Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association 2012;50(5):125-138 http://dx.doi.org/10.6115/khea.2012.50.5.125 Literature Review of Play Therapy Intervention for Children with ADHD Department of Counseling Psychology, Dong Shin University Assistant Professor : Jin-Ah Choi Abstract The purpose of this study was to analyze the research literature on play therapy intervention for children with ADHD. Thirty-nine studies, conducted from 1995 to 2010, were analyzed. The results of the literature review are as follows: The most commonly studied subjects were elementary school children in grades 1-3. The most common subject selection method was to select ADHD tendency children. The most typical intervention setting used was a counseling center. The most frequent intervention was 11-15 sessions of group counseling. Pre-post experimentalcontrol research designs were the most commonly used. In the analyzed studies, play therapy-game play therapy, CBPT, CCPT, sand play therapy, and theraplay- was used for ADHD children. The studies found that game play therapy and cognitive-behavior play therapy are effective for improving ADHD children s attention, impulsiveness, and self-control. The major game play therapy activities used were dart games, Simon says games, fishing games, dominoes, Jenga, Beat the Clock, the board game Stop, and Ice, break., ice, break. Based on these findings, this article presents implications and discussion for play therapy intervention for ADHD children. (ADHD), (play therapy), (game play therapy), (cognitive-behavioral play therapy) Corresponding Author : Jin-Ah Choi, Department of Counseling Psychology, Dong Shin University, 252 Daeho-dong, Naju-si, Jeollanam-do, 520-714, Korea Tel: +82-61-330-3534 Fax: +82-61-330-3538 E-mail: mochoi2020@hanmail.net. - 125 -
- 126 -
- 127 -
- 128 -
Table 1. General characteristics of research subject I: Master s & doctoral thesisa No Research subject Age (school grade) Subject criteria Intervention method Session Setting 1 Kim(2002) 7 years old ADHD tendency Individual 20 Counseling center 2 D-Y. Kim(2003) Elementary 3rd grade (mean) ADHD tendency Group 10 Counseling center 3 H-R. Kim(2003) Elementary 2nd grade ADHD tendency Group 16 Elementary school 4 Lee(2003) A: infant A: 20 ADHD tendency Individual B: elementary 1st grade B: 22 Counseling center 5 Park(2004) 8 years old Diagnosed ADHD Individual 12 Counseling center 6 Kim(2004) Infant ADHD tendency Group 15 Kindergarden 7 Lee(2004) Elementary 2nd grade ADHD tendency Group 12 Elementary school 8 Kang(2005) Elementary 3rd grade ADHD tendency Group 16 Elementary school 9 Kim(2005) Elementary 3rd grade ADHD tendency Group 14 Elementary school 10 Choi(2005) Elementary 1-2nd grade Diagnosed ADHD Group 12 Social welfare center 11 Song(2005) Elementary 3-4th grade ADHD tendency Group 12 Counseling center 12 Oh(2005) Elementary Diagnosed ADHD Individual (3case) 15 Counseling center 13 Yun(2005) Infant ADHD tendency Group 10 Kindergarden 14 Moon(2005) Elementary 2nd grade ADHD tendency Group 8 Elementary school 15 Han(2006) Elementary 4th grade Diagnosed ADHD Individual 32 Counseling center 16 Jung(2006) Elementary 2-3rd grade Diagnosed ADHD Group 12 Social welfare center 17 Lee(2006) 5-8 years old & parent ADHD tendency Group 8 Counseling center 18 Hong(2006) Elementary 1st grade Diagnosed ADHD Individual 34 Counseling center 19 Kim(2006) Elementary 4th grade ADHD tendency Group 10. 20 Yoon(2007) Elementary 2-3rd grade Diagnosed ADHD Group 10 Counseling center 21 H-S. Kim(2008) Elementary 2-3rd grade ADHD tendency Group 12 Social welfare center 22 Yang(2008) Elementary 1-3rd grade Diagnosed ADHD Group 10 Hospital 23 Ha(2008) Elementary 3rd grade ADHD tendency Group 12 Elementary school 24 M-Y. Kim(2008) Elementary 4th grade Diagnosed ADHD Group 15. 25 M-H. Kim(2008) 3-6 years old ADHD tendency Individual 10 Counseling center 26 So(2009) 4 years old ADHD tendency Group 16 Kindergarden 27 Lee(2009) 8-11 years old ADHD tendency Group 12. 28 Lee(2010) Elementary 5th grade ADHD tendency Group 18. 