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1 아동간호학회지제 15 권제 2 호, 2009 년 4 월 J Korean Acad Child Health Nurs Vol.15 No.2, , April 2009 DOI : /jkachn 구강보건교육이학령전기아동의구강보건지식과구강위생상태에미치는영향 * 안영미 1) 윤정미 2) 김현화 2) 서민영 2) 염미경 2) 1) 인하대학교간호학과교수, 2) 인하대학교대학원간호학과대학원생 = Abstract = Effects of Dental Health Education on Dental Health Knowledge and Dental Hygiene Status in Preschoolers* Ahn, Young-Mee 1) Yun, Jung-Mi 2) Kim, Hyun-Hwa 2) Seo, Min-Young 2) Yeom, Mi-Kyung 2) 1) Professor, Department of Nursing, College of Medicine, Inha University 2) Graduate student, Department of Nursing, Graduate School, Inha University Purpose: This quasi-experimental study was conducted to identify the effects of dental health education on dental health knowledge and dental hygiene status in preschoolers. Methods: Forty-one children were recruited from two daycare centers, one of which served as the experimental group and the other as the comparative group without dental health education. Dental health education consisted of knowledge-oriented lecture and individual practice with a tooth simulator. The dental health knowledge was measured using a self-report questionnaire and dental hygiene using a dental plague index. The measurements were taken before and after the education program in the experimental group while only before the education program in comparative group. Results: Increases in dental health knowledge and decreases in dental plague index were observed 4 days after the education and lasted at least 8 days after the education. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that dental health care education consisting of a lecture with simulation practice can be effective in improving dental health care in preschoolers at day care center. Key words : Dental health education, Dental plaque index, Child day care centers, Preschool children 주요어 : 구강보건교육, 치면세균막지수, 보육시설, 학령전기아동 * 이논문은인하대학교의지원에의하여연구되었음. * This work was supported by INHA UNIVERSITY RESEARCH GRANT. 교신저자 : 안영미 ( aym@inha.ac.kr) 투고일 : 2009 년 2 월 6 일심사완료일 : 2009 년 4 월 21 일 Address reprint requests to : Ahn, Young-Mee(Corresponding Author) Department of Nursing, College of Medicine, Inha University 253 Younghyun-dong, Nam-ku, Incheon , Korea Tel: Fax: aym@inha.ac.kr 아동간호학회지 15(2), 2009 년 4 월 201
