Journal of Climate Change Research 2017, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp DOI: 지리산국립공원세석지역의아고산관속식물상 노일 * 정재민 *

Journal of Climate Change Research 2017, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 201 211 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15531/ksccr.2017.8.3.201 지리산국립공원세석지역의아고산관속식물상 노일 * 정재민 ** 조민기 *** 김태운 **** 문현식 **** * 국립공원관리공단내장산사무소, ** 국립수목원산림자원보존과, *** 국립산림과학원남부산림자원연구소, **** 경상대학교산림자원학과 ( 농업생명과학연구원 ) The Flora of Subalpine Vascular Plants in Seseok Area of Jirisan National Park Noh, Il *, Chung, Jae-Min **, Cho, Min-Gi ***, Kim, Tae-Woon **** and Moon, Hyun-Shik **** * Korea National Park Service, Jeongeup 56199, Korea ** Plant Conservation Division, Korea National Arboretum, Pocheon 11186, Korea *** Southern Forest Resources Research Center, Korea Forest Research Institute, Jinju 52817, Korea **** Dept. of Forest Environmental Resources, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea ABSTRACT This study was conducted to investigate the vascular plants which can be an indicator of environmental change in Seseok of Jirisan National Park. The purpose of this study was to find out the basic information for the subalpine species. This study showed that the area had a total 295 taxa including 63 families, 177 genus, 252 species, 2 subspecies, 36 variants 5 forms and Pte-Q was 1.7. Among them, Korea endemic plants were 15 taxa such as Abies koreana. Rare plants were 14 taxa such as Viola diamantiaca. Naturalized plants consisted of 5 taxa such as Rumex crispus. The floristic regional indicator plants found in surveyed area were 72 taxa comprising 3 taxa of grade, 7 taxa of grade and 24 taxa of grade. In summary, The subalpine plants of the survey region consisted of 37 taxa including Abies koreana and Gymnadenia cucullata. As rare plants distributed in subalpine zone respond sensitively to climate change, accuracy distribution range, environmental characteristics of habitat and population dynamics of rare plants should be evaluated quantitatively. Key words: Subalpine Zone, Vascular Plants, Climate Change, Rare Plant, Subalpine Plant 1. 서론 아고산대는산림한계선부터교목한계선에이르는범위로경관과식생이분포하는공간이매우좁고생물자원의분포와가치가중요한의미를갖는곳이다 (Kong, 2007). 아고산지대의생태계는물리적, 환경적여건이열악하여, 외부의작은교란요인이라도식물의생리적인면이나성장및주변생태계전체에미치는영향이매우크다 (Kayama et al., 2009; Iijima et al., 2009). 하지만최근전세계적으로가속화되고있는기후변화의영향으로아고산대에서식하는생물자원들은생존의위협을받고있다. 특히한반도는다른지역에비하여기온상승의가능성이높고, 그증가율도높을것으로예상되기때문에 (Lee, 2011), 아고산대의환경변화는다른곳에비해더욱가 속화될것이다. 아고산대주요식물은외부의작은교란에도생장이감소할것으로보이기때문에, 이들아고산식물의개체유지와보존의중요성이높게평가되고있다 (Kong, 1998). 산림내생육하는식물은각각의사소한식물일지라도식물종의고유한특성과그지역의생태정보를제공하기때문에체계적이고객관적인관점에서조사 분석되어야하며 (Choi, 2009), 생물종다양성을파악하는것은기후변화로인한생태계구성원들의유전적가치를파악하고확보하기위한기초적인연구분야이다. 아고산대의식생에대해서는구상나무군락 (Kim et al., 2012; Cho et al., 2015; Cho et al., 2016; Noh, 2017), 가문비나무군락 (Cho et al., 2012), 주목군락 (Cho et al., 2012) 을대상으로한식생구조연구를통해기후변화등으로이들아고산성수종의개체수및분포지면적이감소하고있 Corresponding author: hsmoon@gnu.ac.kr Received June 29, 2017 / Revised July 21, 2017 / Accepted August 16, 2017

