102(1)-00(74).fm

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1 Jour. Korean For. Soc. Vol. 102, No. 1, pp. 1~21 (2013) JOURNAL OF KOREAN FOREST SOCIETY w p š 1 Á¼ 1 Á½ { 2 Á 1 1 w w w w, 2 s w w w A Reconsideration of the List of National Endemic Plants (appendix 4-1) Under the Creation and Furtherance of Arboretums Act Proposed by Korea Forest Service Soo Kyung Park 1, Hee-Young Gil 1, Hui Kim 2 and Chin-Sung Chang 1 1 Department of Forest Sciences and The Arboretum, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, , Korea 2 Department of Medicinal Plants Resources, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Jeollanam-do , Korea : ƒ ƒ š (y p ) w ƒ w w ƒ ƒ s w p w w. ƒ» y 2005 š w š, 2011 w w ³e [ t 1 4] p œtw. y w w w w v ƒ w. y 527, 360 tw ƒ» œm w y t (107) w (416) w % w. p w, y k 67 (18.7%), ù w tw 14 (3.9%), sw p w 12 (3.4%) 4 1(24.9%) w., w mƒ w w» ( w z, unresolved candidates) 73 (19.6%), w y 196 (55.5%) w p 59 (16.5%) w. w, p w, w w, š ƒ» w l w œ. š ƒ w v w wš, x w š w» w w w. Abstract: The existence of endemism in many parts of the world is an important factor for conservationists. Conservation can only be carried out under national legislation, and national endemics, which have very limited ranges, fully depend on the effort and success of conservation. A total of 523 vascular plant taxa were listed in the latest national checklist by Ministry of Environment in 2005, while the Creation and Furtherance of Arboretums Act including a national endemic list (appendix 4-1) was established by Korea Forest Service and was legislated as a law in late This legislation by Korea Forest Service on endemism of Korean vascular plants have required much attention because of discrepancies of nomenclature, taxonomic bias and inflation. Examining data for both lists proposed by Ministry of Environment and Korea Forest Service, of the total of 360 legislated taxa, around 286 taxa are shared with the list of Ministry of Environment, of which about 80% have been found as common taxa. Around 67(18.7%) are typographic errors, and 14 taxa (3.9%) are recorded as illegitimate and invalidly published names. Through this analysis 12 taxa (3.4%) were found in China as well as in Korea and these are thought to be non Korean endemic taxa. Taken together, the legislated list displayed 1/4 (24.9%) errors out of the total list. Only 59 taxa (16.5%) are identified as national endemic species. The remainder are either unresolved candidates (73 taxa, 20.4%) or synonyms (196 taxa, 54.7%) status. It must be noted, that the concept of endemism very much depends on the knowledge of the species concept, taxonomic *Corresponding author quercus@snu.ac.kr 1

2 2 ªƒžª 102«1y (2013) bias and geographical range of a species. Also, the most major nomenclatural problem tend to be more stable if the information on database about Korea Plant Name, which is managed by Korea National Arboretum are well updated year to year. These exaggerated numbers underscore the urgency for regional conservation planning and implementing effective strategies to preserve these real endemic taxa into the future. Key words : creation and furtherance of arboretums act, endemic species, Korean peninsula, nomenclature ƒ ƒ w š (y p ) w t p w» IUCN sƒƒ y w. p w w, w x (Kruckeberg and Rabinowitz, 1985; Townsend et al., 1998), p w p w w š(bias) w w ù ƒ ƒ t w j. w, w» w w w, š ù s w, k, xk y pw p w w p yƒ t ã». ü Lee(1982) w p t z, Paik(1994; 1999), Kim(2004), Kim et al.(2009) ƒ, 10 ƒ» (Lee et al., 1996; Oh et al. 2005) p y (Ministry of Environment, 2005, Kwon et al., 2011) p t. y w w» y, ³ w w ü œtw, 2011 w w³ e [ t 1 4] p tw (Creation and Furtherance of Arboretums Act. 2011). y ƒ» ƒ» y w, w ù, y w w, w ry, w» q. w (scientific name), ³, ³ (ICN; International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants) w w., ƒ wù w, w zw t(validly published name) w wš, ³ w w (legitimate name) ew (McNeill et al., 2012)., w ³ z, w t ( ) «w (correct name y accepted name). x ü w ƒt l ù (nomen nudum) w w (illegitimate combination), w t (invalidly published names) w ù, y p w wš ³ (=Code; McNeill et al., 2012) wew wš (Chang et al., 2009). ƒ» w w w e w š (Chang and Kim, 2002; Chang et al., 2009). w 360 y tw p (š ) w (Ministry of Environment, 2005, Kwon et al., 2011) 1 wš, ü p w ü w š w w wš w. y (Kwon et al., 2011) w(creation and Furtherance of Arboretums Act, 2011) œm,» tw ew w. y t p» w» sƒw» w t w w. y œ tw p 360 w» t w x(chang et al., 2011; Park, 2007) šw, Kew w The Plant List( w ü šw m w š ü t w [Cho and Choi, 2011; Chung, 2012; Fuse et al., 2004; Hyun et al., 2003; Jang et al., 1995, 1999; Kim et al., 2009; Kim, 2004a; Kim et al., 2010; Ko et al., 2006; Lee and Ko, 2009; Lee and Im, 2007;

3 w p š 3 Lee, 1998; Lim et al., 2005; Lim et al., 2003; Oh and Ji, 2009; Paik and Lee, 1995; Roh et al., 2002; Shin and Kim, 2008; Sin et al., 2002; Sun et al., 1993; Tae and Ko, 1997; Tae et al., 2010] w q w w t w (Table 5). w w ù x w The International Plant Names Index( The Plant List( theplantlist.org) šw. y š (, 523 ) w w³e p (360 ) œm ƒ ù d w. y t (107) š sw t y œm w y t w w., ù y ƒ w w, w w œm sww w (Table 1, Table 2). 1 w w³e p y, w, ³ Table 1. Comparison of two independent lists of endemic plants proposed by Ministry of Environment and Korea Forest Services. Ministry of Environment Korea Forest Service Number of forms (%) 107(20.5%) 000 Number of concordant species (%, excluding forms) 286(68.7%) 286 (79.7%) Number of non concordant species (%, excluding forms) 130 (27.7%) 088 (24.5%) Number of subtotal species (excluding forms) Number of total species Table 2. The current analyzed and categorized proportion of the list of national endemic plants (appendix 4-1) under the Creation and Furtherance of Arboretums Act. proposed by Korea Forest Services. Number of taxa Percentage (%) Endemics Synonyms Illegit & Invalid Non endemics Hybrids Unresolved candidates Total Table 3. Typographic and orthographic errors on the list of national endemic plants (appendix 4-1) under the Creation and Furtherance of Arboretums Act. Scientific Name Vernacular Typographic or orthographic error 1 Achillea ptrarmica var. acuminata (Ledeb) Heimerl jmt ptarmica 2 Aconitium chiisanense Nakai Aconitum 3 Aconogonon brachytrichum (Ohwi) Sojak. l brachytrichum, t (correction of family name) 4 Adenophora erecta S.T. Lee S. Lee, J. Lee & S. Kim 5 Adenophora kayasanensis Kitam ƒ Kitam. 6 Adenophora Koreana Kitam koreana, Kitam. 7 Adenophora obovata Kitam Kitam. 8 Adenophora pulchra Kitam Kitam. 9 Adenophora racemaosa J.K. Lee & S.T. Lee racemosa 10 Anemone korainsis Nakai y koraiensis 11 Arundinaria munsuensis Y.N. Lee (correction of family name) 12 Asarum maculatum B.U. Oh & J.G. Kim ƒ t Asarum misandrum B.U. Oh & J.G. Kim 13 Asperella coreanus (Honda) Neski š coreana, (Honda) Nevski [Hystrix coreana (Honda) Ohwi] 14 Asperula lasiantha Nakai i Asperula lasiantha 15 Boehmeria quelpaertense Satake t quelpaertensis 16 Calamagrostis paishanensis Nakai 17 Calamagrostis subacrochaeta Nakai t û t (correction of family name) (correction of family name) 18 ë»v Calamagrostis arundinacea subsp. hymenoglossa (Ohwi) T. Koyama Calamagrostis, arundinacea [Calamagrostis arundinacea (L.) Roth] 19 Carex aphanolepis var. mixta Nakai (correction of family name) 20 Carex sabynensis var. leiosperma Ohwi (correction of family name) 21 Clematis brachyura Maxim Maxim. 22 Cllianthemum insigne Nakai y Callianthemum, (Nakai) Nakai [Callianthemum insigne (Nakai) Nakai]

