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1 Jurnal f the Krean Ceramic Sciety Vl. 8, N. 1, pp. 86~93, 211. DOI:1.191/KCERS Hydrthermal Synthesis f Red-Emitting Y(V :Eu Nanphsphrs and their Applicatin t Transparent Plasma Display Fabricatin W-Seuk Sng and Heesun Yang Department f Materials Science and Engineering, Hngik University, Seul , Krea (Received August 18, 21; Accepted Octber 18, 21) Ÿ Y(V :Eu ù xÿ w n v v Á y w œw ( ; ) ABSTRACT Transparent plasma display can be realized by develping the synthetic chemistry f apprpriate nanphsphrs and generating nanphsphr-based transparent luminescent layers. Fr this gal, red-emitting Y(V, P :Eu nanphsphrs were synthesized by a facile hydrthermal rute at 2 C fr 8 h and the resulting nanphsphrs were subsequently annealed at 8 C at an ambient atmsphere. The crystallgraphic structure, mrphlgy, and emissin prperty f the as-synthesized and annealed nanphsphrs were cmpared. Chsing 2-methxyethanl as a dispersin medium and applying a standard snicatin, well-dispersed nanphsphr slutins culd be prepared. Using these dispersins, visible transparent nanphsphr layers were spin-depsited n glass substrates. By cmbining Y(V, P :Eu nanphsphr layer/glass substrate as a rear plate with a frnt plate used in a cnventinal plasma display panels (PDPs), mini-sized transparent red-emitting PDPs were cnstructed. Transmittance and luminance prperties f tw transparent test panels using as-synthesized versus 8 C-annealed nanphsphrs were characterized and cmpared. Key wrds : Y(V :Eu, Nanphsphrs, Hydrthermal, Transparent, Plasma display panels 1. n v (transparent display) s n w k w v t y ƒ w e w, v v 3D v ƒ š v. n v w ZnO TiO 2 n y y d(active layer) w n p l (TFT, thin film transistr) w. 1-3) n TFT» Ÿ (OLED, rganic light-emitting dide) v w n x OLED v x, š n v OLED» v w.,), v v (PDP, plasma Crrespnding authr : Heesun Yang hyang@hngik.ac.kr Tel : Fax : display panel) š w OLED šn y ƒ ƒ w v. PDPƒ n w w xÿ d. p xÿ d j l j» xÿ mw x» ƒ Ÿ ƒvw. xÿ n w» w wù ù j» ù xÿ w w œ mw n xÿ w. xÿ j», x w Ÿ z. š w j xÿ 6,) ~2 µm j» ƒ (quantum yield) ƒ w, ù xÿ (nanphsphr) t w û Ÿz ùkü. ù xÿ z w 6,8) w j» j» s ù xÿ w» w w w, t - (sl-gel), 9,1) w (slutin cmbustin), 11) œe (c-precipitatin), 12) 86

