방송통신망개방에대한해외사례및정책연구 - FTTH 등의망개방및망중립성

방송통신망개방에대한해외사례및정책연구 - FTTH 등의망개방및망중립성 - 2009. 11

1. IPTV, VoIP, FTTC, FTTH.,,.,. FTTC, FTTH (Next Generation Access Network), EC. (network management),, CP,,. FTTH,.. FTTH,

2,. FTTH,..,.,,.. 2009 11

3 1 11 1 25 1 25 2 26 2 27 1 27 1. 27 2. 28 2 FTTH 30 1. (FTTx) 30 2. (FTTx) 33 3 35 1. 35 2. 39 3. 41 3 44 1 EC NGA 46 1. EC NGA (2008, 2009) 46 2. 60 3. 69

4 4. 76 2 NGA 88 1. 88 2. 97 3 102 4 107 1 107 1. FTTH 107 2. 114 2 119 1. vs. 120 2. 124 3. 134 3 139 5 143 1 143 1. 143 2. 144 2 146 1. 146 2. 156 3. 158 4. 160 3 160 1. 160

5 2. 173 4 184 6 187 189 1 Wik Consult NGA 196 2 2009 FCC 207 3 Internet Freedom Preservation Act of 2009 210 4 Internet Freedom Act of 2009 215 5 Real Stimulus Act of 2009 216

6 2 1 29 2 2 FTTx 30 2 3 FTTx 31 2 4 FTTx (2005 2013) 34 2 5 38 3 1 45 3 2 EC(2008) NGA ( ) 51 3 3 EU LLU, (AD) NGA (2008) 55 3 4 FTTx 61 3 5 62 3 6 FT LLU 72 3 7 FT 72 3 8 Ofcom(2007) NGA 81 3 9 Passive access v. Active access 82 3 10 NGA 85 3 11 Anchor Product regulation 87 3 12 NGA 89 3 13 91 3 14 (F-LLU) (2008 2010) 92 3 15 (NBN Co) 95 3 16 98 3 17 FTTH/C 102

7 4 1 FTTx / (2008. 6 ) 108 4 2 KT / BcN 108 4 3 KT FTTH 109 4 4 2009 2013 BcN 109 4 5 SK 110 4 6 SK 2009 2013 BcN 111 4 7 (2009 1 ) 112 4 8 115 4 9 116 4 10 IPTV 118 4 11 KT SK (2008 ) 119 4 12 FTTH/B (2008. 12 ) 124 4 13 Three-Criteria Test(TCT) 129 4 14 EC(2003) 131 4 15 134 4 16 EU LLU WBA 135 4 17 EC(2009) NGA 138 5 1 144 5 2 146 5 3 151 5 4 155 5 5 157 5 6 159 5 7 171 5 8 174

8 5 9 20 1&2 176 5 10 2 2(a) 178 5 11 8 (Article 8) 9 (Article 9) 178 5 12 (Framework Directive) 1(3a) 179

9 2 1 FTTx 33 2 2 FTTx (2005 2012) 34 2 3 FTTH : P2P 36 2 4 FTTH : PON 36 2 5 FTTC-VDSL 38 2 6 39 2 7 (FTTx) 42 2 8 43 3 1 LLU 60 3 2 64 3 3 69 3 4 FT DSL 70 3 5 76 3 6 77 3 7 BT NGA 79 3 8 83 3 9 2010 NGN Strategy 90 3 10 94 3 11 96 3 12 Verizon FTTP 99 3 13 AT&T FTTC 100 4 1 112

10 4 2 113 4 3 NGA (ladder of investment) 121

11 1,. FTTC, FTTH (Next Generation Access Network), EC. (network management),, CP,,.., FTTH.,., FTTH..

12 2 (access network), LLU, bitstream access,.., ( ). (full unbundling), (line sharing),, ( 2007).,, AT&T, Verizon, BT, FT, KPN. Idate(2009a), 08 6 2,820, 2,252 80%. FTTH/B 2,553 90%. NTT FTTH 71%, 6 FTTH/B. AT&T FTTN+VDSL, Verizon FTTH. FT, BT, KPN. FTTH. FTTH(FTTP), FTTB, FTTN/C,. FTTH P2P PON, PON

13 (OECD 2007). (4 20km),, (ODF, OLT) (Metro Node) (OSDF) (Splitter)., LLU. 3 EC (NGA) (2008a, 2009a),,,. NGA (2008a), Market4/5 SMP. Market4 5., LLU passive access (Market 4) SMP (in-building wiring),, LLU, active access(market 5)., FTTH/B FTTC/N.,,,.,. EC (2009a)., Market 4,,

14 EC(2008). FTTH FLU(Fiber Loop Unbundling) WBA,., FTTH FLU WBA.,, (margin squeeze test). EC, LLU OPTA. KPN 47%, 36%. KPN ATM bitstream LLU 5%. KPN. FTTH FLU FTTC SLU, FLU. FLU (WACC) (all-risk WACC). 5,,., 3. ARCEP FT SMP. 95% xdsl, 07

15 FT 49.4%, FT 47%. FT FTTH/B. ARCEP. 08 7 Market 4 5 FT SMP,. Ofcom EC, BT. 07 DSL 78%, DSL. BT 27%, 06 BT LLU. BT LLU bitstream access,. BT FTTC FTTH. Ofcom SMP BT FLU bitstream access. NGA (anchor product pricing), FLU, bitstream access.,. FCC 04, DSL, FTTH, FTTC,. DSL 38%, 49%. Verizon FTTx 65%. Verizon AT&T FTTP FTTC+VDSL

16. FCC 03 DSL, FTTH, HFC, FTTC. FCC DSL,. 01 SMP. FTTH/B 48%, / NTT FTTH/B 73%. 2010 NGN 10 FTTH 90%.,, 01 SMP., Telstra Telstra..,. EC ( ), 03.,., FT.

17. BT Openreach Telstra. 4 FTTH, (UBcN, 09.1). KT 10 FTTH 92%. SK HFC DOCSIS 3.0, FTTH.,, FTTH, LAN..,,,.,,., 03, IPTV IPTV.

18,,.. (ladder of investment theory)..,. SMP. EC, TCT(3-Criteria Test),. TCT. UNE (Granular impairment test),.,,., EC FLU (fiber loop unbundling), FTTH,..,

19 FTTH.,.,. ( 2008b),., SMP (technology neutral)., (, 2007).. 5 (end-to-end),.,,.,,,, ( 2007).

20 Madison River,. Comcast BitTorrent (2007 ) 05 Madison River Vonage. Comcast BitTorrent Comcast 07 BitTorrent TCP Reset. FCC 08 8. Comcast FCC. Google (2008), Comcast managed VoIP (2009). AT&T Skype (2009), Apple Google voice (2009), Google voice (2009). AT&T mvoip ( 09 10 ). Bell Canada (2008), BT P2P, Neuf Cegetel dailymotion (2007)., (NPRM). FCC (National Broadband Plan 2009),.,. FCC FCC Genachowski 4, ( 09. 9. 21), 10 (Notice of Proposed RuleMaking)

21. Broadband Internet Fairness Act, Internet Freedom Preservation Act( ), Internet Freedom Act, Real Stimulus Act( ),. FCC (NPRM). 05 4. 4,,,., ( ). 4 (non-discrimination) (transparency)., managed or specified,,. EC,,,.,,. EC (Telekoms Reform Package). (20 ), QoS, (21 ), QoS (22 ).

22. (access). Ofcom, (MAC process), (Voluntary Code of Practice: Broadband speeds),,. 09 11 EC... TV.,.,.,,,...

23 6,..

1 25 1 1. IPTV, VoIP, FTTC, FTTH. All-IP,,.. FTTC, FTTH (Next Generation Access Network), EC. (management),, CP,,.. KT FTTH,.

26 M&A.,. 2.., 2 FTTH. 3,. EC,,,. 4 FTTH,.. 5..

2 27 2.. FTTH. 1 1. 1) (essential facility) ( ).,.., (essential facility doctrine).,. 1) (2007) pp.14 17

28,. 2),,. 3)..,,.. 2. (access network), (Local loop Unbundling; LLU).,,. 2) (essential facility doctrine) 1912 TRA(Terminal Railroad Association),, 84 MCI AT&T 3) (2007) (2008)

2 29,.. LLU,,,. 2 1 ( ) : (2001) p.95 (full unbundling), (line sharing) (bitstream access). (full unbundling) MDF (copper pairs),,. (line sharing),,. (bitstream access) ADSL,,

30. 4) 2 FTTH 1. (FTTx) Idate(2009) (FTTx) 2008 6 2,820, 2007 12 23%. 2,252 (79.9%), 360 (12.8%), 207 (7.3%).. 2007 12 84.4% 2008 6 79.9%. 5) 2 2 FTTx VDSL FTTH/B FTTLA FTTx 741,500 1,332,331 na 2,073,831 549,000 3,051,000 na 3,600,000 na 21,170,000 1,350,000 22,520,000 1,290,500 25,553,331 1,350,000 28,193,831 : 2008 6. (FTTx/LAN ) 1,600 : Idate(2009a) 4) OECD(2003), (2007) 3 5) Idate(2009a) FTTx/LAN (1,600 ), FTTx.

2 31 FTTH/B 2,555 (90.6%), FTTC VDSL 129 (4.6%), (FTTLA) 135 (4.8%) FTTx FTTH/B. FTTB/H,,,. FTTx 2008 6 FTTH NTT 71%. 6 FTTH/B, KT, SK, LG. AT&T, Verizon, Verizon FTTH, AT&T FTTN+VDSL.. BT KPN 2005,. ERG(2009a) EU FTTx FTTC FTTH/B. 2 3. 2 3 FTTx BT BT 08 FTTC(ADSL2+) 21CN 09. 9 FTTC 1 ( ) FTTB 08. 8

32 KPN FT, lliad-free, Neuf Cegetel 08 4 FTTC, 2010 FTTC+VDSL2 08. 6 KPN VDSL 15 FTTH FT 06. 1 FTTH/B 2007 6 FTTH, Free, Neuf Cegetel DT 2008 50 FTTC/VDSL TI FastWeb Verizon AT&T LEC NTT KDDI KT SKBB LG FTTB, FastWeb/Swisscom 27.5 07. 12. FTTx 2.2m( 2.5%) 08. 6 FTTx 360 07. 12. Verizon 66%, AT&T 10% 600 independent LEC FTTH 83 08. 6. Verizon(FTTH) 56%, AT&T(FTTN+VDSL) 15% 2013 2,200 FTTx 07. 12 1,130 ( 40%) 08. 6. 1,310 (44%) 07. 12. NTT(FTTH/B) 71%, KDDI 7% 2010 2000 07. 12. 515 ( FTTH 98 ) 08. 6. 6 FTTB 1,480 ( 90%) 2011 1,000 : : Idate(2009a) FTTH/B 80% G-PON(Gigabit Passive Optical Network) E-PON(Ethernet-Passive Optical Network) P2P PON. 6) G-PON E-PON 6) Passive.

2 33 ITU IEEE 1 2.5Gbps. 10Gbps, 2012. 2 1 FTTx : IDATE(2009a) 2. (FTTx) OVUM(2008a) 2009 5450 2012 1 8, 2008 6 7.5% 2012 16%. P2P, PON. PON B-PON G-PON/ E-PON. (2009).

34 2 2 FTTx (2005 2012) : OVUM(2008a) FTTx: current status and the future, p.3. 2 4 FTTx (2005 2013) PON v. FTTx PON : Capex : OVUM(2008b), pp.3 4.

