03-박창식(51-66).hwp

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1 특수교육재활과학연구 Journal of Special Education & Rehabilitation Science Vol. 55, No. 1, pp. 51~66, 만성뇌졸중환자들의 Elderly Mobility Scale 측정자간신뢰도와타당도 * 박창식 ** < 요약 > 본연구의목적은만성뇌졸중환자들의 Elderly Mobility Scale(EMS) 평가에대한신뢰도와타당도를알아보고자하였다. 피실험자 33명을대상으로 EMS의측정자간일치율은측정자간신뢰도급간내상관계수 (Intraclass correlation coefficient ICC(2,1), 내적일치도 (Cronbach s α), 가중치카파계수 (Weighted Kappa coefficient) 를이용하였고 EMS의개별항목과총점간의관계와각문항을제거하면서내적일치도를표기하였다. 절대적신뢰도지수인표준오차측정 (Standard Error Measurement, SEM) 과최소감지변화 (Minimal Detectable Change, MDC) 를이용하였다. EMS의타당도에대한분석은수정된 Rivermead 이동지수 (modified Rivermead Mobility Index, mrmi), 운동사정척도 (Motor Assessment Scale, MAS), 일어나걸어가기검사 (Timed up & go test, TUG), 수정된바델지수 (Modified Barthel Index, MBI), 버그균형척도 (Berg Balance Scale, BBS) 와의상관계수를구하였다. 본연구결과 EMS 측정자간일치율은가중치카파계수.62 ~.77( 제외 50m 보행과기능적팔뻗기검사 = 각각.53,.44) 로높은수준이었다. EMS 개별항목과총점간의상관계수는 r=.77 ~.93(p<.01), EMS 의 Cronbach s α 계수는.88, 개별항목을삭제한경우평균.79 ~.88로서높은수준이었다. EMS 총점의측정자간신뢰도 ICC=.90(.77 ~.96), SEM 은 1.36 점, MDC 는 3.78점으로우수하였다. EMS의타당도는 mrmi(r=.78), MAS(r=.82), TUG(r=-.72), MBI(r=.75), BBS(r=.81, p<.01) 와높은상관관계가있었다. EMS척도는측정자간신뢰도가우수하고평가를적용하기쉬우며, mrmi, MAS, TUG, MBI, BBS와관련성이높은것으로확인되었다. 따라서 EMS는뇌졸중환자들의보행과균형및자세조절을포함한이동성을평가하는데유용한평가도구이다. 핵심어 : 기능, 개선, 뇌졸중, 이동성, 일상생활동작 * 이연구는호원대학교학술연구비지원에의해수행되었습니다. ** 호원대학교작업치료학과교수 ( 교신저자 : @hanmail.net) Department of Occupational Therapy, Howon University

2 52 특수교육재활과학연구 ( 제 55 권제 1 호 ) Ⅰ. 서론 1. 연구의필요성및목적 뇌졸중후환자들은신경학적인장애로인한이동성감소로활동영역의제한과독립적인일상생활에많은어려움이있다. 특히환자들의이동능력은입원후퇴원과정동안치료목표와계획을설정하는데중요한부분을차지한다 (Lu 등, 2008). 게다가임상평가에서일상생활동작과관련한기본적인이동능력을평가할수있고과도한장비와평가에소요되는시간과비용이적어야한다 (Collin & Wade, 1990; Linder 등, 2006). 또한평가는신뢰도와타당도가입증되고변화에대한민감도가높으며, 적용이쉽고치료사들간에임상정보교류가가능해야한다 (Linder 등, 2006; Loewen & Anderson, 1990). 일반적으로임상에서뇌졸중후기능평가는침상평가부터포괄적인평가가이루어진다. Barthel Index(BI)(Mahoney & Barthel, 1965) 와 Functional Independent Measure (FIM)(Dodds 등, 1993) 은일상생활동작수행 ( 기능적인독립수준 ) 을평가하는것으로심리학적인특성이높은평가도구로입증되었다 (Gor-García-Fogeda 등, 2014). 그러나 BI의 10개항목중 3개항목 ( 보행, 계단오르내리기, 의자차이동또는의자ㆍ침상이동 ) 과 FIM의 19개항목중 3개항목 ( 보행, 휠체어이동, 계단오르내리기 ) 만이이동성에초점이맞추어져있다. 그러나일부항목만을평가하여개개환자들의이동성을반영하기는어렵다. 또한, BI, FIM 평가와는달리보행에초점을둔 5~10m 보행검사, 2~6분보행검사, 일어나걸어가기검사 (Timed Up & Go test, TUG) 를많이사용하고있으나보행장애환자뿐만아니라모든환자들에게적용하는데에는한계가있다. 게다가이러한검사도구들은이동성의단하나의구성요소인속도와거리만을반영하는데이동성은복잡하고다양한요소로이루어진과제이므로이를이용한평가는적절하지않다 (Hsueh 등, 2003). 이동능력은신경계와근골격계의복합적이고상호움직임의연속성이므로일상생활동작영역에필요한과제들로구성되어야한다. 일반적으로뇌졸중환자들의이동성을평가하는도구에는 Rivermead Mobility Index(RMI), Motor Assesment Scale(MAS), Stroke Rehabilitation Assessment of Movement Measure (STREAM) (Gor-García-Fogeda 등, 2014), 수정된 Motor Assesment Scale-Uppsala Akademiska Sjukhus-956(mMAS)(Barkelius 등, 1997), Birgitta Lindmark Assessment(BLA) (Lindmark & Hamrin, 1988) 등이있다. 이중 RMI는이분법인 2점척도로예 (1), 아니오 (0) 를사용하고있어뇌졸중환자들의이동능력의다양성을평가할수없고뇌졸중후유병율에따른민감도와반응률이매우

