Sun Mi Lee, et al. Characteristics of Semantic Clustering in PD 다른정보를인출할때는유연한사고적접근과사용전략 (Ho et al., 2002) 이필요하며이는전두엽의기능과연관이있다 (Troyer et al., 1998). 군

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1 ISSN (Online) Commun Sci Disord 2018;23(3): Original Article Characteristics and Underlying Mechanisms of Semantic Clustering in Parkinson s Disease Sun Mi Lee a, Ji Hye Yoon b, Soo Jung Lee c a Department of Speech Pathology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea b Division of Speech Pathology and Audiology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea c Department of Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan, Korea Correspondence: Ji Hye Yoon, PhD Division of Speech Pathology and Audiology, Hallym University, 1 Hallimdaehak-gil, Chuncheon 24252, Korea Tel: Fax: j.yoon@hallym.ac.kr Received: April 20, 2018 Revised: May 12, 2018 Accepted: May 12, 2018 This research was supported by Hallym University Research Fund in 2017 (No. HRF ). Objectives: Patients with Parkinson s disease (PD) tend to show impairment in switching, but not clustering, during semantic fluency tasks. When time limits are imposed for completing a fluency task, clustering and switching can be negatively correlated. To better understand the characteristics of clustering, verbal fluency needs to be assessed both with and without time limits. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of time limits on clustering performance, and to study characteristics of semantic impairment related to clustering in PD. Methods: We studied 27 PD patients and 32 normal controls (NC). We conducted a semantic fluency task and measured the total number of words, average size of, number of, and number of switches generated in a 1-minute time limit, also making the same measurements without a time limit. Finally, we conducted a semantic knowledge task utilizing spontaneous production, specific guiding questions, and forcedchoice questions. Results: First, when there was no time limit the average size of was significantly smaller in PD than in NC. Second, on the semantic knowledge task, the PD patients scored significantly lower than NC on the specific guiding questions and in total. Lastly, we found significant correlations between the average size of and the scores on the semantic knowledge task in PD. Conclusion: On semantic fluency tasks, time limits for completing a task may affect clustering in PD. Also, impaired clustering in PD may be attributed to impaired retrieval of semantic knowledge rather than a deficit in semantic knowledge itself. Keywords: Parkinson s disease, Semantic fluency task, Clustering, Switching, Semantic know 파킨슨병환자들은치매를동반하지않은경우에도병진행의초기단계에서부터인지기능감퇴를경험하기도하며 (Muslimović, Post, Speelman, & Schmand, 2005) 특히전두엽기능저하를보이기쉽다 (Farina et al., 2000; Henry & Crawford, 2004; Taylor, Saint- Cyr, & Lang, 1986). 이러한원인은파킨슨병환자가흑질의도파민생산문제로인하여전두엽과피질하영역을잇는전전두피질회로가손상되며이로인하여운동장애뿐만아니라인지기능, 성격, 우울증에영향을미칠수있기때문이다 (Colman & Bastiaanse, 2011; Cummings, 1993; Middleton & Strick, 2000; Owen, 2004). 대조적으로파킨슨병환자의측두엽기능은비교적온전하다고알려져있다 (Randolph, Braun, Goldberg, & Chase, 1993). 구조적영상연 구에서도치매를동반하지않은파킨슨병환자들에게서전두엽위축은비교적일관적으로나타나지만측두엽위축에관해서는치매를동반한파킨슨병환자들과더관련이있다고보고하였다 (Beyer, Janvin, Larsen, & Aarsland, 2007; Gattellaro et al., 2009). 생성이름대기과제로흔히사용되는범주유창성과제를수행하기위해서는전두엽과측두엽기능이필요한데 (Frith, Friston, Liddle, & Frackowiak, 1991; Klein, Milner, Zatorre, Meyer, & Evans, 1995), 선행연구에서이를반영하는지표로서전환과군집분석이활용된다. 예를들면, 전환은하위범주의단어를모두인출하고난후에또다른하위범주로이동하는것을말한다 (Troyer, Moscovitch, Winocur, Alexander, & Stuss, 1998). 고갈된정보를대체할수있는 Copyright 2018 Korean Academy of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