2 35 3 1. FTTH(FTTP) FTTB, FTTN/C. FTTH(Fiber-to-the-Home), FTTB(Fiber-to-the-Building), (concentration point), FTTN/C(Fiber-to-the-Node Fiber-to-the-Cabinet) (street cabinet).,. FTTH 1 P2P(Point-to-Point End-to-End) PON(Passive Optical Network). 7) P2P ODF(Optical Distribution Frame) 80km 1:1. PON ODF (OLT) 20km Splitter (feeder), (splitter) (feeder) 64 1:1. 8) P2P 7) PON APON(ATM PON), BPON(Broadband PON), EPON(Ethernet PON), IP BPON EPON GPON(Gigabit PON). ERG(2007a) p.12. 8) 8, 16, 32, 64. ERG(2007a) p.11

36 PON 100Mbps, 2Gbps. PON in-field, P2P (in-building). 2 3 P2P 2 4 PON FTTH. 2 3 FTTH : P2P : ECTA(2008) p.86 p.80 2 4 FTTH : PON : ECTA(2008) p.86 p.80

2 37 FTTB, ( ) FTTH. FTTH P2P/PON. FTTH FTTN/FTTC (street cabinet) ( ), (sub-loop) /. FTTN/FTTC sub-loop, 100Mbps 20 50Mbps. 9) (Main Distribution Frame; MDF) (DSLAM ). MDF,. FTTN/FTTC.. 2 5 FTTN/FTTC VDSL. 9) DSL VDSL(Advanced VDSL) Street cabinet 100Mbps VDSL2 50Mbps.

38 2 5 FTTC-VDSL : ECTA(2008) p.77,, 2 5. 2 5 / (Copper Pair) FTTC/N FTTH/B P2P ( 4km) 1:1 DSLAM SC, SC (sub-loop) DSLAM ODF 1:1 (80km ) Splitter ADSL/ADSL2+ 20Mbps, ADSL2+/VDSL/VDSL2 50Mbps(sub-loop, ) ( ) 1Gbps (bandwidth),

2 39 / FTTH/B PON ODF(OLT) Splitter ( 20km) feeder, splitter feeder 32 ( 64, 128 ) 1:1 2.5G sharing 10Gbps ( N G - P O N, 10GE-PON) (OPEX) SC(Street Cabinet), ODF(Optical Distribution Frame), OLT(Optical Line Terminator), ONU/ONT(Optical Network Unit/Terminator) 2 6 : ERG(2007a) p.9 2.. 10), (civil engineering cost; trenching/ducting), (in-house wiring) 10) ERG(2007a) pp.16 18.

40,,..,,. FTTH FTTC/N, ) sub-loop, ) (MDF 1, ), ) /, ) ( ). 11) (civil engineering costs),,..,,,,. 12) FTTH 70% (operating costs).,., IPTV,, UCC 11) ERG(2007 a) p.5. 12) ERG(2008 c) pp.6 7.

2 41.. LLU,,. DOCSIS 3.0 100Mbps, FTTH.,. 3.. ) (4km 20km), ), )., (Metro node) (core node),., DSLAM, (MDF/ODF), (ONT/ONU/Splitter).. MDF (Full unbundling line sharing)

42 2 7 (FTTx) : ECTA(2008), p.75 DSLAM ( ),. FTTH/B (Optical Distribution Frame; ODF), FTTN/C SDF(Sub-loop distribution Frame)... LLU FTTH/B. FTTC/N.

2 43..,, (dark fiber),. 2 8 : ERG(2007a), p.7.

44 3,.,. Huigen & Cave(2008) ), ), ). TV, (deregulation approach). (2005 ) (2008 ) DSL. 13). EU (ladder of investment)., EU. 3. 13) (2008b) p.119, p.141

3 45,. 3 1 Deregulation approach European approach Interventionist approach incumbent telco ( ) SMP : (ladder of investment) ICT, 05. 8 DSL duct sharing LLU ( 95 ) 04 LLU ( 08. 6 ) 06. 11 ( ) EU passive/active access FTTC: sub-loop unbundling active access FTTH: active access bitstream (active access) anchor product regulation passive access (LLU, duct sharing ) 08. 12 KPN SMP, (SDF/ODF ) 08. 7 FT SMP ( ) 01. 3 ( ): ISP/IAP(AT&T, KDDI) NGN 2010 Strategy : 2010 FTTH 90%

46 Interventionist approach ICT,, 04 U-Korea, BcN, FTTB/H : anchor product regulation active access, (anchor product) NGA, anchor product, non-anchor product : Idate(2009a), (2008b) 1 EC NGA,, EC. EC,,,. EU. 1. EC NGA (2008a, 2009a). EC NGA (2008a) (1) NGA ( ) NGA EU All-IP (Next Generation Network).,

3 47 (NGA) (Node / ) NGN( All-IP) 14),. NGN All-IP, NGA,,, /. EC NGA. EC NGA (2008) NGA (copper wire) (optical fiber) ( ), ERG(2007a) (network termination point) (aggregation) point / (copper/optical distribution frame) (dedicated line). FTTH/FTTB, FTTC/FTTN EC NGA. ( ) NGA NGA NGA (bottleneck) 14) ITU-T NGN, QoS,, NGN Access network SNI(Service Node Interface) UNI(User Network Interface) (, ). All-IP (2007), (2008a).

48. NGA / (replicability) (bottleneck),. 15) ERG(2007a) NGA ) LLU (feasibility), ) access/backhaul/core ( backhaul ), ) (eg. FTTN) (bottleneck). 16) NGA ( ),, (in-building wiring). 17) LLU stranded asset, / /. EC 18) NGA 15) ERG(2007a) p.3. 16) FTTC/FTTN street cabinet ( / ), ( ). ERG(2007a) 17) NGA ( ) 50 80%,, (in-building wiring),. ERG(2007a) pp.16 18 18) EC (EC 2008a) 2007. 4. 30 EC Reding ERG(2007a)

3 49 EU. ( ) EC EU LLU (EC/2887/2000) (Access Directive, 2002/19/EC) NGA. LLU EU SMP(Significant market power), 19). LLU (metallic twisted pair), AD. LLU (full unbundling) (shared access), AD 12 9 SMP. SMP,,,,,,,. 19) 2002 EU EC (2003/311/EC), FD(Framework Directive, 2002/21/EC) 16 (1) (2002/C 165/03) (, ) LLU. FD 8. FD 8,, /, EU,.

50 (OSS: Operational Support System). 20) (2) ( ) EC NGA, ( 1 ), Market 11/12( market 4/5) SMP,. EU NGA Market 11/12( Market 4/5) 21). EC passive access (wholesale unbundled access; market 11) SMP AD (layer 1). passive access active access (WBA: Wholesale broadband access, market 12) SMP (AD) WBA (layer2/3). 22) 20) LLU, NGA 3 2. 21) EU 2007 (2007/879/EC). EU market 11/12, market 11 market 4(wholesale physical network infrastructure access at a fixed location) active access market 12(Wholesale broadband access) market 5. Market 4/5. (C(2007)5406) pp.29 35. 22) passive access, active access (, LLU vs. Bitstream access, unlit

3 51 EU, EC NGA (Market 11/12 4/5) SMP. passive EU NGA Market 11, SMP, (in-building wiring), dark fiber, (collocation). Market 12,, NGA EC.. EC FTTH/FTTB, FTTC/FTTN. EC,. 3 2. 3 2 EC(2008a) NGA ( ) Market 11 (or Market 5 ) (Duct access) ( 4 ) SMP /, civil engineering works (reference offer) Annex 1 : / fiber vs. ).

52 Market 11 (or Market 5 ) Market 11 (or Market 5 ) Market 12 ( Market 5 FTTH FTTC /FTTN FTTC/ FTTN ( 9 12 ) in-building wiring ( 14 ) ( 15 ) ( 16 ) sub-loop unbundling ( 17 20 ) (WBA) 6,, ( 9 ), ( 10 ) (build-and-share project) ( 11 ) ( 12 ) concentration point, concentration point sub-loop unbundling, in-building wiring sub-loop unbundling (eg. unlit fiber ) FTTC/FTTN ( 17 ), sub-loop unbundling ( 17 ), ( 18 ) sub-loop unbundling backhaul ( 20 ) Annex 2,, (SLA: Service level agreement) SMP ( 21 ) FTTH/B ( 22 ) (chain substitutes) WBA ( ) WBA

3 53 ( ) 08 EC EC., EC (gradation of remedies). 23) EU,. 24) NGA Market 11 SMP (duct access) 25) in-building wiring, sub-loop unbundling passive access,, active access (WBA) passive access. LLU.,.,, FTTH/FTTB (in-building wiring), (unlit fiber)., FTTC/FTTN sub-loop (subloop unbundling), sub-loop (backhaul). 23) EC(2008b) p.9 24) (2007/879/EC) recital 15. 25) EC(2008a), civil engineering works, active (duct access).

54, EC. SMP,,,. EU.,,, SMP. 6 SMP (reference offer),,. EC..,, SMP (project specific risk premium). 26),. 27) 26) (EC 2008a) Annex 1 7 CAPM(Capital Asset Pricing Model). EC / WACC(Weighted Average Cost of Capital) 8 12% WACC. 27) (EC 2008a) Annex 1 6. a)

3 55 NGA, NGA. EC NGA Market 11 LLU. EC NGA (2008a). LLU,, NGA (2008a). 3 3 EU LLU, (AD) NGA (2008a) LLU(2000) Access (2002) NGA (2008a) 97/33/EC 98/10/ EC fixed public telephone network SMP NRA 97/13/EC EC FD 16 SMP ( 8 ) Market 4(physical net work infra access) Market 5(Wholesale broadband access) SMP (FTTH/ FTTN NGA ) EC FD NRA (public communications network operator), b) IT, c).

56 LLU(2000) Access (2002) NGA (2008) local loop( ) full/shared unbundling (,, ), ( 9 ) ( 10 ) ( 11 ) ( 12 ) 1) LLU 2) 3) 4) 5),, 6) 7), 8) OSS 9) ( 13 ) / duct, civil engineering w orks, active :, 6 / FTTH : in-building wiring access, dark fiber/odf unbundled access FTTN : sub-loop u n b u n d l i n g ( backhaul ),, /dark fiber WBA( ) (risk premium ) (, ) CAPM(or ). EC(2009a) EC (2008a) 09 7 2. 1,, FTTH

3 57,. EC(2009a) Market 4( 11) SMP ( ) EC(2008a). NGA SMP. FTTH SMP FTTH (terminating segment). FTTH LLU SMP MPoP FTTH unbundled,. SMP FTTC/N, SLU, SLU (measures),. (WBA), SMP WBA VDSL., EC(2009a) FTTH LLU WBA,. FTTH unbundling (SMP) ( ) FTTH ( )., SMP ( ) FTTH, ( ) (multiple fiber lines) ; ( ), NRA ( ) SMP SMP

58.,, NRA (margin-squeeze test). FTTH WBA ( ). SMP ( ) 3 -, ( ), SMP FTTH ; ( ) FTTH (multiple fiber lines), ( ) ; ( ) ; ( ) 3 ; ( ) LLU 3 NGA., EC(2009a) FTTH Fiber Unbundling FTTC.,,, FTTC SLU,. FTTC SLU. FTTH (terminating segment) Fiber LLU. FTTH, (terminating segment or drop segment) FTTH PON (Street cabinet) OSDF,

3 59, FTTH Fiber LLU (systemic risk). FTTH FTTC/N,, FTTN VDSL WBA FTTH WBA. (Long-term contracts),.,.. ( ) ; ( ) (margin squeeze test). (volume discount).,,. ( ) MPoP, ( ), ( ). WACC(weighted average capital cost)

60. (systematic risk) ( ) NGA (penetration scenario), ( ), ( ), ( ) (willingness to pay), ( ) ( ). 2.. 28) (1) KPN 47% 1, (@Home, Casema, Multicabel) 25% 2, UPC 11% 3, KPN. ADSL 99%, 94%. 3 1 LLU : OVUM(2008a), p.12. 28) OVUM(2008a), Next-generation access country overview, 2008. 6. 25