2 안영미외 서론연구의필요성 오늘날어린이들은현대화와도시화관련식생활에큰변화로인해야채및과일의섭취는기피하는반면, 고당질의가공식품섭취는증가하는양상을보인다 (Moon, Song, & Park, 2004). 이러한식생활은아동의구강건강에부정적영향을미치는데최근보고를보면 2세아동의 21% 에서유치우식증이나타나며이는계속증가하여 5세아동의 77% 가유치우식을경험하는것으로나타났다 (Kim & Jin, 2003). 또한국민건강증진사업의일환으로실시된구강건강실태조사에서도 6세아동의경우평균 1.35개의우식유치를가지고있는것으로나타났다 (Ministry for Health, Welfare and Family Affairs, 2007). 유치의주기능은저작, 발음, 미화기능뿐아니라영구치맹출을위한자리를유지하고, 악골의정상발육을돕는다 (Kim, Bae, Shin, Lee, Jeong, & Kim, 2006). 유치우식은성장발달시기상학령전기에가장많이발생하는데이는조기유치상실, 저작기능저하, 부정교합, 구강연조직질환, 발음장애, 나쁜구강습관등은물론영구치우식증과도깊은관계가있으므로 (Korean Association of Dental Hygiene Professor, 2004) 학령전기아동의구강건강관리는매우중요하다. 최근가족구조의변화나양부모의사회활동증가등양육관련사회현상의변화와더불어보육에대한정책적지원이활성화되었다. 이에영유아는물론학령전기아동의보육요구및이용빈도는급격히증가하고있다. 보육기관이용아동은영유아부터학령전기아동이대부분이고, 이시기는활발한성장발달과더불어건강에대한일반적이고구체적인지각, 신념과가치, 건강행위습관이형성되는시기이다 (Cho et al., 2005). 한편이때는주양육자의관리를벗어나고가공식품등을섭취할기회가많아지는시기이면서동시에모든유치가맹출하여치열이안정되는시기이므로올바른칫솔질등바람직한구강관리습관을형성하는것이중요하다. 구강관리습관은구강건강관리의중요성에대한동기부여를위한이론교육과올바른칫솔질습관을위한반복적인시범교육을통해형성된다. 보육시설의보건교육실태를조사한 Ko와 Baek (2008) 의연구결과에서칫솔질교육이포함된 개인위생관리 에대한보건교육의중요도와수행도가높은수준으로나왔으나보건교육을정기적으로하는기관의비율이 26.5% 에불과했으며교육을전혀하고있지않다는비율은 10.7% 가되었다. 또한보육기관을이용하는부모역시이시기아동을위한일반보육뿐아니라건강관리에관한교육및관리프로그램을요구하였다 (Han & Kim, 2007). 따라서보육기관아동을대상으로구강보건교육을시행하는것은이들에게 구강건강의중요성을인식시키고, 체계적인관리능력을교육하는측면에서매우적절하다. 지금까지학령전기아동을대상으로구강보건교육과관련된연구를보면칫솔질교육프로그램의효과연구 (Kang, Park, Sohng, & Moon, 2008) 와구강보건교육이유치원아동의구강건강에미치는효과연구 (Song, 2004) 가있지만구강보건지식에대해서는언급하고있지않다. 구강보건행위는구강보건에관한지식수준및태도와밀접한관련이있으며 (Murray, 1996), Son (2003) 은구강보건에관한지식과태도는구강보건교육을통하여변화되어진다고하였다. 또한치아표면잔여음식물의착색정도를측정하는치면세균막지수는치아우식증발생의중간단계로구강건강상태를측정하는주요인자이다 (Kang et al., 2008). 이에본연구는보육기관의학령전기아동을대상으로구강보건교육을실시한후구강보건지식및구강위생상태의변화에미치는영향을조사하고자실시되었다. 구체적인연구목표는다음과같다. 학령전기아동을위한구강보건교육이구강보건지식에미치는단기효과를측정한다. 학령전기아동을위한구강보건교육이구강위생상태에미치는단기효과를측정한다. 연구가설본연구는학령전기아동을대상으로구강보건교육을시행한후, 학령전기아동의구강보건지식과구강위생상태의변화를측정하기위해실시되었다. 구강보건지식은이에관한문항으로구성된설문지의정답혹은오답에따른점수로, 구강위생상태는치면세균막지수와착색유치수를이용하여측정되었는데, 이를위해세가지가설이설정되었다. 제 1가설 : 구강보건교육을받은아동은구강보건지식점수가증가할것이다. 제 2가설 : 구강보건교육을받은아동은치아세균막지수가감소할것이다. 제 3가설 : 구강보건교육을받은아동은착색유치수가감소할것이다. 용어정의 구강보건교육구강보건교육이란피교육자로하여금구강보건에대한지식과이해를습득하고이에따른태도및행동변화를일으켜습관화할수있도록하는목적달성과정이다 (Kim et al., 2005). 본연구의구강보건교육은 Lee와 Kim (2005) 이연구개발한 영유아보건생활프로그램 의각론중 치아건강관리프로 202 아동간호학회지 15(2), 2009 년 4 월
3 구강보건교육이학령전기아동의구강보건지식과구강위생상태에미치는영향 그램 의내용을근거로학령전기아동을대상으로연구자가수정ㆍ보완한것으로이론교육과더불어실습및시범으로구성된교육을의미한다. 구강보건지식구강보건지식이란구강을합리적으로관리하고, 일생동안구강건강을적절히관리할수있는지적인능력으로 (Kim, 1990) 본연구에서는위의구강보건교육의이론교육의내용을알고있는가여부를물어보는시험형설문지의평가점수이다. 구강위생상태이는구강내에음식잔사가치아에붙어있음에따라치면세균막이형성된정도를말하는것으로 (Kim, 1990) 본연구에서는치아상하악의양측중절치, 측절치, 견치총 12개의치아를치면착색제로염색하여치면세균막이붉게변하는정도에따라산출한점수인치면세균막지수와착색된유치의개수를의미한다. 연구방법연구설계 본연구는학령전기아동을대상으로구강보건교육이구강보건지식과구강위생상태에미치는효과를측정하는비동등성유사실험연구이다. 실험군에게는구강보건교육이시행되고교육전ㆍ후구강보건지식점수와치면세균막지수을측정하였다. 반면대조군은교육없이구강보건지식점수와치면세균막지수를 1회측정하였다. 연구대상본연구대상자는학령전기아동으로 A시소재보육기관 ( 공립어린이집 ) 두곳에서비확률편의추출된만4~5세아동 40명이었다. 보육기관에서대상자를선택한이유는대상자연령등의특성과식이등의생활패턴의유사성및일종의교육기관으로서구강보건교육을체계적이고계속적으로시행하기에적절한조직으로사려되었기때문이다. 연구참여를위해대상보육기관을방문하여원장과보육교사들에게연구에대해설명한후기관의승낙을받았다. 이후에연구에관한설명문이기록된가정통신문을각가정에발송하여아동의부모로부터연구참여에대한서면동의서를받았다. 연구대상아동은의사소통이가능하며, 부모와교사가전신질환이나만성질환이없음을확인한아동을대상으로하였다. 대상자의인지발달등성장발달수준을고려하여만 4~5세아동으로 연령을국한하였다. 