2 Sun Mi Lee, et al. Characteristics of Semantic Clustering in PD 다른정보를인출할때는유연한사고적접근과사용전략 (Ho et al., 2002) 이필요하며이는전두엽의기능과연관이있다 (Troyer et al., 1998). 군집은제시된범주내에서의미적으로서로연관된어휘들을전략적으로모아산출하는능력이므로 (Auriacombe et al., 1993; Troyer, Moscovitch, Winocur, Leach, & Freedman, 1998) 의미정보들이유기적으로저장되어있는곳으로알려진 (Ho et al., 2002; Robert et al., 1998) 측두엽과연관이있다 (Troyer, Moscovitch, Winocur, Leach, et al., 1998). 이러한신경해부학적관점에따라파킨슨병환자의경우측두엽기능이유지되기때문에범주유창성과제에서의군집능력이온전한것으로단순히해석하였다 (Auriacombe et al., 1993; Donovan, Siegert, McDowall, & Abernethy, 1999; Ho et al., 2002; Robert et al., 1998; Troyer, Moscovitch, Winocur, Leach, et al., 1998). 그러나올바른군집화를위해서는측두엽에저장된정보인어휘-의미지식을전략적으로탐색하고인출하는전두엽의처리과정이수반된다 (Moscovitch, 1994). 따라서군집능력의본질을확인하기위해서는수행의최종산물인군집관련지표뿐만아니라군집과관련된일련의처리과정을단계적으로확인해야한다. 그뿐만아니라범주유창성과제는주로 1분이라는제한된짧은시간내에가능한많은단어를산출하는최대수행과제이므로군집과전환의수행력은서로영향을줄수있다. 예를들어, 성인이평균적으로 1분동안 20개의단어를산출할수있다고가정할때, 시작과동시에하나의군집안에서 10개의단어를산출한다면남은전환의기회는 10개가된다. 반대로시작과동시에전환을많이사용하여서로다른범주안에 14개의단어를산출하면군집으로만들수있는단어의개수는 6개가된다. 즉, 과제수행의초반에어떠한전략을선호하거나선택하는지에따라각전략의기회빈도가줄어들수있다. 즉, 군집내에서인출하는시간과전환시간이길어질수록전환기회수가줄어들며, 역으로는전환의사용이많아질수록군집을형성할기회가줄어든다. 이와같은맥락에서 Mayr (2002) 와 Troyer, Moscovitch 그리고 Winocur (1997) 는전환과군집수가부적상관을보인것은제한된시간이라는변수내에서과제를시행하였기때문이라고보고하였다. Choi와 Sung (2014) 은실어증환자들과정상인들간의군집크기가유의미하지않은이유를과제의제한된시간동안정상군이실어증환자들보다잦은전환빈도를보였기때문으로해석하였다. 이러한변수의영향을고려해볼때, 파킨슨병환자의군집능력을보다정확히살펴보기위해서는과제수행시간의변수를 1분으로제한할것이아니라다각적으로살펴볼필요가있다. 이에, 본연구에서는, 첫째, 범주유창성과제를통해파킨슨병환 자의군집능력을살펴보되, 과제수행시간이군집능력에영향을미칠수있다는점에근거하여시간제한이있는경우 (1 분 ) 와제한이없는경우각각에서파킨슨병환자의군집능력을정상군과비교하고자하였다. 둘째, 파킨슨병환자의군집능력과의미지식간의관련성을파악하기위하여단계적의미지식과제를시행함으로써파킨슨병환자의의미지식특성을파악하고자하였다. 셋째, 파킨슨병환자의의미지식특성과군집능력간에는어떠한관련성이있는지살펴보고자하였다. 연구방법연구대상본연구는서울, 인천, 경기, 광주, 부산지역에거주하고있으며한국어를모국어로사용하는파킨슨병환자 27명과정상인 32명을대상으로시행되었다. 연구의모든절차는한림대학교생명윤리위원회 (HIRB ) 의승인을받았다. 환자군선별은신경과전문의혹은재활의학과전문의에게파킨슨병 (Parkinson s disease, PD) 으로진단을받은만 40세이상, 75세미만의환자들을대상으로하였다. 대상자들은파킨슨병이외에뇌손상및뇌혈관장애에관한병력이없었으며, 지적장애, 실어증과같은중복장애가없고, 과제수행을위하여시각적, 청각적질환으로인한진단및수술을받지않는경우로한정하였다 (Gurd et al., 2000; Sohn, as cited in 2016). 인지능력이생성이름대기수행력에영향을미칠수있다는선행연구를근거로한국판간이정신상태검사 (Korean version of Mini-Mental State Examination, K-MMSE) 를실시하고연령및교육년수별정상규준 (Kang, 2006) 에근거하여정상범주에해당하는자만을대상으로하였다. 또한파킨슨병은우울증을앓고있을확률이높다고알려져있으므로 (Hwang, Kim, Kim, & Hong, 2016) 단축형노인우울척도 (Short form Geriatric Depression Scale, SGDS; Kee, 1996) 도추가적으로실시하였다. 정상군은만 40세이상의정상성인을선별하기위해건강선별설문지 (Christensen, Multhaup, Nordstrom, & Voss, 1991), K-MMSE, SGDS를실시하여정상에포함되는경우만을대상으로하였다. 두집단 ( 파킨슨병환자 / 정상인 ) 간연령, 교육년수, K-MMSE 점수, SGDS 점수차이를확인하기위하여독립표본 t-검정을실시한결과, 연령 (t =1.458), 교육년수 (t =.127), K-MMSE 점수 (t = -.290) 는통계적으로유의한차이를보이지않았으나 SGDS 점수 (t = 7.041, p<.001) 는통계적으로유의한차이를보였다. 연구대상자에대한구체적인정보는다음 Table 1과같다

3 파킨슨병환자의의미적군집화특성및관련기제 이선미외 Table 1. Participants demographic information Characteristic PD Normal t p-value Age (yr) 61.48± ± Education (yr) 12.41± ± K-MMSE 28.04± ± SGDS 6.56± ± *** Values are presented as mean± SD. PD= Parkinson s disease; K-MMSE= Korean version of Mini-Mental State Examination (Kang, Na, & Hahn, 1997); SGDS = Short form Geriatric Depression Scale (Kee, 1996). ***p <.001. 연구과제및절차 범주유창성과제 범주유창성과제는의미적해당범주혹은음소적해당범주안 에있는단어들을최대한많이산출하는과제이다 (Ho et al., 2002; Troyer et al., 1997). 본연구에서는학력의영향이적으면서의미적 지식과관련이있는의미적범주유창성과제를시행하였다. 연구자 마다제한시간을정하는차이는있지만대다수연구에서범주유창 성과제를시행할때 1 분이라는제한시간을둔다 (Acevedo et al., 2000; Kempler, Teng, Dick, Taussig, & Davis, 1998; Huff, Corkin, & Growdon, 1986; Kang, Chin, Na, Lee, & Park, 2000; Randolph et al., 1993). 