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Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society Vol. 17, No. 3 pp. 373-379, 2016 http://dx.doi.org/10.5762/kais.2016.17.3.373 ISSN 1975-4701 / eissn 2288-4688 이윤경 1* 1 강원대학교교양학부 A Study on Learning Style of Level-Differentiated College Mathematics Classes: Focusing on College of Engineering Students Yoon-Gyeong Lee 1* 1 College of Liberal Arts, Kangwon National University 요약본연구는수준별대학수학교과목을수강하는학생들의학습유형을분석하여그상관관계를이용하여보다효율적인대학수학수업이이루어지기위한기초자료를얻고자한다. 이를위하여 Kolb 학습유형분석을이용하여일개대학교공과대학의수준별로진행되는대학수학교과목수업상하각 3반 213명을대상으로연구를진행하였고유의미한결과를분석하였다. 연구결과첫째, 수준별수업중상반의학습유형은확산자, 적용자, 동화자, 수렴자순이었다. 둘째, 수준별수업중하반의학습유형은적용자, 확산자, 동화자, 수렴자순이었다. 셋째, 상반학생들의효율적인수업을위해서교수자는학생스스로수학적문제를분석해볼수있는충분한시간을제공해야한다. 넷째, 하반의효율적인수업을위해서교수자는실험적이고다양한교수방법을이용하여학생들의집중력과학업성취욕구를높여야한다. 이연구를바탕으로대학수학수업에서각각학생들의학습유형에적합하고대학수학교육과정의성격에부합하는교수법의개발이필요함을제언하였다. Abstract This study examined the level-differentiated mathematic classes to offer basic data for effective college mathematics curriculum. Using the Kolb Learning Style, this study surveyed 213 college engineering students in 6 level-differentiated classes in one university and analyzed the significant consequence. The results showed that the ranking of the Learning Style in a superior mathematic class is Diverger, Accommodator, Assimilator, and Converger. Second, the ranking of the Learning Style in the inferior mathematics class was Accommodator, Diverger, Assimilator, and Converger. Third, for effective class of superior mathematics class, professors need to give sufficient time to analyze mathematics problems by the students themselves. Fourth, for an effective class of inferior mathematic class, professors need to use experimental and diverse teaching method to enhance the students' concentration and learning achievement. Based on this study, professors should develop teaching methods that fit the students' Learning Style and the properties of college mathematics curriculum. Keywords : Kolb, Learning Style, LSI 1. 서론 최근공과대학에서는전공학습을위한기초교과목으로대학수학이필수교과목으로지정되고있지만수학교 과목에흥미가없거나기본지식을갖추지못하고수업에참여하는학생들이많이관찰된다. 특히교차지원을비롯한현행입시제도의영향으로전문계고또는문과에서진학한학생들은대학수학교과목에서난관을겪거나포 * Corresponding Author : Yoon-Gyeong Lee(kangwon National Univ.) Tel: +82-33-570-6526 email: jy3028@kangwon.ac.kr Received December 2, 2015 Accepted March 3, 2016 Revised (1st January 19, 2016, 2nd February 1, 2016, 3rd February, 2016, 4th February 22, 2016) Published March 31, 2016 373