3 만성뇌졸중환자들의 Elderly Mobility Scale 측정자간신뢰도와타당도 53 낮다고보고되었다 (Lennon & Johnson, 2000). MAS는 5개의이동성평가항목과 3개의상지운동기능을포함하고있으며전체적으로운동기능에초점이맞추어져있다 (Carr 등, 1985). 또한, 보행항목 (0점 ~ 5점 : 보조도구사용과보조유무에따른보행능력평가 ) 중최고점수 (6점) 는계단보행 ( 난간을잡지않고 4걸음, 오르내기를 35초내에 3번수행 ) 으로평가되어민감도가매우낮다 (Johnson & Selfe, 2004). STREAM 은 30개항목중상ㆍ하지의수의적인운동 20개항목과 10개의기본적인이동항목으로구성되어있기때문에이동성의특성을정확히반영하기는어렵다 (Gor-García-Fogeda 등, 2014; Hsueh 등, 2003). 또한수정된 Motor Assesment Scale-Uppsala Akademiska Sjukhus-956 (M-MAS UAS-95), Birgitta Lindmark Assessment(BLA) 는신뢰도와타당도가우수하다고입증되었으나평가에소요되는시간이너무길다 (Linder 등, 2006). 이와는대조적으로노인의이동성을평가하기위해고안된 Elderly Mobility Scale (EMS) 은기본적인일상생활동작수행능력을검사하기위해 2개의침상이동항목과 5개의기능적이동항목으로구성되어있다 (Smith, 1994). EMS는재활치료후이동성변화에대한민감도가 BI와 FIM과같은일상생활동작평가, 보행수준을반영하는기능적보행지수 (Functional Ambulation Category, FAC) 보다더우위에있다 (Smith, 1994; Spilg 등, 2001). 또한국외연구에서급성기뇌졸중환자들을대상으로한스웨덴식 EMS 평가는측정자간신뢰도 (ICC=.98 ~.99) 와타당도 (M-MAS UAS-95 r=.88, BBS r=.94), 유병기간에대해민감하다 (Linder 등, 2006). EMS의임상적활용방안에관한선행연구로나이와성별을조합한정상노인과이동성에장애가있는노인들간의 EMS수행변별력을조사한연구 (Spilg 등, 2001) 와입원에서퇴원시 EMS 수행점수와낙상관련추적조사연구 (Spilg 등, 2003) 가있었다. 또한 EMS 수행점수에따른독립수준을예측하는타당도연구가진행되었다 (Smith, 1994). 그러나 EMS는균형이외에일상생활동작수행, 보행능력 ( 기동성 ) 과는어떠한관련이있는지알려져있지않다. 또한국내연구는 EMS를한글로번안하여심리학적인특성을조사하거나임상에적용한연구사례가없다. 따라서본연구의목적은만성뇌졸중환자들을대상으로한글로번안한 EMS 의신뢰도를분석하고이동성평가에적절한지그타당성을검증하고자하였다.