4 4 ªƒžª 102«1y (2013) Table 3. Continued. Scientific Name Vernacular Typographic or orthographic error Vorosch. [Chrysanthemum coreanum (H. Lév. & Vaniot) 23 Dendranthema coreanum (H. Lev. & Vaniot) Voroschw Nakai] 24 Dendranthema indicum var. lucidum J.H. Pak y [Dendranthema zawadskii var. lucidum (Nakai) J.H. Pak] 25 Erantis pungdoensis B.U. Oh t Eranthis 26 Eriocaulon sphagnicolum Ohwi»š sphanocola 27 Euphobia subulatifolius Hurus. s Euphorbia 28 Forsythia saxatilis Nakai ù (Nakai) Nakai 29 Geranium lasicaulon Nakai lasiocaulon 30 Geranium taebaek S.J. Park & Y.S. Kim k t taebaekense 31 Hepatica maxima Nakai (Nakai) Nakai Hololeion maximowiczii var. fauriei 32 (H. Lév & Vaniot) Kitam. Ì (H. Lev. & Vaniot) J.H. Pak, incorrect author citation 33 Hosta yingeris.b. Jones Hosta yingeri S.B. Jones (Matsuda)B.Øllg. ex Satou[Huperzia integrifolia B. 34 Huperzia integrifolia (Masuda) Z. Satou ¼ Õ Øllg. ex Satou] 35 Ixeris chinodebilis Kitam w Kitam. 36 Lamium takesimense Nakai Ÿ takeshimense 37 Liliun hansonii Leichtlin ù Lilium, Leichtlin ex D.D.T. Moore 38 Liparis koreana Nakai ù ù (Nakai) Nakai 39 Luzula odaesanesis Y.N. Lee & Y.O. Chae in Y.N. Lee [Luzula odaesanesis Y.N. Lee & Y.O. Chae] 40 Mankyua chejuense B.-Y. Sun š B.Y. Sun, M.H. Kim & C.H. Kim 41 Miscanthus changii Y.N. Lee (correction of family name) 42 Oxytropis strobilaca Bunge strobilacea 43 Patrina saniculifolia Hemsley k Patrinia 44 Pedicularis hallaisanensis Hurus w t Hurus. 45 Poa kumgangsani Ohwi s t (correction of family name), kumgansanii 46 Poa takeshimana Honda s t (correction of family name) 47 Polygonatum grandicaule Y.S. Kim Y.S. Kim, B.U. Oh & C.G. Jang 48 Polygonatum infundiflorum Y.S. Kim Y.S. Kim, B.U. Oh & C.G. Jang 49 Pseudolysimachion kiusiannum var. diamantiacum (Nakai) T. Yamaz. Õ t kiusianum Pseudolysimachion kiusiannum var. glabrifolium 50 (Kitag) T. Yamaz. j Õ t kiusianum, (Kitag.) T. Yamaz. 51 Pulsatilla nivals Nakai w nivalis 52 Rubus tozawai Nakai ex T.H. Chung» tozawae 53 Rubus tozawai var. longisepalus (Nakai) J.Y. Yang» tozawae 54 Salix koriyanagi Kimura j Kimura ex Goerz 55 Salvia chanroenica Nakai» chanryoenica 56 Sasa chiisanensis (Nakai) Y.N. Lee (correction of family name) 57 Sasa quelpaertensis Nakai (correction of family name) 58 Saussurea diamantica Nakai diamantiaca 59 Senecio birobonensis Kitam. birubonensis 60 Sorbusa murensis var. rufa Nakai ƒ Sorbus amurensis 61 Taraxacum hallaisanense Nakai hallaisanene 62 Trapa bicornis L.f. Osbeck 63 Valeria nadageletiana Nakai ex F. Maek t Valeriana degeletiana 64 Woodsia psudoilvensis Tagawa ƒ š pseudoilvensis 65 Woodsia saitosana Tagawa t saitoana 66 Zabelia tyaihyonii (T.H. Chung ex Nakai) ù (Nakai) Hisauti & H. Hara 67 Zostera geojeensis H.C. Shin H. Shin, Cho & Y.S. Oh 68 Scutellaria indica var. alba S. Kim & S. Lee ãt (correction of family name) 69 Scutellaria indica var. coccinea S. Kim & S. Lee ãt (correction of family name)

5 w p š 5 Table 4. Illegitimate or invalidly published names at the lists of national endemic plants (appendix 4-1) under the Creation and Furtherance of Arboretums Act. Scientific Name Vernacular Nomenclatural Status Possible name 1 Athyrium acutipinnulum Kodama ex Nakai š Invalidly published name 2 Buxus koreana (Nakai ex Rehder) T.H. Chung, P.S. Toh, D.B. Lee & F.J. Lee z Invalidly published name 3 Carex aphanolepis var. mixta Nakai Invalidly published name 4 Celtis cordifolia Nakai qù Later homonym 5 Eriocaulon latipetalum Y.C. Oh & C.S. Heo Invalidly published name 6 Huperzia integrifolia (Masuda) Z. Satou ¼ Õ Later homonym 7 Impatiens violascens B.U. Oh & Y.Y. Kim Õ Later homonym [Huperzia integrifolia B.Øllg. ex Satou] Impatiens violacea M. Kumar & Sequiera 8 Luzula odaesanesis Y.N. Lee & Y.O. Chae Invalidly published name 9 Parasenecio koraiensis (Nakai) B.U. Oh ù Illegitimate name Cacalia koraiensis Nakai 10 Populus glandulosa (Uyeki) Uyeki ù Later homonym Pseudolysimachion insulare (Nakai) 11 T. Yamaz. Õ t Later homonym 12 Rubus tozawae Nakai ex T.H. Chung» Invalidly published name Rubus tozawae var. longisepalus (Nakai) 13 J.Y. Yang» Invalidly published name Pseudolysimachion nakaianum (Ohwi) T. Yamaz. 14 Vicia linearifolia Y.N. Lee ù ù Later homonym Vicia linearifolia Hook. & Arn. ù, w w w (Table 3). 2 w ³ x mw w tw (= w, invalidly published name) (illegitimate name) (Table 4)wš (Table 5) w., w, ƒ sw w p w (Table 6), q w ƒ v w (Table 7), ù 1-2 Table 5. Possible synonym list among the national endemic plants from the current study. Family Scientific Name Vernacular Correct name 1 Apiaceae Pimpinella brachycarpa var. uchiyamana (Y. Yabe) Nakai ù Pimpinella koreana (Y. Yabe) Nakai 2 Apiaceae Pimpinella brachycarpa var. hallaisanensis W. Lee & G. Jang w ù Pimpinella brachycarpa (Kom.) Nakai Pimpinella hallaisanensis (W. Lee & G. Jang) Apiaceae G. Jang, W.K. Paik & W. Lee w ù Pimpinella brachycarpa (Kom.) Nakai 3 Apiaceae Sium ternifolium B.Y. Lee & S.C. Ko ù Sium serrum (Franch. & Sav.) Kitag. 4 Araceae Arisaema takesimense Nakai û Arisaema serratum (Thunb.) Schott Arisaema thunbergii subsp. geomundoense Arisaema thunbergii subsp. urashima 5 Araceae S.C. Ko û (H.Hara) H.Ohashi & J.Murata 6 Araceae Pinellia koreana K.H. Tae & J.H. Kim w Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Makino Eleutherococcus divaricatus var. chiisanensis Eleutherococcus divaricatus 7 Araliaceae (Nakai) C.H. Kim & B.Y. Sun vù (Siebold & Zucc.) S.Y.Hu 8 Aristolocaceae Asarum maculatum B.U. Oh & J.G. Kim ƒ t Asarum misandrum B.U. Oh & J.G. Kim Asarum patens (Yamaki) Yamaki ex Y.N. 9 Aristolocaceae Asarum patens (Yamaki) Y.N. Lee t Lee 10 Aristolocaceae Asarum maculatum Nakai t Asarum sieboldii Miq. 11 Asteraceae Achillea alpina subsp. rhodoptarmica (Nakai) Kitam. mt Achillea alpina L. 12 Asteraceae Achillea ptarmica var. acuminata (Ledeb) Achillea acuminata (Ledebour) Schultz Heimerl jmt Bipontinus 13 Asteraceae Aster chusanensis Y.S. Lim, J.O. Hyun, Y.D. Kim & H.C. Shin Aster spathulifolius Maxim. 14 Asteraceae Aster hayatae H. Lev. & Vaniot Aster altaicus Willd. 15 Asteraceae Aster altaicus var. uchiyamae Kitam. Aster altaicus Willd. 16 Asteraceae Aster pseudoglehnii Y.S. Lim, Hyun & H. Shin Aster trinervis subsp. ageratoides