202 노일 정재민 조민기 김태운 문현식 다는결과가제시되고있다. 특정지역에나타나는식물종은그지역의환경에적응한결과이기때문에기후변화등과같은환경변화는직접적으로식물상조성에영향을미칠것으로생각된다. 특히아고산대에분포하는식물종들은기후변화와같은환경변화에민감하게반응할것이기때문에, 식물종분포에대한지속적인모니터링과분석은어떤분야의연구보다도더중요하다고할수있다. Kim(2017) 은금오산의과거 50년간의식물상을분석하여기온상승으로대형지상식물과소형지상식물의비율이감소하고, 지중식물과반지중식물의비율이상대적으로증가하였다고보고한바있다. 아고산대에서의식물상분석은기후변화로인한환경변화의지표가될수있으나, 덕유산아고산대 ( 향적봉- 중봉 ) 의식물상 (Han, 2013), 남덕유산아고산대의식물상 (Lee et al., 2013) 에관한연구를제외하면전무한실정이다. 본연구는지리산국립공원세석지역아고산대에분포하는식물상을파악하여기후변화에취약한이들의보전관리및향후기후변화에따른아고산대식물상의추이를파악하기위한기초자료를제공함에목적이있다. 노고단에서천왕봉에이르는능선부와높은봉우리주변에아고산식생이군락을형성하고있다. 지리산국립공원에존재하는아고산대에는구상나무, 가문비나무등대표적아고산수종이군락을이루며생육하고있으나, 최근기후변화로인하여활력이떨어지거나, 고사 쇠퇴현상이발생하는등식물환경의변화가일어나고있다 (Cho et al., 2015). 본연구가수행된세석지역은 1,490 1,864 m의해발고에위치하며, 남한에서가장높은고위평탄면이다. 1990년대까지는야영이가능하였고, 군부대의산악훈련등으로황폐화되었지만, 국립공원관리공단의복원사업등으로생태계가안정되었고, 주변으로구상나무, 가문비나무등아고산식물이군락을이루어생육하고있다. 식물구계학적으로는남부아구에속하며, 식물군계수준에서는한국냉온대, 식물지리학적분포는한반도아형의남부 / 산지형이다. 본조사지의기상자료는경남산청군의최근 10년간기상자료에온도체감율 (0.56 /100 m) 을적용하여분석한결과, 연평균기온은 4.34, 연평균강수량은 1,556.8 mm로분석되었다 (KMA, 2017). 2. 재료및방법 2.1 연구대상지 백두대간의끝자락에위치하고있는지리산국립공원은 1967 년에지정된 1호국립공원이며, 483.022 km 2 의면적을지닌가장넓은면적의산악형국립공원이다. 천왕봉 (1,915 m) 을중심으로동 서방향으로 20여개의봉우리가펼쳐져있으며, 2.2 연구방법현장조사는 2014년 6월부터 2015년 10월까지총 8회 15일에걸쳐현지조사를실시하였다. 조사경로는크게 5개로설정하였으며, 대피소부근도포함시켰다. 식물의동정은 Lee(2003) 의문헌을참고하여현장에서동정하여직접기록하는것을원칙으로하였으며, 현지에서동정이어려운종은채집후정밀동정을실시하였다. 본연구에서는일부동정이불가능한종 Fig. 1. The location map of this study. Journal of Climate Change Research 2017, Vol. 8, No. 3

지리산국립공원세석지역의아고산관속식물상 203 이외에는식물체를채집하지않았다. 분류군배열은 Engler 체계 (Melchoir, 1964) 에따라나열하였고, 학명과국명은 Korea National Arboretum and The Plant Taxonomic Society of Korea(2007) 의국가표준식물목록에의거하여작성하였다. 특산식물은 Oh et al.(2005), 희귀식물은 Korea National Arboretum (2008), 식물구계학적특정식물은 Ministry of Environment(2012), 귀화식물은 Lee et al.(2011) 의문헌을이용하여분류하였다. 식물상에대한정량적이고객관적인분석과평가를위해서식물상을활용한생태적지수를활용하였다 (Oh and You, 2012). 3. 결과및고찰 3.1 식물상 본연구지에서나타난관속식물상은 63과 177속 252종 2 아종 36변종 5품종 295분류군 (Table 1) 으로, 한반도관속식물 4,495분류군 (http://www.nature.go.kr/kpni/: Korea National Arboretum, 2014) 의 6.6%, 지리산국립공원관속식물 1,825분류군 (Jang, 2007) 의약 16% 에해당한다. 분류체계별현황을살펴보면양치식물 19분류군 (6.4%), 나자식물 7분류군 (2.4%), 단자엽식물 42분류군 (14.2%), 쌍자엽식물 227분류군 (76.9%) 으로나타났다. 쌍자엽식물이양치식물, 단자엽식물보다상대적으로높은구성비율을나타내고있는데, 이는쌍자엽식물의분포가높게나타나는중부지역의특성이나타났기때문으로판단된다 (Kim et al., 2008). 과별분포현황은국화과 32분류군 (10.8%), 벼과 21분류군 (7.1%), 장미과와사초과 14분류군 (4.7 %), 면마과와미나리아재비과 13분류군 (4.4%), 범의귀과 12 분류군 (4.1%) 순으로나타났다. 본연구지와유사한아고산대인덕유산향적봉 -중봉의과별분포현황은백합과, 국화과, 장미과, 범의귀과, 미나리아재비과 (Han, 2013) 순으로나타나, 국화과가높은비율의분포를보였는데, 이는국화과의식물이다른과의식물에비해종자결실량이많아번식에유리하기 때문이다 (Ko et al., 1995). 조사대상지면적등의차이때문에분류군의단순한비교보다는식물의종다양도를나타내는방법인종 / 속비율을분석하였다. 세석지역의종 / 속비율은 1.67 로지리산국립공원의종 / 속비율 2.06(Jang et al., 2007) 보다낮게나타났는데, 이는본연구의공간적범위가아고산대로한정되어있기때문으로판단된다. 덕유산국립공원 ( 향적봉 -중봉) 아고산대의 1.48(Han, 2013), 남덕유산아고산대의 1.71(Lee et al., 2013) 과는큰차이가없었다. 비교적교란이적은고온다습한지역에많이분포하는양치식물은 19분류군으로지리산국립공원에자생하는 135분류군 (Gwon et al., 2013) 의 14.1 %, 국내양치식물 334분류군 (Korea National Arboretum, 2008) 의 5.7% 에해당한다. 또한자연의파괴정도를나타내는지수로사용되는양치식물계수 (Pte-Q = 25 양치식물종수 / 현화식물종수 ) 는 1.61로, 지리산국립공원의 1.80(Gwon et al. 2013) 보다는낮았으나, 덕유산국립공원 ( 향적봉 -중봉 ) 의 1.48(Han, 2013) 보다다소높게나타났다. 3.2 특정식물종 3.2.1 특산식물특산식물은한반도자연환경의지리적특수성에적응하여진화해온식물자원으로다양한유전정보가담겨있는귀중한자원이다. 본연구지에자생하는특산식물은구상나무, 키버들, 좀고채목, 진범, 노각나무등 15분류군 (Table 2) 이확인되었다. 세석지역관속식물 295분류군의 5.1%, 우리나라특산식물 328분류군 (Oh et al., 2005) 의 4.6% 에해당한다. 덕유산국립공원아고산대 ( 향적봉-중봉 ) 의 5.9%(Han, 2013) 와유사한경향이었다. 본조사지의구상나무는지리산국립공원의다른구상나무자생지와달리쇠퇴하지않는다고보고된바있다 (Cho et al., 2015). Oh et al.(2005) 은특산식물은과거에는광범위하게분포하던종이여러환경요인에의해분포역이좁아진잔존고유종 (relic endemics) 이거나, 분화에의해신규 Table 1. The flora of vascular plant in survey site Taxa Fam. Gen. Sp. Subsp. Var. For. Total Pteridophyta 6 14 18-1 - 19 Gymnospermae 2 5 7 - - - 7 Angiospermae 55 158 227 2 35 5 269 Dicotyledoneae 3 25 37-5 - 42 Monocotyledonea 52 133 190 2 30 5 227 Total 63 177 252 2 36 5 295 http://www.ekscc.re.kr