3 61 FTTx FTTx, (TPS). FTTC 20 50Mbps IPTV, FTTH 50 100Mbps HD. 3 4 FTTx. 3 4 FTTx Table 2 Netherlands: FTTx consumer products Provider Connection type Bundle type Speed down Speed up Price/month(c) KPN FTTcab plus VDSL Internet/VoIP/ IPTV with VoD 20Mbps 50Mbps Unknown Not yet released KPN(Enschede) FTTH Internet only 12Mbps Unknown 35 KPN(Enschede) FTTH Internet/Voice 12Mbps Unknown 40 KPN(Enschede) FTTH Internet/Voice/TV 12Mbps Unknown 55 Alice(Amsterdam) FTTx Internet/Phone 20Mbps 20Mbps 29.90 Alice(Amsterdam) FTTx Internet/Phone/TV 20Mbps 20Mbps 44.90 Fast ICT (Amsterdam) Fast ICT (Amsterdam) Fast ICT (Amsterdam) Concepts ICT (Amsterdam) Concepts ICT (Amsterdam) Concepts ICT (Amsterdam) Concepts ICT (Amsterdam) FTTx Internet only 20Mbps 20Mbps 32.95 FTTx Internet/Phone 20Mbps 20Mbps 39.95 FTTx Internet/Phone/TV 20Mbps 20Mbps 54.95 FTTx Internet only 10Mbps/20Mbps Unknown /50Mbps FTTx Internet/Phone 10Mbps/20Mbps Unknown /50Mbps FTTx FTTx : OVUM(2008a), p.9. Internet/Phone/TV 10Mbps/20Mbps Unknown /50Mbps 25/ 30/ 50 30/ 35/ 55 35/ 40/ 60 Internet/Phone/TV 20Mbps/35Mbps Unknown 49.95/ 59.95/ 89.95 /50Mbps LLU DSL Tele2/Versatel,

62 Orange LLU 5% DSL. 2005 KPN All-IP LLU LLU. KPN ATM bitstream (SDSL/ADSL ). KPN Ethernet ADSL/SDSL 2011, 2011 VDSL/FTTH. 2008 KPN LLU( ) SLU(VDSL ), LLU (full unbundling) 8, (line sharing) 0.4, Sub-loop (SLU) 8.05, 5.4. FTTN MDF (MDF access) 2010 mini MDF access, WBA, SLU. MDF 196 (mini MDF access),. WBA /. 3 5 Access product Table 3 Netherlands: wholesale broadband access evolution Transport layer 2007/ coverage 2008 2009 2010 2011 ADSL ATM 98% Stable Stable Decrease 0% SDSL ATM 98% Stable Stable Decrease 0% ADSL2+ ATM 56% Stable Stable Decrease 0% ADSL Ethernet 80% Stable Stable Decrease 0% SDSL Ethernet 80% Stable Stable Decrease 0% ADSL2+ Ethernet 56% Stable Stable Decrease Emulation

3 63 Access product VDSL2 FTTH Table 3 Netherlands: wholesale broadband access evolution Transport layer Ethernet Ethernet : OVUM(2008a), p.10 2007/ coverage Available 4Q07 Available 4Q07 2008 2009 2010 2011 Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth Growth (2) EU. 97 LLU, 99 00 00 6. 02 EU LLU KPN (co-location). 05 11 Market 11 (wholesale unbundled access market) SMP KPN,,,. (3) NGA. NGA KPN (local municipality-type operator, eg. Reggefiber). KPN 2006 All-IP NGN, 2010 FTTC+VDSL/FTTH NGA. KPN ADSL2+ ( 12Mbps) 60%, VDSL ADSL. KPN 2006 FTTC+VDSL2, 2008 7 FTTH, Reggefiber 29) JV FTTH 29) Reggefiber FTTH P2P Ethernet 5 7 FTTH. KPN

64. NGN KPN FTTC+VDSL2 (cabinet), 1,391 28,000 (10 ). FTTH (eg. Reggefiber ),. 30) KPN FTTH. KPN FTTH. 2007 2 4 FTTH 45 ( 6%). 3 2 : OVUM(2008a), pp.3 4 open network access Reggefiber. 30) KPN Enschede, Almere 10 P2P FTTH. KPN. 25%,.

3 65 FTTx 2008 6 5%. 2012 FTTN, FTTH 20%.(OVUM, 2008c). NGA OPTA KPN All-IP. 06 3 KPN All-IP, All-IP MDF DSL KPN. KPN MDF, SLU. 07 7 KPN (Tele2, Orange, BBned) MDF WBA, SDF MOU MDF 10 1 KPN. KPN MDF 50% 2010 196 MDF, KPN, 2013 1 LLU 08 10%. OPTA NGA Sub-loop (SLU), (Fiber Loop Unbundling; FLU) NGA. OPTA 2008 7 Analysys Mason NGA NGA, 31) 2008 12 31) FU(Fiber Unbundling), WBA, SLU NGA

66 Market 4 KPN SMP. SMP KPN ADSL (LLU), FTTC subloop (SDF access), FTTH (ODF access). NGA (FLU). OPTA 2008 12 (policy rules) FTTH/FTTO 32) FTTH. OPTA FTTH ( ), FTTO FTTH. OPTA (FLU),,. 33), 5,. 5 ) /, ) (eg. loyalty discount), ), ), ). LLU. 32) FTTH, FTTO, 1 33) SMP,,, (strategic product design),,

3 67 ), ),, ) 3. -. SMP,. OPTA (one-off tariff) (periodic tariff), one-off tariff.,. (excessive pricing) 3., (CPI).,,,. OPTA (Discounted cash flow model; DCF), 34) SMP (Internal Rate 34), 1), 2) (pay back period) (economic service life), 3) (penetration rate), 4) (capital costs), 5) (operating costs),.

68 of Return; IRR) (standard rate) 35). WACC IRR (, IRR WACC),. IRR WACC IRR., CPI. 36) (all-risk Weighted Average Cost of Capital; all-risk WACC), all-risk WACC WACC (fiber premium), (asymmetrical regulatory risk). (eg. ) (project specific, non-diversifiable risk) EC NGA (2008a).. EC NGA WACC. OPTA. OPTA, WACC OPTA(2008). 35) SMP,, (realisation), IRR. 36).

3 69. 3.. NGA (1). 07 1,550 51%( 24%) 06 22%. 3 3 ( : Millions) : OVUM(2008d), p.3. 95%(1,480 ) DSL DSL. NC Numericable, UPC France, France Telecom cable Alice One,. 07 FT 49.4%, Iliad 19.7%, Neuf 17.5% 3. bitstream access/llu

70 47%. FT 68% LLU. 07 LLU 520, bitstream 220 1550 47%. 3 4 FT DSL : national bitstream: DSL. 06, regional bitstream: bitstream (FT ), Naked ADSL bitstream: regional bitstream, partial unbundling:,, full unbundling: : OVUM(2008d) p.9. TPS, FT (DSL)+TV+ 39.9 (8Mbps), 44.9 (18Mbps), Iliad (DSL, 20Mbps)+TV+ 29.9, 3 Neuf (DSL, 20Mbps)+TV+ 29.9. FTTH. FT 07

3 71 3 G-PON FTTH 100Mbps, IPTV, VoIP TPS. TPS 44.9, TPS IPTV HDTV TV 7. 100 20. Iliad Neuf TPS, lliad 50Mbps + + ( )+HDTV ADSL2+ ( 30 ), Neuf 50Mbps + +TV(VOD )+ (, ) 30. Neuf 100Mbps, HDTV., FT LLU (full/sharing/bitstream) Sub-loop. LLU 50 9.29, (line sharing) 55 2.85. (bitstream access) Access mono-vc, Access mono bi-vc. DSL 1 (RE-ADSL, ADSL ADSL2+ ), FT DSLAM mono-vc ATM 1 VC, bi-vc 2. 37) 37) 2 1 best effort, 1 (best effort )

72 3 6 FT LLU DSL+mono-VC 12.9 20.0 DSL+bi-VC 13.0 20.1 : OVUM(2008d) FT ATM Collect, IP Collect, Ethernet Collect, 3 7. 3 7 FT ATM Collect IP Collect Ethernet Collect (FT pop ISP site) STM-1 STM-4 : OVUM(2008d) access fee + (10M 4G) access fee + (1G 4G) (2) FTTH/B, 2010 1000. FTTH/B FTTC+VDSL, FTTC+VDSL FTTH/B. 38) 06 1 FT FTTN+VDSL FTTH NGA NGA 38) OVUM(2008d), FTTH/B.

3 73. FT FTTN FTTH FTTH. FT 06 NGA, 06 12 07 08 2 7 1. 1 08 100 FTTH, 09 mass market. 07 6 12 (Lille, Lyon, Marseille, Poisiters, Toulouse ) 100Mbps, 08 1 ( 20 ). Capex 1 64 G-PON. FT 07 6 100Mbps FTTH. Iliad(Free) 06 CiteFiber FTTH, 2012 10 400. 39) Iliad P2P.,. Iliad FTTH DSL 30, 50Mbps FT FT 50% 39). 15%, ADSL 1500 ( Freebox ),, 350

74. DSL 2 Neuf Cegetel 06 FTTH 09 1, 25. 28 45,000km, 07 FTTH 07 13 ( 2 ). Neuf G-PON P2P. Numericable-Noos FTTB+HFC, 06 40, 07 250, 08 5. (eg. Pau, Gonfreville).,.. NGA ARCEP,,. (duct sharing), (in-building wiring) (bitstream access). NGA ARCEP 2007 7 9 (duct access), 40) FT 40) FTTH civil, FT infra FT.

3 75 NGA. 2008 2 Free/lliad v. FT, FT (civil engineering ). 41) NGA ARCEP 2008 7 market 4, FT SMP. ARCEP market 4 /sub-loops, dark fiber, civil works civil TV,. ARCEP FT., FT,. ARCEP FT. ARCEP market 4. (market 5) FT SMP,. ARCEP FT 41) NGA 2007 6 Free/lliad FT, civil engineering. 2008 2 FT civil engineering FT FT.. FT ARCEP, ARCEP FTTH,,,,,,.

76 (dark fiber). 4.. (1) DSL. 07 12 1,564,, DSL 78%. DSL, 48%. 3 5 기술방식별초고속인터넷가입자비중 기술방식별커버리지 1.383 3,451 6,418 9,230 12,205 : OVUM(2008e), p.3 & 4. BT 1, 27.4% EU. Virgin Media, Carphone warehouse, Tiscali, Orange, Sky LLU BT. LLU 06 1 BT Open Reach BT-

3 77 (equivalence of input). 3 6 : OVUM(2008e), p.10 LLU 45% BT. BT Open reach LLU MDF. 13.19, 5.8, SLU (full sub-loop unbundling) 9.79, SLU (shared SLU) 1.20. VDSL. Carphone warehouse, Tiscali, Sky LLU BT LLU. LLU 05 4 08 3 4 60%, 1500. BT (BT IPStream/BT Datastream) 42)

78 (WBA), 08 4 21CN WBC(Wholesale Broadband Connect). WBC ADSL2+ QoS, IPStream connect/wbc Converged. (2) FTTx, NGA. BT ADSL2+ NGN, FTTP Pilot project. NGA FTTx DOCSIS 3.0. BT FTTx, NGA. 43) BT NGN 21CN,. BT FTTx ADSL2+( 24Mbps). BT ADSL2+ 08, 08 50%, 2010 75%. ADSL2+ FTTx. 44) FTTC+VDSL 42) IPStream IP ISP, BT Datastream ATM 43) South Yorkshire 54 6, 4 NGA, The digital region. OVUM(2008e). 44) 24Mbps ADSL2+

3 79 BT FTTx FTTC. BT Open Reach (Land Securities), (BSkyB) G-PON FTTP ( 08 8 Ebbsfleet ),. 3 7 BT NGA : OVUM(2008e), p.7 NGA. 45) 06 11 Virgin Media Ashford, Folkestone, Dover DOCSIS 3.0, 08 9 50Mbps. ntl:telewest VDSL2 Ethernet access. 48%.. NGA Ofcom NGN ( ) 8Mbps (OVUM) 45) OVUM(2008. 7. 25) p.5.

