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1 The Relations between the Drivers' Subjective Workload Characteristics and Driving Behaviors Yoonsook Hwang, Daesub Yoon, Kyong-Ho Kim Green Vehicle IT Research Team, ETRI, Daejeon, ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the relations between the drivers' subjective workload characteristics and their driving behaviors. Background: The advances of technologies have led to the development of various systems which provide driving convenience and entertainment to the drivers. These systems provide driving safety and convenience to drivers. However, the usages of these systems possibly increase the traffic accident due to drivers distraction. Method: Thirty subjects were participated in this experiment. They are all male. They were asked to fill in the DWPT which is composed of 29 questions to predict drivers subjective driving workload by ETRI and CBNU. They were also asked to fill in questionnaire about drivers past driving experiences including car accidents before conducting the simulator experiment and then the RSME questionnaire after completing the experiment. Results: The driver group experienced in a traffic accident scored higher "Drivers' Risk-taking Tendency" than non-experienced group. And they had more reported the number of traffic accident as a perpetrator. The relation of drivers workload(rsme) and their driving behaviors(performance time, indicator operation time etc.) was positive correlation in the U-turn task. Conclusion: As a result of this study, we need to analyze the cause of the accident for the driver group experienced in a traffic accident whether they are perpetrator or not. In addition, we can predict that drivers' workload may vary depending on the driving tasks. Application: This result will be applied to the development of the system for drivers' workload estimating and management system. Keywords: Driver Workload, Subjective Workload, Driving behavior, Workload estimating, Workload management 1. Introduction 과학기술이발달함에따라자동차와도로는점차안전해지고, 내비게이션, 차량충돌방지시스템, 차선이탈경고시스템등운전자가안전운전을할수있도록지원하는다양한시스템이개발되어자동차에장착되고있다. 그러나총교통사고비용은 2008년한국을기준으로볼때, 전년대비 3.8% 가증가하였다 ( 한국교통연구원, 2010). 이러한결과는교통사고로인해발생하는피해가과학기술이발달되었음에도여전히존재하고있음을짐작케한다. 자동차와환경이과학기술의발달로개선되었음에도여전히교통사고가발생하는이유는바로운전자에게서찾을수있을것이다. 