NEUROTHERAPY 대한신경치료학회지정복희, 박진주제20, 권정상미제2호 수공예활동을이용한작업치료가치매환자의인지기능및일상생활활동과우울수준및손기능회복에미치는효과 정복희 1, 박진주 *1, 정상미 2 1 호원대학교작업치료학과 2 상지영서대학작업치료과 Ef

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1 NEUROTHERAPY 대한신경치료학회지정복희, 박진주제20, 권정상미제2호 수공예활동을이용한작업치료가치매환자의인지기능및일상생활활동과우울수준및손기능회복에미치는효과 정복희 1, 박진주 *1, 정상미 2 1 호원대학교작업치료학과 2 상지영서대학작업치료과 Effect of Craft Program of Occupational Therapy on Cognitive Function, Depression, Activity of daily living and Hand function in patients with Dementia living in a community Bok-Hee Chong 1, Jin-Ju Park *1, Sang-Mi Chung 2 1 Department. of Occupational Therapy, Howon University 2 Department. of Occupational Therapy, Sangji Youngseo University Purpose The study was aimed to evaluate the effect of a Craft Program of Occupational Therapy on cognitive function, Depression, Activity of daily living and Hand function for patients dementia living in a local community. Methods A Craft Program of occupational therapy was conducted 10 weeks from September to December 2015 on 9 patients with dementia who are admitted to nursing home. Evaluation of the cognitive function, Depression, Activity of daily living and hand function was performed before intervention and after 8 weeks using MOCA, K-MMSE, ACL, K-GDS, K-IADL, Grip Strength and 9-Hole Peg test. Results All the evaluation showed the difference statistically significant(p<.05), except for MOCA. Conclusion The craft program of occupational therapy may be a useful intervention for dementia. thus it is necessary to develop a various Craft program that would also require ongoing research in cognitive function, activities of daily living, depression and hand function recovery of dementia. Key words Dementia, Craft, Cognition, Hand function, Activity of daily living 책임저자 Jin-Ju Park( @daum.net) 논문접수일 2016 년 4 월 9 일수정접수일 2016 년 5 월 15 일게재승인일 2016 년 6 월 24 일 I. 서론 통계청자료에따르면우리나라의 65세이상의노인인구가 662만 4천명으로전체인구의 13.1% 로써 2013년 12.2%, 2014년 12.7% 임을감안한다면노인인구는매년증가하는추세이다. 1) 또한급속한경제성장과의학의발달이노인들의평균수명과기대수명의증가에큰영향을미치고있다. 2) 노인인구의급격한증가는노인성질환의유병률또한증가시켰으며, 특히만성퇴행성질환인치매의유병률은 2013년을기준으로고혈압 53.2%, 당뇨 19.5%, 관절염 ( 여성 50%, 남성 20%) 에이어 9.4% 정도를차지하므로매우높은비중을차지하는것을알수있다. 3) 치매란기억력, 언어능력, 판단력, 시공간능력과같은지적능력과이를통합하여집행을담당하는실행기능의퇴 행을야기하는질환이다. 4) 치매노인은이러한문제점들로인해일상생활활동, 사회활동, 타인과의상호작용, 운동성등에있어많은제한을받게되며인지기능의저하로인한우울감, 자존감저하, 활동성저하등을경험하게된다. 5) 또한치매는만성진행성질환으로써발병후지속적인기능상실을동반함으로개인의기본적인일상생활까지보호자나간병인의돌봄에의존할수밖에없으며, 다른내과적노인질환에비해환자 1인에따른의료비용이높은질환임을감안한다면치매를경험하는개인뿐만아니라환자를보호하는가족의경제적인문제를야기할뿐만아니라더나아가지역사회, 국가적인문제를야기할수있다. 6) 이러한문제점들로인해최근치매의심각성을인지하여치매질환에대해시군구보건지소를중심으로치매선별검사및조기검진과치료에노력을기울이고있으며, 범국가적치매 This paper was supported by the research grant of the Howon University in 수공예활동을이용한작업치료가치매환자의인지기능및일상생활활동과우울수준및손기능회복에미치는효과 47