29 Nam(2010) Elementary 2nd grade ADHD tendency Group 15. 30 Sin(2010) Elementary 4-5th grade ADHD tendency Group 10. 31 Kim(2010) 6-10 years old ADHD tendency Group 12 Elementary school Table 2. General characteristics of research subject II: Journal articles No Research subject Age (school grade) Subject criteria Intervention method Session Setting 1 Song & Jung(1998) 6 years old ADHD tendency Individual 50 Social welfare center 2 Nam, Moon, & Bang(2000) Elementary 3rd grade ADHD tendency Group 11 Elementary school 3 Kim(2006) 4 years old ADHD tendency Individual 40. 4 Lee & Yoon(2007a) Infant, child & sibling, parent ADHD tendency Group 8. 5 Lee & Yoon(2007b) Infant, child & sibling, parent ADHD tendency Group 8. 6 Park(2008) Elementary 3rd grade ADHD tendency Individual 28. 7 Yun & Kil(2009) Elementary 4th grade ADHD tendency Group 11 Elementary school 8 Kim & You(2010) Elementary 5th grade ADHD tendency Group 12. - 129 -
Table 3. Summary of general characteristics Age (school grade) Subject criteria Intervention method Session Setting Type Master s & doctoral thesis Journal articles N (%) N (%) Infant 4 ( 12.9) 2 (25) Infant, elementary 2 ( 6.5) 2 (25) Elementary 1-3rd grade 16 ( 51.6) 2 (25) Elementary 4-6th grade 5 ( 16.1) 2 (25) Elementary 1-6th grade 4 ( 12.9) Total 31 (100) 8 (100) Diagnosed ADHD 10 ( 32.3) ADHD tendency 21 ( 67.7) 8 (100) Total 31 (100) 8 (100) Individual counseling 7 ( 23) 3 (37.5) Group counseling 24 ( 77) 5 (62.5) Total 31 (100) 8 (100) 8-10 session 9 ( 29) 2 (25) 11-15 session 13 ( 42) 3 (37.5) 16-20 session 6 ( 19) 20 over session 3 ( 10) 3 (37.5) Total 31 (100) 8 (100) Kinder garden 3 ( 12) Elementary school 7 ( 28) 2 (67) Social welfare center 3 ( 12) 1 (33) Counseling center/hospital 12 ( 48) Total 25 (100) 3 (100) - 130 -
Table 4 Intervention approach by research subject I: Master s & doctoral thesis No Research subject Research Dependent Independent variable design variable Intervention approach 1 Kim(2002) Game play therapy A Game play therapy 2 D-Y. Kim(2003) CBPT +parent education H, M CBPT 3 H-R. Kim(2003) Group game play therapy A, At Game play therapy 4 Lee(2003) Integrative play therapy A, H, I, Anxiety Integrative play therapy 5 Park(2004) Game play therapy A, Se Game play therapy 6 Kim(2004) Game play therapy A, H, I, S Game play therapy 7 Lee(2004) Attention play program A, H, I, Sa Play activity 8 Kang(2005) CBPT A, I, Sc CBPT 9 Kim(2005) Group play therapy Pr, Tp CBPT 10 Choi(2005) Group game play therapy A, H, I Game play therapy 11 Song(2005) Group game play therapy A, H, I, behavior Game play therapy 12 Oh(2005) Play therapy A, H, I CCPT 13 Yun(2005) Group play therapy program H, aggression CCPT 14 Moon(2005) Play activities program A, H, I, Tp Play activity 15 Han(2006) Sand play therapy Dev, spiritual cap. Sand play therapy 16 Jung(2006) Play based self control training A, H, I, S CBPT 17 Lee(2006) Experimental family play therapy A, H, I, Ff Family play therapy 18 Hong(2007) Game play activity A, H, I Play activity 19 Kim(2006) Play centered cognitive behavior program A, S, Se CBPT 20 Yoon(2007) Group game play program I, S, Ef Game play therapy 21 H-S. Kim(2008) Emotion based group play program A, H, I, Ec Emotion based group play program 22 Yang(2008) CBPT + parent education A, I, Tp, self-perception CBPT 23 Ha(2008) Attention play program A, H, I, Sa Play activity 24 M-Y. Kim(2008) Attention training A, I Game play therapy 25 M-H. Kim(2008) Theraplay H Theraplay 26 So(2009) Sand play therapy H, Tp Sand play therapy 27 Lee(2009) CBPT A, I CBPT 28 Lee(2010) Play activity H, I Game play therapy 29 Nam(2010) Game play program A Game play therapy 30 Sin(2010) Group sand play therapy Empathy, Pr Sand play therapy 31 Kim(2010) Play therapy S, Sa, play behavior CCPT Note. pre-post pre-post-follow up pre-post experimental-control pre-post-follow up experimental-control prepost qualitative analysis pre-post experimental-control qualitative analysis base-medi-main base-medi-main experimental-control base-medi qualitative analysis base-medi-main pre-post experimental-control AB ABAB qualitative analysis Note. A = attention; H = hyperactivity; I = impulsiveness; S = self-control; Se = self-esteem; Sc = self-concept; Sa = school adaptation; At = adaptation; Ma = maladaptation; M = mother s variable; Pr = peer relationship; Tp = task performance; Ef = executive function; Ec = emotional control; Ff=family function. - 131 -