교통사고의발생원인을규명하기위해환 경, 자동차, 운전자를포함하는삼각관계를거론한다. 그러나교통사고의직접적인원인은교통참가자의교통행동에의해결정된다고해야할것이다. 즉, 교통사고의발생은도로조건, 교통안전시설, 차량조건등에의해형성된물리적인교통환경에서운전자와보행자가어떤행동을하느냐에따라결정되는것이다 ( 이순철, 2000) 안전운전을지원하는시스템들은운전자가교통사고의위험으로부터자유로울수있도록하는다양한안전정보를제공하는순기능이있다. 그러나운전자는차량내장착된시스템이제공하는정보를습득하는과정에서시선행동의분산이나정보가한꺼번에제공되어혼란및과부하를경험할가능성도있다. 일반적으로작업부하는특정한과제를수행함에있어수행자에게요구되는자원의양이다 (O' Donnel, Eggemeier,
2 1986). 운전역시운전자에게일정수준의작업부하를요구하는작업이라고할수있다. Rakauskas, Gugerty와 Ward(2004) 는운전자의작업부하가운전수행에미치는영향을살펴보았다. 연구자는운전자의작업부하를휴대전화를사용하여대화를하도록함으로써유발하였다. 그결과, 운전자는운전수행을하면서대화를하는동안가속페달을더세게밟았고, 속도편차는컸으며, 평균속도는더느린것으로나타났다. 운전자가주행을하면서보이는운전행동의수가작업부하유발의유무에따라차이가있는지알아보기위한한연구에서는인지적인부하및주의분산시선행동을유발하는조건에서운전자의행동이더많은것으로나타났다 ( 윤대섭, 황윤숙, 김현숙, 김경호, 2010). 이외에운전자의운전행동과 NASA-TLX 및 DALI 와의관계를살펴본연구에서는운전자의시선행동과가속페달행동이그들이운전부하와밀접한관련이있음을확인하였다 (Hwang, Yoon, Park, Kim, 2010). 운전경력과운전부하의관계에대해서는운전경력이오래된운전자가주행중주변상황인지를위해룸미러, 사이드미러등을보는다양한시각행동을함에따라시각적인부하가많다고보고하는것으로나타난연구가있다 ( 윤대섭, 황윤숙, 김현숙, 2010). 본연구에서는운전자의주관적인운전부하를측정하고, 운전부하의특성에따라운전행동에차이가있는지알아보고자수행하였다. 2. Method 본연구는 [ 운전자운전부하측정및정량화기술개발 ] 의일환으로개발한 " 주관적운전부하예측도구 " 로측정한운전자의주관적운전부하의특성과운전자의운전행동의관계를알아보기위해차량시뮬레이터를이용하여수행한실험연구이다. 이와함께운전자의운전행동가운데위험운전행동을파악하기위해주관적으로보고할수있도록한질문지를 " 주관적운전부하예측도구 " 와함께실시하였다. 2.1 Subjects 본연구에는총남성운전자 30명이참가하였다. 이가운데자료분석에사용한자료는 2명을제외한 28명의자료이다. 한명의자료는운전행동자료를추출하기위한전처리과정에서자료가추출되지않았고, 다른하나는차량시 뮬레이터를탑승한후멀미등을호소하여실험을중단한자료이다. 최종자료분석에사용한남성운전자 28명의평균연령은 25.43세 (SD=2.25) 였고, 운전경력은평균 4.75 년 (SD=2.58) 이었다. 2.1 Drivers' subjective workload characteristics 운전자가운전을하면서일반적으로보고하는주관적운전부하를측정하기위해 " 주관적운전부하예측도구 (The subjective Driving Workload Prediction Tool: DWPT)" 를사용하였다. 주관적운전부하예측도구는운전자의운전에대한태도및성격특성등을기반으로 NASA-TLX 및 DALI 와의상관을통해운전자의운전부하를측정할수있도록 [ 운전자운전부하측정및정량화기술개발 ] 과제의일환으로한국전자통신연구원과충북대학교교통심리연구실에서공동개발한것이다. 본도구는 " 도로환경부적응성 (1요인)", " 운전자위험성향 (2요인)", " 인적환경부적응성 (3요인)" 의세가지요인으로구성되어있다. 본도구는운전자의특성및운전에대한태도등에관한내용으로전체 29문항으로구성되어있으며, 각문항에는 5점리커트척도에응답하는방식으로구성하였다. 각요인에대해간략히살펴보면, " 도로환경부적응성 " 요인은운전자가낯설고복잡한운전환경에적응하지못해느끼는어려움, 불안에관한내용이고, " 운전자위험성향 " 요인은운전자가위험상황이나순간적인이익을추구하기위해위험한운전행동을하려는태도에관한내용이다. 마지막요인인 " 인적환경부적응성 " 은운전자가타인의의도나행동을의심하거나다른교통참가자와부정적인대인관계를형성하는태도를의미한다 ( 이순철, 오주석, 송훈화, 윤대섭, 황윤숙, 2010). 또한, 실험참가자가차량시뮬레이터를주행하고나서느끼는운전부하를측정하기위해서는주관적인측정방법가운데하나로단일척도인 RSME(Rating scale Mental Effort) 를이용하였다 (Zijlstra, 1993). 본도구에서측정하는값의범위는 0~150 으로값이클수록운전부하가크다고보고하는것이다. 이자료는운전자의일반적인운전부하의특성이아니라, 차량시뮬레이터의경로를주행하고난후보고하는전반적인운전부하와운전행동의관계를파악하기위해수집한자료이다. 2.2 Drivers' driving behaviors 본연구에서운전자의운전행동을측정하기위해차량시뮬레이터를기반으로운전과제 (Driving Task) 를수행하는동안운전자가보이는행동을수집하였다. 이때, 수집