2 Ÿ Y(V :Eu ù xÿ w n v v 8 w (hydrthermal), 13) w (slvthermal) 1,1). w (milling) w (calcinatin) û (1~3 C) w ƒ w, œ w ww p. w, j» x ƒ, ph, y ƒ mw w ƒ š. 6,13) Yttrium vanadate(yvo ) yttrium phsphate(ypo ) m w w Ÿ rp xw ww (hst lattice). 9,16) YVO :Eu» 3- VO Eu y (activatr in) z w (UV)» mw w» cathde ray tube(crt) š v xÿ y. 9,1) YVO : 3- Eu yw š Ÿ p VO 3- PO w» Y(V 1-x,P x :Eu YVO : Eu ù Ÿ p xÿ ƒ š. 9,16,18) w, œ (VUV, vacuum ultravilet)» w YPO YVO w p ùký, YPO ü VO 3- w VO 3-ƒ (energy transfer) ƒ (bridge) w w», Y(V 1-x,P x : Eu PDP xÿ w z š. 19) Yu - mw ù Y(V x,p 1-x ) O :Eu w, V P w Ÿ Ÿ (decay time) y šw. 2) w w 2 nm w s³ j» Ÿ Y(V :Eu ù xÿ w w, w ù xÿ Ÿ Ÿ(phtluminescence, PL) p w. ù xÿ 2-methxyethanl g vgq ww w»q n ù xÿ x k z, w n v v w Ÿ p w. 2. x Y(V :Eu ù xÿ w w, Y(NO 3 ) 3 6H 2 O, Eu(NO 3 ) 3 H 2 O, Na 3 VO, Na 3 PO w ƒ ƒƒ e w., Y(NO 3 ) 3 6H 2 O (9. mml), Eu(NO 3 ) 3 H 2 O(.6 mml) 2 ml 3 w k, Na 3 VO (. mml) Na 3 PO (. mml) yw z ƒ 3 g. yw» ml autclavable Tefln vessel š ww. Autclave vessel ü 2 C, 8 š w Eu y gƒ ù xÿ w. w Y(V :Eu ù xÿ e k z m w» rpm 1 w z, 9 C 1 g. xÿ Ÿ p w w w ù xÿ œ»» 8 C 2 z w. Y(V :Eu ù xÿ w» w g w ù xÿ 1 ml 2-methxyethanl snicatin mw g. n ù xÿ d 6cm 6cm j»»q vgq(3 rpm, 6 ) mw 2. cm 2. cm ƒ. (ac, alternating current) -PDP mini-sized n PDP test panel. Test panel q(frnt plate)» PDP q w ƒ,»q, (ITO/bus ), d, MgO d.» q ù xÿ ƒ gq»q(wq, rear plate) 1 µm š w z, Trr Ne-2% Xe yw». test panel x pulsed ac pwer supply mw 3 khz q 28 V w. w ù xÿ j» w» w X- z»(philips APD 32) w. ù xÿ j» x k w» w x (SEM, Hitachi S- 3) w. ù xÿ»(excitatin) Ÿ(emissin) p W Xe lamp Ÿ w spectrflurmeter (Jbin Yvn Inc., Flurlg 3) w w. n ù xÿ n d w» w UV-visible spectrscpy(shimadzu, UV-2) w, n test panel» w Ÿ p spectrradimeter(cs-1, Minlta) m w d. 3. š Fig. 1 w w 2 C 8 g Y (V :Eu ù xÿ 8 C w ù xÿ X- z. ù xÿ z vj (tetragnal structure) I 1 /amd œ (space grup) YPO (JCPDS 8-33) YVO (JCPDS 1-31) 2θ ƒ. V + (.9 nm) 8«1y(211)

3 송우석 양희선 88 Fig. 2. SEM micrgraphs f (a) as-synthesized and (b) 8 Cannealed Y (V,P )O :Eu nanphsphrs with average diameters f ~1 and ~21 nm, respectively. Fig. 1. XRD patterns f (a) as-synthesized and (b) 8 Cannealed Y (V,P )O :Eu nanphsphrs, cnsistent with tetragnal crystal structure. P (.3 nm) 보다 더 크기 때문에 (Y Eu )(V,P )O (x=-1)의 경우 x값이 에서 1까지 증가함에 따라 더 큰 2θ 값을 갖게 된다. 입자들의 평균 크기는 DebyeScherrer s equatin인 =.9λ/ csθ를 통해 구할 수 있다. 여기서 는 평균 입자 직경이고, λ는 Cu α 파장 (.1 nm)이며, 는 반폭값(FWHM, full-width-at-halfmaximum, radians)이며, θ는 회절각이다. 