204 노일 정재민 조민기 김태운 문현식 Table 2. The list of Korean endemic plants in survey site No. Family name 1 Pinaceae Abies koreana 2 Salicaceae Salix koriyanagi 3 Betulaceae Betula ermanii var. saitoana 4 Ranunculaceae Aconitum pseudolaeve 5 Theaceae Stewartia pseudocamellia 6 Saxifragaceae Philadelphus schrenkii 7 Rosaceae Filipendula formosa 8 Araliaceae Eleutherococcus divaricatus var. chiisanensis 9 Umbelliferae Angelica cartilagino-marginata var. distans 10 Oleaceae Fraxinus chiisanensis 11 Rubiaceae Asperula lasiantha 12 Caprifoliaceae Weigela subsessilis 13 Compositae Crepidiastrum koidzumianum 14 Cyperaceae Carex erythrobasis 15 Cyperaceae C. okamotoi 로형성된신고유종 (neo-endemics) 일것이기때문에개체군의 크기가축소되거나, 소집단상태를유지하는경향을보여보 전학적으로중요하다고하였다. 또한특산식물은다양한요인 에의해자생지의생육환경이위험해질수있어특별한관리 가필요한종이다 (Cuenca et al., 1999). 지리산국립공원은연 간약 3 백만명이상의탐방객이찾는곳이며, 세석지역에는 세석대피소가위치하고있어탐방객에의한생태계교란의 위험이특히높은지역이다. 또한기존의식물상을다룬연구 에서는특산식물의출현유무에만초점이맞춰져있었지만, 현지내 외보전을위한기초정보를제공하기위해자생지 주변의입지및생태적특성에대한분석까지이루어져야할 것이다. 3.2.2 희귀식물 희귀식물은개체군의크기가극히적거나감소하여보존이 필요한식물로서일반적으로보호가필요한식물을의미하며, 유전적으로경쟁력이약한식물종들이기때문에, 특산식물과 마찬가지로관찰및관리가필요한종이다. IUCN 에서는멸종 (EW), 멸종위기종 (CR), 위기종 (EN), 취약종 (VU), 약관심종 (LC) 및자료부족종 (DD) 의범주로분류하고있다 (Korea National Arboretum, 2008). 지리산국립공원세석지역의희귀식물을등급별로보면, 멸종위기종은진퍼리잔대, 구름병아리난초 2분류군, 위기종은땃두릅나무, 흰참꽃나무, 나도씨눈란 3분류군, 취약종은가문비나무, 주목, 백리향, 나도제비란, 큰방울새란 5분류군, 약관심종은늦고사리삼, 구상나무, 세잎종덩굴, 금강제비꽃, 만병초, 꽃개회나무, 과남풀, 덩굴꽃마리, 금마타리 9 분류군등총 19분류군 (Table 3) 이출현하여희귀율 ( 희귀식물분류군수 / 출현식물의분류군수 100) 은 6.4%, 지리산국립공원희귀식물 66분류군 (Jang, 2007) 의약 29% 에해당한다. 희귀식물의보전전략을수립하기위해서는대상식물개체군에대한생태와분포범위, 크기, 동태등에관한서식처정보를통해보전지위평가가우선적으로이루어져야하지만, 객관적정보가수집되지못한실정이다. 희귀 특산식물인매미꽃자생지의생태적특성을분석한 Son et al.(2013) 의연구를제외하면지금까지희귀 특산식물에대해서는대상지역의관속식물상을다룬연구에서특정희귀 특산식물분류군의출현유무만을다룬연구들이대부분이었다. 향후현지내 외보전을위한기초정보를제공하기위해서라도희귀 특산식물자생지의서식처정보를다룬연구가많이이루어져야할것이다. 3.2.3 귀화식물귀화식물은외국을원산지로하면서국내에들어와자생하고있는식물로, 주로인위적교란으로침입하는종이다. 귀화식물은자연생태계에대하여인간의간섭정도를직접적으로반영하는지표이며, 식물상조성의변화와자생식물과의경쟁관계등을나타내기도한다 (Oh and Kim, 2008). 본연구지에서출현한귀화식물은소리쟁이, 미국자리공, 토끼풀, 달맞이꽃, 돼지풀등총 5분류군 (Table 4) 으로, 귀화율 ( 귀화식물의분류군수 / 출현식물의분류군수 100) 은약 1.7% 로우리나라산지의평균귀화율 4.4%(Kim et al., 2000) 보다낮게나타나, 비교적산림이잘보존되어있는것으로판단된다. 세석대피소를이용하는많은탐방객의영향으로귀화율이높을것이라는예상과는달리귀화식물의출현율이낮은것은생태복원이후부터지속적인귀화식물제거등의관리가이루어진결과로판단된다. 본연구에서출현한귀화식물중끊어진뿌리나줄기에서도성체가발생하여자생식물의생육에피해를주는소리쟁이, 토양을산성화시키고생태계를파괴하는미국자리공, 개화기에꽃가루가호흡기질환의원인이되는돼지풀은아고산대의생태계와지리산국립공원을찾는탐방객에게피해를줄수있는식물로즉시제거등지속적인관리가필요한종이다. Journal of Climate Change Research 2017, Vol. 8, No. 3

지리산국립공원세석지역의아고산관속식물상 205 Table 3. The list of Korean rare plants in the survey area No. Family name Rare plants list (2010) 1 Valerianaceae Botrychium virginianum LC 2 Pinaceae Abies koreana LC 3 Pinaceae Picea jezoensis VU 4 Taxaceae Taxus cuspidata VU 5 Ranunculaceae Clematis koreana LC 6 Violaceae Viola diamantiaca LC 7 Araliaceae Oplopanax elatus EN 8 Ericaceae Rhododendron brachycarpum LC 9 Ericaceae Rhododendron tschonoskii EN 10 Oleaceae Syringa wolfii LC 11 Gentianaceae Gentiana triflora var. japonica LC 12 Boraginaceae Trigonotis icumae LC 13 Labiatae Thymus quinquecostatus VU 14 Valerianaceae Patrinia saniculaefolia LC 15 Campanulaceae Adenophora palustris CR 16 Orchidaceae Gymnadenia cucullata CR 17 Orchidaceae Herminium monorchis EN 18 Orchidaceae Orchis cyclochila VU 19 Orchidaceae Pogonia japonica VU CR: Critically endangered, EN: Endangered species, VU: Vul- nerable, LC: Least concerned. Table 4. The list of naturalized plants in the survey area No. Family name N.D Int.P. 1 Polygonaceae Rumex crispus 5 1 2 Phytolaccaceae Phytolacca americana 3 3 3 Leguminosae Trifolium repens 5 1 4 Onagraceae Oenothera biennis 5 1 5 Compositae Ambrosia artemisiifolia 5 2 N.D.: Naturalized degree, Int.P.: Introduced period (1: 1876-1921, 2: 1922-1963, 3: 1964-recent). 