3 한행동은운전자의신체적 / 시각적인행동이다. 또한, 주관적운전부하에관한질문을수행할때, 운전자의교통사고경험유무, 지난 3년간과속 / 음주 / 위반행위로적발된경험횟수, 가해및피해교통사고경험횟수등에관한경험정보등을운전자의주관적인보고를통해수집하였다. 차량시뮬레이터에서실험참가자들이수행한주행경로는유턴, 좌 / 우회전, 좌 / 우차선변경등과같은다양한운전과제를포함하였고, 이는그림 1과같다. 실시하였고, 운전자의교통사고경험에따라운전자의주관적운전부하특성및위험운전행동에차이가있는지를살펴보기위해일원변량분석을실시하였다. 3. Results 본연구는운전자의주관적운전부하의특성과운전행동의관계를파악하기위해차량시뮬레이터를기반으로실험을수행하고, 운전행동의경험에대한정보를수집하여이를분석한연구이다. 본연구에서는여러가지운전행동중에서위험운전행동과운전수행과관련한일부행동에대해서만분석을실시하였고, 그결과를서술한것이다. 3.1 Drivers' subjective workload and Accident Figure 1. Driving Course in the driving simulator 2.3 Analysis 본연구는운전자의주관적운전부하와운전행동의관계를파악하기위해수행하였다. 본연구의자료를분석하기위해서는기본적으로 SPSS 14.0 통계프로그램을사용하였다. 두변인간의관계를파악하기위해서는상관분석을 본연구에서운전자가일반적으로보고하는주관적운전부하와차량시뮬레이터의주행경로를주행하고난후느끼는운전부하를측정하기위해 " 주관적운전부하예측도구 " 와 "RSME" 를이용하였다. 먼저, 주관적운전부하예측도구를이용하여운전자의운전부하를측정한점수는평균 2.40점 (SD=.37) 정도로나타났고, 하위요인 ' 도로환경부적응성 ' 요인, ' 운전자위험성향 ' 요인과 ' 인적환경부적응성 ' 요인각각의평균값은전체문항에대한평균값과는다소차이가있었다. 이와같이나타난운전자의운전부하가교통사고경험유무에따라차이가있는지살펴보기위해일원변량분석을실시하였다. 그결과, 교통사고경험이있는운전자가주관적운전부하의하위요인가운데 " 운전자위험성향 " 요인의 Table 1. Driers' Subjective Workload characteristics and Accident experience Drivers' Subjective workload Traffic Accident N M(SD) F Total Workload Inadaptability of Road Circumstances Drivers' Risk-taking Tendency Inadaptability of Human Circumstances Experience (.37) Non-Experience (.35) Total (.37) Experience (.58) Non-Experience (.51) Total (.53) Experience (.42) Non-Experience (.51) Total (.52) Experience (.44) Non-Experience (.46) Total (.46) * 2.64
4 점수가통계적으로유의하게더높은것으로나타났다 (F (1,26) =6.10, p<.05). 즉, 교통사고를경험한집단의운전자들이위험상황이나순간적인이익을추구하기위해위험한운전행동을하려는태도가더많은보이는결과이다. 이와같은결과는표 1과같다. 3.2 Drivers' workload and driving performance 본연구에서실험참가자가차량시뮬레이터의주행경로를주행하면서느낀운전부하를 RSME 로측정한결과를간략하게살펴보면, 먼저실험참가자는차량시뮬레이터를주행하고난후, 평균 79.64점 (SD=24.72) 정도의운전부하를보고하는것으로나타났다. 차량시뮬레이터에서다양한운전과제를포함한경로를주행하며보이는행동과이를주행하고난후보고한운전부하 (RSME) 의관계를살펴보기위해상관분석을실시한결과, 여러운전과제중에서 " 유턴 " 과제에서의수행에서만운전부하와정적인상관관계를나타내는결과가있었다. 이에대해조금더자세히살펴보면, 운전부하를많이보고한운전자가 " 유턴 " 과제를수행하는시간이길었고 (r=.44, p<.05), 방향지시등을오래조작하는것으로나타났다 (r=.46, p<.05). 또한, 운전부하를많이보고한운전자들이 " 유턴 " 과제를수행하면서조향을오래하고, 주의시선행동을긴시간하는경향이있는것으로나타났다 (r=.37, p=.06; r=.39, p=.06). 