가장 높은 강도 값을 가지는 (2) 면에 해당되는 2θ=2.33 를 나노형광 체의 평균 크기를 계산하는데 사용되었다. 수열반응으로 + 1-x x 16) D B D K B 제조한 나노형광체와 열처리한 나노형광체의 평균 입자 크기는 각각 ~11.6와 ~16.2 nm로 계산되었으며, 이와 같은 계산 결과는 아래 SEM 사진을 통해 관찰된 입자의 평균 크기와 유사함을 확인할 수 있다. 또한 8 C로 열처리한 경우 수열 합성된 나노형광체보다 좁은 반폭값을 가지는 데, 이는 열처리를 통해 입자 성장이 발생한 동시에 결정 Fig. 2(a)의 화도(crystallinity)가 증가했기 때문이다. SEM 사진에서와 같이 수열반응으로 합성된 나노형광체 는 균일한 입자 분포를 가지면서 약 1 nm의 크기의 구 형입자로 구성되어 있음을 확인할 수 있다. Fig. 2(b)는 열 처리한 나노형광체의 SEM 사진이며, 입자 평균 크기는 약 21 nm로 측정되었으며, 열처리하기 전 보다 입자 크기 가 약간 증가한 동시에 입자 간 응집을 관찰할 수 있었다. Fig. 3(a)는 수열반응으로 합성된 나노형광체의 여기 및 발광 스펙트럼을 나타낸 것이다. 여기 스펙트럼은 2~ 36 nm의 범위에서 넓은 밴드를 형성하는데, 이는 VO 의 산소 리간드(O )에서 중심의 V 이온으로의 전하 이 동(charge transfer)과 Eu 와 O 사이의 전하 이동에 기인 한 것이다. 하지만, F - L (39 nm), F - D (6 nm)과 같 이 더 긴 파장대에서 나타나는 피크들은 Eu 바닥 상태 에서 f 의 더 높은 에너지 준위로의 직접적인 f-f 전이에 1,21,22) 한국세라믹학회지 Fig. 3. (a) PL excitatin and emissin spectra f as-synthesized Y (V,P )O :Eu nanphsphrs and variatin f PL emissin intensity with Eu cncentratin, and (b) cmparisn f PL emissin intensity f as-synthesized versus 8 C-annealed nanphsphrs. 의한 것이다. 6,8,12,1,2) 3 nm 여기 파장 하에서 발광 스

4 적색발광 Y(V,P )O :Eu 나노형광체의 수열 합성 및 투명 플라즈마 디스플레이 소자 제작으로의 응용 Fig.. 89 Phtgraphs shwing highly transparent layers spin-depsited (3 rpm, 6 s) n glass substrates using (a,b) as-synthesized and (c,d) 8 C-annealed Y (V,P )O : Eu nanphsphrs. (a,c) See-thrugh images under rm light and (b,d) red-emitting images under UV (2 nm) irradiatin. 펙트럼은 3가의 Eu 이온들로부터 다중선 전이(mutiplet transitins)인 D - F (J=1,2,3,) 전이에 의해 일어나게 된 다. 일반적으로, YVO :Eu 형광체의 경우에서는 electricdiple이 허용된 전이인 D - F (618 nm) 및 D - F (69 nm) 는 magnetic-diple이 허용된 전이인 D - F (93 nm) 및 D - F (68 nm) 보다 상대적으로 더 강한 발광 피크를 갖 는다. 그 이유는 Eu 이온들이 inversin center 이외의 자 리에 위치하게 되면 electric-diple 전이인 D - F 이 허 용될 수 있기 때문이다. Eu 이온의 농도(x=.3-.12) 에 따른 Y (V,P )O :Eu 나노형광체의 발광 강도 변 화를 Fig. 3(a)에 나타내었다. D - F 전이(618 nm)의 발광 강도는 Y(V,P)O 모체 안에서 Eu 의 농도에 대한 높은 의존도를 보이고 있는데, 발광 강도는 Eu 의 농도가 x=까지 증가함에 따라 증가하다가, 이상의 Eu 농도에서 농도 소광(cncentratin quenching) 효과로 인하 여 발광 강도가 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 이러한 농 도 소광은 이웃해 있는 Eu 이온들 사이에서 교환 상호 작용(crss relaxatin)에 의해 발생되는 에너지 이주(energy migratin) 때문이다. Eu 이온의 농도가 낮은 경우에는 J ,22) 1-x 2, x 2 23) 이온들 간의 평균 거리는 길어짐에 따라 에너지 이주는 어려워져 농도 소광은 거의 일어나지 않는 반면에, 높은 농도에서는 에너지 이주에 의한 비방사 재결합(nnradiative recmbinatin)의 가능성이 증가하게 된다. 