4 54 특수교육재활과학연구 ( 제 55 권제 1 호 ) Ⅱ. 연구방법 1. 연구대상 본연구는뇌졸중후 M병원에서입원치료를받는만성뇌졸중환자 (6개월이지난 ) 중본연구에동의한 41명을대상으로 2015 년 9월부터 2015 년 12월까지시행하였다. 연구대상자의선정기준은인지기능이한국판간이정신상태검사 (Mini Mental State Examination -Korean version, MMSE-K) 에서 23점이상, 지팡이등기타보조도구사용여부와관계없이 10m 구간을안전하게평지보행이가능하고하위운동신경병변이없으며, 양하지의정형외과적질환이없는자로하였다. 연구대상자선정기준에따라 41명의만성뇌졸중환자를선별하였으나연구기간중평가에불참 (5명), 타병원검진의뢰및퇴원 (3명) 으로총 33명의데이터가수집되었다. 2. 연구절차 EMS평가의측정자간신뢰도 (Inter-rater reliability) 는 2명의치료사 ( 신경계재활치료경험이 15년이상인자 ) 가 3일에걸쳐동시에피실험자들의수행관찰을통해평가하였다. 세부항목평가단계마다뇌졸중환자들의특이성장애인연합반응 ( 근긴장도증가 ) 과피로감을호소하는경우약 2~5분간의휴식시간을두도록하여검사결과에영향을주는것을최소화하였다. 또한연구기간동안피실험자들에게평가결과에대해언급하지않았다. 검사전프로토콜과가이드를통해평가에대한내용을충분히숙지하여오염변인을최소화하였으며, 검사자는각평가에대해최소필요한경우이해를돕기위하여대상자들에게구두또는 1회의시범을보여준후평가를시행하도록하였다. 모든검사는 3일에걸쳐평가되었으며, 평가마다 3~5분간의휴식시간을두었고, 안전사고와낙상의위험을최소화하기위하여평가자 1인과보조자 1인하에평가되었다. 인지기능과수정된바델지수는임상경력이 10년이상인작업치료사에의해수행되었다. 3. 연구도구 1) Elderly Mobility Scale(EMS) EMS 는노인들의기능적인수행능력을평가하기위해복잡한일상생활동작에필수요소인이동, 균형, 자세변화에근거하여개발되었다. 평가항목으로 (1) 누운자세앉기 (2)

5 만성뇌졸중환자들의 Elderly Mobility Scale 측정자간신뢰도와타당도 55 앉기에서눕기 (3) 앉기에서일어서기 (4) 보조없이서기 (5) 50m 보행하기 (6) 6m 보행속도검사 (7) 기능적팔뻗기등총 7가지항목으로구성되어있다 (Smith, 1994). 최소 0점에서최대 20점으로점수가높을수록독립적인이동성이우수하다고할수있다. EMS 15점이상이면독립적인생활이가능하고 10~14 점이면부분적인도움을받아일상생활동작수행이가능하며, 10점미만이면의존적인일상생활동작수행이가능한것으로알려져있다 (Smith, 1994). 노르웨이버전에서뇌졸중환자들을대상으로한측정자간신뢰도 ICC=.98 ~.99로보고되었다 (Linder 등, 2006). 2) 수정된 Rivermead 이동지수 (modified Rivermead Mobility Scale, mrmi) 뇌졸중환자들의이동성평가를위해 mrmi 를이용하였다 (Lennon 등, 2000). 이는 1. 침대에서돌아눕기, 2. 누운자세에서앉기, 3. 앉기균형, 4. 앉기에서일어서기, 5. 보조없이 10초동안서기, 6. 이동, 7. 10m 실내보행, 8. 계단오르내리기등 8개항목으로수행여부에따라 6점척도 (0~5점 ) 로구성되어있다. 40점이만점이며점수가높을수록이동성이우수하다고할수있다. 뇌졸중환자들의 mrmi 의측정자간신뢰도 (ICC=.98) (Lennon 등, 2000), mrmi 의측정자간신뢰도는가중치카파계수 =.97, 검사-재검사신뢰도 ICC=.99로보고되었다 (Tsang 등, 2014). 3) 운동사정척도 (Motor Assessment Scale, MAS) MAS 는뇌졸중환자의기능적인운동능력을평가하는것으로 (1) 바로누운자세에서비마비측으로눕기, (2) 바로누운자세에서침대끝에앉기, (3) 앉은자세에서균형잡기, (4) 앉은자세에서일어서기, (5) 보행, (6) 상지기능, (7) 손움직임, (8) 정교한손활동등총 8가지항목으로구성되어있다. 각항목은 7점 (0~6) 척도로수행할수없을경우 0점부터최고의기능시 6점을줄수있으며, 총 48점만점이다 (Carr 등, 1985). 이평가도구의측정자간신뢰도는 r=.87 ~ 1.00로보고되었다 (Carr 등, 1985). 4) 일어나걸어가기검사 (Timed up & go test, TUG) 기능적이동성은 TUG를이용하였는데보행시이동능력과동적균형을빠르게측정할수있다. 팔걸이가있는의자에앉아실험자의출발신호와함께의자에서일어나 3m 거리를걸어서다시되돌아와의자에앉는시간을측정하는방법으로측정에소요되는시간이증가할수록이동성에장애가있다. TUG 검사에서소요되는시간이 20초이상이면보행에현저히제한이있는자로간주된다 (Podsiadlo & Richardson, 1991). 이검사의검사 -재검사신뢰도 ICC=.96 으로보고되었다 (Flansbjer 등, 2005).