대상자간접촉으로인한오염을방지하기위해, 연구대상아동이속한두곳의보육기관자체를실험군과대조군으로임의배분하여위조건에맞는아동중 20명과 21명을각각비확률편의표출하였다. 이들대상자중실험군에서중도에치과를방문하여불소도포를한 1명이연구에서제외되어최종적으로실험군 19명, 대조군 21명, 총 40명이연구에참여하였다. 대조군을설정한이유는실험군의교육전조사자료의대표성과교육후변화에대한설명력을높이기위함이었다. 한편대조군에게는연구참여의보상차원에서연구가끝난후실험군에게적용된구강보건교육을제공하였다. 한편저학년을대상으로구강교육프로그램이치면세균막지수에미치는효과에관한연구 (Son, 2003) 의자료 ( 두집단간 mean difference=16.7, standard deviation=18.5) 와, 본연구의두집단대상자수 (19명과 21명 ), alpha=.05, 양측검증을기초로검정력분석을한결과, 본연구의검정력은 79% 로나타났는데 (Hully, Cummings, Browner, Grady, Hearst, & Newman, 2001) 이는적절한수준의검정력으로사려된다. 연구중재 : 구강보건교육본연구의실험처치인구강보건교육은이론교육과실습교육으로구성되었다. 이론교육은 Lee와 Kim (2005) 이보건복지부의정책지원으로개발하여전국보육시설에무상보급한 영유아보건생활교육프로그램 중, 치아건강관리프로그램 의내용을근거로개발하였다. 이프로그램은치아기능, 치아에좋은음식과나쁜음식, 올바른칫솔질, 치아관리습관의 4영역으로구성되었는데, 본연구에서는유아에게해당하는일부내용 ( 예 : 손빨기 ) 을삭제하는등학령전기아동의성장발달에적절한내용으로수정ㆍ보완하고이들이이해하기쉬운단어와그림형식으로표현하였다. 이과정은보육교사, 학부모및아동간호학교수와아동간호사들의의견을참고로개발되었다. 이를이용하여사전조사후 3일째에실험군에게약 60분동안이론교육을실시하였는데그과정은, 아동들에게질문과대답을유도하는등연구자는물론아동들간에상호작용이이루어지도록하였다. 실습교육은이론교육후 3일째 ( 즉, 사전조사후 5일째 ) 에실시되었는데이는이론교육자료를가지고교육내용을재확인하며치아모형과칫솔을가지고올바른칫솔질에대해실제시범을보여주고대상자별로실습하는것이었다. 이역시약 60분소요되었다. 이렇듯이론교육과실습을같이하는것은학령전기아동이구강건강에관한지식은물론올바른칫솔질을습득하여습관화하는데효과적이다 (Lee, Paik, & Kim, 1990). 모든교육은아동의일상생활을유지하는차원에서, 보육시설일정상규칙적으로 아동간호학회지 15(2), 2009 년 4 월 203
4 안영미외 교육이나단체활동이이루어지는시간인오전 11시에실시하였다. 연구변수 구강보건지식구강보건지식은위에서설명한연구중재인구강보건교육의내용을맞게알고있는가혹은틀리게알고있는가를질문하는일종의시험지형식의설문을통해평가한점수로측정되었다. 교육내용중치아의전반적기능에관한 3 문항, 치아종류 ( 앞니, 송곳니, 어금니 ) 별기능에대한 3 문항, 칫솔질관련 3 문항, 충치예방관리에관한 4 문항, 총 13개의문항으로만들었다. 각문항에대한답은그림및설명으로구성된객관식답가지형태로만들어져아동은하나의답가지를선택하도록하였다. 각문항은틀리면 0점, 맞으면 1점으로측정되어 0~13점까지의점수를보이는데점수가높을수록구강보건지식이높음을의미하였다. 각질문의내용은 Lee와 Kim (2005) 이개발한검증된영유아용치아건강관리프로그램에근거하였고문항의국문해독, 각질문내용및표현의적절성에대해보육교사, 학부모, 아동간호학교수, 아동간호사들과함께점검하고몇명의학령전기아동에게사전적용해보는과정을통해근거타당도와내용타당도를점검하였다. 한편본도구는맞거나틀리거나하는선택만가능한형태인 13 문항의간단한설문지로구성된바, 짧은시간간격으로검사 -재검사신뢰도 (test-retest reliability) 를분석하면기억및학습의효과로인한오차발생을배제할수없고, 긴시간간격을두고검사 -재검사신뢰도를하면시간의기능에의한오차발생을배제할수없었으며, 한편타당도즉, 정확도가높은도구는신뢰도역시높음을간주하여 (Polit & Hungler, 1999) 다른신뢰도분석은시도하지않았다. 하기위한타당하고신뢰성있는방법으로수용되는방법이다. 착색제의품명과평정법은아래와같다. 치면착색제 : 이는식용색소 F.D.C Red No. 3가 0.5% 함유된체리향이가미된품명 Red-Cote (# 800C, Sunstar Americas- GUM, Chicago, U.S.A) 라는정제이다. 이는치면에남아있는세균막을붉은색으로염색하며, 사용법은구강안에이물질이없는상태에서정제를씹어서혀를이용하여 60초정도치아의표면에바른후구강을물로헹구어낸다. 치면세균막지수 : 위치면착색제에의한치면의붉은착색정도를일정한규칙에의해정량화하여산출한지수이다. 정량화규칙은아래와같다. - 0점 : 치아면에전혀착색이없음. - 1점 : 치경부에반점과같이약간착색됨. - 2점 : 치경부에넓이가 1mm 이하의치면세균막이착색됨. - 3점 : 치경부측 1/3미만의치면에넓이가 1mm 이상의치면세균막이착색됨. - 4점 : 치경부측 2/3미만의치면에치면세균막이착색됨. - 5점 : 치경부측 2/3이상의치면까지치면세균막이착색됨. - 총 12개치아에대해 0~60점의치면세균막점수가주어짐. 위정량화에의해각치아별 0~5점의치면세균막점수가부여되어총 12개치아에대해 0~60점의점수가주어지는데치면세균막지수는이를검사치아수 (12개) 로나눈값이다 ( 아래공식참조 ). 치면세균막지수의범위는 0~5점으로점수가낮을수록구강위생상태가좋은것을의미한다. ㆍ치면세균막지수 = 치면세균막점수 / 검사치아수 착색유치수 : 위의치면세균막지수를측정된 12개의유치중 1점이상의정량화지수를보인유치의개수를의미한다. 