80 EU NGN. NGN, BT, NGN. Ofcom 2009 3 100Mbps (super-past broadband) NGA (Ofcom 2009a). Ofcom 2006 NGA (Ofcom 2006), 2007 9 1 NGA (Ofcom 2007) 2008 9 2 (super-past broadband) (Ofcom 2008). Ofcom 100Mbps, FTTC( 40Mbps/ 15Mbps), FTTH( 100Mbps), 3G LTE, WiMAX( 50Mbps/ 20Mbps). Ofcom(2009a) NGA. 46) NGA (super-fast broadband network) (eg., ),. BT, BT FTTC BT FTTC. 46) Ofcom(2007) NGA end-to-end (forbearance) NGA : 1) NGA NGA SMP, 2) NGA, 3), 4) (eg. ), 5)

3 81 Ofcom NGA NGA. NGA,. NGA (eg., ),. 3 8 Ofcom(2007) NGA Ofcom(2007) NGA 47) (contestability):. NGA (maximizing potential for innovation): NGA,, NGA (equivalence):, NGA (reflecting risk in returns): NGA. anchor product regulation approach (regulatory certainty): Ofcom(2007) NGA 47) Ofcom NGA

82 (passive access/active access). 3 9 Passive access v. Active access Ofcom(2007) passive ( ) ( / ) passive input active service, (eg. jumpering ), dark fiber, LLU SMP active. : active service, (,, ) BT IPStream FTTH/FTTC passive/active. passive access, MDF (F-LLU, SLU), active access,, (bitstream access). Ofcom(2009a) NGA active access passive access. Ofcom passive access

3 83 3 8 Ofcom(2007), ( ) passive access. super-fast active access 48) active access. active access (fit-for-purpose),, active access,. Passive access sub-loop,, (coordinated investment). 49) Ofcom(2009a) sub-loop ( 48) Active access passive access,,,. Ofcom active access passive access. Ofcom(2009a) p.31. 49) EU (Access Directive) passive access SMP passive access BT.Ofcom(2009b) p.46.

84 ) NGA, 50) BT NGA sub-loop. BT FTTC 1) BT, 2) (coordinated investment). (design principles). 51) Ofcom(2009a) EC BT FTTC NGA BT,. NGA Ofcom(2007) SMP,, NGA. 1) (project-specific cost of capital approach), 2),, 3) anchor product. anchor product 50) BT 2001 SLU,. Ofcom(2009a) p.40. 51), OSS. FTTC BT Openreach Ofcom(2009a) p.45.

3 85 NGA. 3 10 NGA project-specif ic cost of capital approach NGA anchor product pricing : Ofcom(2007) pp. projectspecific cost of capital (mandated upstream price) cost-plus 3, NGA NGA ( ) 2006 cost of capital consultation, (systematic risk), PSTN anchor product,, non-anchor product (, non-anchor product ) Ofcom(2009a). access, passive access NGA (LRIC 52) ) 52) passive access

86. Ofcom (LLU, Ethernet backhaul),. Ofcom(2009a) passive access anchor product regulation,. NGA passive. 53) active access (anchor product regulation approach) 54). (eg. BT IPStream) active access, bitstream(active access). 55) Ofcom(2009a) passive access. Ofcom FTTC. Ofcom(2009a) p.60. 53) passive access NGA, active access passive access. Ofcom(2009a) p.59. 54) Ofcom(2008a) NGA /. 55) Ofcom(2008a) active bitstream : ) /, :,

3 87 ),, ) (volume discounts), ) ( ) (tierd wholesale pricing). 56). 3 11 Anchor Product regulation flexibility 1) NGN, 2) anchor product non-anchor product : flexibility : welfare enhancing 1), 2) NGN : anchor product anchor product regulation margin squeeze anchor product regulation retail minus,, NGA ( ),, NGN ) (excessive pricing), ) NGA NGA ) bitstream ) 56) Ofcom(2009a) pp.57 60.

88 :, ( ), anchor product regulation / active access service (passive access service element ) 2 NGA 1. FTTx, FTTH/B, IPTV..,,,.. (F-LLU),. FTTH/B.

3 89 3 12 NGA active access passive access / OpCo(active access ) OpCo FTTH 2001. 4 / NTT F-LLU NetCo(passive access ) NetCo Telstra F-LLU (ACCC) dark fiber ( (CC) : /active access/passive access : OVUM(2009e), p.4. 2010 NGN Strategy 2010 FTTH 90% 10 OpCo, NetCo FTTH 2010 60%, 2012 95% 110 FTTH ( ) FTTH 90 FTTx (15 ) 2019 FTTH 75%. (1), FTTx. FTTH/B 1442 (47.9%), DSL 1,159 (38.5%), 408 (13.6%). 2008 6 FTTH/B DSL, DSL FTTH/B. FTTH/B / NTT 73%, (K-Opticom), KDDI, USEN. FTTx / NTT. 2008 12 Softbank NTT FTTH/B.

90 FTTH/B. NTT 2010 FTTH/B 3, 2., VOD,. (2) FTTH. 2006 2010 NGN 2010 100%, FTTH 90%. 3 9 2010 NGN Strategy : OVUM(2009c), p.13. 33, 37 38 1. 57) 33 1 57) 1 (Category I designated Facilities),.

3 91,,. (2009 )., 37 ( 1 ), 38 ( ). NTT. 2001 4, 4 1., CATV (broadband),.,,., 2001 SMP. 2000 LLU, 2001 4 LLU. 3 13 ( ) 1 ( 1 ) ( ) 1 ( 1 )

92 ( ) 1, 1 64kbps,,, : Rules for Interconnection Charges revised 2008(MIAC) ( ) 1 1 ) (Fiber LLU),, 2001 2007 (Katagiri 2005)., 08 7 2008 2010 3 14. (surplus) (deficit), 2011 (Ovum 2009b). 3 14 (F-LLU) (2008 2010) NTT NTT 4,016 / 4,932 / inter office 1471 /km, 1585 /km, : OVUM(2009c) p.12.. (1) 2009 1 110

3 93 94.8%, 58) DSL 45.9%, 37.8%, 14.5%, FTTB/FTTH 1.9% DSL. SingTel StarHub 53%, 46%, DSL Pacific Internet, M1 (2). 2006 (Next Generation National Broadband Network; NG-NBN). (NG-NBN) 100Mbps ( 1Gbps ) FTTH, 2010 60%, 2012 95%. 2012 FTTH/B 110. IDA (NG-NBN) 2. active access (OpCo) passive access (NetCo), 2008 9 SingTel OpenNet NetCo, StarHub OpCo. OpCo. 59). (1) 08 6 498, 60) 2006 58) OVUM(2009f), p.16. OVUM(2009g), p.4. 59) NetCo 7 5, OpCo 2 5 10. 60) 08 12 670 ( 52%)

94 30.5%. DSL 79%, 18%, 08 6 100 23.93 OECD 30 (21.24 ). 61) 3 10 ( : Millions) 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 31-Dec-05 31-Dec-06 31-Dec-07 30-Jun-08 DSL Cable Other : OVUM(2009e) 2004 Telstra FTTN 2006, Telstra (G9) FTTx. 2006 Telstra ADSL2. 2008 2 Telstra ADSL2 2,432 DSL (exchange) 907 3.,,,,., DSL 69.5%, 15.2%, 15.0%, FTTH/B 0.3%. OVUM(2009e) p.5. 61) OECD(2009)

3 95 (2), Telstra. 2009 4 (National Broadband Network Company; NBN Co). 62) 2008 4 FTTN (National Broadband Network; NBN), Telstra, G9. NBN Co 110 (, ) 90% FTTH. 3 15 (NBN Co) (NBN Co) NBN Co 90% 100Mbps FTTH NBN Co : 49%, 5 : 430 47 : : 7000 370 : ACCC(2009) NBN Co 2009 9 NBN, 2010. Telstra, Telstra. 62) ACCC(2009)

96 1) 2) Telstra MBN Telstra. 1), 2),, 3)., ACCC Telstra,, Foxtel 50% Telstra. OVUM(2009d) Telstra NBN Telstra NBN Co win-win.. (1) 08 12 91 5, DSL 89%, 5.9%, 4.6%, DSL. 08 6 100 20.59 OECD 30 (21.24 ). 3 11 ( : Millions) : Commerce Commission(2009)

3 97 Telecom New Zealand(TNZ) 57%,. TelstraClear(Telstra 100%) TNZ. (2) 2006 LLU, bitstream access backhaul, dark fiber. 2009 3 (Ultra-fast broadband investment initiative) NGA. 10 80% 15 (NZD),. 09 10 (Crown Fibre Holdings) (Local Fibre Company; LFC). (LFC)., FTTH,. 2.. 2007 1 1 5 7,600 66%. DSL 3 639 (48%), 63) 3 744 (49%), 63) DSL ADSL/ADSL2+ 80%, VDSL/VDSL2 20%.

98 FTTx 228 (3%) DSL. VDSL FTTx 2004, ADSL/ADSL2+. 3 16. 3 16 ( / ) DSL AT&T Qwest Verizon Cablevision Charter Comcast Cox TimeWarner 1.5Mbps/256kbps $32.95 3Mbps/284kbps $37.95 6Mbps/512kbps $42.95 1.5Mbps/896kbps $44.99 7Mbps/512kbps $54.99 768kbps/128kbps $17.99 3Mbps/768kbps $37.99 15Mbps/5Mbps $29.95 30Mbps/5Mbps $44.95 5Mbps/768kbps $54.95 10Mbps/768kbps $59.95 6Mbps/768kbps $59.95 15Mbps/768kbps $67.95 1.5Mbps/256kbps $26.95 7Mbps/512kbps $41.95 12Mbps/1Mbps $56.95 1.5Mbps/256kbps $29.95 10Mbps/512kbps $44.95 : DSL/, : OVUM(2008f), pp.10 11. FTTP(Fiber-to-the-Premise), FTTN. AT&T, Verizon, Tier2/3 FTTP OVUM(2008f) p.2.

3 99, AT&T FTTC/N. 64) Verizon FTTx 65%, Tier2/3 33%, FTTC Bell south(at&t ) 2%. 2007 Verizon, Tier2/3 PON(B-PON, G-PON) 1, AT&T FTTN+VDSL 8. Verizon 16, 65) AT&T 10 66) FTTx. Verizon AT&T 2010 2 3. 3 12 Verizon FTTP : OVUM(2008f) p.6. 64) FTTP FTTH/B, FTTN 0.5 1km. 65),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,. 66),,,,,,,,,.

100 3 13 AT&T FTTC : OVUM(2008f) p.7.. 96 224, 251 259. 224 (Pole attachments) (LEC),,, (conduit), (Right of Way) TV, 251(b)(4) (LEC) (UNE), 259, (Pole Attachment) /., FCC,. FCC 2004 6 DC Court of Appeal 2005 2 UNE, 05 8 DSL. 2004 (LLU)

3 101 UNE-P, 67) 2005 HFC FTTH. FTTH FTTH (unbundling), 64kbps (CFR 51.319). FTTH, 07 FTTC. 03 FCC FTTH., FTTH, ILECs CLECs,,., FTTH., ILEC. CLECs FTTH 2/3,., FTTH. FTTH,., ILEC.. FCC 2006 12 20 (Video programing) ( 3 67) UNE (2008b).