Table 5. Intervention approach by research subject II: Journal articles No Research subject Research design Independent variable Dependent variable Intervention approach 1 Song & Jung(1998) Play therapy (with a sibling) S, At, expressiveness CCPT 2 Nam, Moon, & Bang (2000) Play therapy A, H CCPT 3 Kim(2006) Sand play therapy A, H, Sc Sand play therapy 4 Lee & Yoon(2007) Family play therapy A, H, I, Ff Family play therapy 5 Lee & Yoon(2007) Family play therapy A, H, I Family play therapy 6 Park(2008) Play therapy I, aggression Integrated play therapy 7 Yun & Kil(2009) Group game play therapy Ef Game play therapy 8 Kim & You(2010) Psycho-motoric play therapy A, I, social skill Psycho-motoric play therapy Note. pre-post pre-post-follow up pre-post experimental-control pre-post-follow up experimental-control prepost qualitative analysis qualitative analysis Note. A = attention; H = hyperactivity; I = impulsiveness; S = self-control; Sc = self-concept; At = adaptation; Ef = executive function; Ff = family function. Table 6. Results of the intervention approach Research model Intervention approach Master s & doctoral thesis Journal articles Type N (%) N (%) Pre-post 4 ( 13) 1 (12.5) Pre-post-follow up 2 ( 6.5) 2 (25 ) Pre-post experimental-control 7 (22.6) 1 (12.5) Pre-post-follow up experimental-control 2 ( 6.5) 1 (12.5) Pre-post qualitative analysis 5 (16) 1 (12.5) Pre-post experimental-control qualitative analysis 4 (13) Base-medi-main 2 ( 6.5) Base-medi-main experimental-control 1 ( 3.2) Base-medi qualitative analysis 1 ( 3.2) Base-medi-main pre-post experimental-control 1 ( 3.2) AB 1 ( 3.2) ABAB 1 ( 3.2) Qualitative analysis 2 (25 ) Total 31 (100) 8 (100) Game play therapy 10 (32.2) 1 (12.5) CBPT(cognitive-behavior play therapy) 7 (22.5) CCPT(child-centered play therapy) 3 ( 9.7) 2 (25) Sand play therapy 3 ( 9.7) 1 (12.5) Integrative play therapy 1 ( 3.2) 1 (12.5) Family play therapy 1 ( 3.2) 2 (25) Theraplay 1 ( 3.2) Psycho-motoric play therapy 1 (12.5) Emotion based group play program 1 ( 3.2) Play activity 4 (13) Total 31 (100) 8 (100) - 132 -
Table 7. Type of game play therapy used in the studies Attention Impulsiveness Type of game play Dart game Simon says game Fishing game Domino Jenga (block game) Beat the clock Stop board game Ice, break., ice, break Beat the clock Research subject Kim(2002), H-R. Kim(2003), Park(2004), Kim(2008), Nam(2010) Kim(2002), H-R. Kim(2003), Kim 2004), Nam(2010) Kim(2002), H-R. Kim(2003), Kim(2008), Nam(2010) Kim(2002), H-R. Kim(2003), Park(2004), Nam(2010) Kim(2004), Nam(2010) Kim(2008), Nam(2010) Kim(2004), Choi(2005), Lee(2010) Kim(2004), Choi(2005) Choi(2005), Lee(2010) Table 8. CBPT skills regularly used in the studies Attention, impulsiveness. CBPT skills Self-instruction Relaxation Modeling Behavior-list Response cost Reinforcement Problem solving skill Research subject D-Y. Kim(2003), Kang(2005), Jung(2006). Kim(2006), Kang(2008) D-Y. Kim(2003) D-Y. Kim(2003), Jung(2006) D-Y. Kim(2003), Kang(2005) Jung(2006) D-Y. Kim(2003) D-Y. Kim(2003) - 133 -
- 134 -