착색유치수가감소할수록구강위생상태가좋은것을의미한다. 자료수집 구강위생상태구강위생상태는치아의표면에세균막이형성되는정도로측정하였는데, 이는치아를착색제로염색할때치면에잔여된세균막의양에의해치아가붉게변하는정도이다 (Kim, 1990). 치아염색은입술면에의해노출되는상악치아 6개, 하악치아 6개, 즉치아상하악의양측중절치, 측절치, 견치인총 12개의치아를선택하여실시하였는데, 각치아면의착색정도는 Turesky Plaque Index (Turesky Modification of the Quigley & Hein Index) 를사용하여점수화하였다 (Turesky, Gilmore, & Glickman, 1970). 본연구에이용한착색제는안정성, 타당도, 신뢰도라는부분에서검증후상품화된제재이며그사용과평정법은아동을대상으로한연구들 (Lee & Bae, 2007; Son, 2003; Song, 2004) 에서구강위생상태를측정 2주에걸친전체적인자료수집과정은다음과같다 (Table 1). 중재전자료수집 (day 1): 중재전사전조사로실험군과대조군의구강보건지식과구강위생상태가측정되었다. 연구자는아동의교육시간인오전 11시에두집단이속한두보육기관을방문하여설문지를이용하여구강보건지식을측정하였는데, 대상아동은모두문장내용을읽고내용과그림을이해하여맞거나틀리거나하나의답을선택하였다. 또한점심식사후양치를한후치면착색제를이용하여치면세균막지수와착색유치수를측정하였다. 연구중재실시 (day 3, day 5): 사전조사후실험군을대상으로 3일째에이론교육, 5일째에실습교육이실시되었다. 중재후자료수집 (day 7, day 13): 중재후 4일째와 8일째에실험군을대상으로다시중재전과같은방법으로구강보 204 아동간호학회지 15(2), 2009 년 4 월
5 구강보건교육이학령전기아동의구강보건지식과구강위생상태에미치는영향 Table 1. Research Design and Data Collection Phase Pre-test Intervention Post-test1 Post-test2 Time frame Day1 Day3 Day5 Day7 Day13 Experiment group (n=19) DHK DHS Education1 Education2 DHK DHS DHK DHS Control group (n=21) DHK DHS DHK: Dental health knowledge; DHS: Dental hygiene status. 건지식과구강위생상태를측정하였다. 이는중재의지속효과를살펴보기위함으로중재전기본자료수집후 7일과 13일이지난시기였다. 대조군의경우, 기본값을측정한후반복측정을하지않았는데이는중재와같은특별한개입이없는경우약일주일동안구강보건지식및구강위생상태에대한성숙이나제 3변수의개입으로인한효과는최소한으로사려되었기때문이다. 자료분석모든자료는 SPSS WIN 16.0 프로그램을이용하여 α=.05 의유의수준에서양측검증으로분석하였다. 실험군과대조군의일반적특성은빈도, 백분율등의서술통계로, 두집단간의일반적특성및종속변수의동질성검증은 χ 2, t-test로, 가설검증은 t-test와반복측정분산분석을이용하여분석되었다. 연구결과대상자의일반적특성및집단간동질성검증 총대상자 40명중남아와여아는각각 50% 이었고, 평균연령은만 5세이었으며, 보육기관에다닌기간은평균 1.5년이었고, 62.5% 는외동아이었고, 80% 는핵가족이었으며아버지의 67.5%, 어머니의 32.5% 는대학교육이상을받았다. 대상아동의나이 (χ 2 =0.902, p=.373), 성별 (χ 2 =0.100, p=.752), 출생순위 (χ 2 =2.573, p=.276), 가족형태 (χ 2 =0.401, p=.527), 아동의부 (χ 2 =0.338, p=.845), 모 (χ 2 =0.973, p=.324) 의교육정도, 모의직장유무 (χ 2 =3.111, p=.078) 에서두군간에유의한차이를보이지않았다 (Table 2). 또한중재전, 연구변수에대한두집단간측정값을비교한결과, 구강보건지식 (t=0.299, p=.767) 과구강위생상태 (t=-0.368, p=.715) 모두에서유의한차이를보이지않았다. 한편중재전착색유치수는두집단간평균 11.8개과 11.5개로이역시유의한차이를보이지않았다 (Table 2). Table 2. General Characteristics and Homogeneity Comparison of Subjects Characteristics Categories Experiment group (n=19) Control group (n=21) N (%) or M (SD) N (%) or M (SD) χ 2 or t p Sex Female (n=20) 10 (52.6) 10 (47.6) Male (n=20) 9 (47.4) 11 (52.4) Birth order 1st. (n=25) 10 (52.6) 15 (71.4) >2nd. (n=15) 9 (47.4) 6 (28.6) Family type Nuclear (n=32) 16 (84.2) 16 (76.2) Expanded (n=8) 3 (15.8) 5 (23.8) Education level of High school (n=13) 7 (36.8) 6 (28.6) father College (n=28) 12 (63.2) 15 (71.4) Education level of High school (n=12) 12 (63.2) 10 (47.6) mother College (n=18) 7 (36.8) 11 (52.4) Employment status of No (n=21) 7 (41.2) 14 (70.0) mother Yes (n=16) 10 (58.8) 6 (30.0) Age (yr) 5.0 (0.32) 4.9 (0.30) Duration of enrollment (yr) 1.5 (0.64) 1.5 (0.74) Baseline dental health knowledge 7.3 (2.88) 7.0 (2.68) Baseline dental hygiene status index 2.3 (0.77) 2.4 (0.77) Baseline number of colored teeth 11.8 (0.50) 11.5 (0.87) M (SD): Mean (standard deviation) 아동간호학회지 15(2), 2009 년 4 월 205
