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1 : * (age cohort) ( :, : )..,. ( ) ( ).... I. :. 1) *, 1) (1988), (1999), (1975), (1993), (1999), (1985), (2000), (1992), (1991)

2 (, 1990). 2) (credential society ). ( ) % % 70% OECD. 3),. (, 2001),. 4 ) (e.g.,, 2002;, 2000; Park, 2001)... (cohort analy sis). (, 2002) 30 (socioeconomic status ). (age cohort ) 2) (, 1999;, 1986;, 1994;, 1994,, 1991,, 1996),. 3,, ; ( ),, , OECD(2000), From Initial Education to Working Life: Making T ransitions Work ; (2001), Education at a Glance. 4), ( ) ( )

3 . (Boudon, 1974; Kluegel and Smith, 1981). (meritocratic achievement ) (ascriptive status). ( ) ( ) (Sw ell and Shah, 1967), (e.g., Blau and Duncan, 1967; Boudon, 1974; Collins, 1979; Lipset and Bendix, 1959; Sewell et. al., 1969). 5).. : (Davis and Moore, 1945; Bendix and Lipset, 1966) ( ) (, ). (status attainment model). (e.g., F eatherm an and Hauser, 1978; Gru sky and DiPrete, 1990; Hau ser and F eatherman, 1976; Hout, 1988). (esp. Mare, 1980; 1981) 5). (Jencks et al., 1972), (intervening mechanism) (e.g., Bowles and Gintis, 1976; Bourdieu and Passeron, 1964, 1977; Bourdieu et al., 1974)

4 .,,. (e.g., Boudon, 1974) (Mare, 1981). 6) ( ). 13 (Blossfeld and Shavit, 1993). (Mare, 1980, 1981) (logit ) (marginal progression rates) (net background effect ). 50% 100% (, ).,.. (Hout ) (e.g., Raftery and Hout, 1990; Hout, Raftery and Bell, 1993) MMI(Maximally Maintained Inequality ) 7). MMI ( ) ( ). MMI., 6), (Mare, 1981) OLS,. 7) MMI (Raftery and Hout, 1990) (Ireland)

5 ( ) ( ) (odds ratio). 8) (marginal transition rates) ( ) (Mare, 1981). (inter - cohort ) (,,, ). (Shavit and Blossfeld, 1993). ( - > ), (, ), (Mare, 1980)., ( ) (sequence of stepwise selection/transition). (Lucas, 2001) EMI(Effectively Maintained Inequality ). EMI (tracking ). (destination state) (dropout ) (track) ( ( ), I[math], II[no math]). ( ) ( ) EMI. 9) 8), (Hout, Raftery, and Bell, 1993: 35). In Ireland, (educational) inequalities persisted unchanged for at least forty years, because expansion at lower levels of the educational sy stem and upgrading of continuing student s ' origin kept demand ahead of growth at advanced educational levels." 9 (Lucas, 2001: 1652)., Effectively maintained inequality posit s that socioeconomically advantaged actor s secure for themselves and their children some degree of advantage if quantitative differences are common, (they) will obtain quantitative advantage; if qualitative differences are common (they ) will obtain qualitative advantage." (2002) - 5 -

6 EMI ( ) MMI. MMI, EMI (type of education), (track selection ).., EMI, (tracking ) (effectively ) (maintained inequality ) (Lucas, 2001: 1680). 10). (, )., (stability in educational stratification ).. (differential selection effect ), (unobserved variables) (observed) (Mare, 1980)., (life cour se), (Blossfeld and Shavit, 1993; Lucas, 2001; Müller, 1990). 11),,. 10) EMI(effectively maintained inequality). 11)

7 .. EMI,. (tracking ), ( : ) (, 2002; Lucas, 2001). 12). I:. 13) II: ( ). 14 ) III: ( ) ( ) ( ). IV :, ( : ), ( : ). 15), (Mare, 1980) ( - > ) (Lucas, 2001) (,, ). 12). 13). 14) ( ). 15)

8 [ 1]. ( ) ( ). [ 1].., (2001 ) (KLIPS: Korea Labor and Income Panel Survey). 4 10, ,284 3,620 6,664., OLS - 8 -

9 8, ). (Y1 ) (1), (2), (3),, (logit: 1=, 0= )... (Y2 ) (1), (2) (2-3 ) (3) (4-6 ),, (logit). 2).,,. (Ganzeboom, De Graaf and Treiman, 1989, 1992) (socio- economic index). (social capital). (family structure) (birth order).,. 16) 16) 3,,,,,,, (=1), (=0). (KLIPS)

10 < 1> KLIPS 4 KLIPS 4 1, %(4,920 ), 52.2%(5,364 ) %(3,064 ), %(2,221 ) %(1,997 ), %(3,002 ) KLIPS 1 1 ) KLIPS ) KLIPS 4. ( ) = 6.36(5.09). ( ) = 4.11(4.44) KLIPS 1 KLIPS 2-3 ( ) ( ) =31.06(12.14) KLIPS 4 2 ) KLIPS 3 ( 0 ) ( ) =3.33(1.97) 1, %(2,084 ), 77.8%(7,293 ) KLIPS 1 KLIPS 2-3 KLIPS , 0. ( ) 35.2%(3,506 ), 64.8%(6,452 ) 1, 0. ( ) 52.8%(3,590 ), 47.2%(3,210 ) 1 ) KLIPS 4. ( ) = 11.15(3.40) KLIPS 4 KLIPS 4 (reference group). 41.3%(4,246 ), 23.5%(2,418 ), 35.2%(3,620 ) (reference group) 29.1%(1,942 ), 14.0%(935 ), 56.8%(3,787 ) 1). 2),,,,,,,.. 14,.,,,,,