그러나본연구에서는최대의수행을보기위해시간제한이 없는경우, 즉, 대상자가계속적으로반응을하며스스로중단의사 를표시할때까지과제를수행하도록하였다. 단, 시간제한이있는 경우와의비교를위하여선행연구와같이 1 분내의수행시간도분 석하였다. 범주유창성과제에서사용되는의미적범주목록으로는 동물, 채소, 과일, 음식, 음료, 슈퍼마켓에있는물건, 탈것, 연장 등 이시행되고있다 (Acevedo et al., 2000; Kempler et al., 1998; Randolph et al., 1993; Huff et al., 1986). 이들중본연구에서는국외연구 에서도흔히사용되는범주로비교가용이하여한국판통제단어연 상검사 (Kang et al., 2000) 중범주유창성과제에서사용되고있는 동물 과 가게물건 범주를시행하였다. 의미지식과제 특정대상에관한어휘지식, 개념, 의미관계에대한정보들을포 함한의미지식을평가하기위해임상에서는대면이름대기 (confrontation naming test), 단어정의하기 (verbal definition), 범주분류과 제 (categorization task), 단어짝짓기과제 (The Pyramids and Palm Trees Test/The Camel and Cactus Test), 서술하기를통한의미지식 과제 (description task) 등다양한의미지식과제들이사용되고있 다 (Cho, 2015; Choi, 2008; Heo, Choi, & Ahn, 2006; Oh, Choi, & Kim, 2010; Seo et al., 2006). 이중본연구에서사용된의미지식과제는사물에대하여구체적인개념을정의혹은설명하는과제 (description of concrete concepts task; Laatu, Hämäläinen, Revonsuo, Portin, & Ruutiainen, 1999) 로의미지식안에저장된대상에대한개념혹은정보들을자발적으로산출할수있는지를확인하고자발적산출이불가할경우단계별로단서를주는질문을통하여의미지식의저장및인출능력을단계별로살펴보는과제이다. 과제에사용된단어의선정시에는문화적차이로인해기존연구의단어를그대로번안하여사용하기에무리가있었으므로다음과같은기준에따라수정및보완하여사용하였다. (1) 한국어기본어휘의미빈도사전 (Seo, 2014) 을참조하여보통명사중빈도수 100 이상의고빈도어휘와빈도수 50 이하의저빈도어휘를모두추출하였다. (2) 동음이의어가있는경우에는제외하였다. (3) Laatu 등 (1999) 이제시한바와같이추출된어휘들은시각적참조물이구체적으로존재하여그리거나상상할수있는사물로제한하였다. (4) 분명한구조와기능적특성과상위범주를가지고있는것으로선택하였다. 이러한기준에따라고빈도어휘 8개와저빈도어휘 7 개총 15개의어휘가최종적으로선정되었다. 과제시행절차범주유창성과제의경우, 동물범주를시행한이후에가게물건범주산출을하도록하였으며, 검사자는대상자에게 지금부터편안하게해당범주에속하는단어의이름들을떠오르는만큼최대한많이산출해보세요 라고지시한뒤에대상자가스스로과제중단에대한의사표시를하는경우에과제를중지하였다. 의미지식과제의절차는단서의제공유무에따라서 (1) 스스로정의하기, (2) 유도질문에답하기, (3) 선택질문에답하기로이루어진다. 스스로정의하기는 펭귄이무엇입니까? 와같이정의를물은뒤자유롭게가능한많은의미지식을산출하도록유도한다. 대상자가스스로산출하지못한항목에대해서 펭귄은무슨색입니까?, 펭귄의발은몇개입니까?, 펭귄은어떠한종류의날개를가지고있습니까? 와같은특정적인유도질문을제시하고응답을산출하도록하였다. 이후에도산출하지못한항목에대해서 펭귄은검정색 / 흰색입니까? 아니면노란색입니까?, 펭귄은발이 2개입니까? 4개입니까?, 펭귄의날개는작습니까? 큽니까? 와같은선택질문을통해정답을선택하도록하였다. 자료분석기준범주유창성과제정반응에대한인정기준은 Kang 등 (2000) 의연구에따라해당 649

4 Sun Mi Lee, et al. Characteristics of Semantic Clustering in PD 범주에속하지않은반응이나고유명사는제외하였고파생어는제일첫반응만채점하였다. 상위개념어와하위개념어로반응한경우에는구체적인하위개념의단어를점수에포함시키고상위개념어단어는채점에서제외하였다. 마비말장애로인한경미한조음왜곡은정반응으로간주하였다 (as cited in Kim, 2014). 그후 Troyer 등 (1997) 및 Kim (2016) 의선행연구에따라평균군집크기, 군집수, 전환수를산출하였다. 군집은의미적으로동일한하위범주에서단어를연속적으로산출하는경우를말한다. 군집수는산출시에형성된군집의수를세었다. 연속적인단어를산출하지못하고하나의단어만을산출한경우군집크기는 0이며, 두개이상의단어를연속적으로산출한경우에군집크기는 1이다 (Troyer et al., 1997). 평균군집크기를구하기위하여각각군집의크기를모두더한후군집수로나누었다. 전환수는하나의하위범주에서또다른하위범주로의이동하는경우로하나의군집에서다른군집으로이동한경우와하나의단어로이동한경우도포함하였다 (Kim, 2016). 예를들면, 소, 말, 비둘기, 꾀꼬리, 나비, 메뚜기, 하마 라고산출한경우에군집수는동물의하위범주중가축 ( 소, 말 ), 새 ( 비둘기, 꾀꼬리 ), 곤충 ( 나비, 메뚜기 ) 으로 3개이다. 평균군집크기는각각의군집크기를모두더하여 3개이며이를군집수 3으로나눈값으로 1개가된다. 전환수는군집에서군집으로이동이 2개, 군집에서단어로이동이 1개로총 3개이다. 군집과전환분석이외에양적분석수치로총산출단어수를확인하였다. 이때, 모든수치 ( 총산출단어수, 평균군집크기, 전환수, 군집수 ) 는각 1분동안이루어진동물과가게물건에서산출된단어를합한수치이다. 의미지식과제의미지식과제의스스로정의하기에대한반응을채점하기위해선행연구 (Chung & Lee, 2004; Kim, Kang, & Yoon, 2015; Rhee, 1991; Sung & Kim, 2011) 의연구를참조하여정의하기에대한하위기준을구조적특징과기능적특징, 상위어로분류하였다. 구조적특징의경우, 제시된사물에대한색깔, 모양, 맛등과같은사물의고유한특징들을가리키며기능적특징은제시된사물의용도, 사용방법등과같은특징들을의미한다. 상위어의경우, 각항목에대한상위범주에해당하는단어를의미한다. 이러한기준에따라, 점수를받을수있는항목은 15개의상위어, 34개의구조적특징, 25 개의기능적특징으로이루어져있으며이를 Appendix 1에제시하였다. 각각의점수는스스로정의하기에서정답일경우에 3점, 유도질문에서정답일경우 2점, 선택질문에서정답일경우 1점, 모두대답하지못하는경우 0점으로산정하며이를모두더한값을총점으로한다. 각각의스스로정의하기, 유도질문, 선택질문단계에서 산출한항목당점수를부여하였다. 예를들어, 호랑이에대하여자발적으로 호랑이는몸에줄무늬가있고덩치가크지 라고말한경우, 줄무늬가있다, 몸집이크다 두가지항목에대하여각각 3점을부여하여 6점을획득한것으로간주하였다. 이후호랑이에대하여산출하지못한각각의특징들을유도질문에서제시한다음정반응한경우각항목당 2점을부여하였고마지막까지산출하지못한특징들은선택질문을통해다시한번제시하여정반응가능한지살펴보았다. 마지막에정반응하는경우에는 1점, 정반응하지못하는경우에는 0점으로하였다. 따라서유도질문과선택질문에서각각최대 74개의질문을제시할수있다. 위에예시에사용된질문들의예시는다음과같다. 스스로정의하기에서는 호랑이는무엇인가요? ( 반응이없는경우 ) 호랑이에대해서생각나는대로모두말씀해주세요 라고제시되었으며이후산출하지못한특징들에대하여유도질문에서는 호랑이는무슨색입니까? 