102 68) ) FTTx. 72.. 3 17 FTTH/C FTTH/C 03/8/31 Triennial Review Order (new build): ILEC FTTH (overbuild): ILEC 64kbps 04/3/2 USTA II FCC FTTH 04/8/9 MDU Reconsideration Order FTTH (MDU) 04/10/8 Order on Reconsideration FTTH FTTC : http://www.fcc.gov/wcb/cpd/triennial_review/ 3 EC (NGA) (2008, 2009). NGA (2008a), Market4/5 SMP 68) 90 (rights of way), (eg. tv ) 180.

3 103. Market4 5., LLU passive access (Market 4) SMP in-building wiring,, LLU Active Access(Market 5)., FTTH/B FTTC/N.,,,.,. EC (2009a),., Market 4,,. FTTH. EC (2009a),., Market 4,,. FTTH LU WBA FTTH,., FTTH LU WBA.,, (margin squeeze test). ( ) KPN 47%,

104 25%. KPN, ATM bitstream LLU 5%. KPN. FTTH Loop Unbundling FTTC SLU. FLU. 5,,,., 3. 95% xdsl, 07 FT 49.4% FT 47%. FT FTTH/B. ARCEP, FLU bitstream access. 08 7 Market 4 5 FT SMP,., 07 DSL 78%, DSL. BT 27%, 06 BT LLU. BT LLU bitstream access,. BT.

3 105 Ofcom, BT FTTC. FLU bitstream access,. NGA (anchor product pricing), FLU, bitstream access.,. DSL 38% 49%. Verizon FTTx 65%, Verizon AT&T FTTP FTTC+VDSL. 224, 251 259, DSL, FTTC, FTTH. DSL, 04,. FTTH/B 48% 08 6 DSL. FTTH/B / NTT 73%, 2010 NGN 10 FTTH 90%., CATV,. 01 SMP., Telstra Telstra

106, dark fiber.., EC, 01..,,., SMP.

4 107 4..,. 1 1. FTTH. Idate(2009a) 2008 6.. KT (BcN). (PSTN),, (best effort ). 69) 69) KT PSTN ; 1) BcN, BcN,, 2),

108 4 1 FTTx / (2008. 6 ) : Idate(2009a). KT 70) 2008 KT (PSTN) %, % BcN, 2009 %, %.. 4 2 KT / BcN 2007 2008 2009 (E) ( ) ( ) 1) : 1) : KT BcN, 3), QoS Risk. 70).

4 109 KT PSTN IPTV. KT, FTTH. 4 3 KT FTTH 2007 2008 (E) 2010 (E) FTTH 2) : 2) 50Mbps ( FTTH ) KT,,. BcN(TGW) BcN(AGW). 4 4 2009 2013 BcN ( : ) 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 IP-TV IP 3) 4) 5) WiBro : 3) IP :, (KORNET) 4) : FTTH,, 5) : BcN(PSTN ), PSTN, VoIP KT

110, BcN BcN(IMS ). FTTH.. SK SK ( / ) BcN. 04 07 DWDM WDM/TDM, 08, IP IMS. 08 HFC LAN, (100Mbps) ). 4 5 SK 08 ( ) ( ) ( ) VDSL LAN HFC FTTH : SK /,,. / IMS, -PSTN IP IMS, IPTV,,. /

4 111 IPTV,, (All Optical network) PSTN IP IMS. FTTH HFC DOCSIS 3.0 100 Mbps BcN. VDSL LAN HFC, FTTH. FTTH, HFC. 4 6 SK 2009 2013 BcN ( : ) 09 10 11 13 VDSL LAN HFC FTTH : SK. (UBcN) KT FTTH SK HFC, 09 1.,,,,,,.. 32.8 (96.5%)

112,, 1.3 (3.5%). 4 7 (2009 1 ) ( ) : (2009a) ( ) BcN 2012 Giga. (50 100Mbps) 95% 2013 1,450. (100Mbps ) 2013 20. 4 1 : (2009a) p.7

4 113 xdsl FTTH LAN, HFC. xdsl GE-PON FTTH HFC DOCSIS 3.0 CMTS, 10 200, 13 100. WDM-PON 10G G-PON FTTH Giga, HFC 100Mbps. 13 50km/64. 4 2 : (20009a) p.66

114 2.. (1). 1999. KT,,, ISP ADSL, ISP 2000 12, 2002 4. KT. KT 1.1%. (2) 33 6. 2002,,,. 71) 71) (2008) pp.61

4 115 4 8, 50 (xdsl HFC) 8%, 7 7 30 ( 9,070 ) (2007), p.63 50% 90% DSLAM 1 50%, 80% LLU 2003 11 ( 12,100 9,070 ), (25% 8%, ), ( ADSL ). 2007 28%. 62

116 4 9 2002 2003 2007 12,100 9,070 6,570 4,535 3,285 : (2008c), p.444.. 72). ( ),., 1983. 73),, 2 ( : 1 ) 4 ( : 2 ) 6.,.,, 72) (2005), p.241. 73) 33 5( ) 2008-68 ( )

4 117,,. KT( ). 74) ( 108% ),,,,. ( 35%) 3 ( ), 2004 ( ).. 75),,,.,,,. IPTV IPTV ( 14 ). IPTV,. IPTV. IPTV ( 2009b).. 74) 2008-123 ( ) 75) 2008-67 ( )

118 4 10 IPTV IPTV ( ) IPTV, 50%d IPTV ( ) ( ) : ( 108% ) ( 135%, 2004 ) ( 1 ) 2 / / 6 4 ( ) ( 1 ) / / / / 30 3 1 ( ) IPTV IPTV, IPTV IPTV.. 2, 4, IPTV 30. 6, IPTV 1.

4 119. 08 SK KT 80%,. 76), KT-KTF, 77). 4 11 KT SK (2008 ) 481 416 86% ( ) 9 7 78% ( ) 4 2 50% 494 425 86% : ( 09. 2. 17),,. 2, EC,,. 76) (2007) 77) (2009. 8. 19)

120 1. vs.. NGA (ladder of investment theory) Cave(2004, 2006) Cave and Voselgang (2004), (service-based competition) (facility-based competition).,., (value chain) (SMP) (non-replicable).,., (LRIC). Cave(2004, 2006),., ( )., (entrants).,., (credible commitment).

4 121 EC (service-based competition) (Cave 2006), NGA(Next Generation Access). ERG(2009a), (access products).,, (MDF/ODF unbundling), SLU(or street cabinet unbundling), (access to inhouse wiring),,, dark fiber,. FTTH/B FTTC/N., FTTH P2P PON SLU (OECD, 2007), street cabinet unbundling. 4 3 NGA (ladder of investment) : ERG(2009)

122. vs.,. Cave(2004, 2006) (ladder of investment theory) (static approach),.., Avenali, Matteucci and Reverberi(2008), Chrsitodoulou and Vlahous(2001). Willig(2006) (UNE) 1% (ILEC) 2 3%., (free-riding)., Jorde, Sida and Teece(2000) (TELRIC) (ILEC). Hazlet and Bazelon(2005), Frederiszick, Grajek, and Roller(2008). 78) Oldale and Padilla(2004)., (propositions). 78) Cambini and Jiang(2009).

4 123 1.. 2.. 3.. 4. (trade-off) (reconciled).,, ( ),, ( ),., Oldale and Padilla,.. 79).. NGA. Idate(2009b), FTTH/B., 08 FTTH/B, 79) BT 2004 512byte

124 55.5%.,, FTTC FTTH/B ( 2008a)., FTTH,. 80) 4 12 FTTH/B (2008. 12 ) / /ISPs 22 131 61 10 (%) 9.8 55.5 27.2 4.5 : IDATE(2009b) 2.. 81) (relevant market definition).,.,. SSNIP (hypothetical 80) 3 1 81) (2009a) p.1 9

4 125 monopolist test, HMT). HMT. SSNIP (thought experiment), (Small but Significant and Non transitory Increase in Price) 5 10% (iterative process). /, SSNIP. SSNIP.,. EC TCT(Three Criteria Test),, (SMP) (Greenfield approach). (UNE),, (Granular impairment test)... EC NGA (1) LLU WBA EC LLU(Market 11/4) (WBA, Market 12/5),

126. EC LLU,. LLU MDF, WBA MDF. EC(2007a) (NGA) FTTx LLU,. FTTx LLU. EC FTTx (WBA) LLU. LLU, LLU LLU WBA.,.,. (2) xdsl EC FTTx,. EC 15.5%, DSL 81.8%,

4 127. DSL (indirect pricing constraints) 82).., xdsl. ADSL 28Mbps, VDSL 100Mbps. xdsl (indirect pricing constraint). (3), (self-supply),.,.,. (capacity constraints),. 82) ( ),

128 (bundling).,.,,,,. (SSNIP),. (emerging market).,. 3-criteria test.... EC : Modified Greenfield Approach 83) 3-criteria test EC(2007a).,., (SMP). (Wholesale broadband access) 83) Modified greenfield approach,

4 129, LLU (Market 4) 3-criteria test(tct) SMP test 84), (WBA),. 4 13 Three-Criteria Test(TCT) 1. (barriers to entry and to the development of competition) 2. (Dynamic aspect-no tendency to effective competition) 3. (Relative efficiency of competition law and complementary ex-ante regulation) (Barriers to entry and to the development of competition),.,,. (absolute cost advantages), (economies of scale and/or scope), (capacity constraints), (high sunk cost). modified greenfield approach.. 84) EC,,, (2009b)

130. (rights of way) (rights of use of frequencies),. (Dynamic aspectsno tendency to effective competition),.. (excess capacity),,.,,. EC (Relative efficiency of competition law and complementary ex ante regulation)., ( ) ( ); ( ) (,, ); ( ) ; ( ) ( ),.. TCT

4 131. TCT TCT, (ERG 2008a). TCT SMP test, SMP test (Streel 2008). EC TCT (ERG 2008a). TCT (SMP test). Never and Preissi( 2007),,,, SMP test TCT. SMP test TCT. ERG(2008a), 19 6 TCT SMP test. 4 14 EC TCT 0 SMP 13 SMP & TCT 6 : ERG(2008b) p.22. UNE : Granular Impairment Analysis 85) FCC 2003 ILEC UNE(Unbundling Network Elements) 85) FTTH 3 2

132 (granular Impair standard) ( Necessary standard) (FCC 2003). 86) (Impairment test) ILEC., (countervailing advantages). (marketplace evidence) (granular analysis). ILEC,, ILEC,,,., (evidence of impairment)., ( ), ( ), ( ) (first-mover advantage), ( ) ( ) ILEC... ILEC. (preferential access to buildings), (rights-of-way), (lock-in effect), 86) (network element) (at a minimum).

4 133, (countervailing advantages).. ILEC,.,,. (granularity of impairment analysis),,,, (ILECs BOCs). (mass market; residential customers and very small business customers),,,. FCC. 1996 Act ILEC (exclusive or primary), (qualifying services). FCC (local exchange services),, xdsl, (high-capacity circuits). 87) FCC (granular impairment analysis) 87) 04 USTA FCC.