6 안영미외 Table 3. Changes in DHK and DHS of Experimental Group Mean(SD) Pre-test a Post-test1 b Post-test2 c F p Post-hoc Scheffe' DHK 7.3 (2.89) 11.5 (1.65) 12.3 (1.34) p<.000* a>b, c DHS index 2.3 (0.76) 1.0 (0.56) 0.7 (0.35) p<.000* a>b, c Numbers of colored teeth 11.9 (0.46) 8.5 (2.78) 6.7 (3.3 ) p<.000* a>b, c * p<.001 DHK: Dental health knowledge; DHS: Dental hygiene status. (N=19) 가설검증제 1가설은구강보건지식점수에관한것으로, 실험군의경우중재전 7.3점에서중재후 4일째에 11.5점, 8일째에 12.3 점으로유의한수준으로증가하였기에제 1가설은지지되었다 (F=34.810, p<.001). 제 2가설은구강위생상태를알기위한치면세균막지수에관한것으로, 중재전 2.3에서중재후 4일째에 1.0, 8일째에 0.7로유의한수준으로감소하여제 2가설역시지지되었다 (F=37.862, p<.001). 한편, 구강보건교육전에는치면세균막지수를검사한 12개의유치중평균 11.9개가착색되었으나중재후 4일째와 8일째에는각각 8.5개와 6.7개로착색된유치의수가감소하여제 3가설역시지지되었다 (F=20.771, p<.001). 특히 Post-hoc Scheffé 검증결과, 중재전보다중재후구강보건지식점수는유의하게증가하였고, 치아세균막지수와착색유치수는유의하게감소하였으나, 중재후 4일째와 8일째의구강보건지식점수, 치면세균막지수, 착색유치수에는차이가없었다 (Table 3). 논의 영유아기및학령전기의구강보건교육은유치우식증예방이전체치아우식증예방의첫단계란측면에서매우중요하다. 그러나유치를영구치가맹출하기전까지일시적으로사용하는치아로생각하여이시기의구강건강과유치우식증의심각성을잘인식하지못하는경향이있다 (Kim et al., 2006). 이에본연구는보육기관이용학령전기아동을대상으로구강보건교육을실시하고이에대한구강보건지식및구강위생상태에미치는영향을살펴보았다. 구강보건지식에대한정량적측정도구는연구대상자의인지발달차이에따라각기다르지만구강보건에관한지식내용자체는적절한내용으로구성되어있음을고려할때다양한연령층아동의지식정도에관한상호비교를가능케한다. 이에본연구의중재전구강보건지식인 7.0~7.3점의백분율환산점수인 54~56점을 Son (2003) 의연구결과인초등학교저학년과고학년의구강지식인 15/25점과 16/25점, 즉 62~64점과비교한결과학령전기아동은학령기아동에비해약간낮은수준의구강보건지식을가지고있는것으로사려된다. Lee와 Kim (2005) 이개 발한체계적치아건강관리프로그램은치아건강관리교육후교육내용을평가하기위한준거지향검사문항을제시하였는데, 이는정량적평가를위한도구이기보다는일종의체크리스트와같은형태이다. 본연구에서는교육내용자체도학령전기아동용으로수정ㆍ보완하였고내용의습득정도를평가하기위한지식측정도구를정량적으로개발함으로써학령전기아동의구강건강관리지식정도를측정하여이를다른연령층아동과비교를가능케하였다는데큰의의가있다. 한편중재전치면세균막지수는평균 2.3~2.4로나타났는데, 이는 Kang 등 (2008) 의연구에서유치원의 5세아동을대상으로평균 2.5~2.7의치면세균막지수를보고한결과와유사한연구결과라할수있다. 이지수는치면세균막지수평정법 6 단계중 3번째와 4번째의중간단계로, 평균적으로모든검사치아의경부측면에 1mm 이상 ~ 전체표면의 1/3이하의치면세균막이형성되어있음을의미한다. 학령전기는치면세균막지수가가장불량인시기 (Lee & Bae, 2007) 로 Kim 등 (2006) 은부산광역시중구에거주하는 2~6세아동의 29.3% 를표본추출하여유치우식증을검사한결과 6세아동에서 64% 로가장높은우식경험율을보였으며, 6세아동이현재보유하고있는우식치는평균 5개, 과거부터다합하면평균 9.2개의우식치를보고하였다. 본연구에서는중재전평균 11.7개의유치가착색되었는데이는비효율적인칫솔질로인해약 12개의치아에음식물에잔여되어있음을의미한다. 즉본연구의치면세균막지수와착색유치수는학령전기아동의구강위생상태가불량함을의미한다. Son (2003) 은초등학생을대상으로고학년에비해저학년에서낮은구강보건지식점수와치면세균막부착률보고를통해초등학생대상의구강보건교육의중요성을강조하며특히저학년에서더욱효과적임을제시하였다. 이로볼때어린아동일수록구강보건에관한지식이부족하고구강위생상태가불량하다고추측된다. 구강위생행위란일상적이고도반복적인행위임을고려할때, 학령전기의구강위생행위는이후학령기까지이어질수있다. 따라서학령전기의바람직한구강위생습관은학령전기의구강건강은물론영구치가발현되는학령기의구강건강에도긍정적인효과가있을것이다. 이에본연구결과는학령전기아동의낮은구강건강관리지식과구강위생관리의심각성과더불어구강보건교육의시급함을지지한다. 206 아동간호학회지 15(2), 2009 년 4 월