호랑이는어디에삽니까? 와같이질문이제시되었다. 이후에도정반응하지못하는경우 호랑이는노란색혹은주황색입니까? 초록색입니까?, 호랑이는몸집이작습니까? 큽니까? 와같이제시되었다. 또한스스로정의하기, 유도질문, 선택질문에대한정반응비율을산출하였다. 타당도및신뢰도내용타당도를확인하기위하여언어병리학을전공하는대학원생 3명과파킨슨질환및노년층환자에대한 5년이상의임상경험이있는전문가 1인에게내용적절성과관련해 Likert 5점척도로각문항에대하여평가하도록하였다. 그결과, 의미지식과제의정반응기준으로삼는항목들에대한적절성을묻는모든문항이 3점에해당하는 보통이다 이상에해당되었다. 신뢰도의경우, 언어병리학을전공하는대학원생 1명에게검사절차, 기록방법, 분석방법을자세히설명한후, 전체수집된자료의약 10% (6명) 를임의로선정하여평가자간일치율신뢰도 (interrater reliability) 로측정하였다. 그결과, 범주유창성과제에대한일치율은 88.33%, 의미지식과제에대한일치율은 87.5% 로나타났다. 자료의통계처리자료의통계처리는 SPSS version 21 프로그램을사용하였다. 먼저범주유창성과제의수행시간을시간제한이있는경우 (1 분내의수행력 ) 와시간제한이없는경우 ( 환자가스스로중단한시점까지의수행력 ) 로나누어각각의수행력을산정하였다. 두집단간군집능력 ( 평균군집크기, 군집수 ) 과전환능력 ( 전환수 ), 총산출단어수를비교하기위해 SGDS 점수를공변량으로하여반복측정공분산분석 (repeated measure ANCOVA, RM-ANCOVA) 을실시하였다

5 파킨슨병환자의의미적군집화특성및관련기제 이선미외 또한집단간의미지식과제수행력 ( 총점, 스스로정의하기정반응률, 유도질문정반응률, 선택질문정반응률 ) 비교를위해서 SGDS 점수를공변량으로하여 ANCOVA를실시하였다. 집단에따라서의미지식과제수행력과군집능력사이에어떠한상관을보이는지살펴보기위하여 Pearson 상관분석을실시하였다. 연구결과범주유창성과제수행력과제의제한시간에따른집단간총산출단어수비교시간에따른집단간총산출단어수를비교하기위해 SGDS 점수를공변량으로설정하여 RM-ANCOVA를실시하였다. 그결과, 집단 (2요인: 파킨슨병환자, 정상군 ) 시간 (2요인: 시간제한있음, 시간제한없음 ) 의상호작용효과가유의하지않았으며 (F(1,59) =.109, p=.742), 시간에대한주효과는유의하나 (F(1,59) = , p<.001) 집단에대한주효과는유의하지않았다 (F(1,59) =.121, p=.729). 시간제한여부에따라각집단에서산출한총단어의수는 Table 2와같다. 을실시한결과, 시간제한이있는경우에는두집단간평균군집크기에차이가없었으나 (p=.655), 시간제한이없는경우에는파킨슨병환자군이정상군에비해평균군집크기가유의하게적은것으로나타났다 (p=.033) (Figure 1). 둘째, 군집수에대해서는집단과시간의상호작용효과 (F(1,59) =.071, p=.790) 및집단에대한주효과 (F(1,59) =.008, p=.931) 가모두유의하지않았으며, 시간에따른주효과만유의하게나타났다 (F(1,59) = , p<.001). 시간제한여부에따른각집단의평균군집크기및군집수는 Table 2와같다. 과제의제한시간에따른집단간전환능력 ( 전환수 ) 비교시간에따른집단간총전환수를비교하기위해 SGDS 점수를공변량으로설정하여 RM-ANCOVA를실시하였다. 그결과, 집단 (2요인: 파킨슨병환자, 정상군 ) 시간 (2요인: 시간제한있음, 시간제한없음 ) 의상호작용효과가유의하지않았으며 (F(1,59) =1.479, p=.229), 시간에대한주효과는유의하나 (F(1,59) = , p<.001) 집단에대한주효과는유의하지않았다 (F(1,59) =.012, p=.913). 시간제한여부에따른각집단에서사용한전환수는 Table 2와같다. 과제의제한시간에따른집단간군집능력 ( 평균군집크기, 군집수 ) 비교시간에따른집단간군집능력을비교하기위해 SGDS 점수를공변량으로설정하여 RM-ANCOVA 를실시하였다. 첫째, 평균군집크기에대해서는집단 (2요인 : 파킨슨병환자, 정상군 ) 시간 (2요인: 시간제한있음, 시간제한없음 ) 의상호작용효과가유의하였으며 (F(1,59) = 9.990, p=.003), 시간에대한주효과는유의하나 (F(1,59) = 7.947, p =.007), 집단에대한주효과는유의하지않았다 (F(1,59) =1.263, p =.266). 상호작용효과에대한사후분석으로서대응별비교분석 Average size of PD NC Table 2. Comparisons of the total number of words, clustering ability, and switching ability between groups PD (N = 27) NC (N = 32) Total number of words a Time limit ± ± 1.73 No time limit 87.01± ± Average size of Time limit 4.73 ± ±.31 a,b No time limit* 4.95± ±.39 Number of a Time limit 6.25 ± ±.41 No time limit 15.37± ± 1.59 Number of switches a Time limit ± ± 1.14 No time limit 45.91± ± 5.03 Values are presented as covariate-adjusted mean± SE. PD= Parkinson s disease; NC= normal controls. a Significant main effect of time condition, b significant interaction effect of group by time condition. *A pairwise comparison demonstrated a significant difference between groups. 4.0 Time limit Figure 1. Significant interaction effect of group by time condition for average size of. PD= Parkinson s disease; NC= normal controls. Table 3. Comparisons of the description task performance between groups PD (N= 27) NC (N= 32) F p-value Total score ± ± * Spontaneous production (%) 27.31± ± Specific guiding questions (%) 57.04± ± <.001*** Forced-choice questions (%) 90.96± ± Values are presented as covariate-adjusted mean ± SE. PD= Parkinson s disease; NC= normal controls. *p <.05, ***p <.001. No time limit 651