한국산학기술학회논문지제 17 권제 3 호, 2016 기를하는경우가발생하고있고, 이들을위한효율적인대안을마련하지못하고있는실정이다. 학습유형은학생들의학습성향을나타내주며학생들의학습방향과성취도에영향을줄수있다. 학생들의학습유형을파악하고그성향에따른선호학습방법에맞추어교수방법을수정하면보다긍정적인학습태도를갖게할수있다. 최근 Kolb의학습유형분석을이용하여대학전공학생들의특성비교, 학업성취도와의관계, 진로결정수준의관계, 전공만족도관계등다양한분야에서학습유형에대한연구가활발히이루어지고있다. 현재공과대학에서는수준별로대학수학수업을진행하고있으나수준별에따른학습유형의분석은이루어지지않고있다. 이에본연구는수업에대한학생들의흥미와학습효율을높이기위하여수준별대학수학의학습유형을공과대학생을대상으로분석하여일괄적수업방식을보완하고학습자의학습성향에부합하는수업방식과교수방법및교육과정개선을위한기초를얻고자한다. 이를위하여대학수학교과목수업중상반과하반의학습유형분포와특성을분석하고자한다. 2. 이론적배경 2.1 학습유형 Kolb는 학습유형 을유전, 과거의경험, 개인의경향에의해결정되는독특한학습양식으로규정하고있다 [1]. Kolb가정의한학습유형은개인이학습하는과정을구체적경험으로부터반성적성찰, 추상적개념, 능동적실험순으로정의한학습사이클을기반으로하므로이는경험학습을많이하는이공계학습자들의행동양식을설명하는데적합하다. Kolb는 Piaget의학습모델을발전시켜경험학습사이클 (Learning Cycle) 을정의하였다. 학습자는구체적인경험을통해정보를인식하고반성적성찰을통해정보를받아들이게된다. 그다음으로추상적인개념화를통해새로운정보를받아들이고능동적실험으로정보를처리하게된다. 이렇게능동적실험을통해정보를획득하는과정에서다시구체적인경험을통해새로운정보를인식하게된다 [2,3]. Kolb는경험적인학습사이클 (Learning cycle) 을통해경험을이해하고변형시키는과정을구체적경험, 추 상적개념화, 반성적성찰, 능동적실험의네가지과정으로구분하고, 경험을받아들이는양식에따라구체적경험-추상적개념화를 y축으로놓고, 경험을처리하는유형에따라반성적성찰-능동적실험을 x축으로놓아학습자의학습양식이어느쪽으로많이치우쳐져있는가를측정하였다. Kolb는측정된값으로개인의학습유형 (Learning Style) 을확산자 (Diverger), 동화자 (Accommodator), 수렴자 (Converger), 적용자 (Assimilator) 의네가지유형으로분류했다 [3,4,5]. 2.2 선행연구학습유형관련연구를보면, Chun[1] 의학습양식과전공, 전공별학습양식유형, 성별학습양식, 학년과전공별학습유형연구, Han과 Seo[6] 의학습양식에따른집단구성이수학성취도와태도에미치는효과연구, Koh[7] 의성별과계열별학습양식, 학습양식에따른학업성취와진로결정수준연구, An[8] 의학습유형과선호하는학습방법과의관계연구, Kim[9] 의성격특성과학습유형이자기주도성과학업성취도에미치는영향연구, Yang 등 [3] 의대학생들의학습유형에따른학업성취도, 자기주도적학습능력및비판적사고성향연구, Im 등 [10] 의대학생의학습유형과대학수학교과의학업성취도관계연구, Park[11] 의예비대학생의경험학습양식에따른자기결정성학습동기및학습태도와학업성취의관계연구등이있다. 이들연구는학습유형검사를이용하여대학전공학생들의특성비교, 학업성취도와의관계, 진로결정수준의관계, 전공만족도관계등을분석한것이다. 본연구는공과대학에서진행되는수준별에의한대학수학교과목수업을대상으로학습유형을알아보고자한다. 3. 연구방법 3.1 분석방법 Kolb 학습유형검사는 1971년에처음개발 [] 된후, 4번의수정을거쳐 2005년에버전 3.1이개발 [13] 되었다. 버전 3.1에는학습유형검사사용자의검사결과를판단기준으로하였다. 이를한글버전으로번역한 KLSI 3.1를이용하여본연구는일개대학교에서수준별로 374

Table 1. Precedence Study author year theme Chun, Hyoun-Kyoung 2002 The relationship between learning styles and majors of college students Han Gil-Joon, Seo Jong-Jin 2003 The effort of attitude and mathematic achievement for grouping by learning style Koh, Young-Nam Kwon, Hyang-Soon 2005 2007 A Study on the Relationship among Academic Achievement, Career Decision, and Learning Styles of College Students Effects of self-regulated learning strategy on academic achievement and learning attitude according to learning styles An, Gyeong-Ju 2007 Learning Styles and Preferred Learning Methods of Undergraduate Nursing Students Kim, Jung-Mi 2010 Personality Type, Learning Style, Self-Direction and Academic Achievement in Nursing Student Yang Sun-Hee et al. 20 Academic Achievement, Self-Direction Learning and Critical thinking disposition Im, Se-Young et al. 20 Kolb Development of the Kolb LSI 3.0 Korea Version Lee, Gyoung-Hee, Lee, Sung-Jin 2013 Park, Jin-Hee 2015 A study on the relationship between learning styles of students and academic achievement in mathematics - Focusing on