American Psychiatric Association. (2002). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, text revision (4th ed.). Washington, DC. An, D-H., Kim, S-S., & Han, E-S. (2004). Social skill program for ADHD children. Seoul: Hakjisa. Berlin, I. N. (2001). The use competitive games in play therapy. In C. E. Schaefer & S. Reid (2nd Eds.), Game play: Therapeutic use of childhood games (pp. 109-129). NY: Wiley. Bow, J. N., & Goldberg, T. E. (1986). Therapeutic use of games with a fine motor component. In C. Schaefer & S. Reid (Eds.), Game play: Therapeutic use of childhood games (pp. 243-256). NY: Wiley. Bratton, S. C., Ray, D., Rhine, T., & Jones, L. (2005). The efficacy of play therapy with children: A metaanalytic review of treatment outcomes. Professional Psychology: Research and practice, 36(4), 376-390. Choi, J-A., & Cho, A. (2010). Effects of social skill program on improving sociality and selfconcept of children with ADHD Symptoms, Korean Association of Parent Counseling and Play Therapy, 1, 89-105. DuPaul, G. D., & Stoner, G. (2003). ADHD in the schools: Assessment and intervention strategies. NY: Guilford Press. Gardner, R. A. (1973). The talking, feeling and doing game. NJ: Creative Therapeutics. Hall, T. M., Kaduson, H. G., & Schaefer, C. E. (2002). Fifteen effective play therapy techniques. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 33(6), 515-522. Hill, C. E., & O Brien, K. M. (1999). Helping skills: facilitating exploration, insight, and action. American Psychiatric Association. Hwang, H-J., & Kim, B-K. (2004). The effect of the play therapy for the behavior modifications of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder child. Dong-A Ronchong, 41, 5-24. Kaduson, H. G., Cangelosi. D., & Schaefer. C. E. (1997). The playing cure: individualized play therapy for specific childhood problems. MD: Jason Aronson. Kendall, P. C., & Braswell, L. (1985). Cognitivebehavioral therapy for impulsive children. NY: Guilford Press. Knell, S. M. (2001). Cognitive-behavioral play therapy. (Y-E. Park, K-H. Yu, Y-H. Choi, I-J. Park, H-J. Mun, & M-K. Lee, Trans.) Seoul: The House of Sharing press. (Original work published 1993). Knell, S. M. (2009). Cognitive behavioral play therapy: theory and applications. In A. A. Drewes (Ed.), Blending play therapy with cognitive behavioral therapy: evidence-based and other effective treatments and techniques (pp. 117-134). NJ: Wiley. Koo, H-J., Choi, S-M., & Kwon, J-H. (2012). Youth - 135 -
psychotherapy outcome research: Methodological review and meta-analysis (1995-2010). The Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 31(1), 43-73. Landreth, G. (2002). Paly therapy: The art of the relationship (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Brunner/ Routledge. Lee, H-S. (2009). Overview of psychological therapy in Korea children with ADHD (2004-2008). Lee, Y-N., & Kim, K-W. (2006). Research overview of the prevention methods effect on maladjustment for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, The Journal of Play Therapy, 9(3), 1-21. Min, S-Y. (2011). Research trends in intervention for a child with at-risk ADHD : A review of research from 1995 to 2010. Unpublished master s thesis, Graduate school of special education, Dankook University, Yongin, Korea. Ray, D. C., Schottelkorb, A., & Tsai, M. H. (2007). Play therapy with children exhibiting symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. International Journal of Play Therapy, 16(2), 95-111. Reid, S. E. (1993). It s all in the game: Game play therapy. In T. A. Kottman & C. E. Schaefer (Eds.), Play therapy in action (pp. 527-560). MD: Jason Aronson. Reid, S. E. (2001). The psychology of play and games. In C. E. Schaefer & S. Reid (2nd Eds.), Game play: therapeutic use of childhood games (pp. 1-38). NY: Wiley. Schaefer, C. E. (1998). Play therapy: Critical issues for the next millennium. (E-H. Eim, Trans.). The Journal of Play Therapy. 2(1), 3-11. Shapiro, L. E. (1981). Games to grow on: Activities to help children learn self-control. NJ: Prentice- Hall. Smith, W. H. (2002). Chess. In C. E. Schaefer & D. Cangelosi (Eds.), Play therapy techniques (pp. 347-357). MD: Jason Aronson. Swank, J. M. (2008). The use of games: a therapeutic tool with children and families. International Journal of Play Therapy, 17(2), 154-167. Swanson, A. J., & Casarjian, B. E. (2001). Using game to improve self-control problems in children. In C. E. Schaefer & S. Reid (2nd Eds.), Game play: therapeutic use of childhood games (pp. 316-330). NY: Wiley. Yang, S-J., Cheong, S-S., & Hong, S-D. (2006). Prevalence and correlates