134 TCT.,,,, ILEC,.,,. 3.. 4 15 (LRIC), (, ) : (2007) p.69

4 135. ( ) ; ( ) ; ( ), ( ) (excessive or inefficient entry); ( ) ; ( ) (Tirole 2007). (cost plus) (retail minus). LLU (cost-oriented pricing). (Long-run Incremental Costs; LRIC), (Fully Distributed Cost; FDC). EU 26, LLU WBA 77%, 56% 50%, 44%. (or WBA),, (retail-minus) (ERG, 2009a). 4 16 EU LLU WBA CCA LRIC/LRAIC LLU 26 65% 50% 77% WBA 18 61% 44% 56% : CCA(Current cost accounting and forward looking), LRAIC(Long Run Average Incremental Cost) : ERG(2008b) p.10. LRIC, LRIC, 88) 88) Bottom up Top-down

136,. ECPR(Efficient Component Pricing Rule), 89) (supernormal profits), (Valletti 2003).. 90) NGA.,. ( ) ( ); ( ) (ARPU) ( ARPU ); ( ) ( ); ( ) (, ); ( ) ; ( ) ( ). NGA. NGA (IPTV, VoIP ).. (Oxera 2008). (risk neutral). 89) 90) ERG(2009a) Oxera(2008)

4 137, (risk-neutral)., (over-investment). (weighted average cost of capital; WACC). 91) ERG(2009a) NGA. NGA, (risk of error).,,. ERG(2009a) (multi-year tariff regulation). (single-year tariff regulation),,.,. (co-investment) (risk sharing) NGA. (Build-and-share project) NGA 91) (E: equity; D: debt)

138,, 3. (commitments in advance of roll-out) NGA.. EC(2009a), EC(2009a),. FTTH,., (WACC) NGA.,,. FTTH LLU WBA FTTH. LLU SMP. 4 17 EC(2009a) NGA Ofcom, ERG WACC FTTC/N FTTH : Elena Scaramuzzi(2009), Ofcom(2009b), ERG(2009b)

4 139 Ofcom,., (margin squeeze test) (ERG 2009b).. FTTH LLU WBA FTTC/N. 3 92)., FTTH HFC,., BT, FT, KPN FTTC. FTTC/H.,. 92) (2007),

140.. FTTH. VoIP, IPTV,. LLU.,. LLU (margin squeeze test).,,.,... LLU,,., (, 2007).

4 141 SMP.,.,,., (, ). All-IP ( 2008b), TCT, Wik Consult (2009a). xdsl, HFC, FTTH (Technology neutral). xdsl FTTH HFC DOCSIS3.0, VoIP., (indirect pricing constraint). FTTH,. (, 2007). FTTH

142 (OECD, 2007). (90%).,,.. EC(2009a). (2009a) IP-USN,,. IP-USN,,.,,. EC (2009a)..,., SMP.,,. #1 Wik Consult(2009a).

5 143 5..,,.. 1 1. 93) (Network Neutrality) Tim Wu A Proposal for Network Neutrality.,,,,. (end-to-end),.,.. (ISP), 93) (2007) pp.111 136

144.,,,,. 5 1. 5 1 ISP CP ( ),, (AT&T-BellSouth ) (Hahn and Wallsten) (van Schewick),, (Wu) ( ),, (FCC, ) QoS (Kevin Martin FCC ) : (2007) p.111 2.,,,,.,,

5 145,.,.., ISP,,,,. ISP., ISP.,,,.,., ISP,. ISP,, ISP,. ISP.

146 5 2 R&D SP, ISP ISP, ISP : FCC(2009) ISP ISP 2 1.. 2005 (ILEC) Madison River Communications VoIP Vonage VoIP

5 147. ISP,. AOL, AT&T, Verio, Comcast ISP BitTorrent, Crymtone, Google,. 94) 2008. (1) Comcast BitTorrent (2007 2008 ) 95) 2007 10 TV 2 ISP Comcast BitTorrent. Comcast BitTorrent TCP Reset BitTorrent. AP, 2007 11 FCC Comcast, 2008 1. Comcast P2P 50%,. Comcast.,. 94) 2007 (2007) 5 3. 95) (2008b).

148 ZDNet George Wu BitTorrent. Youtube /,,, BitTorrent. Comcast Comcast. 2008 8, FCC Comcast 2007 11 P2P (Strabase 2008a)., FCC Comcast DPI(deeppacket inspection). 96) FCC Martin Comcast P2P Comcast VOD. Comcast,. FCC Comcast, Comcast (network management practices) (FCC 2008). Comcast P2P., ( ),, 96).

5 149 ; ( ) ; ( ) FCC., FCC, FCC. Comcast P2P,. 24 (heavy user). (2) Google (2008 ) 97) 2008 12 15 (fast lane). (Open Edge). 98),. ISP.,, ISP (CDN). 97), (2008. 12. 17), 98),

150. 2009 1 (measurement lab).. (3) Comcast VoIP (2009 ) FCC Comcast VoIP VoIP,. Comcast, VoIP 70% (peak time) 15 (choppy). FCC Comcast Comcast,. Comcast VoIP Comcast Digital Voice(CDV) (HIS network) (managed IP network), CDV. 99), VoIP Vonage Skype VoIP. FCC CDV. FCC,. 99) Comcast (http://fjallfoss.fcc.gov/ecfs/document/view?id=6520169715).

5 151 5 3 2005 2006 2001 2006 Madison River vs. Vonage American Online AOL & Time Warner At&T & SBC, Verizon & MCI AT&T & BellSouth Madison River Vonage VoIP Madison River ISP FCC 15,000,, 30 VoIP American Online(AOL) www.dearaol.com AOL ISP AOL 2001, AOL Time Warner FCC FTC, AOL 2005 At&T-SBC Verizon- MCI FCC 4 2 2006 AT&T-BellSouth FCC 4

152 2007 2007 2008 2008 2009 Verio vs cryptome. org Comcast vs. BitTorrent Google Comcast ISP Verio cryptome.org AUP(Acceptable use Policy, ) Verio cryptome.org Comcast BitTorrent,, FCC (fast lane) (edge caching) cryptome.org ISP FCC, Comcast,, (measurement lab) FCC Comcast Comcast VoIP FCC managed network, VoIP. AT&T Skype VoIP, AT&T, Google voice

5 153. (1) AT&T iphone Skype VoIP (2009 ) Free Press 04 3 FCC AT&T iphone Skype. 100) Free Press 07 AT&T 3G iphone Skype VoIP, WiFi. Free Press 05 FCC (Internet Policy Statement). Free press, YouTube. 9 FCC 2, AT&T VoIP. 101) (2) (2009 ) FCC 102), AT&T. 103) iphone, 3. FCC 3 100) Free Press( 09. 4. 3) FCC (http://www.freepress.net/files/wireless_ips_letter.pdf) 101) AT&T FCC (http://fjallfoss.fcc.gov/ecfs/document/view?id=7020040868) 102) NY Times( 09. 7. 28) Even Google Is Blocked With Apps for iphone http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/29/technology/companies/29apps.html 103) http://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/wsj-2009-0731-fccapple.pdf

154, VoIP,, AT&T AT&T. 104) AT&T,,. 105), iphone. iphone (contacts). (bug). (3) (2009 ) AT&T, FCC. 106) AT&T. FCC (call blocking) 07,. AT&T 4 ( ) 5 ( ). Google. 104) FCC 105) http://www.apple.com/hotnews/apple-answers-fcc-questions/ 106) AT&T ( 09. 9. 25) (http://graphics8.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/technology/20090925_att-letter.pdf)

5 155 FCC. 107),, (invitation only),,. 5 4 2009 2009 2009 AT&T Apple vs. Google AT&T vs. Google AT&T Skype iphone 3G VoIP Skype iphone VoIP, App store Google voice AT&T Google Google voice AT&T Google FCC 2009 10, AT&T, Verizon VoIP FCC Apple, AT&T, Google, AT&T 107) FCC( 09. 10. 9)http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-09-2210A1.pdf

156, Traffic pumping 108). 109). Skype VoIP. FCC 09 11. 2. 2005 Telus 5 5. 110) 2008 Bell Canada (2008 ). 111) 2008 4 3 (Canadian Association of Internet Providers, CAIP) (Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission, CRTC) Bell Canada. 2008 11 20 CRTC Bell Canada., CRTC. 108) 109) ://googlepublicpolicy.blogspot.com/2009/10/sex-conference-calls-and-outdated-fcc.html 110) 2007 (2007). 111) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/network_neutrality_in_canada.

5 157 5 5 Telus Bell Canada & Clearwire Communications Shaw communications VoIP Rogers MCI Canada Epifora Bell Canada 2005 2005 2006 2006 2006 2008 Telus ISP ISP www.voices-for-change.com Telus Telus, Bell Canada Enterprise Cleawire communications Cleawire VoIP, /, Shaw communications Shaw VoIP VoIP QoS, VoIP QoS Shaw ISP VoIP VoIP Rogers BitTorrent encryption Rogers, P2P MCI Canada Epifora MCI canada Verizon (AUP) Epifora (CAIP) (CRTC) Bell Canada CRTC Bell Canada

158 3. (1) BBC iplayer (2007 ) 112) BBC 2007 12 iplayer. BBC iplayer (High-bandwidth), BBC. iplayer. iplayer BBC, iplayer CP,. 2009 BBC iplayer,. (2) Vodafone VoIP (2007 ) 113) Vodafone Orange Nokia N95 VoIP. Vodafone VoIP VoIP. VoIP,. Truphone VoIP 112) Wik Consult(2008b). 113) (2007).

5 159 Vodafone Orange. Ofcom VoIP, Mobile VoIP,. (3) BT P2P (2009 ) 114) BT 2009 6 P2P P2P, BT. 5 6 BBC iplayer Vodafone VoIP BT P2P 2007 2007 2009 BBC 2007 12, iplayer, BBC (High-bandwidth) BBC iplayer ISP CP Vodafone Orange Nokia N95 VoIP 2007 6, T-Mobile VoIP Truphone BT 2009 6 P2P P2P iplayer Youtube. BT 114) Telecoms Asia(2009).

160 P2P,, P2P P2P., BT IPTV. BT. 4. 115) 2007 11 Dailymotion ISP Neuf Cegetel dailymotion. Neuf, Dailymotion Neuf.. 3 1. FCC 4., FTC,. 115) Wallsten, S and S. Hausladen(2009).

5 161.. FCC (1) Powell (2004) FCC 4 (2005 ) 2004 2, FCC Michael Powell The Digital Broadband Migration: Toward a Regulatory Regime for the Internet Age 4 (Internet Freedoms),,,. 4 03 HTBC(High Tech Broadband Coalition) Connectivity principles Powell FCC ( 2007). 2005 Madison River VoIP FCC Powell Internet freedoms 4 (Policy Statements) 2005 9. DSL ISP. /. 4....,,.

162 FCC. 4. (2) (National Broadband Plan 2009) 2009 4, FCC (American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009). 2009 3 1 FCC 2010 2 17., ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ),,,. 116), FCC 09 4 NOI(Notice Of Inquiry),. 117), NOI,,, (Open Networks). FCC (Open Network), 5 (non-discrimination).,, 116) FCC News, (2009. 4. 8), FCC Launches Development of National Broadband Plan 117) FCC(2009) NOI Docket NO. GN 09-51 FCC 09-31

5 163., (open platform),, 5 (non-discrimination). (3) Genachowski (2009 ) 118) 2009 9 21, FCC Genachowski 4 (nondiscrimination) (Transparency), 6. Genachowski,, (a Free and Open Internet) (vital).,,. FCC 2009 10 22 (Notice of Proposed Rule Making, NPRM) 3 2 FCC 5. FCC 2010 1 14 2010. FCC 2009 (NPRM) 2005 4,., 2005 4, 118) FCC(2009).

164.,. 119) Broadband, dial-up. (reasonable network management),, (the needs of law enforcement, public safety, and homeland and national security authorities). FCC 2005 4. 120). (receive or send) 119) to codify the principles as obligations of broadband Internet access service providers, rather than as describing what consumers are entitled to do with their service as the original Internet principles were phrased 120) FCC(2009) p.38.specifically, we propose that all providers of broadband Internet access service must comply with the following four rules: 1. Subject to reasonable network management, a provider of broadband Internet access service may not prevent any of its users from sending or receiving the lawful content of the user s choice over the Internet. 2. Subject to reasonable network management, a provider of broadband Internet access service may not prevent any of its users from running the lawful applications or using the lawful services of the user s choice. 3. Subject to reasonable network management, a provider of broadband Internet access service may not prevent any of its users from connecting to and using on its network the user s choice of lawful devices that do not harm the network. 4. Subject to reasonable network management, a provider of broadband Internet access service may not deprive any of its users of the user s entitlement to competition among network providers, application providers, service providers, and content providers.