7 구강보건교육이학령전기아동의구강보건지식과구강위생상태에미치는영향 한편본연구는구강보건교육을제공받은실험군이외에제공받지않은대조군을설정함으로서보다강력한교육효과측정을도모하였다. 즉, 다른두보육기관에서추출된대조군과실험군의구강보건지식과치아세균막지수사전측정결과가동일한결과를보임으로써실험군의사전자료가다른학령전기아동의그것과다를수있는가능성을최소화하였다. 구강보건교육후실험군의구강지식점수는중재후 4일째와 8일째에 7.3에서각각 11.5와 12.3으로증가하였는데이는중재전에비해각각 57.5% 와 68.5% 의구강보건지식증가에해당한다. 또한치아세균막지수와착색유치수역시중재전에비해각각 56.5%, 69.6% 와 28.6% 와 43.7% 가감소하여본중재가매우효과적이었음을나타내었다. 본연구의결과는초등학생을대상으로치아모형과치면착색제를이용한구강보건교육후치면세균막지수가감소한 Shin, Cho와 Seo (2000) 의연구결과와일치하였다. Kang 등 (2008) 은유치원아동을대상으로 5주간의칫솔질교육을한후 4주후에치면세균막지수가 2.5에서 1.4로약 45% 감소한결과를보고하였다. Kang 등 (2008) 의연구와본연구를비교할때, 전자의실험처치는비교적 5주의장기간동안대상아동에게칫솔질에대한개별교육을실시하였고본연구는 3일간격의 2 회에걸쳐칫솔질을포함한구강건강관리에대해집단교육을진행하였다. 또한처치후측정역시전자는 4주후에측정한반면본연구는 4일째와 8일째에측정하였다. 이러한차이로인해두연구결과수치를절대적으로비교하기는어렵다. 그러나두연구모두학령전기아동은구강보건교육의중요대상이며, 이들에게체계화된구강보건교육은장단기측면에서매우효과적임을지지한다. 특히본연구는학령전기아동대상의구강보건지식을정량적으로측정함은물론구강보건교육이보건지식향상에도유의한효과가있음을제시한점에서큰의의가있다. 두연구의중재에서도나타난바와같이, 교육효과를높이기위해서는교육의내용뿐아니라일정시차를두고이론교육과실습교육을양분하여제공하는것이중요하다. 특히, 치아모형을가지고일대일실습을하며치면착색제를이용한구강위생상태측정은그시각적효과로인해동기를유발하여올바른칫솔질에대한교육적효과가높다고할수있다. 실제본연구의세가지변수에대한효과크기를가지고사후검정력을검증한결과 85%~99% 의검정력을나타내었다. 특히연구종료후일정기간이지난후자료수집보육시설에서다른 5세아동반을위한구강보건교육을자문해온바, 이는보육교사역시구강보건교육의중요성을인식함은물론본연구중재가일선보육기관에서쉽고효율적으로수행할수있는집단교육임을시사한다. 더불어본연구의 Post hoc 분석결과는예의주시할만하다. 즉교육의효과는세가지변수에서모두교육후 4일째 에관찰되어그후일주일간계속됨은교육의최대효과가비교적단기간에나타나며별다른추가중재없이약일주일간지속됨을의미한다. 즉중재후 8일째에 12.3점의구강보건지식점수와 0.7의치면세균막지수, 그리고 6.7개의착색유치수를보인것은그동안교육효과가계속되어구강보건지식문항은거의만점을맞았고, 교육전에는 12개의유치중 6.7 개의유치에세균막이남아있었으나이들역시올바른칫솔질을통해각치아표면에착색이거의없는상태, 즉식후음식물이거의잔재하지않는상태로유지함을의미하였다. 한편중재후구강보건지식점수와구강위생상태 ( 치면세균막지수, 착색유치수 ) 측정값간에상관관계를추가분석한결과, 개연성은있으나통계적으로유의한수준을보이지않았다 (r=.301, p=.201). 본연구의구강보건교육은이론교육은물론올바른칫솔질에대한실습의두가지형태로제공되었다. 이두가지형태가구강보건지식과구강위생상태에항상동시에작용을하는지혹은각각독립적으로기능하거나상호연관속에시너지를일으키는지는알수없다. 이에실험아동의수를증가시키거나, 이들두가지형태의중재요인과이에따른다양한종속변수의효과크기를요인분석해볼필요가있다. 최근우리나라는 5세아동의유치우식경험률을 67% 이하로감소시키는것을목표로국민구강건강증진사업을펼치고있다 (Ministry for Health, Welfare and Family Affairs, 2007). 다른나라역시다양한국가차원의체계적구강건강관리제도를시행한다 (Pienihäkkinen & Jokela, 2002; Ramos-Gomez, Jue, & Bonta, 2002; Rozier, Sutton, Bawden, Haupt, Slade, & King, 2003). 또한육아및가족기능에대한사회가치인식의변화와국가적차원의보육정책지원등으로인해보육기관이용아동의수가날로증가함에따라보육기관은학령전기아동의건강관리교육을위한중요한현장으로대두됐다. 특히보육기관이용아동의경우해당기관에서매일식사및간식을먹고칫솔질을행하고있으므로구강건강관리에대해직간접적으로상당히노출되고동기화된상황이다. 그러나거의모든보육교사들이보육시설아동의건강관리를위해아동간호사등타전문가의도움이필요하다고보고하는등 (Han & Kim, 2007), 이들기관에서의체계적건강교육은아직미흡한실정이다. 보육기관은학령전기아동의건강관리교육을위한효과적인시설임에도불구하고보육기관에서의건강, 안전, 영양관리에대한부모들의만족도는낮은것으로보고되어있다 (Ministry of Gender Equality, 2006). 특히구강건강은국민건강증진종합계획 2010에서국가가집중관리하는 8개질환사업중하나로관리되는사업임에도불구하고 (Ministry for Health, Welfare and Family Affairs, 2007), 보육기관에서학령전기아동의구강관리는상대적으로덜주목받고있다. 더불어학령전기아동의구강건강상태와유치우식증관련실태조 아동간호학회지 15(2), 2009 년 4 월 207