freshmen enrolled in a college of science and engineering of the medium- sized university The Relationship among Self-determined Learning Motivation, Learning Attitude and Academic Achievement Depending on Experiential Learning Style of Pre-college Students 수업이진행되는전체 6개반의학생 239명을대상으로학습유형검사를실시하였으며, 오류가발생한 26명을제외한 대학수학 ( 상반 ) 3개반 105명, 대학수학및연습 ( 하반 ) 3개반 108명을본연구의최종분석대상으로하였다. KLSI 3.1은한글로의번역과영문으로의역번역및원저자의확인작업을이용하여한글화오류를최소화하였고, 내적일관성신뢰도및내적타당도를검증하여검사의적합성을판단하였다. 3.2 조사도구본연구는대학수학수업을수강하는공과대학생들을대상으로학생들의학습유형을파악하고, 그결과를분석하여교수가강의를진행함에있어서학생들의학습효율과만족도가높은개선된수업방법을모색해보고자한다. Kolb의학습유형검사의구체적인설문의구성과내 용, 문항은 Table 2와같다. 검사지는총 개의문항으로구성되며한문항은 4 개의서술문장으로이루어져있다. 각서술문장은 1번항목이구체적경험 (), 2번항목이반성적관찰 (), 3번항목이추상적개념화 (), 4번항목이활동적실험 () 이다. 학생들은각문항에서 1점에서 4점까지겹치지않게점수를부여하여총 48개의서술문장이코드화된다. 이를이용하여학생들의학습유형을분류하는원리는다음과같다. (1) 각문항의 4개의서술문장중자신을가장잘묘사했다고생각되는순서대로 1점에서 4점까지겹치지않게점수를부여한다. (2) 총 문항에서얻은 4가지학습사이클인구체적경험 (), 반성적관찰 (), 추상적개념화 (), 활동적실험 () 의총점을구하여아래식을이용해 2개의점수를얻을수있다. 한학습사이클의합은최소 점 Table 2. Composition of Learning Style Inventory Learning Cycle Contents Q number Total Concrete Experience Reflective Observation Abstract Conceptualization Active Experimentation learning access depend on feeling of decision and basis from emotional experience provisional, neutral and reflective learning access analytic, conceptional learning access depend on logical, rational assessment active, practical learning access depend on ecperiment 1-1, 2-1, 3-1, 4-1, 5-1, 6-1, 7-1, 8-1, 9-1, 10-1, 11-1, -1 1-2, 2-2, 3-2, 4-2, 5-2, 6-2, 7-2, 8-2, 9-2, 10-2, 11-2, -2 1-3, 2-3, 3-3, 4-3, 5-3, 6-3, 7-3, 8-3, 9-3, 10-3, 11-3, -3 1-4, 2-4, 3-4, 4-4, 5-4, 6-4, 7-4, 8-4, 9-4, 10-4, 11-4, -4 Sum - 48 48 375

한국산학기술학회논문지제 17 권제 3 호, 2016 에서최대 48점사이의값으로계산되며전체사이클점수의합은 0이된다. 추상적개념화 () - 구체적경험 () 활동적실험 () - 반성적관찰 () 추상적개념화총점에서구체적경험총점의차이로부터학습자가추상적인지구체적인지알수있으며, 활동적실험총점에서반성적관찰총점의차이로부터학습자가활동적인지반성적인지를판단할수있다. (3) 추상적개념화 ()-구체적경험 () 를 y축으로하며, 활동적실험 ()-반성적관찰 () 를 x축으로하는좌표계를만들고, x축과 y축에평행한선을그어연구대상인전체학생에대하여직교좌표를 4분면으로나눈다. 위에서얻은 2개의점수를 Fig. 1에표시하면두점수를동시에포함하는영역이학습자의학습유형이다. Fig. 1에서 4개의사분면은구체적확산자, 동화자, 수렴자, 적응자이 4가지유형의학습유형을나타내는것이다 [14]. Kolb의학습유형검사도구의신뢰도는 Cronbach 계수가 0.88 0.89로매우높은신뢰도를보이고있다 [11]. Table 3. Elements of Learning Style of total 6 classes (N=213) Learning Style M SD Concrete Experience 29.33 0.86 Abstract Conceptualization 28.21 0.83 Reflective Observation 28.62 0.88 Active Experimentation 33.36 0.78 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 한편, 전체학생들의학습유형은 Table 4 에서보면, 적용자 (Accommodator) 가 38.03%(81명 ) 로가장많은것으로나타났고, 다음으로는확산자 (Diverger) 가 33.80%(72명 ), 동화자 (Assimilator) 가 23.00%(49명 ) 의순으로나타났으며수렴자 (Converger) 가 5.16%(11명 ) 로가장적은것으로나타났다. Table 4. Learning Style of total 6 classes (N=213) Ⅳ. (Accommodator) (- 7) Ⅰ. (Diverger) (- 7) Learning Style Frequency Percentage Diverger 72 33.80 Assimilator 49 23.0 Converger 11 5.16 Accommodator 81 38.03 Total 213 100 (- 7) Ⅲ. (- 6) Ⅱ. Accom m -dator 38% Diverger 34% (Converger) (- 8) (Assimilator) (- 8) Converg -er 5% Assim ila -tor 23% (- 7) (- 6) Fig. 1. Identification mark of Kolb Learning Style 4. 