5 165 (users access to content),, (lawful) 4. ( ). ( ). ( ) (devices). ( ),,., FCC (nondiscrimination) (transparency). (non-discriminatory),, (enhanced or prioritized). 4., IP-enabled TV, VoIP, (telemedicine) (managed or specialized). ( ),,. 121)

166,,,,, (proprietary data)., FCC,,,.. ( ),,,. 122) FCC NPRM, managed or specified services. NPRM ( ), ( ) QoS, ( ), ( ). 123) 121) FCC(2009) p.41 Subject to reasonable network management, a provider of broadband Internet access service must treat lawful content, applications, and services in a nondiscriminatory manner. 122) FCC(2009) p.45 Subject to reasonable network management, a provider of broadband Internet access service must disclose such information concerning network management and other practices as is reasonably required for users and content, application, and service providers to enjoy the protections specified in this part. 123) FCC(2009) p.51 Reasonable network management consists of: (a) reasonable practices employed by a provider of broadband Internet access service to ( ) reduce or mitigate the effects of congestion on its network or to address quality-of-service concerns; ( ) address traffic that is unwanted by users or harmful; ( ) prevent the transfer of unlawful content; or ( ) prevent the unlawful

5 167 FCC,,. (unwanted users),,.. FCC,. (managed or specified service) IP. FCC,, managed or specific. AT&T IPTV U-verse multi-channel IP managed services. (telemedicine), (smart grid), e-learning QoS. FCC. FCC NPRM,., SMS/MMS. transfer of content; and (b) other reasonable network management practices.

168,,.., QoS.,. managed or specified services. FCC,, managed services,.. 2005 1996,. 2005 1 2007 109, 2007 1 2009 1 110, 2009 1 111. 2009. 1) Broadband Internet Fairness Act of 2009 2009 6 18, Eric Massa Broadband Internet Fairness Act.

5 169 (FTC).,., (Tiers),,,,,,,, 3. FTC,,, FTC, FTC FCC. FTC. ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ). FTC., 100. 2) Internet Freedom Preservation Act of 2009 2009 7 31, Edward Markey Anna Eshoo

170 Internet Freedom Preservation Act of 2009(H.R. 3458).,,,.,,. 124) 3) Internet Freedom Act of 2009 2009 10 22, FCC. FCC IP (IP-enabled),,.,,. 125) 4) Real Stimulus Act of 2009 2009 10 26, Blackburn Real Stimulus Act of 2009(H.R. 3924). 126) 124) Telecommunications Monitor,(2009. 8. 3), Markey introduces revised bill to regulate network neutrality. #3. 125) #4. 126) #5.

5 171 5 7 ( ) 2006 3 2 2006 3 30 2006 4 3 2006 5 1 2006 5 18 Internet Non- Discrimination Act of 2006 (S.2360) Communications Opportunity, Promotion and Enhancement Ac of 2006(H.R.5252) Network Neutrality Act of 2006 (H.R.5273) Communications, Consumer s Choice, and Broadband Deployment Act of 2006(S.2686) Ron Wyden (D-Oregon) Joe Barton (R-Texas and Chairman of the House Commerce Committee) (, (malware), ) common carrier FCC Policy Statement The Communications Ed Markey (D- Massachusetts) Ted Stevens (R-Alaska)& Daniel Inouye (D-Hawaii) Jim Sensenbrenner Internet Freedom and (R-Wisconsin) Nondiscrimination Act &John of 2006(H.R.5417) Conyers (D-Michigan) Opportunity, Promotion, and Enhancement Act of 2006 (COPE) 1934 FCC,, ( ) (admission control) 109 2006 6 8, 109 2006 6 28, 109 2006 5 25, 109

172 ( ) 2007 1 9 2008 2 12 2009 6 18 127) 2009 7 31 Internet Freedom preservation Act(S.215) Internet Freedom Preservation Act of 2008(H.R.5353) Broadband Internet Fairness Act of 2009(H.R.2902) Internet Freedom preservation Act of 20091)(H.R. 3458) Olympia Snowe (R-Maine)& Byron Dorgan (D-North Dakota), Co-Sponsors: Barack Obama (D-Illinois) /,, CP QoS FCC Edward Markey(D- Massachusetts) & Charles Pickering (R-Mississippi) Eric Massa (New York) Edward Markey(D- Massachusetts), Anna Eshoo (D-California), broadband summit FCC FTC 2 127) (2009), pp.50 57

5 173 ( ) 2009 10 22 2009 10 26 Internet Freedom Act of 20092) (S.1836) Real Stimulus Act of 20093) (H.R. 3924) John McCain (R-Arizona) Marsha, Blackburn (R-Tennessee) IP-enabled FCC IP-enabled FCC (s.1836 ) : 2008 : 09 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/network_neutrality_in_the_united_states, 1) : http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c111:h.r.3458:, 2) : http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c111:s.1836:, 3) : http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c111:h.r.3924: 2.. EC 1) EC EU. EU Framework (SMP),,,,. (SMP) ( ) ISP SMP ; ( ) 5.1 (end-to-end), EU. EC

174, ( 2007). 5 8 EU LLU(UNE) : Ofcom(2006a) (2007) Bitstream access EC SMP,, (Marsden 2009, Valcke et al 2008). (2 c), (non-linear audiovisual media service), (information society services)., (20 ).,.,

5 175, EC 7. 5.1,,,. (20 ),. 2) EU (2009 ) 2009 11 5, EU EC 2007 11 (EU Telekoms Reform Package),, 12. 11 24, 12 EU.,, (112),,,,, 12, BEREC. (Universal Services Directives), (Access and Interconnection Directives), (Framework Directives), (Authorization Directives).

176 5 9 20 1&2 2002 Universal Services Directives 1. 2. /, ( ) : (a) ( ) (b),, (c) (d) (e),, (f) (g) 34 1. --- ( ),. (b), 26 EC, QoS (link) (fill) (overfill) (c) 25,., EC

5 177 (EC 2009d). EC. ISP QoS. 20 22,, QoS (EC 2009b)., 20 1 (b),, (traffic shaping). 21 ( ) 3 20. 4 3. 22 (QoS) 3,.. Valcke et al(2008), (access) (information society services) (broadcasting contents services),, (non-linear audiovisual media service),,,.

178 5 10 2 2(a) 2002 Access and Interconnection Directives 2(a) / ( )... / ( )..., Framework Authorization,, QoS (EC 2009c)., ISP (9 3 c)., (8 5 c). (8 4 b), 8, ISP, ISP (8 4 g Authorization Directives A 19). 5 11 8 (Article 8) 9 (Article 9) (Framework Directives) 8 4 5 2.,. (a) (b) ( ), 4.

5 179 (g) ( ) 5. ( ) 2, 3, 4, (objective), (transparent), (non-discriminatory) (proportionate) : (a) (b), (c),, (d) (Framework Directives) 9 3., : (a) (b) (c) QoS (d) (e) (f) (Authorization Directives A. 19( ) 8 (end-to-end connectivity),, 5 12 (Framework Directive) 1(3a) (measure) EU (the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms). (appropriate), (proportionate), (necessary),.., EU.

180 (Framework Directive) 1 (Article 1) 3a, (measure) EC.. Ofcom. EU,,. Ofcom (Wallsten & Hausladen 2009). 2007 3 EU ISP DSL ISP, DSL. Ofcom BT, Openreach. 2004 BT. Ofcom 2005 9 BT BT, Openreach. Openreach BT, BT, Openreach.

5 181 Ofcom MAC (MAC Broadband Migration Process) (Ofcom 2006c). 07 Ofcom (General Condition 23: Service Migration), (Migration Authorisation Code; MAC). MAC 17 19 (30 ) 5. MAC. Ofcom MAC. Ofcom (Voluntary Code of Practice: Broadband Speeds) (Ofcom 2008b). (i) (access line speed), (ii) (headline speed) (iii),. Ofcom.. 128) ARCEP France Telecom (intra-platform competition). ARCEP Gabrelle 128) Wallsten & Hausladen(2009) (2009)

182 Gauthey 2007 11,. Gabrielle Gauthey,. EU, the Postal and Electronic Communications Code., ARCEP.., EU., 2006.. TV. TV,.,. 2008 1, ISP Tele2 The

5 183 Pirate Bay tele2. ISP,. (dumb pipe).. EU,,,. the Bundesnetzagentur (intramodal) (intermodal). DAL,,. Deutsche Telekom 2000,., 5,000, d. DSL. DT (fiber network) DT. QoS.

184.. PTS(Pso-och telestyrelsen) 2008 4, ISP. ISP,., PTS ISP, ISP ISP. 4. Madison River Comcast, AT&T. Bell Canada (2008), BT P2P, Neuf Cegetel dailymotion (2007)., FCC.,, managed or specified,.

5 185. EC,,.,,,, QoS,. Ofcom, EC... 06 TV, ( 2009c).,.,. EC,.,

186,.,,.,.,,....,, IPTV,.

6 187 6.,.,. FTTC FTTH,,.,. EC.. DSL, FTTC, FTTH., 04., ( ), 03 ( ), (IPTV )

188. FTTH,,.,,,,,. FCC., FCC National Broadband Plan, NPRM, Internet Preservation Act,,,,,, 6., managed or specified,,.,,.,,..

189 (2004), FTTH, (ETRI), 19 6, 2004. 12. (2007), 07-62 (2009), Broadband Internet Fairness Act of 2009 21 15. (2001),,, 49 3, 89 114 (2007), All-IP ( ), 07-19, 2007. 5. (2008a), All-IP ( ), 08-05, 2008. 4. (2008b), All-IP 08-10, 2008. 12. (2008c), 2007,, 08-24, 2008. 12. (2009a), (I), KISDI 09-10, 2009. 11. (2009b), 2008, 09-62, 2009. 12. (2009a), ( )

190 (2009b), IPTV (2009c), ( ) (2008a), FTTH (2008b), FCC Comcast. (2009a), iphone Skype, 3G. (2009b), FCC. (2007), Orange Vodafone, VoIP. (2009),, (ETRI), 24 1 2009. 2. (2009), EU, 471. (2007),, 07-61. (2005),, 1,,, 2005. 12. ACCC(2009), Submission to the Department of Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy National Broadband Network: Regulatory Reform for 21st Century Broadband, 2009. 6. Analysys Mason(2008), The business case for fiber based access in the Netherlands, 2008. 12. 10. ARCEP(2008), Recommendations on the implementation of last drop sharing of the last part on optical fibre networks, 2008. 10. Arne Jeroschewski(2008), Regulatory challenges of Next Generation Access Networks

191 in telecommunications in Europe, Working Paper, 2008. 9. 16 Avenali. A., Matteucci, G. and P. Reverberi(2008), Dynamic access pricing and incentives to invest in alternative infrastructures University of Rome la Sapienza, mimeo Cambini, C and Y. Jiang(2009), Broadband investment and regulation: A literature review, Telecommunication Policy, 33, 559 574. Cave, M.(2004), Making the ladder of investment operational Unpublished manuscript Cave, M. and Ingo Vogelsang I(2003), How access pricing and entry Interact, Telecommunication Review, 49, 173 199. Cave, M(2006), Encouraging infrastructure competition via the ladder of investment Telecommunication Policy, 30, 223 237. Chrsitodoulou, K. and K. Vlahous(2001). Implications of regulation for entry and investment in the local loop, Telecommunication Policy, 25, 743 757. Commerce Commission(2009), 2008 Telecommunications Market Mornitoring Report, 2009. 4. 14 EC(2007a), Commission recommendation on relevant product and service markets within the electronic communications sector susceptible to ex ante regulation in accordance with Directive 2002/21/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on a common regulatory framework for electronic communications networks and services(2007/879/ec), 2007. 12. 17. EC(2007b), Commission Staff Working Document Explanatory Notes: Accompanying document to the Commission Recommendation on Relevant Product and Service Markets within.(second edition) {C(2007)5406} EC(2008a), (Draft) COMMISSION RECOMMENDATION on regulated access to Next Generation Access Networks(NGA). EC(2008b), (Draft) Commission staff working document: Explanatory note accompanying document to the Commission recommendation of on regulated access to