8 안영미외 사는다수보고됨에비해, 이들을대상으로한구강보건교육국내연구는상대적으로제한적이다. 이에보육기관과아동간호사는학령전기아동에게구강건강의중요성을인식시키고, 관리능력을교육하는구강건강관리프로그램을개발적용할필요가있다. 이에본연구는보육기관의학령전기아동을대상으로구강보건교육이구강보건관련지식과구강의위생상태에미치는효과에대해알아보고자실시되었다. 이에아동간호사는학령전기아동을위한체계화된구강건강관리프로그램을개발하고보육기관은이를표준화적용할필요가있다. 본연구에서는인지교육이가능한학령전기아동을직접대상으로이론과실기교육으로이루어진구강보건교육을중재하여, 구강보건지식과구강위생상태향상에대해매우고무적인결과를나타내었다. 결론및제언 본연구는보육기관에다니고있는학령전기아동을대상으로구강보건교육을실시한후이들의구강보건지식과구강위생상태에미치는효과를측정한결과, 아래와같은결론을도출하였다. 학령전기아동을위한구강보건교육은이론교육과실제시범을포함한다각적교육이효과적이다. 이런교육은학령전기아동의구강보건지식을증진시키고, 치면세균막지수와착색유치수를감소시킴으로구강위생상태를증진시킨다. 본연구는단기간교육효과를나타내었으나장기간습관화및구강건강상태에미치는영향을연구할필요가있다. 한편본연구결과를해석하는데있어몇가지제한점이있다. 예를들면, 대상자의비확률표출과무작위배분의부재로인해학령전기아동으로서의대표성확보가어렵고내적타당도를위협할오차가능성이존재한다. 또한본중재는일주일이라는단기간동안매우효과적으로나타났으나, 지속적인효과에대해서는알수없다. 학령전기가모든유치열이완성되고, 곧이어영구치로전환되는시기로, 치아건강과관련하여급격한변화및적응이발생하는시기임을고려할때구강보건교육에따른지식의내면화와올바른칫솔질습관화에대해보다장기적으로추적조사할필요가있다. 또한, 어머니가학령전기아동의주양육자이며건강교육에가장큰영향을미치는존재임에도불구하고이들의대부분은구강건강관리에대한교육을받은적이없다는자료를볼때 (Kim, Won, Kim, & Park, 2007), 어머니들의자녀에대한구강보건인식및지식에대해좀더탐색할필요가있다. 궁극적으로영유아및학령전기아동의구강건강을위해보육기관은물론가정에서도체계적인구강건강교육프로그램이이루 어져야한다. 따라서가정에서의핵심교육자로서어머니측면의변수에대해좀더많은연구를제언한다. 더불어중재의세부요인과이에따른다양한종속변수들의효과크기측정을위한요인분석과구강보건측정도구의다양한적용을통한신뢰도검증에관한연구를제언한다. References Cho, K. J., Song, J. H., Yoo, I. Y., Park, I. S., Park, E. S., Kim, M. W., et al. (2005). Family focused child health nursing (3rd ed.). Seoul: Hyun-Moon Publisher. Han, K. J., & Kim, J. S. (2007). Parent s needs for center-based child care health program. Journal of Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing, 13(1), Hully, S. B., Cummings, S. R., Browner, W. S., Grady, D., Hearst, N., & Newman, T. B. (2001). Designing clinical research (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Kang, B. H., Park, S. N., Sohng, K. Y., & Moon, J. S. (2008). Effect of a tooth-brushing education program on oral health of preschool children. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 38(6), Kim, J. B. (1990). Public oral health. Seoul: Komoonsa. Kim, J. B., & Jin, B. H. (2003). Public health dentistry to introduction (2nd ed.). Seoul: Komoonsa. Kim, J. B., Paik, D. I., Moon, H. S., Kim, H. D., Jin, B. H., Choi, Y. J., et al. (2005). Clinical preventive dentistry (4th ed.). Seoul: Komoonsa. Kim, J. H., Bae, K. H., Shin, J. H., Lee, S. M., Jeong, T. S., & Kim, J. B. (2006). Dental caries status of primary teeth in Jung-gu, Busan Metropolitan City, Korea. Journal of Korean Academy of Dental Health, 30(2), Kim, S. J., Won, Y. S., Kim, J. S., & Park, I. S. (2007). A study on mother s awareness about infant oral health based on mothers of day care children. Journal of Korean Society for Hygienic Sciences, 13(1), Ko, Y. A., & Baek, H. J. (2008). Status and needs assessment of health education in child daycare centers. Journal of