6 Sun Mi Lee, et al. Characteristics of Semantic Clustering in PD Table 4. Correlation coefficient of cluster abilities with semantic memory variables in patients with Parkinson s disease Number of Time limit Avg size of Number of No time limit Avg size of Total score *.608**.555** Spontaneous production *.570**.568** Specific guiding questions *.406** Forced-choice questions *p <.05, **p <.01. Table 5. Correlation coefficient of cluster abilities with semantic memory variables in normal adults Number of Time limit Avg size of No time limit Number of Avg size of Total score *.173 Spontaneous production Specific guiding questions Forced-choice questions *p <.05. 의미지식과제수행력집단간의미지식과제의수행력을비교하기위하여 SGDS 점수를공변인으로한공분산분석을실시한결과, 의미지식과제의총점은파킨슨병환자군이정상군에비해유의하게낮았다 (F(1,59) = 7.002, p=.011). 집단간단서수준에따른정반응률을비교하기위하여스스로정의하기, 유도질문, 선택질문의정반응률을각각비교한결과, 스스로정의하기와선택질문의정반응률은집단간차이가없었으며 (F(1,59) = 2.098, p =.153; F(1,59) =1.380, p =.245, respectively), 유도질문의정반응률에서만두집단간차이가나타났다 (F(1,59) = , p<.001) (Table 3). 군집능력과의미지식과제수행력간상관관계각집단에서범주유창성과제의군집능력과의미지식과제수행력간의관련성을알아보기위하여군집능력 ( 평균군집크기, 군집수 ) 과의미지식수행력 ( 총점, 스스로정의하기정반응률, 유도질문정반응률, 선택질문정반응률 ) 변수들간의상관관계를분석하였다. 첫째, 파킨슨병환자군에서는시간제한이없는경우에군집수와평균군집크기모두의미지식과제의총점 (r =.608, p=.001; r =.555, p =.003, respectively), 스스로정의하기정반응률 (r =.570, p=.002; r =.568, p=.002, respectively), 유도질문정반응률 (r =.476, p=.012; r =.406, p=.036, respectively) 간의정적상관이나타났다. 시간제한이있는경우에는평균군집크기와총점 (r =.437, p=.023), 스스로정의하기정반응률 (r =.385, p=.047) 간정적상관이관찰되었다 (Table 4). 둘째, 정상군에서는시간제한이없는경우, 군집수와총점 (r=.388, p=.028) 간에유의한정적상관이있었으나다른항목에서는통계적으로유의한상관이나타나지않았다. 시간제한이있는경우, 군집수및평균군집크기와의미지식과제수행력간에통계적으로유의한상관은관찰되지않았다 (Table 5). 논의및결론본연구에서는범주유창성과제를통해파킨슨병환자의군집능력을살펴보되, 첫째, 과제수행시간이군집능력에영향을미칠수있다는점에근거하여시간제한이있는경우 (1 분 ) 와제한이없는경우의각각에서파킨슨병환자의군집능력을정상군과비교하였다. 둘째, 파킨슨병환자의군집능력과의미지식간의관련성을파악하기위하여단계적의미지식과제를시행함으로써파킨슨병환자의의미지식특성을파악하였고, 마지막으로, 상관분석을통해이러한의미지식특성과군집능력간에어떠한관련성이있는지파악하였다. 본연구에서도출된결과를토대로다음의두가지측면에서논의점을제시해보고자한다. 첫째, 파킨슨병환자의군집능력은과제수행시간에영향을받으므로파킨슨병환자의군집특성을보다면밀하게파악하기위해서는시간적변수를고려할필요가있다. 다수의선행연구들은범주유창성과제에서나타난파킨슨병환자군의군집능력이정상군과비교하여차이가없으며, 이를근거로파킨슨병환자의군집능력및기저의의미지식이보존되어있음을주장하였다 (Auriacombe et al., 1993; Troyer, Moscovitch, Winocur, Leach, et al., 1998). 단, 이러한결과들은과제수행시간을일정하게제한한상태에서도출된것으로시간제한을두지않은상태에서의군집능력을살펴볼필요가있다. 본연구에서는시간제한여부에따라파킨슨병환자군과정상군간의군집화양상에차이가나타났는데, 즉, 과제수행시간을 1분으로하여분석하였을때는두집단간평균군집크기에차이가없었던반면, 시간제한없이스스로중단한시점까지의수행력을관찰하였을때는파킨슨병환자군이정상군에비해평균군집크기가유의하게적은것으로나타났다. 이러한결과는파킨슨병환자군의우울증상으로인하여시간제한없이과제를수행하였을때과제수행시간이짧아진것이아닌지확인해볼필요가있다. 우울증상에따른동기저하나무기력감등으로환자 652

7 파킨슨병환자의의미적군집화특성및관련기제 이선미외 군이정상군에비해단어산출을금방포기하는경우가있다면이는범주유창성과제의총산출단어개수, 군집, 전환양상에큰영향요소가될수있기때문이다. 그러나동물범주의범주유창성과제의경우정상인집단에서평균 3분 55초, 환자집단에서평균 3분 05초수행시간이걸렸으며가게범주의범주유창성과제의경우정상인집단에서평균 7분 11초, 환자집단에서평균 6분 49초수행시간이걸렸지만동물범주유창성과제 (p=.297) 와가게물건범주유창성과제 (p=.628) 수행시간에서모두집단간유의한차이가없었으므로이러한가능성은배제될수있다. 흥미로운점은시간제한여부에따른두집단간군집수양상에는차이가없었다는점이다. 이는, 의미지식으로부터특정범주 ( 예 : 동물 ) 에해당하는의미적자질들을활성화하고위계화 (conceptual hierarchy) 하는것 ( 예 : 동물 > 새 > 까치 ) 에는어려움이없으나, 같은하위범주 ( 예 : 새 ) 내에서관련성이있는어휘목록들을계속적으로인출하는전략이저하된것으로해석할수있다. 예컨대, 정상인의경우에는특정군집안에서대표적인단어를설정하고그단어를중심으로다른관련단어들을산출하는양상을보였는데, 대상자가실제로반응한자료를살펴보면, 까치, 비둘기, 참새, 소, 까치, 앵무새, 메뚜기, 까치, 까마귀, 공작새 등으로산출하는양상을확인하였다. 즉, 새 라는하위범주내에서 까치 라는대표단어가설정되면, 다른하위범주로전환이일어난후에도다시 까치 라는대표단어를활용하여하위범주인 새 로돌아와 날다 (fly) 라는자질을가진관련단어들을계속적으로산출할수있게되는것이다. 파킨슨병환자군의경우에는정상인이사용한이러한인출전략의결여뿐만아니라인지적억제 (cognitive inhibition), 인지적유연성 (cognitive flexibility), 작업기억 (working memory) 등을포함하는개념인전두엽-집행기능 (Diamond, 2013) 측면의결함이나타났을가능성이높다. 범주유창성과제를잘수행하기위해서는어휘능력과더불어집행기능이요구되는데 (Shao, Janse, Visser, & Meyer, 2014), 즉, 범주에속하는새로운어휘를지속적으로산출하기위해서는다양한생각들을전환할수있는인지적유연성이필요하며, 동시에새로운어휘가고갈되기전까지는다른군집으로너무쉽게전환하지않을수있는인지적억제도필요하다. 또한, 이미산출한단어를기억에저장하여반복산출하지않게끔억제하는능력도필요한데, 반복산출한단어는점수에서제외되기때문이다. 본연구에서파킨슨병환자군은시간제한이없는조건에서정상인에비해평균군집크기가저하되었는데, 이는파킨슨병환자군이특정한군집 ( 예 : 새 ) 내에서도다양한개념을탐색하는데필요한인지적유연성이정상인에비해저하될뿐만아니라, 인지적억제및작업기억측면의저하로이미산출했던단어를반복산출함으로써평균군집크기가줄 어들었을가능성도있다. 