6 56 특수교육재활과학연구 ( 제 55 권제 1 호 ) 5) 수정된바델지수 (modified Barthel Index, MBI) 수정된바델지수는일상생활동작의자립도를평가기준으로하여개발한것으로환자의기능호전의변화를반영한평가방법이다 (Mahoney & Barthel, 1965). 10가지의구체적인일상생활동작으로구성되어있는데, 신변처리동작 (self-care index) 7개항목과가동능력 (mobility index) 3개항목으로구분하고있으며, 0~24 점은완전의존성, 25~49 점은최대의존성, 50~74 점은부분의존성, 75~90 점은약간의존성, 91~99 점은최소의존성, 100 점은완전독립성을나타낸다 (Loewen & Anderson, 1990). 검사-재검사신뢰도 r =.89, 검사자간신뢰도 r =.95로알려져있다 (Granger, Albrecht, & Hamilton, 1979). 6) 버그균형척도 (Berg Balance Scale, BBS) 동적균형능력은버그균형척도를이용하였는데평가항목은크게앉기자세, 서기자세, 자세변화등 3개의영역으로이루어져있으며, 최소 0점에서최대 4점으로 14개항목에대한총점은 56점이다. 이평가도구의측정자간신뢰도 ICC=.95 로보고되었다 (Mao 등, 2002). 4. 자료처리 본연구는윈도우 7 SPSS 18.0 통계프로그램을이용하여분석하였다. Shapiro-wilk 검정을통해변수들의정규성을검정하였고, 대상자들의일반적인특성은빈도분석을하였다. EMS 개별항목의측정자간신뢰도 (Inter-rater reliability) 는측정자간일치율을나타내는가중치카파계수 (Weight Kappa Coefficient) 를구하였다. EMS의개별항목과총점간의관련성은 A검사자의평가지를이용하여스피어만상관계수 (Spearman Correlation Coefficient) 와문항내적일치도인크론바알파계수 (Cronbach s α) 를구하였다. EMS 총점의신뢰도는급간내상관계수 (Intra Class Coefficient, ICC 2,1 ) 와절대적신뢰도인표준오차측정 (Standard Error Measurement, SEM) 과최소감지변화 (Minimal Detectable Change, MDC) 를구하였다 (Lu 등, 2008). EMS의동시타당도분석은스피어만상관계수를이용하였으며, 모든통계학적유의수준은 α=.05로하였다.

7 만성뇌졸중환자들의 Elderly Mobility Scale 측정자간신뢰도와타당도 57 Ⅲ. 연구결과 1. 연구대상자들의일반의학적인특성 연구대상자들의일반의학적인특성중남자 17명 (51.5%), 여자 16명 (48.5%), 연령은평균 57.18세, 뇌경색은 23명 (69.7%), 뇌출혈은 12명 (28.6%) 이었고마비측부위는우측 19명 (57.6%), 좌측 14명 (42.4%) 이었다. 발병후유병기간은평균 9.48개월, MMSE-K 는평균 점, 기동성은독립보행은 17명 (51.5%), 지팡이 12명 (36.4%), 4족지팡이 4명 (12.1%) 이었다. mrmi 는 점, MAS은 점, TUG는평균 초, BBS는 점, MBI는 점이었다 < 표 3-1>. < 표 3-1> 연구대상자들의일반의학적인특성 (n=33) 구분 [n(%)/ 평균 ± 표준편차 ( 최소 ~ 최대 )] 값 성별 : 남자 / 여자 17(51.5%)/16(48.5%) 나이 ( 세 ) 57.18±10.97(35~74) 진단명 : 뇌경색 / 뇌출혈 23(69.7%)/12(28.6%) 마비측부위 : 우측 / 좌측 19(57.6%)/14(42.4%) 유병기간 ( 개월 ) 9.48±2.86(6~17) a MMSE-K( 점 ) 24.52±1.32(24~26) 독립보행 17(51.5%) 이동수준 지팡이 12(36.4%) 4족지팡이 4(12.1%) b mrmi( 점 ) 29.45±6.34(17~40) c MAS( 점 ) 29.48±11.07(12~48) d TUG( 초 ) 14.56±5.02(5.29~29.49) e BBS( 점 ) 42.67±7.15(30~53) f MBI( 점 ) 77.79±18.43(49~100) a MMSE-K: Mini Mental State Examination - Korean version b mrmi: modified Rivermead Mobility Index c MAS: Motor Assessment Scale d TUG: Timed Up & go test e BBS: Berg Balance Scale f MBI: Modified Barthel Index