Korean Academy of Public Health Nursing, 22(2), Korean Association of Dental Hygiene Professors. (2004). Pedodontics. Seoul: Komoonsa. Lee, H. S., & Bae, J. Y. (2007). A study on the dental plaque formation and the oral health condition of preschool children in Daegu City. Journal of Korean Society for Hygienic Sciences, 13(1), Lee, J. H., & Kim, I. O. (2005). Health education program development for infants, toddlers and preschool children. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 35(2), Lee, S. S., Paik, D. I., & Kim, J. B. (1990). A study on the effects of the toothbrushing instruction methods in dental health education. Journal of Korean Academy of Dental Health, 14(1), Ministry for Health, Welfare and Family Affairs. (2007) 아동간호학회지 15(2), 2009 년 4 월
9 구강보건교육이학령전기아동의구강보건지식과구강위생상태에미치는영향 oral health in Korea. Seoul: Author. Ministry of Gender Equality. (2006). Statistics on child care programme. Seoul: Author.. Moon, J. S., Song, B. S., & Park, S. N. (2004). Oral health behavior and dental health status of preschool children. Journal of Korean Community Nursing, 15(4), Murray, J. J. (1996). Prevention of oral disease (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. Pienihäkkinen, K., & Jokela, J. (2002). Clinical outcomes of risk-based caries prevention in preschool-aged children. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, 30(2), Polit, D. K., & Hungler, B. P. (1999). Nursing research (7th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott. Ramos-Gomez, F., Jue, B., & Bonta, C. Y. (2002). Implementing an infant oral care program. Journal of California Dental Association, 30(10), Rozier, R. G., Sutton, B. K., Bawden, J. W., Haupt, K., Slade, G. D., & King, R. S. (2003). Prevention of early childhood caries in North Carolina medical practices: implications for research and practice. Journal of Dental Education, 67(8), Shin, S. C., Cho, E. H., & Seo, H. S. (2000). School-based comprehensive oral health care program and expending proposal in Korea. Journal of Korean Academy of Dental Health, 24(2), Son, M. H. (2003). Effects of oral health education program on the oral health knowledge, oral health behavior and oral hygiene status of elementary school students. Journal of Korean Community Nursing, 14(1), Song, B. S. (2004). The effect of oral health education on oral health in kindergarten children. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 34(1), Turesky, S., Gilmore, N. D., & Glickman, I. (1970). Reduced plaque formation by the chloromethyl analogue of victamine C. Journal of Periodontology, 41(1), 아동간호학회지 15(2), 2009 년 4 월 209
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