수열반응으 로 합성된 나노형광체와 8 C에서 열처리한 나노형광체 의 발광 강도를 Fig. 3(b)에 비교하였다. XRD 패턴과 SEM 사진으로부터 알 수 있듯이 열처리 과정은 나노형 광체의 입자 크기 및 결정화도를 증가시키기 때문에, 이 2,2) 로 인해 열처리된 나노형광체는 수열 합성된 나노형광체 보다 약 1.2배 정도의 다소 우수한 발광 강도를 나타내게 된다. Laser ablatin 등과 같은 진공 증착법을 이용하여 Y O : Eu 와 YVO :Eu 형광체 박막 제조에 대한 보고가 있었 지만, 형광체가 갖는 다성분계의 복잡한 조성으로 인해 원하는 조성을 갖는 형광체 박막 구현에는 많은 난관이 따른다. 이러한 어려움을 극복하고자 나노형광체를 합성 하여 분산액을 제조한 후 저비용의 용액 코팅 공정을 통 해 균일한 나노형광체 박막을 형성시키는 연구가 최근 본 연구팀에 의해서 보고되었다. 본 연구에서는 투명한 적 색 발광층을 형성하기 위하여 나노형광체를 초음파(ultrasnic) 를 통하여 2-methxyethanl에 분산시켰으며, 분산용액에 서의 나노형광체의 농도는 약.23 ml/l이었다. 수열반 응으로 합성된 나노형광체 및 열처리한 나노형광체가 분 산된 용액을 유리 기판 위에 1번 스핀 코팅하여 증착된 나노형광체 막을 Fig. (a,c)에 각각 나타내었다. 이러한 나노형광체 막은 실내 조명 하에서 육안으로 보이지 않 을 정도로 투명한 것을 확인 할 수 있었다. 하지만, UV lamp의 2 nm 자외선을 조사한 경우 Fig. (b,d)에서와 같이 강한 적색 발광을 나타내는 나노형광체 막을 확인 할 수 있다. 유리 기판 위에 1번 코팅하여 증착된 나노형 광체 막들의 가시광 투과도를 측정하기 위해 유리 기판 과 비교한 투과율 스펙트럼들을 Fig. (a)에 나타내었다. 수열반응으로 합성된 나노형광체 막의 투과율은 유리 기 판 대비 nm에서 약 9%의 투과율을 보이는 반면, 열 처리한 나노형광체 막의 투과도는 같은 파장에서 약 68% ) 제 8 권 제 1 호(211)

5 송우석 양희선 9 Fig.. UV-visible transmittance spectra f (a) bare glass, assynthesized and 8 C-annealed Y (V,P )O : Eu nanphsphr layers depsited n glass substrate, and (b) mini-sized transparent test panels using the rear plates in (a). Fig. 6. (a) Schematic illustratin f a mini-sized transparent PDP cnsisting f the frnt plate (glass substrate/ito electrde/bus electrde/dielectric layer/mgo film) and the rear plate (Y (V,P )O :Eu nanphsphr layer/glass substrate) with a gap f 1 nm between them and (b) phtgraph f the cmpleted test panel with rear plate f 8 C-annealed nanphsphr/glass. 로 다소 감소한 것을 볼 수 있다. 이는 XRD 패턴과 SEM 사진에서 볼 수 있듯이, 열처리 과정을 통해 나노 형광체 의 입자 크기가 증가하였고, 입자 간 응집 현상이 나타나 기 때문이라 사료된다. 따라서, 열처리된 나노형광체를 가 지고 형성된 형광막은 그 두께가 다소 증가했을 뿐 아니 라, 막 균일성 역시 저하되었을 것으로 판단된다. 이와 같 은 이유로 인해 열처리된 나노형광체기반의 형광막에서 는 보다 높은 광 산란이 발생되어 가시광 투과율이 감소 되는 결과를 나타나게 된다. Fig. (b)는 상판과 하판(나 노형광체 막/유리기판)을 결합한 test panel의 광 투과율 스펙트럼을 나타낸 것이다. 상판을 유리 기판만으로 사용 한 test panel은 nm에서 약.3%의 투과율을 보이며, 수열반응으로 합성된 나노형광체와 열처리한 나노형광체 막이 적용된 test panel의 경우에는 같은 파장에서 투과율 이 각각 ~3.9%와 ~28.3%로 감소하였다. 완성된 test 29) 한국세라믹학회지 panel의 모식도를 Fig. 6(a)에 나타내었으며, 또한 Fig. 6(b) 에서와 같이 나노형광체 투명 막이 적용된 test panel의 실 제 사진을 통해 제작된 panel의 가시광에서의 투명성을 확인할 수 있었다. 수열반응으로 합성된 나노형광체와 열처리한 나노형광 체가 적용된 test panel의 기체방전 하에서의 발광 스펙트 럼을 Fig. (a)에 나타내었다. 열처리한 나노형광체로 코 팅된 panel의 휘도(brightness)가 열처리하지 않은 나노형 광체가 코팅된 panel보다 약 2배 증가한 것을 볼 수 있다. 열처리 전과 후의 나노형광체의 경우 PL 발광 강도는 약 1.2배의 차이를 보이는 것을 비교한다면(Fig. 3(b)), 각각 의 나노형광체가 적용된 panel에서의 휘도값은 더 큰 차 이를 나타내고 있다. 열처리로 인한 나노형광체의 입자 성장 및 입자 간 응집현상을 감안한다면, 단지 수열 합성