8 58 특수교육재활과학연구 ( 제 55 권제 1 호 ) 2. EMS 의측정자간평가점수와가중치카파계수및일치수준 측정자간 EMS평가비교에서 EMS 개별항목 1~4번, 6번항목의측정자간일치율인가중치 Kappa 계수는.62 ~.77로높은수준인반면 EMS 5번항목인 50m 보행하기는.53, 7번항목인기능적팔뻗기검사는.44로양호수준인것으로나타났다 < 표 3-2>. < 표 3-2> EMS 의측정자간평가점수와가중치 Kapps 계수및일치수준 (n =33) 항목 검사자 A 검사자 B 가중치 ( 평균 ± 표준편차 / 최소 ~ 최대 ) Kappa 계수 일치수준 1 누운자세에서앉기 1.97±.17(1~2) (1~2).66 높음 2 앉기에서눕기 (1~2) (1~2).62 높음 3 앉기에서일어서기 (0~3) (0~3).69 높음 4 보조없이서기 (0~3) (0~3).77 높음 5 50m 보행하기 (1~3) (1~3).53 보통 6 6m 보행속도검사 (1~3) (1~3).69 높음 7 기능적팔뻗기 (0~4) (0~4).44 보통 EMS 총점 (8~20) (7~20) - *p<.01 EMS: Elderly Mobility Scale 3. EMS 개별항목과 EMS 총점간스피어만상관계수및문항내적일치도 EMS개별항목과총점간의관련성은스피어만상관계수 r=.77 ~.93으로양의높은관련성이있었고, EMS의문항내적일치도인크론바알파계수 (Cronbach s α) 는.86으로높은수준이었으며, EMS 7개항목중개별항목을삭제한경우에도평균.79 ~.88로수용할만한수준이었다 < 표 3-3>. < 표 3-3> EMS 개별항목과 EMS 총점간의스피어만상관계수및문항내적일치도 (n =33) 항목 EMS 총점과의스피어만상관계수 (r) 문항내적일치도 1 누운자세에서앉기 앉기에서눕기.77.87

9 만성뇌졸중환자들의 Elderly Mobility Scale 측정자간신뢰도와타당도 59 3 앉기에서일어서기 보조없이서기 m 보행하기 m 보행속도검사 기능적팔뻗기 EMS 총점 -.86 EMS: Elderly Mobility Scale EMS 개별항목을제거한문항내적일치도 (Cronbach s α 계수 ) 4. EMS 총점의측정자간신뢰도 (ICC, SEM, MDC) EMS 총점의측정자간신뢰도인 ICC=.90(.77 ~.96), SEM은 1.36점으로 A와 B검사평균점수 점의 10% 미만이었고, MDC 는 3.78 점으로피실험자들의 EMS 평가최고점수인 20점의 20% 미만으로신뢰할만한수준이었다 < 표 3-4>. < 표 3-4> EMS 총점의측정자간신뢰도 (ICC, SEM, MDC) (n =33) 구분 a ICC 2,1 ( b CI) c SEM d MDC EMS.90(.77~.96) EMS: Elderly Mobility Scale a ICC: intraclass correlation coefficient b CI: confidence interval c SEM: standard error measurement= 모든측정자간점수의표준편차 [ 1-ICC] d MDC: minimal detectable change= SEM 5. EMS 의타당도 EMS는 mrmi(r=.78), MAS(r=.82), TUG(r=-.72), MBI(r=.75), BBS(r=.81) 와는매우높은상관관계가있는것으로나타났다 < 표 3-5>.