6 6 ªƒžª 102«1y (2013) Table 5. Continued. 17 Asteraceae 18 Asteraceae 19 Asteraceae Family Scientific Name Vernacular Correct name Crepidiastrum koidzumianum (Kitam.) J.H. Pak & Kawano š» Paraixeris koidzumiana (Kitam.) Tzvelev Dendranthema coreanum (H. Lév. & Vaniot) Chrysanthemum coreanum (H. Lév. & Vorosch. w Vaniot) Nakai Hololeion maximowiczii var. fauriei (H. Lév. & Vaniot) Kitam. Ì Hololeion maximowiczii Kitam. 20 Asteraceae Ixeris chinodebilis Kitam. w Ixeris chinodebilis 21 Asteraceae Ligularia fischeri var. spiciformis Nakai w Ligularia fischeri (Ledeb.) Turcz. 22 Asteraceae Ligularia taquetii (H. Lév. & Vaniot) Nakai ˆ Ligularia mongolica (Turcz.) DC. 23 Asteraceae Saussurea maximowiczii var. triceps (H. Lév.) Kitam. w Saussurea maximowiczii Herder 24 Asteraceae Saussurea polylepis Nakai y Saussurea grandifolia Maxim. 25 Asteraceae Saussurea grandicapitula W.K. Lee & H.T. Im k Saussurea diamantica Nakai 26 Asteraceae Saussurea uchiyamana Nakai Saussurea seoulensis Nakai 27 Asteraceae Saussurea macrolepis (Nakai) Kitam. ƒ Saussurea grandifolia Maxim. 28 Asteraceae Parasenecio pseudotamingasa (Nakai) B.U. Oh t Parasenecio firmus (Kom.) Y.L. Chen 29 Asteraceae Taraxacum hallaisanense Nakai Taraxacum mongolicum Hand-Mazz. 30 Asteraceae Artemisia japonica var. hallaisanensis (Nakai) Kitam. Artemisia hallaisanensis Nakai Dendranthema zawadskii (Herbich) 31 Asteraceae Dendranthema sinchangense (Uyeki) Kitam. Tzvelev 32 Asteraceae Dendranthema zawadskii var. lucidum (Nakai) Dendranthema zawadskii (Herbich) J.H. Pak y Tzvelev 33 Berberidaceae Berberis amurensis var. quelpaertensis Nakai mù Berberis amurensis Rupr. 34 Betulaceae Betula ermanii var. saitoana (Nakai) Hatusima š Betula ermanii Cham. 35 Brassicaceae Arabis columnaris Nakai ù Arabis serrata Franch. & Sav. Rorippa globosa (Turcz. ex Fisch. & 36 Brassicaceae Rorippa apetala Y.Y. Kim & B.OU. Oh þ C.A. Mey.) Hayek 37 Brassicaceae Cardamine pseudowasabi H. Shin & Y.D. Kim š þ Cardamine yezoensis Maxim. Adenophora remotiflora (Siebold & Zucc.) 38 Campanulaceae Adenophora erecta S.T. Lee, J.K. Lee & S.T. Kim Miq. Adenophora pereskiifolia (Fisch. ex 39 Campanulaceae Adenophora koreana Kitam. Schult.) G.Don 40 Campanulaceae Adenophora obovata Kitam. Adenophora polyantha Nakai 41 Campanulaceae Adenophora pulchra Kitam. Adenophora triphylla (Thunb.) A. DC. 42 Campanulaceae Adenophora racemosa J.K. Lee & S.T. Lee Adenophora pereskiifolia (Fisch. ex Schult.) G.Don 43 Campanulaceae Adenophora taquetii H.Lév. Adenophora gmelinii (Biehler) Fisch. 44 Campanulaceae Adenophora verticillata var. abbreviata H. Lév. dd Adenophora triphylla (Thunb.) A. DC. 45 Campanulaceae Campanula takesimana Nakai Campanula punctata Lam. 46 Campanulaceae Hanabusaya latisepala Nakai Hanabusaya asiatica (Nakai) Nakai 47 Campanulaceae Adenophora kayasanensis Kitam. ƒ Adenophora divaricata Franch. & Sav. 48 Caprifoliaceae Lonicera tatarinovii var. leptantha (Rehder) Nakai ù Lonicera tatarinowii Maxim. 49 Caprifoliaceae Lonicera maximowiczii var. atifolia (Ohwi) Lonicera maximowiczii (Rupr. ex Hara ù Maxim.) Rupr. ex Maxim. 50 Caryophyllaceae Pseudostellaria bulbosa (Nakai) Nakai Pseudostellaria palibiniana = Pseudostellaria okamotoi = Pseudostellaria setulosa = Pseudostellaria japonica?? 51 Caryophyllaceae Pseudostellaria coreana (Nakai) Ohwi Pseudostellaria heterophylla (Miq.) Pax 52 Caryophyllaceae Pseudostellaria monantha Ohwi Pseudostellaria heterophylla (Miq.) Pax 53 Caryophyllaceae Pseudostellaria okamotoi Ohwi Pseudostellaria heterophylla (Miq.) Pax 54 Caryophyllaceae Pseudostellaria setulosa Ohwi l Pseudostellaria heterophylla (Miq.) Pax 55 Celastraceae Euonymus alatus var. uncinatus Nakai z ù Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Siebold 56 Clusiaceae Hypericum chejuense S.J. Park & K.J. Kim š ù Hypericum erectum Thunb. Hypericum jeongjock sanense S.J. Park & Hypericum laxum (Blume) Koidz.= 57 Clusiaceae K.J. Kim š ù Hypericum japonicum Thunb. Hylotelephium erythrostictum (Miq.) 58 Crassulaceae Hylotelephium viridescens (Nakai) H. Ohba ç H. Ohba 59 Crassulaceae Sedum latiovalifolium Y.N. Lee k» Sedum kamtschaticum Fisch.