6 Ÿ Y(V :Eu ù xÿ w n v v 91 Fig.. (a) Luminance spectra and phtgraphs f test panels with as-synthesized versus 8 C-annealed Y (V : Eu nanphsphr layers. Variatins f luminance f test panels with (b) as-synthesized versus (c) 8 C- annealed nanphsphr layers with cating time. ù xÿ x xÿ w ù xÿ x xÿ xÿ t e»(surface rughness)ƒ ƒw. x Ÿ t e» z (external quantum efficiency) w w e»ƒ ƒw Ÿ ƒw Ÿ (light extractin) z w. ù 3-32) xÿ x xÿ t e» w z ƒw q. Fig. (b) w ù xÿ w panel ù xÿ gq z panel { y ùkü. 1 gq panel { cd/m ùk ü, gq panel cd/m ƒ w. ù xÿ ƒ gq 2 ~ cd/m { ùkü» Ne l range-reddish Ÿ» w. gq z ƒ { ƒw VUV»Ÿ n w ¾ ƒ 1~2 nm» xÿ ̃ ƒw { j yƒ., Fig. (c), w ù xÿ w 1 gq panel { 28.2 cd/m 2, gq 6.1 cd/m 2 gq z ƒ ƒw { ƒ x ƒw w. ù xÿ x xÿ, gq xÿ Ì ƒw, t e» ƒ f» š q. w Ÿ Ÿ w { ùkü. w, gq ù xÿ { ƒ j» w, Ì ƒ t Ÿ wì ƒw panel Ÿ n ƒ w w ùkü.. Ÿ Y (V :Eu ù xÿ ƒ w w. ù x Ÿ j» 1 nm š, 8 C w ù xÿ j» 21 nm ƒw, mw Eu Ÿ 1.2 w. n ù xÿ ù xÿ w ù xÿ 2-methxyethanl g»q v gq w x, 1 gq ù xÿ Ÿ n nm ƒƒ 9 68% d. n PDP test panel» PDP q w, ù xÿ ƒ»q wq w test panel w. n test panel Ÿ n w ù xÿ w 3.9%, w ù xÿ w 28.3% ùkü.», n test panel Ÿ ùkü, w ù xÿ ù xÿ ƒ š 1z gq test panel { ƒƒ cd/m ùkü. { w ù xÿ mw n xÿ x w t e»ƒ jš, w Ÿ ƒwš Ÿ z w». Acknwledgment v p» v» (F ) w. 8«1y(211)

7 92 Á REFERENCES 1. E. Frtunat, A. Pimentel, L. Pereira, G. Lavareda, I. Ferreira, and R. Martins, High Field-Effect Mbility Zinc Oxide Thin Film Transistrs Prduced at Rm Temperature, J. Nn-Cryst. Sl., (2). 2. B. Y. Oh, M. C. Jeng, M. H. Ham, and J. M. Myung, Effects f the Channel Thickness n the Structural and Electrical Characteristics f Rm-Temperature Fabricated ZnO Thin-Film Transistrs, Semicnd. Sci. Technl., (2). 3. P. Grrn, M. Sander, J. Meyer, M. Krger, E. Becker, H. Jhannes, W. Kwalsky, and T. Riedl, Twards See- Thrugh Displays: Fully Transparent Thin-Film Transistrs Driving Transparent Organic Light-Emitting Dides, Adv. Mater., (26).. C. H. Chung, Y. W. K, Y. H. Kim, C. Y. Shn, H. Y. Chu, and J. H. Lee, Imprvement in Perfrmance f Transparent Organic Light-Emitting Dides with Increasing Sputtering Pwer in the Depsitin f Indium Tin Oxide Cathde, Appl. Phys. Lett., (2).. G. Gu, V. Bulvic, P. E. Burrws, S. R. Frrest, and M. E. 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