10 60 특수교육재활과학연구 ( 제 55 권제 1 호 ) < 표 3-5> EMS 의타당도 (n =33) 구분 a mrmi b MAS c TUG d MBI e BBS EMS EMS: Elderly Mobility Scale a mrmi: modified Rivermead Mobility Index b MAS: Motor Assessment Scale c TUG: Timed Up & go test d BBS: Berg Balance Scale e MBI: Modified Barthel Index Ⅳ. 논의 본연구에서 EMS는만성뇌졸중환자들의이동성평가로매우적합한것으로확인되었다. 연구결과 EMS 개별항목의측정자간일치율은가중치카파계수.44 ~.77로정확성은양호에서높은수준이었다. 이에대해이전의연구에서 EMS총점의 ICC값만알려져있을뿐가중치카파계수는보고되지않았는데일반적으로가중치카파계수는카파계수와 ICC 보다다소낮게나타나며, 표본수의영향을받는다. 본연구의 EMS 개별항목의측정자간일치율은신뢰할만한수준이었으나그중 2개항목 50m 보행하기 ( 가중치카파계수 =.53) 와기능적팔뻗기검사 (.44) 는양호한수준이었다. 일반적인신뢰도조사는오차의 3가지문제를분석하는데과제또는변수에대한상호간의관계, 검사자의일치도 ( 숙련유무 ), 평가도구의구조적인문제에의해영향을받기때문에이를잘반영할수있어야한다 (Godi 등, 2013). EMS평가항목중 6m 구간보행 ( 보행속도 ) 과제에서피실험자들은큰문제없이보행이가능하였고소요되는시간의구분이명확하였다. 이와는대조적으로 50m 보행은보행지구력을평가하는것으로피실험자들에게심리적인스트레스와부담감으로작용하였고실제평가에서어떤피실험자들은보행중휴식을갖으면서 50m 를보행하였으며중도에포기하는경우도발생하였다. 이에대해신뢰도를높일수있는적절한보행거리의산정과객관적인평가가되도록척도의조정이필요할것이다. 또한기능적팔뻗기검사항목이가장낮았는데이항목은본연구의피실험자들중팔을앞으로뻗는동작에서무게중심을최대한이동할수있는능력과체간과상지의유연성이부족하여양측무릎관절을구부리는보상작용을통해평가를수행하는부분이지적되었다 (Thomas & Lane, 2005).

11 만성뇌졸중환자들의 Elderly Mobility Scale 측정자간신뢰도와타당도 61 FRT 평가는지지기저면에서무게중심점의이동보다체간유연성에더욱영향을받기때문에균형평가라고하기에는제한점이있다 (Jonsson, Henriksson, & Hirschfeld, 2003). 본연구에서도피실험자들은보상작용을통한움직임수행이가능하기때문에평가를적용하는데많은어려움이있었다. 두항목은평가도구의구조적인문제인평가척도의기준을제시하는용어가명확히정의되어야하므로평가척도의개선이필요할것이다 (Persson 등, 2011). EMS 개별항목과총점간의상관계수는 r=.77 ~.93으로양의높은관련성이있었고 EMS 의 Cronbach s α 계수는.86, 개별항목을삭제한경우평균.79 ~.88 로높게나타났다. 또한, EMS 개별항목그자체로도피실험자들의이동성을평가하는데그특성을충분히반영하고있으며 EMS 척도내에서의개별항목들은매우밀접한관련성이있으므로이동성을평가하는데유사하게구성되어있다 (DeVellis, 1991). 본연구결과만성뇌졸중환자들의 EMS 총점에대한측정자간신뢰도 ICC=.90 으로이전연구들과비교하여급성기뇌졸중환자 (ICC=.98 ~.99)(Linder 등, 2006), 노인 (ICC =.75 ~ 1.0)(Prosser & Canby, 1997; Smith, 1994) 을대상으로한연구결과와일치하는수준으로신뢰할만하였다. 신뢰도의또다른지수인 EMS의 SEM과 MDC는보고된적이없다. 본연구에서 SEM은 1.36점으로 EMS 평균점수 점의 10% 미만이었고 MDC 는 3.78점으로 EMS 최고획득점수인 20점의 20% 미만으로수용할만한수준이었다. 이중 MDC 는치료후효과의크기를예측하거나임상적으로실제환자들이개선될수있는변화량으로치료회복의기대치를반영하는지표값이다. 따라서본연구의피실험자들은현재 EMS 획득점수에서실제로최대 3.76 점까지변화할수있는잠재능력이있음을보여주는것이다. 본연구에서 EMS 는이동성을평가하는 mrmi(r=.78), MAS(r=.82), 보행시동적균형능력평가가가능한 TUG(r=-.72), 일상생활동작수행능력인 MBI (r=.75), 동적균형능력인 BBS(r=.81) 와매우높은상관관계가있는것으로확인되었다. 이는 EMS 의동시타당도검증에서 mrmi(r=0.88)(nolan 등, 2008) 와 MAS(r=.69 ~.88)(Linder 등, 2006) 에서잘입증되었고과제구성항목과변별력에서도유사한특성을가지고있다. 또한 EMS는독립수준을반영하는 BI(r=.79 ~.96)(Prosser 등, 1997; Smith, 1994), FIM(r=.95)(Smith, 1994) 과 BBS(r=.86 ~.94) 관련성에서도잘입증되었다 (Linder 등, 2006). 특히 Spilg 등 (2001) 과 Linder 등 (2006) 에의하면 EMS의세부항목중기능적팔뻗기검사와보행속도는이동성개선을반영하는데독립적인변수라고하였다. 기능적팔뻗기거리가증가할수록자발적인양하지의대칭적인체중부하와체중이동에필요한동적균형능력의개선을의미하는것이고, 6m 보행속도의증가는이동성개선을의미하므로이두변수는독립수준을반영할수있는평가지표가될수있다. 또한 EMS의침상이동과기능적이동성항목은입원기간동안개개환자들의이동능력을반영하고관찰및보호가필요한환자들에게가장유용한평가항목이다 (Yu 등,