192 Next Generation Access Networks(NGA). EC(2009a), (2nd Draft) Commission staff working document: Explanatory note accompanying document to the Commission recommendation of on regulated access to Next Generation Access Networks(NGA). EC(2009b), DIRECTIVE OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL amending Directive 2002/22/EC on universal service and users rights relating to electronic communications networks and services, Directive 2002/58/EC concerning the processing of personal data and the protection of privacy in the electronic communications sector and Regulation(EC) No 2006/2004 on cooperation between national. EC(2009c), DIRECTIVE OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL amending Directives 2002/21/EC on a common regulatory framework for electronic communications networks and services, 2002/19/EC on access to, and interconnection of, electronic communications networks and associated facilities, and 2002/20/EC on the authorisation of electronic communications networks and services authorities responsible for the enforcement of consumer protection laws. EC(2009d), Agreement on EU Telecoms Reform paves way for stronger consumer rights, an open internet, a single European telecoms market and high-speed internet connections for all citizens, MEMO/09/491. ECTA(2008), The Economics of Next Generation Access(WIK Consult report), 2008. 9. ERG(2007a), ERG Opinion on Regulatory Principles of NG, ERG(07) 16rev2. ERG(2007b), Supplementary Document to the ERG Opinion on Regulatory Principles of NGA, ERG(07) 16rev2b NGA Opinion Supplementary Doc. ERG(2008a), Report on Guidance on the applications of the three criteria test. ERG(2008b), Regulatory Accounting in Practices 2008. ERG(2008c), IRG/ERG Response to the Draft Recommendation on the regulated access to Next Generation Access Networks(NGA), ERG(08) 38 rev2, 2008.9. 18.

193 ERG(2009a), Report on Next Generation Access: Economic Analysis and Regulatory Principles. ERG(2009b), ERG response to the draft NGA Recommendation. FCC(2003), Report and Order and Order on Remand and Further Notice of Proposed RuleMaking, Docket 03-36. FCC(2008), Memorandum Opinion and Order 08-183. FCC(2009), Notice of Proposed RuleMaking Docket No. GN 09-93. FCC News(2009. 4. 8), FCC Launches Development of National Broadband Plan. Frederiszick, H., Grajek, M., and L. H. Roller(2008), Analyzing the Relationship between Regulation and Investment in the Telecom Sector, ESMT, mimeo. Hazlet, T and C. Bazelon(2005), Regulated unbundling of telecommunication networks: a stepping stone to facilities-based competition?, unpublished manuscript. Huigen, Josa and Martin Cave(2008), Regulation and the promotion of investment in next generation networks: A European dilemma, Telecommunications Policy, vol.32(2008). 713 721. IDATE(2009a), Fttx Yearbook 2009: Markets & Trends. IDATE(2009b), FTTH European Panorama December 2008 Jorde, T., Sidak, G. and D. Teece.(2000), Innovation, investment and unbundling Yale Journal on Regulation, 17, 1 37 Marsden, C(2009), Net Neutrality Lite : Regulatory Responses to Broadband Internet Discrimination, Working Paper. Ministry of Economic Development, Broadband in New Zealand. Ministry of Economic Development(2008), New Zealand s Digital Pathway: A Fast Broadband Future Never, H. and B. Preissi(2007), The Three-Criteria Test and SMP: How to get it right, mimeo. New Zealand Government(2009a), Govt announces targets for rural broadband, 2009. 9. 10.

194 New Zealand Commerce Commission(2009b), 2008 Telecommunications Market Monitoring Report. OECD(2003), Developments in Local Loop Unbundling. OECD(2007), Developments in Fiber Technologies and Investment. OECD(2009), OECD Communications Outlook 2009, 2009. 8. 31. Ofcom(2006a), Net Neutrality: Battle for a New World order or much Ado about nothing?. Ofcom(2006b), Regulatory challenges proposed by next generation access network: policy discussion. Ofcom(2006c) Broadband migration: enabling consumer choice. Ofcom(2007), Future broadband: policy approach to Next generation access. Ofcom(2008a), Delivering super-past broadband in the UK. Ofcom(2008b), Voluntary Code of Practice: Broadband speeds. Ofcom(2009a), Delivering super-past broadband in the UK: Statement. Ofcom(2009b), Joint UK submission from the Department for Business, Innovation & Skills and Ofcom to the second public consultation on a revised draft Recommendation on regulated access to Next Generation Access networks. Oldale, A and A. J. Padilla(2004), From state monopoly to the investment ladder : competition policy and the NRF, in The Pros and Cons of Antitrust on Deregulated Markets, Konkorrensverket, Swedish Competition Authority. OPTA(2008), Policy rules: Tariff regulation for unbundled fiber access, 2008. 12. 19. OVUM(2008a), Next-generation access country overview: the Netherlands, 2008. 6. 25. OVUM(2008b), FTTx: current status and the future, 2008. 7. 11. OVUM(2008c), Global FTTP market trends, by region, 2008. 12. OVUM(2008d), Next-generation access country overview: France, 2008. 7. 7. OVUM(2008e), Next-Generation access country overview: U. K, 2008. 7. 25 OVUM(2008f), FTTx benchmark: the United States, 2008. 7. 10.

195 OVUM(2009a), U.S.(Country regulation overview), 2009. 3. 17. OVUM(2009c), FTTx trends in Asia-Pacific: Japan, 2009. 5. 27 OVUM(2009d), The regulatory approach to next-generation to access: Europe, 2009. 9. 21. OVUM(2009e), FTTx trends in Asia-Pacific: Australia and New Zealand, 2009. 5. 27. OVUM(2009f), The regulatory approach to Next-generation access: Asia-Pacific, 2009. 10. 20. OVUM(2009g), FTTx in Asia-Pacific: Overview, 2009. 5. 27. OVUM(2009g), FTTx in Asia-Pacific: Overview, 2009. 5. 29. Scaramuzzi, E.(2009), Next Generation Access Network: the European Approach, APEC TEL International Mobile Roaming Workshop presentation material. Streel, A(2008). Current and future European regulation of electronic communications: A critical assessment Telecommunication Policy, vol.32, pp.722 734. Telecommunications Monitor(2009. 8. 3), Market introduces revised bill to regulate network neutrality. Telecoms Asia(2009), BT wants to charge video hosts for IP traffic. Tirole J. J(2007), One-way and two-way access pricing principles in telecommunications Valcke, P, L. Hou, D. Stevens and E. Kosta(2008), Guardian Knight or Hands Off: The European Responses to Network Neutrality, Communications and Strategies, vol.72, pp.89 111. Wallsten, S and S. Hausladen(2009), Net Neutrality, Unbundling, and their Effects on International Investment in Next-Generation Networks. Review of Network Economics, pp.90 112. Willig, R.(2006), Investment is appropriately stimulated by TELRIC Princeton University, mimeo. Wik Consult(2008a), The Economics of Next Generation Access: Final Report. Wik Consult(2008b), Network Neutrality; Implications for Europe. Wu, Tim(2002), A Proposal for Network Neutrality (www.timwu.org/originalnnproposal.pdf.).

196 1 Wik Consult NGA 129) 1. NGA NGA (penetration rate of homes connected) ( ) : NGA Bottom-Up bottom-up, (LRIC) NGA 1 (ARPU) = 1 (critical market share) (100%) NGA NGA NGA 129) Wik Consult(2009a)

197 (no subsidy and independent) 1 specification: km2 (Urban) 10,000 6,000 2,000 (Suburban) 1,500 1,000 500 (Rural) 100 100 2. IP concentration network IP,,, TPS concentration IP (Label Switch, Label Edge Routers(LSR/LER), (caches, B-RAS, soft switches ) TPS(IP-TV), TV signal central points IP FTTx MCL(metro core location) 10kbit/s busy hour IP concentration

198 FTTC-VDSL FTTC 40,000 MCL : VDSL, 2, 4 one-time cost: sub-loop unbundling fee( +20% mark-up ) street cabinet :,, air conditioning DSLAM street cabinet DSLAM ( 480 ) MCL switch (1:480) street cabinet : collocation (default 15%), (default 35%)/2 street cabinet (virtual collocation) 100mm 2 (4 148 ),, /,,, FTTH-PON FTTH-PON OLT(Optical Line Terminator, MCL ) ONU(Optical Network Unit, ) ONT(Optical Network Terminator; ) splitter 64 MCL switch (1:64) SC OSDF(optical street distribution frame), FTTH-PON passive,,

199 OSDF configuration: SC splitter 110%, 100% ODF ONU,, SC splitters,,, concentration WDM(Wave Division Multiplex) FTTH-PON TDMA(Time Division Multiplex) FTTH-PON WDM, MCL (bitstream access), SLU WDM FTTH-P2P FTTH-P2P, ODF switch VDSL FTTH-PON ODF (10% ) switch,,, SC, OSDF, SLU LLU subduct (empty): /, /, facade mounted holders(??) :

200,, dark fiber : /, SC collocation(vdsl FTTH) OSDF (PON) copper(vdsl) or fiber SLU(PON), fiber LLU(P2P): 3. bottom-up LRIC TPS,, (second mover) 3 NGA first mover NGA, MDF NGA, 10%,, IPTV, VOD, residential, single play: residential, dual play:, residential, triple play:,, IP-TV

201 business, mixed broadband service(vpn,,, ) LRIC, 1% ARPU 1 (ramp up cost) 90% 10%, single service 20%, dual service 65%, triple service 15% 10% mark up (cluster specific variables ) ARPU, concentration, service, MCL /, O(S)DF, splices, SLU /,,, MDF SC, 4. stand-alone case case MDF, ARPU stand-alone

202 case 10% ARPU VDSL, PON, P2P VDSL case: SLU, PON case: SLU( ) P2P case: MCL fiber LLU 80% case: (efficient regulation) 20%, VDSL PON SLU SC 20% case: VDSL SLU SC, PON SLU SC 80% dark fiber : dark fiber (efficient regulation) VDSL PON SLU dark fiber SC fiber,, 20% dark fiber : 20% dark fiber VDSL SLU SC, PON SLU SC 80% dark fiber/shared infrastructure: fiber PON VDSL SLU, (MCL-MDF) (MDF-SC) fiber

203 5. 130). BT BT 2004 NGN(21st Century Network). BT 21CN 16 IP, MSAN(multiservice access node). Metro, Core, MSAN,. 2 BT 21CN 21CN BT (http://www.btplc.com) 130),, BT, KPN, Verizon., 3.

204 BT 2004 6 21CN, 2006 11. (Next Generation Network; NGN). 2007 50%, 2009 100% 21CN. 2008 Core/Metro (Next Generation Access; NGA). BT NGA FTTC ( 25Mbps VDSL2+), FTTH. 2008 7 FTTC LLU 2009 FTTC LLU.. KPN KPN MDF, (FTTH) (FTTC) 140. KPN 2005 2007 2010. KPN All-IP 9,. All-IP,,. 2007 KPN, All-IP CAPEX,.

205 1 KPN All-IP : FTTH, KPN FTTH. Verizon Verizon 2010 230 PON FTTP (FIOS) 2 Verizon FTTH ECTA(2008) p.67.