실제로파킨슨병환자의수행을살펴보면한군집내에서동일한단어를몇번반복하는형태 ( 예 : 표범, 하이에나, 표범, 사자, 호랑이, 표범 ) 를보이며군집의크기가저하된경우가관찰되었다. 파킨슨병환자군의군집특성에나타난또다른흥미로운점은전환수와군집크기간에관련성이두드러지지않았다는점이다. 범주유창성과제의특성상전환의수가증가하면군집크기는감소할수있다. 하위범주를바꾸는빈도가높을수록 ( 예 : 새 곤충 포유류등 ), 즉, 전환이잦을수록, 각하위범주에속하는평균단어의수, 즉, 평균군집크기는줄어들게된다. 예컨대, 새와곤충이라는군집에서각각 사마귀, 개미, 거미, 나비, 까마귀, 참새, 기러기, 닭 이라고산출한사람과 사마귀, 까마귀, 개미, 참새, 나비, 기러기, 거미, 닭 이라고산출한사람들이있다고가정해보자. 전자의경우전환수는 1회, 평균군집크기는 3개이며, 후자의경우전환수는 7회, 평균군집크기는 0이다. 이렇듯, 전환수와평균군집크기간에는관련성이있을수있으므로본연구에서는군집능력뿐만아니라전환수를측정하였으나, 파킨슨병환자군과정상군간시간제한여부에따른평균군집크기에는차이가있었지만두집단간전환수에는차이가나타나지않았다. 이러한결과는파킨슨병환자군의전환능력이보존되어있거나, 혹은본연구에포함된정상군이전환전략을적게사용하였을가능성을시사한다고생각해볼수있으나, 본연구결과만으로는어느쪽도단정할수없으며, 파킨슨병환자군에서전환과군집능력간의관련성에대해서는추가적인연구가필요하다고하겠다. 두번째로논의할점은파킨슨병환자에서드러난군집능력 ( 평균군집크기 ) 의저하가의미지식자체의결함이라기보다는의미정보의탐색및인출측면에서의어려움과관련된다는점이다. 범주유창성과제를수행하기위해서는제시된범주에대한의미지식과어휘목록이온전해야하며 (Auriacombe et al., 1993; Donovan et al., 1999; Troyer, Moscovitch, Winocur, Leach, et al., 1998), 제시된범주의하위범주에접근하여해당되는하위의목록을전략적으로활성화 ( 군집 ) 시킬수있어야한다. 그리고하위범주의단어를모두인출하고나면또다른하위범주로의이동 ( 전환 ) 이원활해야한다 (Troyer, Moscovitch, Winocur, Alexander, et al., 1998). 그뿐만아니라상기단계에서활성화된의미정보들이일정한순서에따라적절하게인출되어야한다 (Gocer March, E., & Pattison, 2006; Oh et al., 2010; Sa, Chey, & Suk, 2011; Troyer, 2000). 선행연구에서는파킨슨병환자의측두엽기능이비교적잘유지되며 (Randolph et al., 1993; Rodríguez Ferreiro et al., 2010), 군집능력이정상인과비교하여저하되지않았으므로파킨슨병환자의의미지식및어휘목록 653

8 Sun Mi Lee, et al. Characteristics of Semantic Clustering in PD 자체는온전하다고주장해왔다 (Pannu & Kaszniak, 2005). 본연구에서는군집능력의기저를이루는의미지식특성을파악하기위하여단계적의미지식과제를실시하였다. 단계적의미지식과제란, 대상자의의미지식안에저장된구체적인사물에대한개념이나정보들을자발적으로산출하도록하고, 자발적산출이불가한경우에단계별로단서를제공하여의미지식의저장결함혹은인출결함등을확인할수있는과제이다. 본연구에서의미지식과제의총점은파킨슨병환자군이정상군보다유의하게낮은것으로나타났다. 단, 총점은대상자가스스로의미정보들을산출한점수와, 대상자의오반응여부에따라단서수준을다르게제시하여얻어진점수들이모두합산된점수로서, 의미지식의어떠한측면에결함이있는지를파악하기위해서는총점이외에각단계별수행력을파악하는것이보다중요하다고하겠다. 이에, 단서수준에따른정반응률을분석한결과, 유도질문에서는파킨슨병환자군이정상군에비해낮은수행력을보였으나, 선택질문에서는두집단간정반응률에차이가없는것으로나타났다. 이러한결과가도출된원인으로두질문의과제가가진차별적특성에주목할필요가있다. 유도질문과제는해당단어가가진의미정보인색깔, 모양, 사용방법, 범주등을묻는질문을통해상위어, 기능적, 구조적특성의산출을유도한다 ( 예 : 펭귄은무슨색입니까? 펭귄의발은몇개입니까? 등 ). 물론대상자에게는자발적인산출상황보다많은정보가단서로서주어진다. 그러나유도질문에반응하기위해서는주어진정보안에서적절한의미정보를탐색해야한다. 의미정보를탐색하기위해서는인지적유연성, 유지, 모니터링, 조작하는인지적전략이필요한데 (Costafreda et al., 2006; Martin & Chao, 2001) 이러한전략은전두엽기능과관련이있다 (Mangels, 1997). 배외측전전두엽피질회로 (dorsal-lateral prefrontal circuite) 는측두엽과연결되어의미지식의활성화및의미정보의탐색을중재하는것과관련있으며 (Cummings, 1993; Lee et al., 2003), 파킨슨병환자의기저핵손상은이러한전전두엽피질회로의기능부전으로이어진다 (Copland, 2003). 즉, 파킨슨병환자의경우, 의미지식안에서정보를탐색할때, 과제와관련된정보를유지하고적절한정보가무엇인지를모니터링하는능력에결함이생기므로 (Farina et al., 2000; Henry & Crawford, 2004; Muslimović et al., 2005; Taylor et al., 1986) 유도질문과제에서어려움을보이게되는것이다 (Scimeca & Badre, 2012). 이에비해, 선택질문과제는두가지의구체적정보를보기로제시하고대상자에게그중하나를선택하도록하므로 ( 예 : 펭귄은검정색 / 흰색입니까아니면노란색입니까? 펭귄의발은 2개입니까아니면 4개입니까? 등 ) 유도질문과제에비하여많은정보를제공하면서의미정보에보다직접적으로접근하도록도와준다. 따 라서대상자는저장된의미지식과의비교를통해주어진정보에대한정오판단만을하면되므로의미지식이보존되어있기만한다면탐색이나인출등의인지적처리과정의부담없이과제를수행할수있는것이다. 이러한측면에서볼때, 파킨슨병환자는의미지식자체는보존되지만의미정보를탐색및인출하는것에어려움이있으며, 이러한어려움이범주유창성과제에서군집크기의저하로반영된것으로해석해볼수있다. 상관분석결과역시이를뒷받침하는데, 파킨슨병환자군에서군집능력과의미지식과제의총점, 스스로정의하기정반응률, 유도질문정반응률간에유의미한상관을확인하였다. 선택질문은의미지식자체를좀더반영하는과제이나스스로정의하기나유도질문의경우에는의미지식과더불어인출능력이요구되는과제이다. 따라서이러한결과는파킨슨병환자군의군집능력이의미지식과관련있으며, 의미지식자체보다는의미정보를인출하는능력과상관이있음을확인할수있다. 이는파킨슨병환자의군집능력저하가전두엽-집행기능의손상에따른인출단계의결함이라고보았던이전연구결과 (Raskin, Sliwinski, & Borod, 1992) 와도일맥상통한다. 본연구결과가운데특기할만한점은파킨슨병환자군과정상군간의미지식과제의스스로정의하기수행력에차이가없었다는점이다. 이러한결과는앞서설명한파킨슨병환자군의전전두엽피질회로의기능부전뿐만아니라정상군의노화에따른의미정보인출능력의손상을의심케한다. 두집단의스스로정의하기수행력을살펴보면, 파킨슨병환자군은 27.31%±1.99%, 정상군은 31.72% ±1.78% 로두집단모두 10가지항목중평균 3가지항목정도에서만정반응이가능한정도로수행력이저하되었다. 이는노화에따라사물을정의하기능력이저하되는양상이반영되었을수있고 (Kim & Yoon, 2016), 더불어기능적, 물리적, 분류적정의를적절하게분배하여산출할수있는청년층과달리노년층은기능적, 관계적정의하기에치중되어있는특징들 (Kim & Choi, 2012) 이반영된결과일수도있다. 그러나유도질문에서두집단간에수행력차이가나타났다는점은, 정상군의경우비록스스로정의하기에는어려움이있었다하더라도유도질문을통해기능적, 물리적, 분류적측면에서의의미정보를산출할수있는단서가주어지면이러한정보들을적절하게인출해낼수있는반면, 파킨슨병환자군은이러한단서들에도불구하고적절한의미정보들을탐색하여인출하는데어려움이있음을의미한다. 요약하자면, 본연구는첫째, 범주유창성과제수행시간의제한여부가파킨슨병환자의군집능력평가에영향을미칠수있으며, 둘째, 파킨슨병환자의군집능력저하는의미지식과상관이있는데, 이는의미지식자체의결함에기인한다기보다는의미정보들을 654