12 62 특수교육재활과학연구 ( 제 55 권제 1 호 ) 2007). 이는 EMS평가그자체만으로일상생활동작수행에필요한이동성의특성을반영할수있음을지지하는근거로본연구의동시타당도에서도증명되었다. 본연구의제한점으로모든평가가한시점을기준으로평가되어피실험자들의평가가연구결과값에영향을줄수있었다. 그러나이러한문제를최소화하기위하여한검사가중복평가되지않도록하였고학습에의한천장효과를배제하여연구의바이어스를최소화하였다. 또한본연구에참여한피실험자들은생체징후가안정적인만성뇌졸중환자들로기능에변화가없는환자들을대상으로하였기때문에검사에대한신뢰도가높을수있다. 추후뇌졸중후이동성에장애가있는급성기환자들의입원에서퇴원시까지 EMS평가에관한임상적용연구와나이와성별을조합하여이동성에제한이있는뇌졸중환자와노인들간에변별력이있는지 EMS수행점수의표준화작업이필요할것이다. Ⅴ. 결론 만성뇌졸중환자를대상으로한 EMS평가에서측정자간신뢰도와타당도는신뢰할만한것으로확인되었다. EMS 평가는특별한장비가거의필요없고소요시간은대략 10 분으로피실험자들에게과제수행을쉽게적용할수있다. 따라서 EMS는만성뇌졸중환자들의일상생활동작수행에필요한보행, 동적균형능력및자세조절을반영할수있는이동성평가도구로적합하다고할수있다. 참고문헌 Barkelius, K., Johansson, A., Korm, K., & Lindmark, B. (1997). Reliabilitets-och validitetspro vning av modifierad Motor Assessment Scale enligt Uppsala Akademiska sjukhus -95. Nordisk Fysioterapi, 1: 12126(in Swedish). Carr, J, H,, Shepherd, R. B,, Nordholm, L,, & Lynne, D. (1985). Investigation of a new motor assessment scale for stroke patients. Physical Therapy, 65(2), Collin, C., & Wade, D. (1990). Assessing motor impairment after stroke: a pilot reliability study. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgry, and Psychiatry, 53(7), Dodds, T. A., Martin, D. P., & Stolov, W. C. (1993). A validation of the functional independence measurement and its performance among rehabilitation in-patients, Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 74(5),

13 만성뇌졸중환자들의 Elderly Mobility Scale 측정자간신뢰도와타당도 63 DeVellis, R. F. (1991). Scale development: theory and applications. London: Sage Publications; 22-41, Flansbjer, U. B., Holmback, A. M., Downham, D., Patten, C., & Lexell, J. (2005). Reliability of gait performance tests in men and women with hemiparesis after stroke. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 37(2), Granger, C. V., Albrecht, G. L., & Hamilton, B. B. (1979). Outcome of comprehensive medical rehabili tation: Measurement by PULSES profile and the Barthel Index. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 60(4), Godi, M., Franchignoni, F., Caligari, M., Giordano, A., Turcato, A. M., & Nardone, A. (2013). Comparison of reliability, validity, and responsiveness of the mini-bestest and Berg Balance Scale in patients with balance disorders. Physical Therapy, 93(2), Gor-García-Fogeda., Molina-Rueda, F., Cuesta-Gómez, A., & Carratalá-Tejada, M. (2014). Scales to Assess Gross Motor Function in Stroke Patients: A Systematic Review. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 95(6), Hsueh, I. P., Wang, C. H., Sheu, C. F., & Hsieh, C. L. (2003). Comparison of psychometric properties of three mobility measures for patients with stroke. Stroke, 34(7), Jonsson, E., Henriksson, M., & Hirschfeld, H. (2003). Does the functional reach test reflect stability limits in elderly people? Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 35(1), Johnson, L., & Selfe, J. (2004). Measurement of mobility following stroke: A comparison of the Modified Rivermead Mobility Index and the Motor Assessment Scale. Physiotherapy, 90(3), Lennon, S., & Johnson, L. (2000). The modified Rivermead Mobility Index: Validity and reliability. Disability and Rehabilitation, 22(18), Linder, A., Winkvist, L., Nilsson, L., & Sernert, N. (2006). Evaluation of the Swedish version of the Modified Elderly Mobility Scale (Swe M-EMS) in patients with acute stroke. Clinical Rehabilitation, 20(7), Lindmark, B., & Hamrin, E. (1998). Evaluation of functional capacity after stroke as a basis for active intervention. Presentation of a modified chart for motor capacity assessment and its reliability. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 20(3), Loewen, S. C., & Anderson, B. A. (1990). Predictors of stroke outcome using objective measurement scales. Stroke, 21(1), Lu, W. S., Wang, C. H., Lin, J. H., Sheu, C. F., & Hsieh, C. L. (2008). The minimal detectable change of the simplified stroke rehabilitation assessment of movement measure. Journal of Rehabili tation Medicine, 40(8), Mao, H. F., Hsueh, I. P., Tang, P. F., Sheu, C. F., & Hsieh, C. L. (2002). Analysis and comparison of the psychometric properties of three balance measures for stroke patients. Stroke, 33(4),