연구결과및논의 4.1 연구결과전체 6개반학생들의학습유형요인값은 Table 3에서보면, 구체적경험 () 은평균 29.33, 반성적관찰 () 은평균 28.21, 추상적개념화 () 는평균 28.62, 활동적실험 () 은평균 33.36인것으로나타났다. 3개의상반학생들의학습유형요인값은 Table 5에서보면, 구체적경험 () 의평균이 27.90, 반성적관찰 () 의평균이 29.43, 추상적개념화 () 의평균이 28.81, 활동적실험 () 의평균이 34.29인것으로나타났다. 한편, 3개의상반학생들의학습유형은 Table 6에서보면, 적용자 (Accommodator) 가전체의 38.10%(40명 ) 로가장많은것으로나타났고, 다음으로는확산자 (Diverger) 가 28.57%(30명 ), 동화자 (Assimilator) 가 23.81%(25명 ) 의순으로나타났으며수렴자 (Converger) 가 9.52%(10명 ) 로가장적은것으로나타났다. 376

Table 5. Elements of Learning Style of superior 3 class (N=105) Learning Style M SD Concrete Experience 27.90 0.78 Abstract Conceptualization 28.81 0.86 Reflective Observation 29.43 0.93 Active Experimentation 34.29 0.65 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Table 6. Learning Style of superior 3 class Learning Style Frequency Percentage Diverger 30 28.57 Assimilator 25 23.81 Converger 10 09.52 Accommodator 40 38.10 Total 105 100 Accom m -dator 38% Converg -er 9% Diverger 29% Assim ila -tor 24% (N=105) 3개의하반학생들의학습유형요인값은 Table 7에서보면, 구체적경험 () 은평균 31.00, 반성적관찰 () 은평균 27.22, 추상적개념화 () 는평균 28.39, 활동적실험 () 은평균 32.28인것으로나타났다. Table 7. Elements of Learning Style of inferior 3 class (N=108) Learning Style M SD Concrete Experience 31.00 0.94 Abstract Conceptualization 28.39 0.80 Reflective Observation 27.22 0.83 Active Experimentation 32.28 0.91 34 32 30 28 26 24 한편, 3개의하반학생들의학습유형은 Table 8에서보면, 확산자 (Diverger) 가전체의 38.89%(42명 ) 로가장많은것으로나타났고, 다음으로는적용자 (Accommodator) 가 37.96%(41 명 ), 동화자 (Assimilator) 가 22.22%(24 명 ) 의순으로나타났으며수렴자 (Converger) 가 0.93%(1 명 ) 로가장적은것으로나타났다. Table 8. Learning Style of inferior 3 class (N=108) Learning Style Frequency Percentage Diverger 42 38.89 Assimilator 24 22.22 Converger 1 0.93 Accommodator 41 37.96 Total 108 100 Accom m -d ato r 38% Converg -er 1% 4.2 결과논의 Diverger 39% Assim ila -to r 22% 이와같이상하반전체를대상으로한경우, 적용자 (38.03%) 가가장많은것으로나타났음에비해동화자 (23.00%) 가적게나타났다. 상반의경우, 적용자 (38.10%) 가가장많은것으로나타났음에비해동화자 (23.81%) 는적게나타났고, 하반의경우, 확산자 (38.89%) 가가장많은것으로나타났음에비해동화자 (22.22%) 는적게나타났는데, Kolb와 Kolb[13] 가미국의이공계대학생을대상으로조사한결과에서동화자가다수를차지하는경향과차이가있다. 한편본연구의결과는 Jun[15] 의서울소재대학생들을대상으로한연구에서적용자, 수렴자, 동화자, 확산자순으로나타난결과및 McCarthy[16] 의미국대학생들을대상으로한연구에서확산자, 동화자, 수렴자, 적용자순으로나타난결과와도차이가있다. 한편 Carthy[17] 과 Yang 등 [3] 의연구결과인수렴형학습자가학업성취도가높다는결과와는불일치하였지만, 확산형학습자가학업성취도가낮다는연구결과와는일치하였다. 반면 Riding과 Rayner[18] 의연구에서는대학수학교과는수렴형이적합하다고주장하였으나본연구결과는적용자의학습성취도가높은것으로나타났다. 또한 Kolb의학습유형에따른학습자들의장단점에의하면, 상반에서가장많은비율을나타낸적용자는행동, 결과를지향하며, 계획의실천을잘하며새로운경험을추구하고즐기는특성을지닌다. 또한기회를탐색하고위험을감수하며새로운학습상황에잘적응한다. 반 377