7 w p š 7 Table 5. Continued. Family Scientific Name Vernacular Correct name 60 Crassulaceae Sedum takesimense Nakai» Sedum kamtschaticum Fisch. 61 Crassulaceae Sedum zokuriense Nakai» Sedum middendorffianum Maxim. 62 Dryopteridaceae Athyrium nakaii Tagawa š Dryopteris goeringiana (Kunze) Koidz. 63 Dryopteridaceae Woodsia psudoilvensis Tagawa ƒ š Woodsia intermedia Tagawa 64 Dryopteridaceae Woodsia saitoana Tagawa t Woodsia polystichoides D.C. Eaton Eriocaulon glaberrimum var. platypetalum Eriocaulon alpestre Hook.f. & Thomson 65 Eriocaulonaceae (Satake) Satake š ex Körn. 66 Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia subulatifolius Hurus. s Euphorbia pekinensis Rupr. 67 Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia fauriei H. Lév. & Vaniot Euphorbia pekinensis Rupr. 68 Fabaceae Maackia fauriei (H. Lév.) Takeda ù Maackia floribunda (Miq.) Takeda 69 Fagaceae Quercus glauca var. nudata Blume ƒ Quercus glauca Thunb. 70 Fumariaceae Corydalis hallaisanensis H. Lév. k xy Corydalis lineariloba Siebold & Zucc. 71 Fumariaceae Corydalis albipetala B.U. Oh xy Corydalis humilis B.U. Oh & Y.S. Kim 72 Fumariaceae Corydalis maculata B.U. Oh & Y.S. Kim xy Corydalis humilis B.U. Oh & Y.S. Kim 73 Fumariaceae Corydalis misandra B.U. Oh ƒ xy Corydalis humilis B.U. Oh & Y.S. Kim Gentiana aquatica var. pseudoaquatica 74 Gentianaceae Gentiana chosenica Okuyama (Kusn.) S. Agrawal 75 Gentianaceae Gentiana wootchuliana W.K. Paik š Gentiana aquatica var. pseudoaquatica (Kusn.) S. Agrawal 76 Gentianaceae Gentiana takahashii T. Mori Gentiana squarrosa Ledeb. 77 Geraniaceae Geranium koreanum Kom. var. hirsutum Nakai l t Geranium koreanum Kom. 78 Geraniaceae Geranium taebaekense S.J. Park & Y.S. Kim k t Geranium koreanum Kom. 79 Geraniaceae Geranium knuthii Nakai j Geranium wilfordii Maxim. 80 Hydrangeaceae Kirengeshoma koreana Nakai ù Kirengeshoma palmata Yatabe 81 Hydrangeaceae Philadelphus koreanus Nakai šÿù Philadelphus tenuifolius Rupr & Maxim. 82 Hydrangeaceae Philadelphus scaber Nakai šÿù Philadelphus pekinensis Rupr. 83 Hydrangeaceae Philadelphus seoulensis Y.H. Chung & H. Shin šÿù Philadelphus tenuifolius var. schrenkii (Rupr.) J.J. Vassil. 84 Iridaceae Irisrossii var. latifolia J.K. Sim & Y.S. Kim ƒ Iris rossii Baker 85 Iridaceae Irissanguinea var. violacea Makino Iris sanguinea Donn ex Hornem. Lycorissanguinea var. koreana (Nakai) 86 Iridaceae T. Koyama Lycoris koreana Nakai 87 Lamiaceae Elsholtzia minima Nakai w Elsholtzia ciliata (Thunb.) Hyl. Elsholtzia splendens var. fasciflora N.S. LEE, 88 Lamiaceae M.S. Chung & C.S. Lee w Elsholtzia splendens Nakai ex F. Maek. Lamium album subsp. barbatum 89 Lamiaceae Lamium takeshimense Nakai Ÿ (Siebold & Zucc.) Mennema 90 Lamiaceae Menthaarvensis var. barbata (Nakai) W.T. Lee l w Mentha arvensis var. piperascens Malinv. ex Holmes 91 Lamiaceae Scutellariaindica var. alba S. Kim & S. Lee Scutellaria indica L. 92 Lamiaceae Scutellaria indica var. coccinea S. Kim & S. Lee Scutellaria indica L. Thymus quinquecostatus var. magnus (Nakai) Thymus quinquecostatus var. przewalskii 93 Lamiaceae Kitam. w (Kom.) Ronniger 94 Liliaceae Allium taquetii H. Lév. & Vanio w Allium thunbergii G. Don 95 Liliaceae Polygonatum grandicaule Y.S. Kim, Polygonatum odoratum var. thunbergii B.U. Oh & C.G. Jang (C. Morren & Decne.) H. Hara 96 Liliaceae Polygonatum infundiflorum Y.S. Kim, Polygonatum odoratum var. thunbergii B.U. Oh & C.G. Jang (C. Morren & Decne.) H. Hara Polygonatum odoratum var. pluriflorum 97 Liliaceae Polygonatum quelpaertense Ohwi (Miq.) Ohwi 98 Liliaceae Smilacina bicolor Nakai Maianthemum bicolor (Nakai) Cubey 99 Liliaceae Hemerocallis hongdoensis M.G. Chung & S.S. Kang y Hemerocallis hakuunensis Nakai Hemerocallis taeanensis S.S. Kang & 100 Liliaceae M.G. Chung k Hemerocallis citrina Baroni 101 Loganiaceae Gardneria insularis Nakai e Gardneria nutans Siebold & Zucc. 102 Nympaeaceae Nymphaea tetragona var. minima (Nakai) W.T. Lee ƒ Nymphaea tetragona Georgi Ligustrum leucanthum (S.Moore) 103 Oleaceae Ligustrum acutissimum Koehne ù P.S. Green

8 8 ªƒžª 102«1y (2013) Table 5. Continued. Family Scientific Name Vernacular Correct name 104 Oleaceae Ligustrum foliosum Nakai ù Ligustrum ovalifolium Hassk. Syringa pubescens subsp. patula (Palib.) 105 Oleaceae Syringa patula var. venosa (Nakai) M.Y. Kim zù M.C. Chang & X.L. Chen 106 Oleaceae Forsythia ovata Nakai y Forsythia japonica Makino Forsythia viridissima Lindl. var. koreana 107 Oleaceae Forsythia saxatilis (Nakai) Nakai ù Rehder 108 Oleaceae Forsythia velutina Nakai y Forsythia japonica Makino 109 Orchidaceae Calanthe coreana Nakai ù Calanthe discolor Lindl. 110 Orchidaceae Liparis pterosepala N.S. Lee, C.S. Lee & K.S. Lee ú y Liparis kuomokiri F.Maek. 111 Orchidaceae Liparis yongnoana N.S. Lee, C.S. Lee & K.S. Lee y Liparis makinoana Schltr. Oreorchis patens subsp. coreana (Finet) 112 Orchidaceae Oreorchis coreana Finet ù Y.N. Lee 113 Orchidaceae Liparis koreana (Nakai) Nakai ù ù Malaxis monophyllos (L.) Sw. 114 Orobanchaceae Orobanche filicicola Nakai ex Hyun, Orobanche pycnostachya var. amurensis Beck Y.S. Lim & H.C. Shin Chelidonium hylomeconoides (Nakai) 115 Papaveraceae Coreanomecon hylomeconoides Nakai Ohwi 116 Phytolaccaceae Phytolacca insularis Nakai œ Phytolacca japonica Makino 117 Pinaceae Picea pungsanensis Uyeki t ƒ ù Picea koraiensis Nakai Calamagrostis angustifolia Kom. 118 Poaceae Calamagrostis paishanensis Nakai t [= C. purpurea (Trinius) Trinius?] 119 Poaceae Calamagrostis, arundinacea subsp. hymenoglossa (Ohwi) T. Koyama ë»v Calamagrostis arundinacea (L.) Roth 120 Poaceae Festuca ovina var. koreanoalpina Ohwi ½ l Festuca ovina L. 121 Poaceae Festucaovina var. chosenica Ohwi ½ l Festuca ovina L. Miscanthus oligostachyus subsp. intermedius 122 Poaceae (Honda) T. Koyama Miscanthus oligostachyus Stapf 123 Poaceae Poa takeshimana Honda s t Poa matsumurae Hack. 124 Poaceae Sasa chiisanensis (Nakai) Y.N. Lee Sasa borealis (Hack.) Makino & Shibata 125 Poaceae Sasa coreana Nakai (š ) Sasa kurilensis (Rupr.) Makino & Shibata 126 Poaceae Sasa quelpaertensis Nakai Sasa palmata (Bean) Nakai 127 Polygonaceae Aconogonon brachytrichum (Ohwi) Sojak l Polygonum brachytrichum Ohwi 128 Polygonaceae Aconogonon mollifolium H. Hara Pleuropteropyrum mollifolium Kitag. 129 Primulaceae Lysimachia coreana Nakai t Lysimachia davurica Ledeb. Primula modesta var. hannansanensis 130 Primulaceae T. Yamaz. Primula modesta Bisset & S. Moore 131 Ranunculaceae Berberis koreana var. ellipsoidea Nakai ù Berberia koreana Palib. Cimicifuga austrokoreana H.W. Lee & Actaea austrokoreana (H.W. Lee & 132 Ranunculaceae C.W. Park ù C.W. Park) Cubey 133 Ranunculaceae Cimicifuga heracleifolia var. bifida Nakei Actaea bifida (Nakai) J.Compton 134 Ranunculaceae Callianthemum insigne (Nakai) Nakai y Callianthemum insigne (Nakai) Nakai 135 Ranunculaceae Eranthis byunsanensis B.Y. Sun Eranthis pinnatifida Maxim. 136 Ranunculaceae Eranthis pungdoensis B.U. Oh t Eranthis pinnatifida Maxim. 137 Ranunculaceae Hepatica insularis Nakai ö Anemone hepatica var. japonica (Nakai) Ohwi 138 Ranunculaceae Pulsatilla nivalis Nakai w Pulsatila cernua (Thunb.) Bercht. & J. Presl 139 Ranunculaceae Clematis calcicola J.S. Kim Clematis koreana Kom. 140 Ranunculaceae Aconitium chiisanense Nakai Aconitum jaluense Kom. 141 Ranunculaceae Aconitum pseudolaeve Nakai Aconitum longecassidatum Nakai 142 Ranunculaceae Aconitum pteropus Nakai ú Aconitum longecassidatum Nakai 143 Ranunculaceae Aconitum quelpaertense Nakai w n Aconitum longecassidatum Nakai 144 Rosaceae Aruncus aethusifolius (H. Lév.) Nakai w Aruncus sylvester Kosteletzky ex Maxim. 145 Rosaceae Cotoneaster wilsonii Nakai Ÿù Cotoneaster multiflorus Bunge Spiraea chamaedryfolia var. ulmifolia 146 Rosaceae Physocarpus insularis (Nakai) Nakai ù (Scop.) Maxim. Potentilla ancistrifolia var. dickinsii 147 Rosaceae Potentilla dickinsii var. glabrata Nakai (Franch. & Sav.) Koidz.