of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: School-based mental health services in seoul. Journal of The Korean Neuropsychiatric Association, 45(1), 69-76. Appendix. Choi, D-J. (2005). The effects of group game play therapy on the decrease of maladjusted behaviors in ADHD children. Unpublished master s thesis, Graduate School of Rehabilitation Science Daegu University, Daegu, Korea. Ha, S-M. (2008). The effects of attention play program on ADHD children s behavioral changes and school life adaptation. Unpublished master s thesis, Graduate School of Education Dong-A University, Busan, Korea, Han, S-O. (2006). The spiritual capability of sandplay therapy - The case research of children with ADHD and tourette symptom-. Unpublished master s thesis, Changwon National University, Changwon, Korea. Hong, S-J. (2007). The effects of the game-play activities with a 6-year-old boy diagnosed as ADHD. Unpublished master s thesis, Graduate School Daejin University, Pocheon, Korea. Jung, S-Y. (2006). A case study on improvement in ADHD children s maladjustment behavior with play based self control training. Unpublished master s thesis, Daegu University, Daegu, Korea. Kang, H-Y. (2005). The effects of cognitive modification and play therapy on alleviating the problem behaviors and improving selfconcepts of children with ADHD. Unpublished master s thesis, Graduate school of education Kosin University, Busan, Korea. Kim, C-K, You, Y-J. (2010). The effects of the - 136 -
psychomotoric play therapy program on reducing problematic behaviors and improving social skills of the ADHD children. The Journal of Play Therapy, 14(1), 51-65. Kim, D-Y. (2003). Effects of the combined treatment of cognitive-behavioral play therapy and parent training in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea. Kim, H-R. (2003). The effect of group gameplay therapy on ADHD child s attention ability and adaptability, Unpublished master s thesis, Graduate School of Education Incheon National University of Education, Incheon, Korea. Kim, H-S. (2008). The effects of an emotion-based group play program on the maladaptive behaviors of children with ADHD. Unpublished master s thesis, Daegu University, Daegu, Korea. Kim, K-J. (2005). The effects of group play therapy on ADHD children s peer relationships and task performance attitude. Unpublished master s thesis, Graduate School of Education Kosin University, Busan, Korea. Kim, M-H. (2009). The effects on the theraplay for infant s hyper behavior regulation: A case study with maladjusted infant. Unpublished master s thesis, Graduate school of school education, Myongji University, Seoul, Korea. Kim, M-J. (2010). The effects of the play therapy by a visiting therapist of elementary school for the improvement of the self-control ability and the adaptation to school environment and the play behavior of children with ADHD. Unpublished master s thesis, Graduate School of Namseoul University, Cheonan, Korea. Kim, M-S. (2006). The effects of the play centered cognitive behavior program on the ADHD children self-esteem, attention, and self-control. Unpublished master s thesis, Chonbuk National University, Chonbuk, Korea. Kim, M-Y. (2008). A case study on a child with ADHD by the application of attention training composed of play and games. Unpublished master s thesis, Graduate School of Education Chinju University, Chinju, Korea. Kim, S-K. (2004). The effects of game play therapy on behavior problems of attention deficithyperactivity disorder children. Unpublished master s thesis, Department of Rehabilitation Science Graduate School Daegu University, Daegu, Korea. Kim, S-O. (2006). The case study of ADHD child with the sand play therapy. The Journal of Play Therapy, 10(2), 37-56. Kim, Y-O. (2002). The effect of game play therapy upon a child s attention behavior improvement with borderline intelligence, Unpublished master s thesis, Graduate School of Rehabilitation Science Daegu University, Daegu, Korea. Lee, E-M. (2010). The effect of play activities on impulsiveness and