한국산학기술학회논문지제 17 권제 3 호, 2016 면하반에서가장많이나타난확산자는의사결정을잘못하며, 사고지향적이지못하다. 또한이론이나일반화에관심이적고과학적이거나체계적이지못하며아이디어를적용하지못하는특성을지닌다. 따라서본연구결과에서나타난바와같이상하반은서로다른학습특성을지니므로수준별학습유형특성에적합한수업방식, 수업평가등을진행하여야할것이다. 요하다. 셋째, 본연구는일개대학의수준별대학수학수업의학습유형을분석한것으로일반화하기에는한계가있다. 이후보다다양한변인에의한후속연구가필요하다. References 5. 결론본연구는수준별대학수학의학습유형을공과대학생을대상으로분석하여일괄적수업방식을보완하고학습자의학습성향에부합하는수업방식과교수방법및교육과정개선을위한기초를얻고자한것이다. 대학수학교과목을수강하는학생들의학습유형을분석을통해교수자는상반과하반으로구분된학생들의장점을살리고단점을보완해줄수있는수업방법을설정하여학생들의학습성취수준을향상시킬수있을것이다. 따라서상반의수업은학생들이스스로문제를분석해볼수있는시간을충분히마련해주는것이보다효율적인수업이될수있다. 또한예제를통해서체계적으로학습할수있게도와주어야한다. 반면하반의수업은보다실험적이고흥미를유발하는방법을이용하여진행하면학생들의집중력과학습성취수준을높일수있을것이다. 또한교수자는학생들과언어적상호작용의시간을늘려서학생들의이해수준과의견을계속확인하며수업을해야한다. 본연구결과에서나타난수준별학생들의학습유형특성을수업에활용한다면, 학생들이수학교과목에대한관심을높일수있고학습능력을최대한발휘할수있는긍정적인인식을가질수있을것이다. 연구결과를바탕으로다음과같이제언한다. 첫째, 대학수학교과목의특성과학생들의학습유형을효율적으로접목시킨맞춤형교수법및수업운영의개발이필요하다. 특히공학계열학생들은전공특성상대학수학교과목이중요한바탕이되므로흥미와학업성취에대한만족을높일수있도록해야한다. 둘째, 대학생들의학습유형은입학에서부터졸업까지유동적으로변할수있으므로다양한형태의학습방법을경험해볼수있는기회를가질수있는교과운영이필 [1] H. K. Chun, "The relationship between learning styles and majors of college students". The Graduate School of Yonsei University, 2002. [2] Kolb, D.A., Experiential Learning: Experience as the source of learning and development, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1984. [3] S. H. Yang, E. H. Ha, O. C. Lee, I. O. Sim, Y. M. Park, H. A. Nam, J. S. Kim, Academic Achievement, Self-directed Learning, and Critical Thinking Disposition According to Learning Styles of Nursing Students, The Korean journal of fundamentals of nursing, Vol.19 No.3 pp. 334-342, 20. [4] E. J. Kim, "A Study of the Relationship between Types and Elements of Learning Styles and Curriculum", The Graduate School of Yonsei University, Seoul, 1999. [5] S. H. Park, J. Y. Jung, J. Y. Hong, S. O. Kim, Y. O. Loo, E. Y. Kang, "A Development of Kolb's Learning Style Based Team Organization Support System", Journal of The Korean Association of information Education, Vol.. No.1 pp. 9-22, 2008. [6] G. J. Han, J. J. Seo, "The effort of attitude and mathematic achievement for grouping by learning style", Communication of Mathematical Education, ser E, Vol.15. No.10 pp. 287-292, 2003. [7] Y. N. Koh, A Study on the Relationship among Academic Achievement, Career Decision, and Learning Styles of College Students, The Korea Association of Yeolin Education, Vol.13 No.3 pp. 215-234, 2005. [8] K. J. An, "Learning Styles and Preferred Learning Methods of Undergraduate Nursing Students". The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education, Vol.13. No.1 