3.2.4 식물구계학적특정식물식물구계학적특정식물은그지역의생태적특성을분류하기위한지표이며, 서로유사한지역의환경을서로유사하게표현하는데이용된다 (Takhtajan, 1986). 식물구계학적특정식물 (Ministry of Environment, 2012) 을등급별로보면, 등급은땃두릅나무, 진퍼리잔대등 3분류군, 등급은털동자꽃, 지리터리풀, 산쥐손이등 7분류군, 등급은늦고사리삼, 진저리고사리, 족제비고사리등 24분류군, 등급은가래고사리, 동의나물, 털괭이눈등 19분류군, 등급은관중, 전나무, 잣나무등 19분류군등총 72분류군이출현하였다 (Table 5). 세석지역전체분류군의 24.4% 이며, 덕유산국립공원아고산대 ( 향적봉 -중봉) 의 32.1%(Han, 2013) 보다낮았으나, 남덕유산아고산대의 15.8%(Lee et al., 2013) 보다는높게나타났다. 본조사지역에나타난특정식물은지리산국립공원전체특정식물 121분류군 (Jang, 2007) 의약 60% 에해당한다. 식물구계학적특정식물중특이성이높아분포지에대한상세한조사가필요하다고알려진 등급이상식물은총 34분류군이나타났다. 식물구계학적특정식물은그지역의생태적특성을분류하고종보전순위의지표가될수있기때문에, 자생지에대한지속적인모니터링을통해기후변화에의한아고산대식물생태계보전및보호를위한방안을마련되어야할것이다. 3.3 아고산대식물지리산국립공원세석지역에분포하는아고산대식물을 Lee (2000), Lee(2003), Korea National Arboretum의국가생물종지식정보시스템의자료를참조하여정리한결과, 21과 29속 33종 1품종 3변종, 총 37분류군의아고산식물들이분포하는것으로확인되었다 (Table 6). 남덕유산에분포하는아고산식물 24분류군 (Lee, 2013) 보다많은분류군이나타났으며, 구상나무, 사스래나무, 시닥나무, 곰취, 마가목, 눈개승마, 흰송이풀, 미역줄나무, 과남풀, 흰참꽃나무, 산오이풀은두지역에서공통적으로출현한아고산식물이었다. 세석지역에서는이들아고산식물이세석에서촛대봉으로이어지는능선의암벽지대와구상나무군락에서주로나타났다. 본조사지인세석지역은구상나무군락이유지되고있기때문에구상나무군락및군락내식물자원보호를위해보호지역의확대, 탐방로정비등을통한보호조치및종자발아를통한개체수증식등적극적인보전대책이마련되어야할것이다. 아고산대는북방계식물들의잔존적피난처로아고산대에분포하는식물들은기후와의연관성이높아기후변화등의환경변화속도가빨라짐에따라생장량감소등으로멸종및절멸위험에크게노 http://www.ekscc.re.kr

206 노일 정재민 조민기 김태운 문현식 Table 5. The list of specific plant species in the survey area No. Family name Degree 1 Araliaceae Oplopanax elatus 2 Campanulaceae Adenophora palustris 3 Orchidaceae Gymnadenia cucullata 4 Caryophyllaceae Lychnis fulgens 5 Rosaceae Filipendulaformosa 6 Geraniaceae Geranium dahuricum 7 Aceraceae Acer pictum subsp. mono 8 Aceraceae Acer tegmentosum 9 Ericaceae Rhododendron tschonoskii 10 Oleaceae Syringa wolfii 11 Ophioglossaceae Botrychium virginianum 12 Dryopteridaceae Dryopteris maximowiczii 13 Dryopteridaceae Dryopteris varia 14 Pinaceae Abies koreana 15 Pinaceae Picea jezoensis 16 Taxaceae Taxus cuspidata 17 Betulaceae Betula costata 18 Ranunculaceae Clematis koreana 19 Theaceae Stewartia pseudocamellia 20 Cruciferae Cardamine amaraeformis 21 Crassulaceae Meterostachys sikokiana 22 Saxifragaceae Saxifraga oblongifolia 23 Rosaceae Sanguisorba hakusanensis 24 Aceraceae Acer barbinerve 25 Aceraceae Acer komarovii 26 Aceraceae Acer ukurunduense 27 Violaceae Viola diamantiaca 28 Umbelliferae Angelica gigas 29 Ericaceae Rhododendron brachycarpum 30 Oleaceae Syringareticulata var. mandshurica 31 Gentianaceae Swertia tetrapetala 32 Rubiaceae Asperula lasiantha 33 Labiatae Thymus quinquecostatus 34 Orchidaceae Herminium monorchis (3 taxa) (7 taxa) (24 taxa) (24 taxa) Table 6. The list of subalpine plants in the surveyed area No. Family 1 Pinaceae Abies koreana 2 Pinaceae Picea jezoensis 3 Taxaceae Taxus cuspidata 4 Betulaceae Betula ermanii 5 Betulaceae B. ermanii var. saitoana 6 Caryophyllaceae Lychnis cognata 7 Ranunculaceae Aconitum jaluense 8 Ranunculaceae Cimicifuga dahurica 9 Ranunculaceae C. simplex 10 Actinidiaceae Actinidia arguta 11 Rosaceae Aruncus dioicus var. kamtschaticus 12 Rosaceae Sanguisorba hakusanensis 13 Rosaceae Sorbus commixta 14 Oxalidaceae Oxalis obtriangulata 15 Geraniaceae Geranium dahuricum 16 