9 w p š 9 Table 5. Continued. Family Scientific Name Vernacular Correct name 148 Rosaceae Prunus ishidoyana Nakai ù Prunus japonica Thunb. 149 Rosaceae Rosa kokusanensis Nakai ƒ ù Rosa lucieae Franch. & Rochebr. ex Crep. 150 Rosaceae Rubus hongnoensis Nakai ƒ» Rubus pungens Cambess. 151 Rosaceae Rubus schizostylus H. Lév. ƒ» Rubus coreanus Miq 152 Rosaceae Sorbus amurensis var. rufa Nakai ƒ Sorbus pohuashanensis (Hance) Hedl. 153 Rosaceae Spiraea chartacea Nakai qù Spiraea chinensis Maxim. 154 Rosaceae Filipendula formosa Nakai l t Filipendula glaberrima (Nakai) Nakai 155 Rosaceae Pourthiaea villosa var. brunnea Nakai ù Photinia villosa (Thunb.) DC. 156 Rosaceae Rosa maximowicziana var. pilosa (Nakai) Nakai l ƒ Rosa maximowicziana Regel 157 Rosaceae Rubus takesimensis Nakai ù» Rubus palmatus Thunb. 158 Rubiaceae Asperula lasiantha Nakai i Galium platygalium (Maxim.) Pobed. 159 Rubiaceae Galium boreale var. koreanum Nakai l¼ i Galium boreale L. 160 Rubiaceae Galium koreanum (Nakai) Nakai i Galium bungei Steud. 161 Rubiaceae Rubia pubescens Nakai Õ Rubia cordata Thunb. 162 Rutaceae Zanthoxylum coreanum Nakai v Zanthoxylum simulans Hance 163 Salicaceae Salix pseudolasiogyne H. Lév. Salix babylonica L. 164 Salicaceae Salix xerophila f. fuscescens (Nakai) W.G. Park Salix bebbiana Sarg. 165 Salicaceae Salix bicarpa Nakai Salix divaricata Pall. 166 Salicaceae Salix chaenomeloides var. pilosa Kimura l Salix chaenomeloides Kimura 167 Salicaceae Salix dependens Nakai Salix babylonica L. 168 Saxifragaceae Astilbe rubra var. divaricata (Nakai) W.T. Lee r Astilbe chinensis (Maxim.) Franch. & Sav. 169 Saxifragaceae Astilbe rubra var. taquetii (H. Lév.) H. Hara w Astilbe chinensis (Maxim.) Franch. & Sav. 170 Saxifragaceae Chrysosplenium flaviflorum Ohwi Chrysosplenium pilosum Saxifraga fortunei var. koraiensis Nakai 171 Saxifragaceae Saxifraga fortunei var. pilosissima Nakai l t (Liaoning) 172 Scrophulariaceae Paulownia coreana Uyeki ù Paulownia tomentosa Steud. 173 Scrophulariaceae Pedicularis hallaisanensis Hurus. w t Pedicularis spicata Pall. 174 Scrophulariaceae Pedicularis ishidoyana Koidz & Ohwi» t Pedicularis sceptrum-carolinum L. Pseudolysimachion kiusianum var. Pseudolysimachion kiusianum (Furumi) 175 Scrophulariaceae Õ t 176 Scrophulariaceae 177 Scrophulariaceae diamantiacum (Nakai) T. Yamaz. Pseudolysimachion kiusianum var. glabrifolium (Kitag) T. Yamaz. j Õ t T.Yamaz. Pseudolysimachio kiusianum (Furumi) T. Yamaz. Scrophularia buergeriana var. quelpartensis T. Yamaz x Scrophularia buergeriana Miq. 178 Scrophulariaceae Scrophularia takesimensis Nakai x Scrophularia grayana Maxim. ex Kom. 179 Solanaceae Scopolia lutescens Y.N. Lee eÿ t Scopolia parviflora (Dune) Nakai 180 Theaceae Stewartia koreana Nakai ex Rehder ƒù Stewartia pseudocamellia var. koreana (Nakai ex Rehder) Sealy Phegopteris decursive-pinnata (H.C. Hall) 181 Thelypteridaceae Phegopteris koreana B.Y. Sun & C.H. Kim š Fée 182 Tiliaceae Corchoropsis intermedia Nakai ¾eÁ Corchoropsis tomentosa (Thunb.) Makino 183 Tiliaceae Tilia insularis Nakai vù Tilia amurensis Rupr. 184 Tiliaceae Tilia semicostata Nakai ù Tilia mandshurica Rupr. & Maxim. 185 Trapaceae Trapa bicornis Osbeck Trapa natans L. 186 Ulmaceae Celtis choseniana Nakai qù Celtis jessoensis Koidz. 187 Ulmaceae Celtis edulis Nakai qù Celtis jessoensis Koidz. 188 Urticaceae Pilea oligantha Nakai j m Pilea pumila (L.) A. Gray 189 Urticaceae Pilea taquetii Nakai j m Pilea pumila (L.) A. Gray 190 Urticaceae Urtica laetevirens var. robusta F. Maek.»t Urtica laetevirens Maxim. 191 Valerianaceae Valeriana degeletiana Nakai ex F. Maek. t Valeriana sambucifolia f. dageletiana (Nakaj. ex Maekawa) Hara 192 Violaceae Viola kapsanensis Nakai Viola selkirkii Pursh ex Goldie 193 Violaceae Viola seoulensis Nakai Viola phalacrocarpa Maxim. 194 Violaceae Viola takesimana Nakai Viola acuminata Ledeb. 195 Violaceae Viola woosanensis Y.N. Lee & J. Kim Viola chaerophylloidesx V. selkirkii 196 Zosteraceae Zostera geojeensis H. Shin, Cho & Y.S. Oh Zostera caespitosa Miki

