 5. ' ',..,,.. ( ), ' '( ). 1996 20 3, 98. 1-2,, (96. 9. 7 ). 4. :... '96 51,925 152,838, 18,532, 25,665, 270 85.6% 44,467, 14.4% 7,458.. 1) '94 4 757 13,616 4,063 6 4,156 454 '96 4 972 17,525 6,206 6 5,605 611.
2) 3,,. 3),'96 20,506. 4) 7 (4 972 ) 1,000 '96 30 300. 5..,. ( ). IV.,,.... 1.,,,.,,,,,.. 1).., (Eekelaar & Maclean, 1986).,,,,,...,...,. 1...,.. < 4>,.,..
. 2.,,. 26.. 6.... < 1>.,........ 2...,,... < 2>. 2..,.,....,... < 4>,..,.. 27.,.. < 3>.,..,.. 2)..,
,.,........ < 1> 150.,,. 50,. 1/3........ < 2>. 1.. ' ', ' ' 1) ).,.,.,..... ( ).... < 6>....... 2. < 9>.... 11 2, 3... ( ). < 4>
),,,,........ 2.< 10> 7,.,,,,.,..,,.. < 6> ).....?....,.... < 13>......... < 5> ) /........... < 4>....,... < 1>.,., < 13>.
2) ).,,,.,..,.,.. < 5> ). 1....,..... < 5>,,..... < 3>.. PC... < 10>,... ( )..... 1-2. 30-40.... < 2> ).. (,1995).,.,.....
... < 2>..,. < 1>...,,...,.. < 7>,,,.,.. 1) )...,.. 3.,.,.... < 12> ).... 2, ( 2 )...... < 5> 7, 4..... 1 ( ),. 3,... < 6> )...,.,,,,..,
...... ' '...... < 13>...,...., " ".. < 7>. -.,. 3... 1.. < 9>.,.........,. ' '. < 3>.... ( ).,,.?.....,..,... ( ),...< 2>
2) ).,..... 1 6... ( ). < 1> ).,,. ( ),...,... < 8>.... < 3>,.. 1).,,,.., 3. " "..... < 2>.,.,..,. < 4> 2).,....,.
.... < 11>......... < 13>.... 2.,. < 10>. 1),,,.,.. ),.,,... 2-3....,. < 13>,,.,..,... < 10> )... (, 1996c).,...... < 6>......... < 9> 2)
,..,.. ( - / ). 1,... < 7>.,. 1).....,..,..,, ' '. < 11> 2),.. 1/100.,,........,. '. '. < 14> 3),,,,.. ' '... < 14>. 1..,,,,.. < 9> 4),,...,.,.. < 1>
2...,,.... < 5>.... 150. 70.... < 1>..,.,.,.,,.. < 3>,,..... < 7>. < 3>... < 5> (sex).. 2.,.. 4, 2. 5. 6 ' '. < 6>.?...
. < 11>. < 7> ', '.. < 8>... < 5>... < 9>..,.. 2.... < 1>.. < 4>. < 11>.,,,,,.. ( )... < 6>.. < 10>.. < 8>...... < 1>. < 7>,...,. < 8> V. 1.
.,....,,. 1/2.. ' '..,..,,..,...,...,. ' '.,,.,,,,,.,,.,.,. 2..,,.. YMCA, YWCA,.
.., Marriage Encounter,, E.T.( ),. 1).,,. 2).. /. / 3).,. 20/100 10/100., (, 1991b)..,.,,. /. 4) 1) (1993) 150-155 2) (1993), 86-91 3) (, 1991;102) ' / ' 39.1% ' '(29.1%) '(8.6%), ` '(7.3%), ' ' 5.0%. 4). - / - / - - In-service training -
3..,..,,.......,.. ' '.,..
..,.. ' '....,,, ' '. 1) ( (2 ),1993). 1990 1 15% 5 60% 5. 1,500 1 100 1 5. 1993 3,000 + 300 *..,. 2) ( ) ( ).,.. )....... - - - -, - -
,.,,. ).... ' '. - - ) ' ' ' '. - - -,. ' '. : ( ). :,. 14. ' '. :. (, ) :...,,,,,.,,,,.,.. 1),.. ) (1) (Conciliation Courts). ( ll ).,
. (2),, - -.7) 7)..,,..,. (Haynes, 1981)., (Sprenkle & Stotm, 1983). ). (, ). ). Kressel (1978). (undertaker):.. (mechanic):. (mediator):. (social worker):. (therapist):. (moral agent): " " " '... - (Sabalis & Ayers, 1977). 2) ),, (Brown, 1976).,,,,. ' '. ' ' ' '.(Brown,
1976) 4,.,.,.,., (Brown, 1976).,.,,. Brown(1976), Fisher(1974) 3,,. Levy &Joffe(1978), ( ), (reconnection)., (group intervention approaches) (Granvold & Welch, 1977) ( )..,,, -.. ),, 2. (Young, 1978).,,.,,. 3) :..,,,,.,.. 4) ). (,, ),.. ),. )
... 5).. ).,,... ( ) ), (Wallerstein & Kelly, 1980).,., (, ). Wallerstein & Kelly(1980),., (figure),..,,,.,,. 4.,.., ( ),,.,,.,.,,,.
(I)Kessler Wallerstein & Blakeslee 1. Kessler Kessler (1975),.. (Mourning),,,.,.,.,.,,,.,.,.. (Recovery),...,,.,, " (clutch)".
.,..,.,,. ", " (Kessler, 1975). 2. Wallerstein & Blakeslee Wallerstein & Blakeslee(1989),,,... (Ending the Marriage).,,. (,1991a).,,.. (Mourning the loss) (postdivorce period).,... (Reclaiming Oneself).,. ' ' ' '.. (Resolving or Containing Passions).,,... (Venturing Forth Again),,..,.. (Rebuilding)..,. ( ).
( ) 1972. (intake form).,,.,...,,.,.,.. (Weiss & Collada, 1977). The Wayne County Circuit Court Marriage Counseling Service of Detroit (sliding fee).,,,.,,,,,. 75% (Manela, 1977). Alen County 3
, (a) - (b) (c). workshop.,,. 9, workshop, (Young, 1978).,. (Sprenkle & Storm, 1983). ( ): 1.,,,. - -... 1) 1960.,,.,, (Parents Without Partners). (Consciousness-raising). 6 10,..,. 1), 1960 "we care".,,, (setting) (Kressel, 1978).,,. Kressel (self-mastery)... 2. 4 (a four-session educational divorce seminar) 8 (an eight-session follow-up therapy group)..., (sex) (dating),, (life planning). 4,,
, 4 (title) ' (feelings)', ' (sex and dating)', ' (children)' ' (life planning)'. (Therapy Croup).,.. : (a) (b) (c) (coping patterns).., Cantor Drake, (transition),,,, (stepchildren),,,,,,,,,,,, 14 (list),,,,,,,,, 8 (Hodges, 1991) Goldman Coane(1977), 4.. (parentification),. ' (replay of the history of the marriage)'... Moreland, Schwebel, Fine & Vess (1982)... ' (circumscribed mutuality)',,,,,. ( ) COD(Children of Divorce) (Guerney & Jordan, 1979). 6..,.,..,.
Benedek & Benedek(1979)..,.,.,.