14 64 특수교육재활과학연구 ( 제 55 권제 1 호 ) Mahoney, F. I., & Barthel, D. W. (1965). Functional evaluation: the Barthel Index, Maryland State Medical Journal, 14, Persson, C. U., Hansson, P. O., Danielsson, A., & Sunnerhagen, K. S. (2011). A validation study using a modified version of Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke Patients: Postural Stroke Study in Gothenburg (POSTGOT). Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation, 8, 57. Podsiadlo, D., & Richardson, S. (1991). The Timed Up & Go : a test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 39(2), Prosser, L., & Canby, A. (1997). Further validation of the Elderly Mobility Scale for measurement of mobility of hospitalized elderly people. Clinical Rehabilitation, 11(4), Smith, R. (1994). Validation and Reliability of the Elderly Mobility Scale. Physiotherapy, 80(11), Spilg, E. G., Martin, B. J., & Mitchell, S. L., & Aitchinson, T. C. (2001). A comparison of mobility assessments in a geriatric day hospital. Clinical Rehabilitation, 15(3), Spilg, E. G., Martin, B. J., & Mitchell, S. L., & Aitchinson, T. C. (2003). Falls risk following discharge from a geriatric day hospital. Clinical Rehabilitation, 17(3), Thomas, J. I., & Lane, J. V. (2005). A pilot study to explore the predictive validity of 4 measures of falls risk in frail elderly patients. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 86(8), Tsang, R. C., Chau, R. M., Cheuk, T. H., Cheung, B. S., Fung, D. M., Ho, E. Y., Ip, E. M., Ko, B. P., Lee, J. Y., Liu, A. K., Ng, V. P., Tang, R. S., To., K. W., & Tsang, C. P. (2014). The measurement properties of modified Rivermead mobility index and modified functional ambulation classification as outcome measures for Chinese stroke patients. Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 30(5), Yu, M. S., Chan, C. C., & Tsim, R. K. (2007). Usefulness of the Elderly Mobility Scale for classifying residential placements. Clinical Rehabilitation, 21(12),

15 만성뇌졸중환자들의 Elderly Mobility Scale 측정자간신뢰도와타당도 65 <Abstract> Inter-Rater Reliability and Validity of the Elderly Mobility Scale in Chronic Stroke Patients Park, Chang Sik The purpose of this study was to examine the inter-rater reliability and validity of the Elderly Mobility Scale(EMS) of 33 chronic stroke patients. Inter-rater reliability(intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC](2,1), internal consistency and weighted kappa coefficient were used to examine the level of agreement between raters. Item-to-total correlation was determined by correlating the total score of the EMS. To examine the absolute reliability indices, we used the standard error measurement(sem) and the minimal detectable change(mdc). Validity was tested by correlating results to modified Rivermead Mobility Index(mRMI), Motor Assessment Scale(MAS), timed up & go test(tug), modified Barthel Index(MBI), and Berg Balance Scale(BBS). The EMS met the following requirements: (1) Inter -rater agreement was high for separate item(weight kappa=.62 ~.77) except for gait and functional reach(weight kappa=.53 and.44 respectively). (2) Item-to -total correlations were all significant, ranging from r=.77 ~.93(p<.01); EMS possessed high internal consistency(cronbach s α=.86) and individual items also possessed high internal consistency(α=.79 ~.88); the inter-rater reliability of EMS summaryl score was excellent (ICC 2,1 =.90[.77 ~.96]) as were SEM(1.36) and MDC(3.78). (3) The EMS had high concurrent validity with the mrmi(r=.78), MAS (r=.82), TUG(r=-.72), MBI(r=.75), BBS(r=.81). The EMS scale is a reliable tool and can be administered easily. It correlates well with the mrmi, MAS, TUG, MBI, and BBS. it could therefore provide a scale for assessment of mobility that considers locomotion, balance, and postural control in chronic stroke patients.

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