10 10 ªƒžª 102«1y (2013) Table 6. Non-endemic species list among the national endemic plants. 1 Aristolocaceae Family Scientific Name Vernacular Occurrence Correct name Asarum yeonbyeonense M. Kim & S. So t Jilin 2 Asteraceae Senecio birubonensis Kitam. China 3 Asteraceae Senecio koreanus Kom. y Jilin (Changbai Shan), Liaoning (China) Tephroseris phaeantha (Nakai) C. Jeffrey & Y. L. Chen, Tephroseris koreana (Kom.) B. Nordenstam & Pelser 4 Campanulaceae Adenophora remotidens Hemsl. China Including Adenophora palusris Kom. 5 Crassulaceae Rhodiola angusta Nakai Russia and NE China 6 Cyperaceae 7 Cyperaceae 8 Liliaceae Carex tenuiformis var. neofilipes (Nakai) Ohwi ex Hatusima China Carex sabynensis var. leiosperma Ohwi China Lilium hansonii Leichtlin ex D.D.T. Moore ù S Jilin (China) 9 Poaceae Asperella coreanus (Honda) Neski š Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning (China); Russia (Far East) 10 Poaceae Poa kanboensis Ohwi s t China Carex umbrosa subsp. sabynensis (Less. ex Kunth) Kük. Hystrix coreana (Honda) Ohwi Poa urssulensis var. kanboensis (Ohwi) Olonova & G. Zhu Jilin, Liaoning 11 Poaceae Puccinellia coreensis Hack ex Hondaˆ (China) 12 Ericaceae Rhododendron saisiuense Nakai w Kyushu (Japan) Rhododendron kiusianum Makino Table 7. The hybrid list among the national endemic plants. Family Scientific name Vernacular Comments Goodyera tamnaensis N.S. LEE, K.S. LEE, 1 Orchidaceae S.H. Yeau & C.S. Lee k 2 Salicaceae Populus tomentiglandulosa T.B. Lee ù 3 Ranunculaceae Pulsatilla tongkangensis Y.N. Lee & T.C. Lee w natural hybrids with P. cernua? 4 Ulmaceae Ulmus mesocarpa M. Kim & S. Lee ù a synonym of Goodyera velutina Maxim. ex Regel Table 8. The list of subendemic plant species to Korea. Family Scientific name Vernacular 1 Rosaceae Neillia uekii Nakai ù ù 2 Caprifoliaceae Viburnum carlesii Hemsl. ù 3 Caprifoliaceae Lonicera harae Makino ¼ ƒ ù 4 Liliaceae Lilium amabile Palibin. l ù w ü s ww š (subendemics) w (Table 8), p (Table 9), w ƒ w ù y w sw w y w z (unresolved candidates)(table 10) w w. p w w. p, Kew The Plant List( ) w (unresolved names) w w w ù y q w» w. ù, 1-2» t» ƒ š š y p ù sù w ƒ y ƒ y» ¾ w w z (unresolved candidates) w w. p 360, w ù 2 w w š w wš 2 w 358. w ù Pimpinella brachycarpa var. hallaisanensis W.C. Lee & G. Jang w w tw Pimpinella hallaisanensis (W. Lee & G. Jang) G. Jang, W.K. Paik & W.C. Lee w w š, (Hemerocallis hakuunensis Nakai) 2 w. w w wš

11 w p š 11 sww. y š (, 523 ) (Ministry of Environment, 2005, Kwon et al., 2011) w w³e p (358 ) œm w % w y 54.7%. y t (107) w (subtotal=416, see Table 1) œm w 68.7% ƒw. œm 70-80% w w y w. p y w» k % y (Table 3). y, š ù x t w w, t (l )» w š, ãt t» w» ƒ. w» w (typographic, 28 ),» w (10 ), et t» w ƒ y. p ù (orthographic) 2 y. wr, w» w ù w (invalidly published name) 14 (3.9%) [ š, z,, qù,, ¼ Õ, Õ,, ù, ù, Õ t,»,», ù ù, Table 4].» x y t y. qù, ¼ Õ, Õ, ù, Õ t, ù ù z (later homonym) ã ü wz w wš x w ³ ƒ w. ù sw ù w w p sw 12 (3.4%, Table 6)., q w 95 1/4(25.1%). sw w (Rhododendron saiuense Nakai) Nakai(1935)ƒ ƒ ª Suzukiƒ 2 y š y ( ) w». x j sw R. kiusianum Makino (Yamazaki, 1996) ü sw n w. y sw p w. w sw t,, y,,,,, ù, š, s t, ˆ (Table 6) w p. w sw ù, w mƒ w ù, y w» ƒ w w w w z w š w 73 (20.4%, Table 10). wr, Ÿ» ü p» w 196 (54.7%, Table 5). w, q p w 4 (1.1%, Table 7) y w. p % w (Table 10, Figure 1). p w p 3, [Rhododendron yedoense f. poukhanense (H. Lév.) M. Sugim. ex T. Yamaz.] w e [Heloniopsis tubiflora Fuse, N.S. Lee & M.N. Tamura] d ù d (Thuja koraiensis Nakai). w, ù 1-2 y ù ù, ù, ¼ ƒ ù, l ù p (subendemics, Table 8) z» sƒ w sw w v ƒ. š sw 59 w w sw % š s y w û w ü w w» p y w q w» w 13, % w. š p ù (family) p w w ƒ sw ƒ» œtw ü» ü. ù y

12 12 ªƒžª 102«1y (2013) Table 9. List of accepted endemic taxa among the national endemic plants in Korea. 1 Family Scientific Name Vernacular 1 Apiaceae Bupleurum latissimum Nakai y 2 Apiaceae Dystaenia takesimana (Nakai) Kitag. 3 Asteraceae Aster koraiensis Nakai 4 Asteraceae Cirsium rhinoceros (H. Lév. & Vaniot) Nakai i 5 Asteraceae Cirsium setidens (Dunn) Nakai š i 6 Asteraceae Saussurea calcicola Nakai 7 Asteraceae Saussurea seoulensis Nakai 8 Berberidaceae Berberis koreana Palib. ù 9 Betulaceae Carpinus laxiflora var. longispica Uyeki ¼ ù 10 Brassicaceae Cardamine glechomifolia H. Lév. Áþ 11 Campanulaceae Codonopsis minima Nakai» 12 Campanulaceae Hanabusaya asiatica (Nakai) Nakai 13 Caprifoliaceae Sambucus racemosa subsp. pendula (Nakai) H.I. Lim & C.S. Chang ù 14 Caprifoliaceae Weigela subsessilis (Nakai) L.H. Bailey ù 15 Caprifoliaceae Zabelia tyaihyonii (Nakai) Hisauti & H. Hara ù 16 Caprifoliaceae Lonicera subsessilis Rehder ù 17 Caryophyllaceae Silene fasciculata Nakai w 18 Caryophyllaceae Silene takeshimensis Uyeki & Sakata 19 Cyperaceae Carex erythrobasis H. Lév. & Vaniot w 20 Cyperaceae Carex okamotoi Ohwi 21 Ericaceae Vaccinium hirtum var. koreanum (Nakai) Kitam. ù 22 Euphorbiaceae Glochidion chodoense C. Lee & H.T. Im ù 23 Fabaceae Lespedeza maritima Nakai w 24 Fabaceae Sophora koreensis Nakai 25 Fabaceae Vicia chosenensis Ohwi i 26 Fabaceae Vicia hirticalycina Nakai ù 27 Fumariaceae Corydalis filistipes Nakai xy 28 Hydrangeaceae Deutzia paniculata Nakai Õ 29 Iridaceae Iris koreana Nakai 30 Iridaceae Lycoris chejuensis K.H. Tae & S.C. Ko y 31 Lamiaceae Ajuga spectabilis Nakai 32 Lamiaceae Salvia chanryoenica Nakai» 33 Lamiaceae Scutellaria insignis Nakai Ÿ 34 Liliaceae Heloniopsis koreana Fuse, N.S. Lee & M.N. Tamura ù e 35 Liliaceae Hemerocallis hakuunensis Nakai 36 Oleaceae Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai ù 37 Oleaceae Fraxinus chiisanensis Nakai ù 38 Oleaceae Syringa fauriei H. Lév. zù 39 Oleaceae Forsythia koreana (Rehder) Nakai ù 40 Ophioglossaceae Mankyua chejuense B.Y. Sun, M.H. Kim & C.H. Kim š 41 Pinaceae Abies koreana E.H. Wilson ù 42 Poaceae Miscanthus changii Y.N. Lee 43 Polygonaceae Aconogonon microcarpum (Kitag.) H. Hara 44 Polygonaceae Fallopia koreana B.U. Oh & J.G. Kim w 45 Primulaceae Androsace cortusifolia Nakai 46 Ranunculaceae Aconitum austrokoreense Koidz. n 47 Ranunculaceae Anemone koraiensis Nakai y 48 Ranunculaceae Clematis brachyura Maxim. 49 Ranunculaceae Clematis fusca var. coreana (H. Lév.) Nakai ù 50 Ranunculaceae Clematis trichotoma Nakai w 51 Ranunculaceae Hepatica maxima (Nakai) Nakai 52 Ranunculaceae Megaleranthis saniculifolia Ohwi t 53 Rhamnaceae Rhamnus taquetii (H. Lév.) H. Lév. ù 54 Rosaceae Pentactina rupicola Nakai ƒ 55 Rosaceae Prunus choreiana Nakai ex H.T. Im 56 Rosaceae Prunus takesimensis Nakai ù 57 Salicaceae Salix koriyanagi Kimura & Goerz j 58 Scrophulariaceae Euphrasia coreana W. Becker ò t 59 Valerianaceae Patrinia saniculifolia Hemsley k