2 NEUROTHERAPY NEUROTHERAPY 2016;20(2):47-52 관리의법적기틀을마련하여체계적이고효율적인인프라를구축하고치매가족의부담을경감할수있는실질적인정책을마련하기위해많은연구가진행되고있다. 2) 치매치료에대한최근연구로는치매의기질과유형에따른약물적중재와, 미술치료, 놀이치료, 음악치료, 회상요법, 현실치료, 운동치료등과같은비약물적중재등으로매우다양한치료방법들에대한연구가진행되고있으며실제임상에서사용되고있다. 7) 특히생산적이고창조적인과정인수예및공작은직접적이고반복적인손의사용을통해운동반응과촉각경험을경험하게하고소근육운동, 기억, 인지기능, 자기효능감등을높일뿐만아니라, 뇌의비우세측의공간과인지기능을활용할수있게하여뇌의활성화를자연스럽게유발할수있다. 8,9) 또한수공예활동은다양한상황에서문제해결력증진, 집중력과지각기술향상, 운동능력향상, 의사소통기술의발달과더불어사회적기술이향상되는활동이다. 10) 이렇듯수공예활동은이점이많은활동임에도불구하고치매환자의중재에적극적으로활용하지못한이유는치료시간의부족과비용의부족, 치료적목적을위한응용성의부족으로인한것이라사료되며수공예활동을이용한치료프로그램에대한연구는아직까지미비한실정이다. 따라서본연구에서는요양시설에거주하는환자를대상으로수공예활동을이용한작업치료가치매환자의인지기능및일상생활활동과우울수준및손기능회복에미치는효과를알아보고자하며, 향후치매치료및예방을위한프로그램개발에도움을제공함을그목적으로한다. II. 연구방법 1. 연구대상본연구는광역지역내요양시설에입소한환자를대상으로 2015년 09월부터 2015년 12월까지정신의학과전문의로부터치매진단을받은자들을대상으로하였고, 치매임상평가척도 (Clinical Dementia rating : CDR) 1~2단계에해당하는환자로시설에상주하며기본적인일상생활을수행하는환자들로선정하였다. 대상자는수공예활동을진행하기위해연구자의기본적인지시를따를수있는자로선별하였으며청력과시력에문제가없는자, 의사소통에문제가없는자, 치매진단후정신과적약물복용이활동프로그램에영향을미치지않는자를연구대상으로선정하였다. 전체대상자 11명중에서진행도중퇴원한환자 1명과질병의악화로인해타병원으로이송된환자 1명을제외한총 9 명으로구성되었다. 환자들에게제공된수공예활동으로는환자가이전에주로사용하였던활동을근거로친숙한수공예활동으로구성되었으며, 해당수공예활동은주 1회, 회당 60 Table 1. Session details of craft program Session 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th Making necklace Contents Sewing of traditional Korean socks, beoseon Music activities Making paper puzzle Making a pot stand from tiles Making miniature thatched house from clay Making candy-flower basket Making a kind of baked rice-cake, Gaetteok 분 ~90분, 총 10회기로진행되었으며, 평가는중재전과후 2 회실시하여결과를비교하였다. 수공예프로그램을진행하기위해참여한인원은작업치료전공 3학년학생 15명으로병원임상실습을 450시간이상이수한학생과작업치료전공교수 1 인, 담당간호사와사회복지사가함께진행하였다. 2. 연구방법수공예프로그램의진행과정은환자가많은노력없이수행할수있도록예전에경험하였던친숙한작업으로선정하였고완성된결과물을본인이직접소유할수있는활동을선택하여성취감과자존감을높일수있도록하였다. 수행에어려움이있는경우도움을제공하였으나가능한대상자가적극적으로참여하여수행할수있도록하였다. 사전평가와사후평가 2 회와치료 8회기로진행하였으며대상자에게제공한수공예프로그램은다음과같다 <Table 1>. 3. 평가도구 1) 몬트리올인지평가 (The Montreal Cognitive Assessment : MOCA) 몬트리올인지평가는경도인지장애를선별평가인 MMSE보다더정확하게판별하기위한목적으로개발된검사도구로써, 11) 집행기능, 시공간구성능력, 기억력, 주의집중능력, 언어능력과지남력등총 7가지항목으로구성되어있으며총점은 30점으로 23점이상일경우인지기능정상, 22점이하일경우에는경도인지장애로분류된다. 2) 한국판간이정신진단검사 (Korea-Mini-mental State Examination : K-MMSE) MMSE를한국판으로번안한도구로 K-MMSE는 시간지남력 (5점), 장소지남력 (5점), 기억등록 (3점), 집중력과계산 (5점), 기억회상 (3점), 언어능력 (8점), 시간적구성 (1점) 으로구성되어있다. 30점이최고점이며 24점은인지기능정상, 48 Effect of Craft Program of Occupational Therapy on Cognitive Function, Depression, Activity of daily living and Hand function in patients with Dementia living in a community