3.3 Drivers' driving behaviors and Accident 운전자의교통사고경험에따라이들의교통행동, 특히 위험행동에서는어떤차이를보이는지알아보기위해일원변량분석을실시하였다. 본연구에서의위험행동은지난 3 년간과속 / 음주 / 위반행위로적발된횟수, 가해및피해고툥사고의경험횟수등이다. 분석결과, 운전자의교통사고경험에따라 " 가해교통사고경험횟수 " 가통계적으로유의하게다른것으로나타났다 (F (1,26) =7.08, p<.05). 즉, 교통사고경험이있는운전자집단이그렇지않은집단보다가해교통사고경험이더많은것으로나타났다 ( 표 2). 4. Conclusion 본연구는운전자의주관적운전부하의특성과운전행동의관계를파악하기위해수행하였다. 이를위해남성운전자 28명을대상으로 " 주관적운전부하예측도구 " 를이용하여운전부하의특성을측정하였다. 이때사용한도구는 [ 운전자운전부하측정및정량화기술개발 ] 의일환으로개발된것이다. 운전자의운전행동및운전수행은차량시뮬레이터의주행을통해다양한정보를수집하였으며, 차량시뮬레이터주행에서의운전부하를 RSME 로측정하였다. 또한, 운전자의운전행동중에서특히위험운전행동에관한정보는이들의주관적인보고를통해수집하였다. 먼저운전자의운전부하특성과이들의운전행동중에서특히위험운전행동에대해분석을실시한결과, 교통사고경험이있는운전자들이위험상황이나순간적인이익을추구하기위해위험한운전행동을하려는태도를더많이보이는것으로나타났다. 또한, 이들은가해교통사고의경험도더많은것으로나타났다. 이러한결과로미루어볼때, Number of Speeding driving Number of Drunken driving Number of Violation Table 2. Drivers' driving behaviors Driving behaviors Traffic Accident N M(SD) F Number of Accident perpetrator Number of Accident victim Experience 11.36(.67) Non-Experience 17.35(.10) Total 28.36(.87) Experience 11.09(.30) Non-Experience 17.00(.00) Total 28.04(.19) Experience 11.36(.50) Non-Experience 17.24(.56) Total 28.29(.53) Experience 11.55(.52) Non-Experience 17.12(.33) Total 28.29(.46) Experience 11.27(.45) Non-Experience 17.06(.24) Total 28.14(.36) * 2.54
5 본연구에서교통사고경험이있다고보고한운전자들의사고경험이가해교통사고인지에대해추가로살펴볼필요가있을것이다. 추가로본연구에서차량시뮬레이터를이용하여수집한이들의운전행동및운전수행과이에대한운전부하의관계를분석한결과, 다른운전과제에서는통계적으로유의한상관이나타나지는않았으나 " 유턴과제 " 에서는통계적으로유의한상관이나타났다. 즉, 차량시뮬레이터의주행경로를주행하고난후운전부하가많았다고보고한운전자들은 " 유턴과제 " 를수행한시간이길었고, 방향지시등도오랜시간조작한것으로나타났다. 또한, 통계적으로유의하지는않았으나조향시간과주의시선행동도긴시간동안하는경향이있는것으로파악되었다. 이러한결과는여러가지운전과제마다운전자가느끼는운전부하가다를수있고, 운전자의운전부하에영향을미치는운전행동, 예를들면다른운전행동보다주의시선행동을오래해야하는운전과제가운전부하를더많이보고할수있음을짐작케한다. 따라서추후에는이와같은내용을포함하는실험이진행되어야할것이다. 본연구는실험자료에대한기초분석에대한내용을구성하였다. 따라서추후에는운전자의운전부하특성과차량시뮬레이터에서보이는운전자의운전행동의관계를파악하기위한추가분석을실시할예정이다. 본연구에서서술한기초분석에대한내용및추가분석결과는모과제인 " 운전자운전부하측정및정량화기술개발 " 의서브모듈일부분으로사용할계획이며, 이를통해운전자의운전부하를측정하고관리할수있는시스템을개발함으로써운전자의운전부하를고려한안전운전지원시스템설계가가능하도록지원할예정이다. Acknowledgements This work was supported by the Industrial Strategic technology development program, Development of the measurement of drivers' workload and criterion ( ) funded by the Ministry of Knowledge Economy(MKE, Korea). References Korea Daesub Yoon, Yoonsook Hwang, Hyunsuk Kim, Kyong-Ho Kim. "Driver Behavior Analysis for Driving Workload". Proceedings of the Spring