hyperactivity of students with ADHD. Unpublished master s thesis, Graduate School of Education Daegu National University of Education, Daegu, Korea. Lee, S-H. (2006). The effects of experiential family play therapy on attention deficit hyperactivities of children and family functions, Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Daegu University, Daegu, Korea. Lee, S-H., & Yoon, H-Y. (2007a). The effects of family play therapy on family functions with ADHD tendencious child and the ADHD tendencies of children. Journal of Emotional & Behavioral Disabilities, 23(3), 25-50. Lee, S-H., & Yoon, H-Y. (2007b). The effects of family play therapy on the attention-deficit, impulsivity, and hyperactivity tendencies of children, The Journal of Play Therapy, 11(2), 43-69. Lee, S-R. (2004). The effects of attention play programs on changes and maladjustment to ADHD children s behaviors. Unpublished master s thesis, Graduate School of Education Dong-A University, Busan, Korea. Lee, Y-K. (2009). The effect of cognitive-behavioral group play-therapy on children s aprosexia and impulse control-disorder. Unpublished master s - 137 -
thesis, Graduate school of school education Myongji University, Seoul, Korea. Lee, Y-M. (2003). Effects of the integrative play therapy on ADHD children, Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Sookmyung Women s University, Seoul, Korea. Moon, I-N. (2005). The effect of play activities program on the behavior of early elementary school children with ADHD. Unpublished master s thesis, Graduate School of Education Hongik University, Seoul, Korea. Nam, H-W., Moon, S-Y., & Bang, I-K. (2000). Research of the play therapy in diminishing problematic behavior of attention deficit and hyper disorder children. The Journal of Play Therapy, 11(3), 53-62. Nam, S-M. (2010). Influence of game play program upon attention of children with attention deficit disorder. Unpublished master s thesis, Daegu University, Daegu, Korea. Oh, S-M. (2005). Case study of play therapy for ADHD. Unpublished master s thesis. United Graduate School of Theology Yonse University, Seoul, Korea. Park, E-H. (2004). A case study on effects of game play therapy on changes in ADHD child s attention behaviors and self-esteem. Unpublished master s thesis, Graduate School of Rehabilitation Science, Daegu University, Daegu, Korea. Park, Y-J. (2008). A case study on play therapy of a child who has difficulty in peer interaction. Korean Journal of Counseling, 9(3), 1245-1266. Sin, J-W. (2010). The effect of group sandplay therapy program for empathy ability and peer relationship of children with tendency of ADHD. Unpublished master s thesis, Myongji University, Seoul, Korea. So, E-Y. (2010). A study on the efficacies of the sandplay therapy with attention deficit hyperactivityprone children s hyperactivity and class participation activity. Unpublished master s thesis, Daegu University, Daegu, Korea. Song, M-H. (2005). The effects of group game-play on executive function, impulsivity, self-control of children with ADHD. Unpublished master s thesis, Duksung Women s University, Seoul, Korea. Song, Y-H., & Jung, E-H. (1998). A play therapy with a siblings participation improves an ADHD child s social skills: A case study. The Journal of Play Therapy, 2(1), 97-117. Yang, M-O. (2008). A comparative study of effects between the combined treatment and medication in children with ADHD. Unpublished master s thesis, Seoul Women s University, Seoul, Korea. Yoon, J-H. (2007). The effects of group game-play program on executive function and self-control of children with ADHD. Unpublished master s thesis, Duksung Women s University, Seoul, Korea. Yun, M-H., & Kil, K-S. (2009). The effects of group game play program on ADHD-liked children`s executive function. Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association, 47(4), 1-11. Yun, Y-K. (2005). Effect of a group play therapy program on problematic behavior of maladjusted children, Unpublished master s thesis, Kyungsung University, Busan, Korea. - 138 -