Geraniaceae G. koreanum 17 Aceraceae Acer barbinerve 18 Aceraceae Acer tegmentosum 19 Aceraceae A. komarovii 20 Aceraceae A. ukurunduense 21 Celastraceae Euonymus sachalinensis 22 Celastraceae Tripterygium regelii 23 Violaceae Viola diamantiaca 24 Araliaceae Oplopanax elatus 25 Ericaceae Rhododendron brachycarpum 26 Ericaceae R. tschonoskii 27 Oleaceae Syringa wolfii 28 Gentianaceae Gentiana triflora var. japonica 29 Labiatae Thymus quinquecostatus 30 Scrophulariaceae Pedicularis resupinata 31 Scrophulariaceae P. resupinata for. albiflora 32 Caprifoliaceae Lonicera sachalinensis 33 Compositae Dendranthema sichotense 34 Compositae Ligularia fischeri Journal of Climate Change Research 2017, Vol. 8, No. 3

지리산국립공원세석지역의아고산관속식물상 207 Table 6. Continued No. Family 35 Compositae Saussurea grandifolia 36 Orchidaceae Gymnadenia cucullata 37 Orchidaceae Orchis cyclochila 출되어있는실정이다 (Chung et al., 2013). 특히아고산대에분포하는희귀식물은기후변화에따른영향에민감하게반응할수있는분류군이기때문에, 구상나무, 가문비나무, 주목, 금강제비꽃, 땃두릅나무, 만병초, 흰참꽃나무, 꽃개회나무, 과남풀, 백리향, 구름병아리난초, 나도제비란등에대해서는식물의정확한분포범위, 자생지의환경특성, 개체군동태등의생물학적특성이정량적으로평가되어야할것이다 (Son et al., 2013). 본연구는지리산국립공원세석지역의아고산식물상을분석하여향후기후변화에따른아고산대식물상변화를파악하기위한기초자료를구축하기위한것이다. 아고산대에대해서는구상나무, 가문비나무, 주목, 분비나무등침엽수림의식생구조및동태에관한연구가대부분이었지만, 식생구조보다는식물상변화에미치는기후변화의영향이더직접적일것으로판단된다. 향후정기적이고지속적인모니터링을통해아고산대식물상의변화와기후변화와의관련성을밝히기위한연구가이루어진다면, 아고산생태계의효율적인보전및관리방안을마련할수있을것으로기대된다. REFERENCES Cho MG, Chung JM, Jung HR, Kang MY, Moon HS. 2012. Vegetation structure of Taxus cuspidata communities in subalpine zone. J Agric Life Sci 46:1-10. Cho MG, Chung JM, Jung HR, Kang MY, Moon HS. 2012. Vegetation structure of Picea jezoensis communities in Mt. Deogyu and Mt. Gyebang. J Agric Life Sci 46:33-41. Cho MG, Chung JM, Kim TW, Kim CY, Noh I, Moon HS. 2015. Ecological characteristics of Abies koreana forest on Seseok in Mt. Jiri. J Clim Chan Res 6:379-388. Cho MG, Chung JM, Im HI, Noh I, Kim TW, Kim CY, Moon HS. 2016. Ecological characteristics of sub-alpine coniferous forest on Banyabong in Mt. Jiri. J Clim Chan Res 7:465-476. Choi HR. 2009. Analysis of forest resources in Mt. Youngin arboretum development region and its floral investigation. MS Thesis, Sangmyeong University. p 91. Chung JM, Son SW, Kim SY, Park GW, Kim SS. 2013. Genetic diversity and geographic differentiation in the endangered Primula farinosa subsp. modesta, a subalpine endemic to Korea. Korean J Pl Taxon 43:236-243. Cuenca S, Amo-Marco JB, Parra R. 1999. Micro-propagation form inflorescence stems of the Spanish endemic plant Cnetaurea paui Loscos ex Willk (Compositae). Plant Cell Reports 18:674-679. Gwon JH, Sin MK, Lee KH, Song HK. 2013. The pteridophytes flora of Jirisan National Park, Korea. Kor J Env Ecol 27:529-543. Han SH. 2013. A study of the flora and forest vegetation classification of Hyangjeukbong to Jungbong in subalpine zone of Deogyusan National Park. MS Thesis, Gongju University. p 49. Jang CG, Kim YY, Ji SJ, Ko EM, Yang JC, Jang CS, Eom JA, Yoon CY, Chang CS, Lee CH, Kim KS, Oh BU. 2007. The floristic study of Chirisan National Park in Korea. Korean J Pl Taxon 37:155-196. Iijima H, Shibuya M, Saito H. 2009. Examination of the coexistence mechanism of two major conifers in Hokkaido, northern Japaj, based on differences in suitable germination conditions and shade tolerance. Ecoscience 16:352-360. Kayama M, Makoto K, Nomura N, Sasa K, Koike T. 2009. Growth characteristics of Sakhalin spruce (Picea glehnii) planted on the northern Japanese hillsides exposed to strong winds. Trees 23:145-157. Kim CH, Cho MG, Kim JK, Choi MS, Chung JM, Kim JH, Moon HS. 2012. Vegetation change and growing characteristics of Abies koreana population by altitude in Georim valley of Mt. Jiri. J Agric Life Sci 46:1-8. Kim JH, Kim YH, Yoon YC, Kim JH. 2008. The flora of Mt. Biseul in Daegu. Kor J Env Eco 22:481-504. Kim JM, Yim YJ, Jeon ES. 2000. Naturalized plants of Korea. Science Books, Seoul. p 272. Kim NS, Lee HC. 2013. A study on changes and distributions of Korean fir in sub-alpine zone. Kor Soc For Env Res Rev Tec 16:49-57. Kim WT. 2017. A study on the variation in floral diversity of Geumosan according to climate change. Dissertation, http://www.ekscc.re.kr

208 노일 정재민 조민기 김태운 문현식 Daegu Haany University. p 80. Ko KS, Kang IG, Suh MH, Kim JH, Kim DG, Kil GH, Jeon ES. 1995. Survey for ecological impact by naturalized organisms. Natural Institute of Environmental Research pp 25-35. Kong WS. 1998. The distributional patterns of alpine plants of Mt. Halla. Cheju island, Korea. J Kor Geo Soc 32: 191-208. Kong WS. 2007. Biogeography of Korean plants. Geobook, Seoul. p 355. Korea Forest Service, Korea National Arboretum. 2008. Rare plants data book in Korea. Korea National Arboretum. p 332. Korea Meteorological Adminstration. 2017. http://www.kma. go.kr Korea National Arboretum. 2008. Illustrated pteridophytes of Korea. p 548. Lee DH, Jin DP, Lee JH, Choi IS, Choi BH. 2013. Floristic study of Mt. Namdeogyu. Korean J Pl Taxon 43:69-79. Lee HY. 2013. The phytosociological characteristics of Abies nephrolepis community and population dynamics as climate condition changes in Mt. Seorak, Korea. Dissertation, Dongguk University. p 184. Lee SG. 2011. Effects of temperature increases on the distribution of plants and vulnerability analysis. MS Thesis, Kyunghee University. p 284. Lee TB. 2003. Coloured flora of Korea. Hyangmunsa. Seoul. Lee YM, Park SH, Jung SY, Oh SH, Yang JC. 2011. Study on the current status of naturalized plants in South Korea. Korean J Pl Tax 41:87-101. Lee YN. 2000. Alpine flowers of Korea. Kyohak Publishing Co., Seoul. Melchoir H. 1964. A engler s syllabus der pflanzenfamilien. Band. Gebruder Borntraeger. p. 666. Ministry of Environment. 2012. The 4th national environmental survey guidelines. Ministry of Environment. p 486. Noh I. 2017. Ecological characteristics of subalpine coniferous forest in Jirisan National Park. Dissertation, Gyeongsang University. p 108. Oh BU, Jo DG, Kim KS, Kang CG. 2005. Endemic vascular plants in the Korean Peninsula. Korea National Arboretum, Pocheon. Oh HK, Kim HJ, 2008. The plant resources of the sand dune on southern coast and Jeju Island. Korean J Pl Res 21: 374-387. Oh HK, You JH. 2012. The basic study for developing plant ecological indices of Sacheon-si, Gyeongsangnam-do. J Env Imp Ass 21:509-523. Son SW, Choi KS, Park KT, Kim EH, Park SJ. 2013. Genetic diversity and structure of the Korean rare and endemic species, Deutzia paniculata Nakai, as revealed by ISSR markers. Korean J Pl Res 26:619-627. Takhtajan A. 1986. Floristic regions of world. University California Pre 20:51-75. Journal of Climate Change Research 2017, Vol. 8, No. 3