13 w p š 13 Table 10. The list of unresolved candidates among the national endemic plants. Family Scientific Name Vernarcular Occurrence 1 Apiaceae Peucedanum coreanum Nakai» ù 2 Apiaceae Peucedanum insolens Kitag.» ù 3 Apiaceae Tilingia nakaiana Kitag. ù 4 Aspleniaceae Asplenium sarelii var. anogrammoides (Christ) Tagawa š 5 Asteraceae Saussurea diamantiaca Nakai North Korea 6 Asteraceae Saussurea eriophylla Kakai North Korea 7 Asteraceae Saussurea koidzumiana Kitam. North Korea 8 Asteraceae Saussurea komaroviana Lipsch 9 Asteraceae Saussurea chabyoungsanica H.T. Im 10 Asteraceae Saussurea conandrifolia Nakai 11 Asteraceae Saussurea myokoensis Kitam. w 12 Asteraceae Saussurea rectinervis Nakai North Korea 13 Asteraceae Saussurea rorinsanensis Nakai l North Korea 14 Asteraceae Leontopodium coreanum Nakai 15 Asteraceae Leontopodium hallaisanense Hand-Mazz. w 16 Asteraceae Leontopodium leiolepis Nakai 17 Asteraceae Heteropappus chejuensis Kitam. y 18 Asteraceae Hieracium coreanum Nakai ÊÊ t (=Hieracium morii Hayata?) 19 Chenopodiaceae Axyris koreana Nakai lù 20 Crassulaceae Orostachys saxatilis (Nakai) Nakai 21 Cyperaceae Carex humbertiana Ohwi j North Korea 22 Cyperaceae Carex ochrochlamys Ohwi» North Korea 23 Cyperaceae Carex phaeothrix Ohwi North Korea 24 Cyperaceae Carex pseudochinensis H. Lév. & Vaniot w 25 Cyperaceae Carex subumbellata var. koreana Ohwi 26 Cyperaceae Scleria mutoensis Nakai t (=Scleria rugosa R.Br.?) 27 Dryopteridaceae Dryopteris austriaca var. subopposita H. Ito š 28 Eriocaulonaceae Eriocaulon sphanocola Ohwi»š 29 Fabaceae Oxytropis strobilacea Bunge 30 Fabaceae Indigofera grandiflora B.H. Choi & S. Cho j 31 Fabaceae Indigofera koreana Ohwi 32 Fumariaceae Corydalis cornupetala Y.H. Kim & J.H. Jeong xy 33 Fumariaceae Corydalis alata B.U. Oh & W.R. Lee ú xy 34 Fumariaceae Corydalis grandicalyx B.U. Oh & Y.S. Kim ixy 35 Geraniaceae Geranium lasiocaulon Nakai 36 Iridaceae Lycoris chinensis var. sinuolata K.H. Tae & S.C. Ko y 37 Iridaceae Lycoris flavescens M. Kim & S. Lee y 38 Iridaceae Lycoris uydoensis M. Kim y 39 Isoetaceae Isoetes coreana Y.H. Chung & H.K. Choi 40 Isoetaceae Isoetes hallasanensis H.K. Choi, C. Kim & J. Jung w 41 Isoetaceae Isoetes jejuensis H.K. Choi, C. Kim & J. Jung 42 Lamiaceae Scutellaria asperiflora Nakai 43 Liliaceae Hosta jonesii M.G. Chung w 44 Liliaceae Hosta minor (Baker) Nakai 45 Liliaceae Hosta venusta F. Maek w 46 Liliaceae Hosta yingeri S.B. Jones 47 Orchidaceae Habenaria cruciformis Ohwi ù 48 Poaceae Poa ullungdoensis I.C. Chung s t 49 Poaceae Poa deschampsioides Ohwi s t 50 Poaceae Poa kumgansanii Ohwi s t 51 Poaceae Arundinaria munsuensis Y.N. Lee (=Sasa borealis (Hack.) Makino?) 52 Polygonaceae Polygonum globispicum (Nakai) C.W. Park Õ North Korea 53 Polygonaceae Rheum coreanum Nakai t North Korea 54 Primulaceae Lysimachia quelpaertensis K.H. Tae & J.S. Lee k ¾e (=Lysimachia glanduliflora Hanelt?) 55 Pteridaceae Adiantum coreanum Tagawa š œ š 56 Ranunculaceae Thalictrum osmorhizoides Nakai ç ( ç ) 57 Salicaceae Salix blinii H. Lév.

14 14 ªƒžª 102«1y (2013) Table 10. The list of unresolved candidates among the national endemic plants. Family Scientific Name Vernarcular Occurrence 58 Salicaceae Salix hallaisanensis H. Lév. (=Salix caprea L.?) 59 Salicaceae Salix ishidoyana Nakai 60 Salicaceae Salix sericeocinerea Nakai j 61 Saxifragaceae Saxifraga furumii Nakai 62 Saxifragaceae Saxifraga octopetala Nakai 63 Scrophulariaceae Euphrasia coreanalpina Nakai ex Y. Kimura» t North Korea 64 Scrophulariaceae Euphrasia mucronulata Nakai ex Y. Kimura t (=Euphrasia coreanalpina) North Korea 65 Scrophulariaceae Euphrasia retroticha T. Yamaz. l t North Korea 66 Scrophulariaceae Pedicularis lunaris Nakai e t 67 Scrophulariaceae Pedicularis nigrescens Nakai t 68 Scrophulariaceae Pedicularis resupinata var. umbrosa Kom. ex Nakai t 69 Scrophulariaceae Pseudolysimachion pyrethrinum (Nakai) T. Yamaz. ƒ Õ t 70 Urticaceae Boehmeria quelpaertensis Satake t 71 Urticaceae Boehmeria taquetii Nakai Õ 72 Caryophyllaceae Silene myongcheonensis S.P. Hong & H.K. Moon North Korea 73 Poaceae Calamagrostis subacrochaeta Nakai û t North Korea Figure 1. Pie chart of the categorized data (endemics, synonyms, illegitimate, invalidly published names, non endemics, hybrids, and unresolved candidates) by percentage about the list of national endemic plants (appendix 4-1) under the Creation and Furtherance of Arboretums Act. ƒ» sw š, y p ww w w, w w x, p y x (parents species), ƒ w w œm ƒ ƒw. w ù w ü w w l ( w DB t x) w ƒ» ƒ š. w ƒt ( go.kr/kpni/) y w š w wš (, Kalopanax pictus var. chinensis Nakai ex Handb.) w ù, [, Amblyotropis verna var. longicarpa (T.H. Chung) W.T. Lee, Buxus koreana Nakai & Chung et al.] š ƒ š, x ƒ ù r x t ƒ w ƒ w ƒ. p, DB w, w y w wš, ù w r w ew w š. ƒ ƒ w DBƒ w š w, œt w ƒ x š. w, w»» x ƒ ƒ. ƒ» DB p ü w w ù z, y w, (superfluos name) wš. p, p y w 12 6 z ( ), 6 w ü p w wš. ƒ j š w š w y ü DB w w y. x p sw w. ƒ t w ü y w wš w w.» Yook and Kim(1996) t Asiasaum heterotropoides var. mandschuricum Maxim. f. glabrata C. Yook, J. Kim & J. Nam»