pp. 13-22, 2007. [9] J. M. Kim, "Personality Type, Learning Style, Self-Direction and Academic Achievement in Nursing Student", Journal of Future Oriented Youth Society, Vol.7. No.2 pp. 1-25, 2010. [10] S. Y. Im, B. C. Lee, H. S. Chai, M. S. Ahn, W. I. Lee, "Development of the Kolb LSI 3.1 Korean Version", The journal of Korean institute for practical engineering education, Vol.4. No.1 pp. 30-44, 20. [11] J. H. Park, The Relationship among Self-determined Learning Motivation, Learning Attitude and Academic Achievement Depending on Experiential Learning Style of Pre-college Students, The Graduate School of Chonbuk National University, Chonbuk, 2015. [] Kolb. D.A. Ruvin. I.M., McIntyre. J., Organizational psychology, An experiential approach, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1971. 378

[13] Kolb. A.Y., Kolb. D.A.. The Kolb Learning Style Inventory Version 3.1, Technical Specification, 2005. [14] Kolb, D.A., Learning styles and disciplinary differences. In A. W. Chickering and Associates(Eds.), The Modern American College, San Francisco:Jossey-Bass, 1981. [15] M. N. Jun, "Deep approach to Learning according to the Kolb-McCarthy s learning styles". Korean Educational psychology Association, 2004. [16] McCarthy, B, The 4MAT system: Teaching in learning styles with right left mode techniques, Oak Brook, IL: Excel, Inc, 1987. [17] Carthey, J,H, Relationship between learning style and academic achievement and brain hemispheric dominance and academic performance in business and accounting courses, ERIC Document; ED3744, 1993. [18] Riding, R,J, Rayner, S, Cognitive style and learning strategies; Understanding style differences in learning and behavior, London: David Fulton Publication, 2002. [19] H. S. Kwon,. "Effects of self-regulated learning strategy on academic achievement and learning attitude according to learning styles". The Graduate School of Korea National University of Education, 2007. [20] G. H. Lee, S. J. Lee, "A Study on the relationship between learning styles of students and academic achievement in mathematics-focusing on freshmen enrolled in a college of science and engineering of the medium sized university", Communication of Mathematical Education, Ser E, Vol.27. No.4 pp. 473-486, 2013. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7468/jksmee.2013.27.4.473 [21] Karuppan, C,M, Web-based teaching materials; a user s profire, Internet Research, Vol11, No2, 2001. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662240110695106 이윤경 (Yoon-Gyeong Lee) [ 정회원 ] 2011 년 8 월 : 연세대학교수학교육 ( 교육학석사 ) 2015 년 2 월 : 동국대학교수학교육학과 ( 교육학박사 ) 2013 년 8 월 ~ 현재 : 강원대학교교양학부강사 < 관심분야 > 수학교육, 응용수학 379