3 정복희, 박진주, 정상미 23 점에서 18 점은경도인지기능장애, 17 점이하는인지기능장애로분류된다. 12) 이용하였으며가로 5 인치, 세로 5 인치의정사각형판자와지름 1/4 인치, 길이 1 과 1/4 인치인나무패그로구성되어있다. 17) 3) 알렌인지행동수준평가 (Allen Cognitive Level Test : ACL) 알렌인지행동수준평가는검사자가피검사자의수행을관찰하면서평가하는도구로써알렌에의해개발되었다. 가죽판과가죽끈을사용하여홈질, 감침질, 코도반바느질을언어적지시와함께시범을보인후환자의바느질수행정도에따라 3.0에서 6.0까지점수를부여하는평가이다. 점수가높을수록높은인지상태를나타낸다. 4. 통계분석자료에대한통계처리는 SPSS ver. 18.0을이용하였고대상자들의일반적특성은기술통계를이용하고, 대상자의실험전과후의인지기능의변화, 수단적일상생활과우울수준의변화, 손기능의변화정도를알아보기위해 Willcoxon signed rank test를이용하여통계처리하였다. 통계학적유의수준은 p<.05로하였다. 4) 한국형수단적일상생활활동 (Korean Instrumental activity of daily living : K-IADL) K-IADL 은대상자의수단적일상생활활동을측정하기위해개 발한평가도구로써하위항목으로는몸단장, 집안일, 식사준비, 빨래개기, 교통수단이용, 재정관리, 전화기사용, 물건구입, 근거리외출, 약복용하기등 10 가지로구성되어있으며환자 가스스로수행하는설문지이다. 점수체계는 3 점또는 4 점척 도로나누어져있으며최소점수 10 점에서최고점수 37 점까지 점수화할수있고점수가낮을수록수단적일상생활활동에참여를잘한다는것을의미한다. 13) 5) 노인우울척도검사 (Korea-Geriatric Depression Screening Scale : K-GDS) K-GDS 는 Ye-savage 등에의해개발된 GDS 를한국인에맞게 번안한 K-GDS 를이용하여노인환자의우울정도를특정하였 다. 14) K-GDS 는 30 개의문항으로구성되어있으며우울의정도 는각문항에대한응답에따라 0 점또는 1 점을부여하여총 점으로계산한다. 점수의분포는 0 점에서 30 점까지부여되며점수가높을수록우울의정도가높음을의미한다. 15) 6) 수부근력검사 (Grip Strength) 대상자의손의근력을측정하기위해 Hydraulic Hand Dynamometer 을이용하였으며, 평가자세는가장안쪽에서부 터두번째손잡이에고정시켜자세를표준화하였으며언어적 지시를제공하여 3 초동안힘을내게한뒤두번측정한후 평균값을결과로사용하였다. 평가자세와평가방법은모든환자에게동일하게중재하였다. 16) 7) 수부조화운동검사 (9-Hole Peg test) 9-Hole Peg test 는손의기민성을측정하는도구로써검사방 법이간단하고수행시간이적게걸린다. 검사방법은아홉개 의구멍에패그를끼웠다가빼는데소요되는시간을측정한다. 본연구에서는 SAMMONS PRESTON, American, 2010 을 III. 결과 1 연구대상자의일반적특성본연구에참여한대상자는총 9명이었으며평균연령은 세였으며여자가 66.7% 로다수를차지했다. 대상자의직업은가사일 22.2%, 농업 22.2%, 전문직 22.2%, 무직 33.3% 를차지하였다. 대상자의교육은무학 22.2%, 초등학교 55.6%, 고등교육이상 22.2% 를차지하였으며, 대상자의현재건강상태는그저그렇다 33,3%, 좋지못하다 55.5% 를나타내었다. 동반질환으로는뇌혈관질환 22.2%, 근골격계질환 44.4%, 내분비계질환 11.1%, 기타질환이 22.2% 를차지하였으며걷기수준은독립보행 33.3%, 보조도구를이용한보행 55.6%, 보행못함 11.1% 를차지했다 (Table 2). 2. 수공예활동을통한인지기능의변화전체대상자에게수공예활동을중재한후 MOCA와 K-MMSE, ACL의점수를중재전과후에측정한결과, MOCA에서는유의한차이가없었으나 K-MMSE와 ACL에서는유의한차이를보였다 (p<.05)(table 3). 3. 수공예활동을통한수단적일상생활과우울수준의변화전체대상자에게수공예활동을중재한후 K-GDS, K-IADL의점수를중재전과후에측정한결과, K-IADL에서는유의한차이가없었으나 K-CDS에서통계적으로유의한차이를보였다 (p<.05)(table 4). 4. 수공예활동을통한손기능의변화전체대상자에게수공예활동을이용한인지훈련을중재한후우세손과비우세손에대한수부근력평가와 9-hole peg test의점수를중재전과후에측정한결과, 두가지평가모두에서통계적으로유의한차이를나타내어쥐기능력과손기능향상을보였다 (p<.05)(table 5). 수공예활동을이용한작업치료가치매환자의인지기능및일상생활활동과우울수준및손기능회복에미치는효과 49

4 NEUROTHERAPY NEUROTHERAPY 2016;20(2):47-52 Table 2. General characteristics of subjects (N=9) Characteristics N(%) Age Sex 9(77.4) Male 3(33.3) Female 6(66.7) Occupation house work 2(22.2) agriculture 2(22.2) profession 2(22.2) no jobs 3(33.3) Education no 2(22.2) elementary 5(55.6) over high 2(22.2) Current health good 1(11.1) middle 3(33.3) poor 5(55.6) current illness cardiovascular 2(22.2) musculoskeletal 4(44.4) endocrine 1(11.1) others 2(22.2) Walking level independent 3(33.3) aid gait 5(55.6) not walk 1(11.1) Table 3. The improvement of cognitive function (N=9) Tests before training After training P value MOCA ± ± K-MMSE 17.11± ± * ACL 4.36± ± * *P<.05; **P<.01; MOCA, The montreal Cognitive Assessment; K-MMSE, Korea-Mini-Mental State examination; ACL, Allen Cognitive Level Table 4. The improvement of activities of daily living, depression (N=9) Tests before