지리산국립공원세석지역의아고산관속식물상 209 Appendix 1. The vascular plants list of this study Lycopodiaceae Ophioglossaceae Pteridaceae Dryopteridaceae Aspleniaceae Polypodiaceae Pinaceae Taxaceae Salicaceae Betulaceae Fagaceae Urticaceae Polygonaceae Phytolaccaceae Caryophyllaceae Chenopodiaceae Magnoliaceae Schisandraceae Ranunculaceae Berberidaceae Lardizabalaceae Aristolochiaceae Actinidiaceae Theaceae Guttiferae Fumariaceae Cruciferae Lycopodium serratum Botrychium virginianum Dennstaedtia hirsuta, Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum Arachniodes borealis, Athyrium vidalii, Deparia conilii, D. coreana, D. crassirhizoma, D. maximowiczii, D. varia, Onoclea orientalis, Polystichum tripteron, Thelypteris japonica, T. palustris, T. phegopteris, Woodsia manchuriensis Asplenium yokoscense Lepisorus ussuriensis Abies holophylla, A. koreana, Larix kaempferi, Picea jezoensis, Pinus densiflora, P. koraiensis Taxus cuspidata Salix caprea, S. gracilistyla, S. koreensis, S. koriyanagi Betula costata, B. ermanii, B. ermanii var. saitoana, Corylus sieboldiana var. mandshurica Quercus mongolica Pilea japonica Bistorta incana, Fallopia japonica, Persicaria hastatosagittata, P. nepalensis, Rumex acetosa, R. crispus Phytolacca americana Cerastium holosteoides var. hallaisanense, Cucubalus baccifer var. japonicus, Lychnis cognata, L. fulgens, Pseudostellaria heterophylla, P. palibiniana, Stellaria media Chenopodium album var. centrorubrum Magnolia sieboldii Schisandra chinensis Aconitum chiisanense, A. jaluense, A. pseudolaeve, A. triphyllum, Actaea asiatica, Caltha palustris, Cimicifuga dahurica, C. simplex, Clematis apiifolia, C. heracleifolia var. davidiana, C. koreana, Thalictrum aquilegifolium var. sibiricum, T. filamentosum var. tenerum Berberis amurensis Akebia quinata Asarum sieboldii Actinidia arguta, A. kolomikta, A. polygama (Siebold & Zucc.) Stewartia pseudocamellia Hypericum ascyron, H. attenuatum var. confertissium, H. erectum Corydalis remota Arabis gemmifera, Cardamine amaraeformis, C. komarovii http://www.ekscc.re.kr

210 노일 정재민 조민기 김태운 문현식 Appendix 1. Continued Crassulaceae Saxifragaceae Rosaceae Leguminosae Oxalidaceae Geraniaceae Aceraceae Balsaminaceae Celastraceae Vitaceae Tiliaceae Violaceae Onagraceae Cornaceae Araliaceae Umbelliferae Pyrolaceae Ericaceae Primulaceae Styracaceae Symplocaceae Oleaceae Gentianaceae Hylotelephium erythrostictum, Meterostachys sikokiana, Sedum aizoon, S. kamtschaticum, S. polytrichoides Astilbe rubra, Chrysosplenium pilosum, Deutzia glabrata, D. parviflora, D. uniflora, Hydrangea serrata f. acuminata, Parnassia palustris, Philadelphus schrenkii, Ribes mandshuricum, R. maximowiczianum, Saxifraga fortunei var. incisolobata, S. oblongifolia Agrimonia pilosa, Aruncus dioicus var. kamtschaticus, Filipendula formosa, F. glaberrima, Geum aleppicum, Geum japonicum, Malus baccata, M. baccata var. mandshurica, Rubus crataegifolius, Sanguisorba hakusanensis, Sorbus alnifolia, S. commixta Lespedeza bicolor, L. cyrtobotrya, Maackia amurensis, Trifolium repens Oxalis corniculata, O. obtriangulata Geranium dahuricum, G. koreanum, G. sibiricum, G. wilfordii Acer barbinerve, A. komarovii, A. pictum subsp. mono, A. pseudosieboldianum, A. tegmentosum, A. ukurunduense Impatiens nolitangere, I. textori Celastrus orbiculatus, Euonymus macropterus, E. oxyphyllus, E. pauciflorus, E. sachalinensis, Tripterygium regelii Vitis amurensis, V. ficifolia var. sinuata Tilia amurensis, T. taquetii Viola diamantiaca, V. japonica, V. mandshurica, V. orientalis, V. rossii