15 w p š 15 w. w mandshuricum k glabrata ( glabratum» w w) w w» w. Oh(1997) Asarum misandrum B.U. Oh & J.G. Kim» w wš, Oh et al.(2005) w Asarum glabrata (C.S. Yook & J.G. Kim) B.U. Oh( C.C. Yook, J.G. Kim & J. Nam» ) tw A. misandrum w.» w w w «w, Asarum glabrata Merrill(1942) Asarum glabrum Merr. tw š code 61.3w w glabratum glabrum w» later homonym(z ). z y w x Kew The Plant List Asarum sieboldii f. misandrum (B.U. Oh & J.G. Kim) Y.N. Lee š t t, y w p sw j» w z sww w. Õ t w w ƒ. Yamazaki (1983) w Pseudolysimachion insulare (Nakai) T. Yamaz. tw» Veronica insularis Nakai Cheeseman(1896) tw z (later homonym) w w. z ù Pseudolysimachion insulare T. Yamaz. ƒ wù(code 58.1), Ohwi(1938)ƒ tw w Veronica nakaiana Ohwi [Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 7: ] Yamazaki(1968)ƒ Pseudolysimachion nakaianum (Ohwi) T. Yamaz.[J. Jap. Bot. 43: 411, 1968] tw (superfluous) w (McNeill et al., 2012). w Pseudolysimachion nakaianum (Ohwi) T. Yamaz. x t Õ t» w w Veronica nakaiana Ohwi w š, p Pseudolysimachion insulare (Nakai) T. Yamaz. w š.» w Salvia chanryoenica Nakai. w (Nakai, 1909), Nakaiƒ Salvia chanrönica Nakai š Korea: Kyöngsan: monte Changryöng (T. Uchiyama) š, Flora Koreana II (Nakai, 1911) Salvia chanryönica Nakai y w. Code 60.6w w ö oe p å, Code 60.1w w k Salvia chanryoenica Nakaiƒ w. x ƒ» ù DB 1 z ¼ 8, 2-3 z ˆ (update) e ƒ ƒ, š ƒ y š. w p w f š q. l (DB) ƒ w» w Ì, DBƒ z ƒ, ˆ w. DB l ƒ z ˆ wš, ù ƒ» y w w l [DBw sl(species Korea), ƒ l (Nature), ƒt (KPNI), w DNA w (Plant DNA Bank in Korea), w w(seeds of Wild Plants of Korea), ƒ w l(knprrc)] l š ƒ š. x w» ƒ, œw w q w. w, ³ w ü w w x. p, ü DB ù ww» w s ùz š. w w w š(bias) w (Kruckberg and Rabinowitz, 1985). Ÿ ù y s š yw» w w p w» w. z ƒw yw yw ù w ƒ ù, y yw y» 3 ƒ w ƒ. p, ü p w x p w w x š x w x ƒ ù w. p,, w» wš ûw w

16 16 ªƒžª 102«1y (2013) p p w» w mù ƒ. p w mw w w»»» p w p y w w» w w v (taxonomic inflation)»w ƒ w w q w (Rao, 2004; Chang et al., 2009). p» w p Kew The Plant List sƒ (accepted name) w (unresolved name) ƒ (,, t ). The Plant List w» j ƒ š w ÿ ƒ w w, w w w šw w» q. w w w ƒ, x w»» sw ƒ v w. x «ƒ ƒ w v wx t p y (Kato and Ebihara, 2011). IUCN(International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources)» w sƒ w, ù s š w q w k sƒw «w, ü sw ƒ w w w» e w ƒ. (Aster altaicus var. uchiyamae Kitam.) A. altaicus Willd. û vƒ k, e k, j k,, š, ü w ü ¾ sw s ü 6 [var. altaicus, var. taitoensis Kitam., var. hirsutus Hand.-Mazz., var. canescens (Nees) Serg., var. scaber (Avé-Lallemant) Hand.-Mazz., var. millefolius (Vaniot) Hand.-Mazz.]. w p š w w p w q v w. w»t(urtica laetevirens var. robusta F. Maek.) p. Urtica laetevirens Maxim., w sw, k w» w [subsp. laetevirens subsp. cyanescens (Kom. ex Jarm.) C. J. Chen], w ü ü p ƒ (Chen et al., 2003). ü p». Saussurea(16 ), Salix(10 ), Carex(10 ), Adenophora(9 ), Corydalis(8 ) w 10%ƒ. j (, Carex) p, w w ƒ y w w w. p, ù 16 5 (Saussurea rectinervis Nakai, S. rorinsanensis Nakai l, S. conandrifolia Nakai, S. komaroviana Lipsch, S. myokoensis Kitam. w ) w», 5 (S. calcicola Nakai, S. diamantiaca Nakai, S. eriophylla Nakai, S. uchiyamana Nakai, S. koidzumiana Kitam. ) w sw y w w w y w xk y x w w» w z (unresolved candidates) w w p y w w v ƒ. (Hemerocallis) 6 3 (Hemerocallis hongdoensis M.G. Chung & S.S. Kang, H. hakuunensis Nakai, H. taeanensis S.S. Kang & M.G. Chung) ù p. Lee(1980) ù Chen and Noguchi(2000) w ü s w ƒ. y š e w 3 yw» w z w z mƒ v w. (Hosta, Park, 2007) 7 ü sw 4 p š [Hosta jonesii M.G. Chung, Hosta minor (Baker) Nakai, H. venusta F. Maek, H. yingeri S. B. Jones] w w mƒ v w. w w,, t w t (Jones and Luchsinger, 1986)ù» w ù» w wš wš, ü w w t w» w p ƒ (Kwon et al., 2011). p, y š (

17 w p š %) t š., x w p t w» w w t» [,, Rhododendron yedoense f. poukhanense (H. Lév.) M. Sugim. ex T. Yamaz.] p.» ESA(Endangered Species Act), USFWS(U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1983) IUCN(2005) sƒ t» sƒ IUCN wš, t w ƒ š p w. y p w t w Ÿ w ƒ ü x w. 196 w w Ÿ w. w w p y w w xk ù y x w mw w p w v ƒ. p w y w w wš, ü p w» š (neoendemics), y šš (paleoendemics) y w w w. w, Ÿ x yw w w yw w w, sw, yw, x,, s Figure 2. Some examples of subendemic plant species in Korea.

18 18 ªƒžª 102«1y (2013), y ƒ w p w q. x w Ÿ w mw p w sw g. p, x w w p ù, y w x w ƒ» ù, y s pw s w z (unresolved candidates) w v w w t» t» w p sw w z [ ç ( ç ), j»,,» t, t, l t, Õ, t,,, ]» s ƒ s ƒ» w p w. p ƒ» ü p t, œm sw š, ù, s t, ˆ,,, y, ù ƒ mƒ v w. w sw ù 1-2 š ù ù, ù, ¼ ƒ ù, l ù, ù p š (subendemics) w v ƒ (Table 8, Figure 2). š v p w ¾. ƒ p p š ƒ j w ƒ ü sw»ù w k w q w (Kruckerberg and Rabinowitz, 1985). p x y w ww» w w x» y w q š w w ƒ 1-2 w š» x w š sww w.» ù p w q ƒ w ƒ g, p w p ƒ» w w, w yw t w w wì s x w sƒ ƒ v w w. p w w w w q, s, yx, š, š (1. Taxonomic knowledge, 2. General Distribution, 3. Available distribution information, 4. Diversity of life forms, 5. Diversity of elevation, 6. Diversity of habitats, 7. Economic uses) w œ wš (Young, 2007). w x û w q š, p sƒ w j x y ƒ w. ƒ p wš w š w l w w w z, w p w v w x w p q. w DB(t, ƒ l) w t,» s ƒ š. w, y w sl ƒ l w y ew ƒ» ƒ ƒ» w DB ü. p, ƒ w w ƒt w yw ƒ e š, ƒ» yw w œ ƒ œwš w qw š. x ù w w ƒ ƒ (data cleaning) w ƒ, t DB y m w v w. y p ü y w ƒwš w, ƒ» w w ù n w w w wš. w w w ù, y w»w ƒ» w f š. w v wš x w ƒ w w.

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