Conference of Ergonomics Society of Korea O'Donnel, R. D. and Eggemeier, F. T. "Workload assessment methodology", in Handbook of Perception and Human Performance, Vol Ⅱ, Cognitive processes and performance, K. R. Boff, L. Kaufman, and J. P. Thomas, Eds. Wiley, New York Rakauskas, M. E., Gugerty, L. J., and Ward, N. J. Effects of naturalistic cell phone conversations on driving performance, Journal of Safety Research. 35, Soonchul Lee, Juseok Oh, Honnhwa Song, Daesub Yoon, Yoonsook Hwang. The effects of driver characteristic on subjective workload. Korean Journal of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 23(3), , Soonchul Lee. Traffic Psychology. Hakjisa: Seoul The Korea Transport Institute. Estimations of 2008 Traffic Accident Costs in Korea Yoonsook Hwang, Daesub Yoon, Jonghyun Park, Kyong-Ho Kim. "The investigation of workload management system based on drivers driving action". Adjunct Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications Zijlstra, F.R.H.. Efficiency in work behavior. A design approach for modern tools. PhD thesis, Delft University of Technology. Delft, The Netherlands: Delft University Press Author listings Yoonsook Hwang: hanulai403@etri.re.kr Highest degree: Master of psychology, Traffic Psychology Laboratory, Chungbuk National University Position title: Researcher, Green Vehicle IT Research Team, ETRI of Daejeon Areas of interest: Traffic Psychology Daesub Yoon: eyetracker@etri.re.kr Highest degree: Ph.D., Auburn University(USA) Position title: Senior Researcher, Green Vehicle IT Research Team, ETRI of Daejeon Areas of interest: HCI, Eyetracking, Attention Management Kyong-Ho Kim: kkh@etri.re.kr Highest degree: Ph.D., KAIST Position title: Principal Researcher(Team Leader), Green Vehicle IT Research Team, ETRI of Daejeon Areas of interest: HCI, Computer Vision, Augmented Reality Daesub Yoon, Yoonsook Hwang, Hyunsuk Kim. "Evaluation of self-reported driving workload assessment". Proceedings of HCI
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운전부하측정을위한운전자행동분석 윤대섭 황윤숙 김현숙 김경호 1 한국전자통신연구원자동차 / 조선 IT 융합연구부친환경차량 IT 연구팀 {eyetracker, hanulai403, hyskim, kkh}@etri.re.kr Driver Behavior Analysis for Driving Workload Daesub Yoon, Yoonsook Hwang, Hyunsuk
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