9 파킨슨병환자의의미적군집화특성및관련기제 이선미외 적절히인출하는단계에서의결함을반영한다는사실을확인하였다. 본연구결과는임상에서범주유창성과제를통하여파킨슨병환자의군집능력을평가하고자할때과제수행시간을함께고려해야하는근거를제공하며, 더불어파킨슨병환자의군집능력저하의기저양상을파악하기위해서는의미지식처리과정전체를함께살펴볼필요가있음을시사한다. 본연구의제한점은다음과같다. 파킨슨병환자의군집능력의기저를확인하기위해서는시간적제약이없는자연스러운상태에서최대한의수행력을측정하는것이우선적인목표였으며추가적으로본연구결과를기존연구결과와비교하기위하여 1분내의수행력을분석하였다. 그러나검사지시문에 최대한빨리 라는제약을주는정보가제공되지않으므로피험자가과제수행시시간제약을인지하지않았을가능성이있다. 또한시간제약이있다는것을인지하고있는경우와그렇지않은경우에피험자가과제를수행할때다른전략을사용할가능성도존재한다. 따라서, 추후연구에서는과제에대한학습효과가영향을미치는기간을고려한상태에서시간적제약정보의제공유무에따른수행력을 2회로나누어측정할필요가있겠다. REFERENCES Acevedo, A., Loewenstein, D. A., Barker, W. W., Harwood, D. G., Luis, C., Bravo, M.,... & Duara, R. (2000). Category fluency test: normative data for English-and Spanish-speaking elderly. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 6, Auriacombe, S., Grossman, M., Carvell, S., Gollomp, S., Stern, M. B., & Hurtig, H. I. (1993). Verbal fluency deficits in Parkinson s disease. Neuropsychology, 7, Beyer, M. K., Janvin, C. C., Larsen, J. P., & Aarsland, D. (2007). A magnetic resonance imaging study of patients with Parkinson s disease with mild cognitive impairment and dementia using voxel-based morphometry. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 78, Cho, E. (2015). Application of semantic knowledge test for four- to six-year-old children (Master s thesis). Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Korea. Choi, H. J. (2008). A comparison of the performances of confrontation naming test and verbal fluency task in patients with prodromal Alzheimer s disease and mild Alzheimer s disease. Korean Journal of Speech Sciences, 15, Choi, H. M., & Sung, J. E. (2014). The relationship between working memory capacity and the abilities of generative naming in persons with aphasia. Journal of Speech-Language, and Hearing Disorders, 23, Christensen, K. J., Multhaup, K. S., Nordstrom, S., & Voss, K. (1991). A cognitive battery for dementia: development and measurement characteristics. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 3, Chung, Y. C., & Lee, J. M. (2004). A study of intrinsic and extrinsic semantic features of Korean nouns: focusing on the categories of grains, fruits and vegetables. Korean Journal of Cognitive Science, 15, Colman, K., & Bastiaanse, R. (2011). Language processing in Parkinson s disease patients without dementia. In J. Dushanova (Ed.), Diagnostics and rehabilitation of Parkinson s disease (pp ). London: IntechOpen. Copland, D. (2003). The basal ganglia and semantic engagement: potential insights from semantic priming in individuals with subcortical vascular lesions, Parkinson s disease, and cortical lesions. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 9, Costafreda, S. G., Fu, C. H., Lee, L., Everitt, B., Brammer, M. J., & David, A. S. (2006). A systematic review and quantitative appraisal of fmri studies of verbal fluency: role of the left inferior frontal gyrus. Human Brain Mapping, 27, Cummings, J. L. (1993). Frontal-subcortical circuits and human behavior. Archives of Neurology, 50, Diamond, A. (2013). Executive functions. Annual Review of Psychology, 64, Donovan, K., Siegert, R., McDowall, J., & Abernethy, D. (1999). Clustering and switching in verbal fluency in Parkinson s disease. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 28, Farina, E., Gattellaro, G., Pomati, S., Magni, E., Perretti, A., Cannata, A. P.,... & Mariani, C. (2000). Researching a differential impairment of frontal functions and explicit memory in early Parkinson s disease. European Journal of Neurology, 7, Frith, C. D., Friston, K. J., Liddle, P. F., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1991). A PET study of word finding. Neuropsychologia, 29, Gattellaro, G., Minati, L., Grisoli, M., Mariani, C., Carella, F., Osio, M.,... & Bruzzone, M. G. (2009). White matter involvement in idiopathic Parkinson disease: a diffusion tensor imaging study. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 30, Gocer March, E., & Pattison, P. (2006). Semantic verbal fluency in Alzheimer s disease: approaches beyond the traditional scoring system. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 28, Gurd, J. M. (2000). Verbal fluency deficits in Parkinson s disease: individual differences in underlying cognitive mechanisms. Journal of Neurolinguis

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12 Sun Mi Lee, et al. Characteristics of Semantic Clustering in PD Appendix 1. Scoring criteria for semantic knowledge 상위어구조적특징기능적특징 1 바지 옷 길이와모양이다양하다 단추와지퍼가달려있다 2 자동차 교통수단 바퀴가있다 모양과크기가다양하다 3 의자 가구 나무나금속 ( 철제 ) 로만들어진다 등받이가있다 다리가있다 4 텔레비전 전자제품 네모나다 화면이있다 5 사과 과일 빨간색 / 초록색 달다, 시다 동그랗다 6 커피 음료 갈색 / 검정색 쓰다 7 호랑이 ( 네발 ) 동물 노랑 ( 주황, 갈색 ) 검정줄무늬가있다 몸집이크다 8 귀 신체 부위 둥그렇다, 반달모양말랑말랑하다 9 수박 과일 씨가있다빨간색 / 초록색줄무늬가있다달다 10 까마귀 새 검정색 날개가있다 부리가있다 몸을가릴수있다 ( 몸을보호할수있다 ) 입는다 사람이나짐을실을수있다 앉을수있다 방송을볼수있다 주스나잼으로만들어먹을수있다칼로깎아서먹는다 마실수있다 산에산다다른동물들을잡아먹는다 소리를듣는다몸의균형을잡는다 먹을수있다 날수있다알을낳는다 11 거미 곤충 다리가많다 기어다닌다 실을뿜어낸다 작은곤충들을먹는다 12 비누 욕실용품 미끄럽다 모양, 색, 향이다양하다 씻을때사용한다거품이난다 13 피아노 악기 여러개의건반으로이루어져있다. ( 건반을 ) 치면소리가난다 연주한다 14 연필 학용품 뾰족하다 심이있다 15 주전자 주방용품 금속재질로만들어져있다 뚜껑 / 주둥이가있다 글씨를쓸때사용한다 물을끓이는데사용한다물을따르는데사용한다 658

13 파킨슨병환자의의미적군집화특성및관련기제 이선미외 국문초록 파킨슨병환자의의미적군집화특성및관련기제 이선미 1 윤지혜 2 이수정 3 1 한림대학교보건과학대학원언어병리학과, 2 한림대학교언어청각학부, 3 대구카톨릭대학교언어청각치료학과 배경및목적 : 파킨슨병환자는범주유창성과제수행시전환능력은저하되지만군집능력은유지되는것으로보고된다. 범주유창성과제와같이시간제한이있는과제에서는전환의수가많아지면군집의수가적어지고군집의수가많아지면전환의수는적어질수있다. 본연구는파킨슨병환자들을대상으로시간제한여부에따라범주유창성과제에서의군집능력이어떻게달라지는지를확인하였다. 또한위계가있는의미지식과제를시행하여군집능력의근간을이루는의미지식특성을살펴보고군집능력과의미지식간의관계를확인하였다. 방법 : 파킨슨병환자 27명과정상인 32명을대상으로시간제한여부에따른범주유창성과제의군집과전환양상을측정하였다. 또한의미지식과제 ( 스스로정의하기, 유도질문에답하기, 선택질문에답하기 ) 의수행력을분석하였다. 결과 : 첫째, 시간제한이없는경우파킨슨병환자군이정상군에비해평균군집크기가저하되었으며, 시간제한이있는경우두집단간차이가나타나지않았다. 둘째, 의미지식과제의총점및유도질문답하기는파킨슨병환자군이정상군에비해저하되었다. 셋째, 파킨슨병환자군의군집능력은의미지식과제와유의한상관을보였다. 논의및결론 : 본연구는범주유창성과제의시간제한여부가파킨슨병환자의군집능력에영향을미칠수있으며, 파킨슨병환자의군집능력저하는의미지식자체의결함에기인한다기보다의미지식을적절히인출하는단계에서의결함을반영한다는사실을시사한다. 핵심어 : 파킨슨병, 범주유창성과제, 군집, 전환, 의미지식본논문은 2017년도한림대학교교비연구비에의하여연구되었음 (No. HRF ). 참고문헌 강연욱 (2006). K-MMSE (Korean-Mini Mental State Examination) 의노인규준연구. 한국심리학회지 : 일반, 25, 강연욱, 진주희, 나덕렬, 이정희, 박재설 (2000). 통제단어연상검사 (Controlled Oral Word Association Test) 의노인규준연구. 한국심리학회지 : 임상, 19, 기백석 (1996). 한국판노인우울척도단축형의표준화예비연구. 신경정신의학, 35, 김수정, 최현주 (2012). 노년층의명사정의하기특성. 언어청각장애연구, 17, 김예슬, 윤지혜 (2016). 노화에따른명사, 동사, 형용사정의하기특성. 언어청각장애연구, 21, 김정완, 강연욱, 윤지혜 (2015) 세성인의명사범주규준조사. 언어청각장애연구, 20, 김지연 (2016). 장 노년층의생성이름대기영향요인 : 작업기억, 집행기능, 교육년수를중심으로. 연세대학교대학원석사학위논문. 사수연, 최진영, 석정서 (2011). 범주유창성과제로평가한한국노인들의의미지식구조. 한국심리학회지 : 일반, 30, 서상규 (2014). 한국어기본어휘의미빈도사전. 서울 : 한국문화사. 성지은, 김진경 (2011). 청년층과노년층간생성이름대기에서나타난범주별전형성비교 : 의미복잡성이론에근거한이름대기치료프로토콜개발예비연구. 언어치료연구, 20,

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