training After training P value K-GDS ± ± * K-IADL ± ± *P<.05; **P<.01; K-GDS, Korean from of geriatric depression scale; K-IADL, Korean instrumental activities of daily living Table 5. The improvement of hand function Tests before training After training P value Grip strength 9 hole peg test D ± ± * N ± ± * D ± ± * N ± ± * *P<.05; **P<.01; D, dominant hand; N, non-dominant hand 50 Effect of Craft Program of Occupational Therapy on Cognitive Function, Depression, Activity of daily living and Hand function in patients with Dementia living in a community

5 정복희, 박진주, 정상미 IV. 고찰 노년기의인지기능의손상에따른사회경제적인비용의증가에따른현실적대처의필요성이대두되고있지만치매치료에대한다양하고구체적인해결방법은매우부족한실정이다. 7) 따라서본연구는지역요양시설에입소한치매환자에게수공예활동을이용한작업치료적용이치매환자의인지기능및일상생활활동, 우울수준과손기능회복에효과가있는지를알아보고자함을목적으로하였다. 치매치료는원인을치료하는것이아니라증상을호전시키는것이치료의주목적이기때문에수공예활동을통한손의사용을유도하여환자의뇌의활성화또한유도한다고하였다. 수공예는생산적이며본인의생각을창조적으로표현할수있는활동이므로손의다양한활동을요구하며다양한질환에적용이가능하기때문에노인을대상으로한인지기능증진을위한활동으로많이사용되고있다. 본연구에서사용된수공예활동은환자가이전에사용하였던활동을근거로과거를떠올리는회상능력과, 수공예완성을위한손의사용, 그리고재미있는활동을시도함으로써요양시설에서의반복되고무료한생활속에서재미와에너지를창출하고우울감을감소시킴과더불어손기능을증진시키는효과가있었다. 이는수공예활동이대상자의성취감과자존감을증진시키고, 긍정적인생각과신체적변화를나타낸다. 본연구에서수공예활동을이용한인지훈련을제공한결과 K-MMSE와 ACL의중재전과후의점수가유의한차이를보였으며수공예활동이치매노인의인지기능에긍정적인효과를나타냈다. 이는수공예프로그램활동이노인의인지기능회복에긍정적인영향을미친다는연구결과와일치하였다. 18) 우울수준에서도 K-GDS의중재전과후의점수가유의한차이를보였으며, 지역사회노인에게수공예활동을적용하여우울수준의감소를확인한연구와같은결과를나타내었다. 19) 수단적일상생활을알아본 K-IADL은중재전보다중재후의점수가증진하였지만통계적으로유의하지는않았다. 손의기능은수부근력평가와 9-hole peg test 모두중재전과후의점수가유의한차이를보였으며이는수공예활동을이용한인지활동이치매노인의인지기능뿐만아니라손기능에도긍정적인효과를미치는것을알수있다. 본연구의결과는치매노인들의인지기능향상을위해손동작운동프로그램을적용하여인지기능향상에긍정적인도움을준다는연구와도일치하였다. 20) 수공예활동은대상자에게동기를부여하고목적있는활동을수행할수있도록하여성취감, 만족감과더불어신체적, 정신적인기능을증진시키는치료적도구로사용되고있다. 따라서수공예활동을이용한인지훈련을치매환자에게중재한다면환자의인지기능뿐만아니라우울감개선과손기능증 진에도긍정적인효과를나타낼수있을것이라사료된다. 그러나본연구의제한점으로는치매의진행정도가다양하기때문에수공예활동을일반화하기에어려움이있었으며, 환자개인에게익숙한수공예활동을중재하고자노력하였으나요양시설의한계등으로인하여개개인에게적합한수공예활동을중재하는것에어려움이있었다. 또한단일질환으로연구를진행하였기때문에환자에게나타날수있는다양한변수가결과에작용할수있을것이라여겨지며, 연구대상자의수가적어서본연구의결과를일반화하기에어려움이따른다는것을제한점으로둘수있다. 이러한제한점을보완하여노인치매환자에게스트레스가적고친숙한수공예활동을중재함으로써자존감을강화시키고우울감감소를통해치매증상을완화시키기위한인지프로그램개발과연구가필요할것으로사료된다. 참고문헌 1. Korea National Statistical Office, Estimated future population, Ministry of Health & Welfare, Third National Dementia Management Master Plan ( 16~ 20) Ministry of Health & Welfare, Second National Dementia Management Master Plan, 2012; Chong BH. The effect of cognitive occupational therapy in community living elders with mild cognitive impairment and dementia. Journal of Digital Convergence. 2013;11(3): Kim SL, Oh YH. Study on effect of therapeutic recreation program to dementia aging people s stress and cognition functions. The Journal of counselling psychology Education welfare. 2016;3(1): Ko SJ, Shin SH. Effects of dementia knowledge. Self-Efficacy and depression on dementia preventive behavior in elderly couples: Dyadic Data Analysis. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing. 2013;43(2). 7. Choi HJ. Development direction of health promotion programs to prevent Korean elderly dementia. The Korea Journal of Sports Science. 2016;25(1): Son BY, Bang YS, Hwang MJ, etal. The change of visual perceptual and cognitive function and social skill of the adult with intellectual disabilities according to general characteristics. Journal of the Korea Entertainment Industry Association (JKEIA). 2016;10(1): Leask SJ, Crow TJ. How far does the brain lateralize? An unbiased method for determining the optimum degree of hemispheric specialization. Neuropsychologia. 수공예활동을이용한작업치료가치매환자의인지기능및일상생활활동과우울수준및손기능회복에미치는효과 51

6 NEUROTHERAPY NEUROTHERAPY 2016;20(2): ;35(10): Griffiths S, Corr S. The use of creative activities with people with mental health problems : a survey of occupational Therapist. Br J Occup Ther. 2007;79(3): Petersen RC. Mild cognitive impairment. Journal of Internal Medicine. 2004;256: Kang Y, Na DL, Hahn S. A validity study on the Korean Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE) in dementia patients. Journal of the Korean Neurological Association. 1997;15(2): Won CW. Korea Activities of Daily Living Scale And Korea Instrumental Activities Daily Living Scale, J Korean Geriatr Soc Mar. 2002;6(01): Yesavage JA, Brink TL, Rose TL, et al. Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: A preliminary report. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 1982;17(1): Jung IK, Kwak DI, Shin, DK, et al. A reliability and validity study of geriatric depression scale. Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association. 1997;36(1): Mathiowetz V, Kashman N, Volland G, et al. Grip and pinch strength: normative data for adults. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1985;66(2): Grice KO, Vogel KA, Le V, et al.. Adult norms for a commercially available Nine Hole Peg Test for finger dexterity. Am J Occup Ther. 2003;57(5): Bang YS, Kim HY. Clinical application of the international classification of functioning, disability, and health tools in occupational therapy. Journal of Korean Society of Occupational Therapy. 2010;18(4): Janis MC. Treating depression in well older adults: Use of diaries in cognitive therapy. Issues in Mental Health Nursing. 1992;13(1): Wang JS. Effects of hand movement exercise program on the improvement of recognition ability in the dementia old adults. Unpublished master's thesis, Yongin University. Yongin Effect of Craft Program of Occupational Therapy on Cognitive Function, Depression, Activity of daily living and Hand function in patients with Dementia living in a community

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