Epilobium pyrricholophum, Oenothera biennis Cornus controversa Aralia elata, Eleutherococcus divaricatus var. chiisanensis, Kalopanax septemlobus, Oplopanax elatus Angelica amurensis, A. cartilagino-marginata var. distans, A. decursiva, A. gigas, A. polymorpha, Bupleurum longeradiatum, Heracleum moellendorffii, Pimpinella brachycarpa, P. koreana, Pleurospermum camtschaticum Chimaphila japonica Rhododendron brachycarpum, R. mucronulatum, R. schlippenbachii, R. tschonoskii, R. yedoense for. poukhanense, Vaccinium hirtum var. koreanum Lysimachia barystachys, L. clethroides Styrax obassia Symplocos chinensis f. pilosa Fraxinus chiisanensis, F. rhynchophylla, F. sieboldiana, Syringa patula, S. reticulata var. mandshurica, S. wolfii Gentiana scabra, G. triflora var. japonica, Swertia pseudochinensis, Asperula lasiantha, Paederia scandens Journal of Climate Change Research 2017, Vol. 8, No. 3

지리산국립공원세석지역의아고산관속식물상 211 Appendix 1. Continued Boraginaceae Verbenaceae Labiatae Scrophulariaceae Plantaginaceae Caprifoliaceae Valerianaceae Campanulaceae Compositae Gramineae Cyperaceae Orchidaceae Trigonotis icumae Callicarpa japonica Isodon excisus, I. excisus var. chiisanensis, I. excisus var. coreanus, Meehania urticifolia, Prunella vulgaris var. lilacina, Scutellaria pekinensis var. transitra, Thymus quinquecostatus Euphrasia hirtella, Melampyrum roseum, M. roseum var. ovalifolium, Pedicularis resupinata f. albiflora, P. resupinata, Phtheirospermum japonicum, Scrophularia kakudensis, Veronica linariifolia, V. rotunda var. subintegra Plantago asiatica Lonicera cerasoides, L. sachalinensis, L. vidalii, Sambucus williamsii var. coreana, Viburnum erosum, V. opulus var. calvescens, Weigela florida, W. subsessilis Patrinia saniculaefolia, P. scabiosaefolia, P. villosa, Valeriana fauriei Adenophora palustris, A. remotiflora, A. remotiflora for. leucantha, A. verticillata Adenocaulon himalaicum, Artemisia japonica, A. keiskeana, A. montana, A. princeps, A. stolonifera, Aster ageratoides, A. meyendorfii, A. scaber, Atractylodes ovata, Cirsium japonicum var. maackii, C. pendulum, Crepidiastrum denticulatum, C. koidzumianum, Dendranthema sichotense, D. zawadskii, Eupatorium japonicum, Hieracium umbellatum, Lactuca raddeana, Leibnitzia anandria, Ligularia fischeri, Parasenecio auriculata var. kamtschatica, P. auriculata var. matsumurana, Saussurea gracilis, S. grandifolia, Serratula coronata var. insularis, Solidago virgaurea subsp. asiatica, Syneilesis palmata, S. deltoides, S. excelsus Agrostis clavata, A. clavata var. nukabo, Agrostis flaccida var. trinii, Arundinella hirta, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Calamagrostis arundinacea, Digitaria ciliaris, Echinochloa crusgalli, Festuca ovina, F. subulata var. japonica, Miscanthus sinensis, M. sinensis var. purpurascens, Molinia japonica, Muhlenbergia japonica, Oplismenus undulatifolius, Paspalum thunbergii, Poa sphondylodes, Spodipogon cotulifer, S. sibiricus Carex erythrobasis, C. fernaldiana, C. hakonensis, C. humilis var. nana, C. lanceolata, C. leiorhyncha, C. nervata, C. okamotoi, C. planiculmis, C. sabynensis, C. siderosticta, C. tenuiformis, Rhynchospora alba, Scleria parvula Cephalanthera longibracteata, Gymnadenia cucullata, Herminium monorchis, Orchis cyclochila, Platanthera freynii, P. hologlottis, Pogonia japonica http://www.ekscc.re.kr