11 . (social milieux) (Fischer at al., 1996). (age cohort) (1971 ) 15.1% (7 ) 1980 (8 ) % % ) , 16 17, (1972 ), ( ), ( ), 50 (1953 ). < 1>. 2.. (multinomial logit model). 18) 3 (,, ) (,, ) log( 1 / 3) log( 2 / 3).., i 17) ,,,,,, 4,,,. (, 1990: 119). 18), (OLS)

12 t - 1 j p ij t, p ij t = ( ij t (odds) 1 - p ij t ), y ij t (odds ratio). X ij t y j t, (1)., Y ij t = log ( ij t ijt ) = t + t ij t x ij t j=1,, J - 1 (1) J -1.. j (parameter) j (regression parameter). x,,,,, 14 ( ),. i t- 1 t k - 1 k p ik X ij p ik., p ik X ij = jp ik ( 1 - p ik ) (2) (2) X p p =1/2 1/4 (Mare, 1981). (2) (p - > 0.0) (, p - > 1.0) 0 ( ) X.. 1. : OLS < 2>. (, ) (saturated) %

13 %., 30 (93%) 51 (30%) 63%. 30% 30. [ 2], MMI ( [upgrading]). < 2>. ( ), ( ),. ( %)., 0-25%. < 3> ( )... (upgrading ) (homogeneity )

14 < 2> : (S.D.) (N=9,370) (3.77) 7.07 (4.44) 5.26 (4.67) 2.60 (3.99) (N=10,063) 8.12 (3.70) 4.39 (3.84) 2.45 (3.47) 0.87 (2.36) (N=9,073) (12.5) (12.2) (11.8) ( 9.8) (N=9,683) 1.96 (1.31) 3.56 (1.72) 4.21 (1.88) 4.07 (2.02) : (%) (N=9,377) (N=9,958) 530 (20.0) 520 (25.4) 451 (24.3) 583 (20.7) 2,124 (80.0) 1,531 (74.6) 1,405 (75.7) 2,233 (79.3) 1,596 (55.3) 779 (35.4) 565 (28.4) 566 (19.6) 1,288 (44.7) 1,423 (64.6) 1,424 (71.6) 2,317 (80.4) < 3> (N=9,423) (3.77) 7.09 (4.44) 5.32 (4.67) 3.35 (4.29) 8.13 (3.70) 4.40 (3.84) 2.48 (3.48) 1.14 (2.64) (12.5) (12.2) (11.8) (10.8) (N=6,664) (3.72) 7.58 (4.33) 6.89 (4.66) 5.64 (4.80) 8.21 (3.64) 4.86 (3.81) 3.57 (3.80) 2.28 (3.41) (12.5) (12.7) (13.7) (13.8) (N=2,877) (3.54) 9.04 (4.51) 8.95 (4.88) 6.54 (5.23) 8.86 (3.40) 6.30 (3.74) 5.15 (4.21) 3.378(3.95) (13.3) (14.5) (15.8) (16.4) < 4> OLS

15 .. 30 (+ - ). 19) < 4> ( ) OLS (.205) * * *.050(.094) * *.094(.163) * * *.151(.219) * * *.222(.266) * * *.162(.190) * * *.085(.155) * * *.177(.264) * * *.201(.218) * * *.247(.175) * * *.020(.070) * * *.019(.113) * * *.016(.075) * *.027(.100) * * *.027(.081) * * *.051(.029) * * -.063(-.048).004(.003) -.007(-.004).071(.035) * 1.140(.139) * * *.494(.097) * *.891(.151) * * * 1.322(.176) * * * 1.435(.173) * * *.374(.051) * * * -.132(-.034).308(.057) *.574(.080) * *.782(.089) * * * 1.269(.187) * * * -.026(-.006) 1.083(.214) * * * 1.303(.208) * * * 2.156(.313) * * * (.342) * * * 2.768(.364) * * * 1.475(.188) * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * R² Adjusted R² N , , , , ,630 : 1) ( ). 2) P<.10 * P <.05 ** P <.01 *** P< ) R 2 ( )

16 2. < 5>. < 1>, 30 50%. 100% 2.5%. : 51 5:3 30 2:1. 10:1 10:6. < 5> ( : ; %) ( ) (N=10,284) 1,954(63.8) 1,141(51.4) 698(35.0) 453 (15.1) 1,033(33.7) 739(33.3) 375(18.8) 271 ( 9.0) 77(2.5) 341(15.4) 924(46.2) 2,278 (75.9) 3,064(100) 2,221(100) 1,997(100) 3,002 (100) (N=6,664) 980(32.8) 513(27.3) 240(22.4) 209(28.9) 592(19.8) 240(12.8) 83( 7.7) 20( 2.8) 1,415(47.4) 1,127(59.9) 750(69.9) 495(68.4) 2,987(100) 1,880(100) 1,073(100) 724(100) < 6> (goodness of fit ). (, ) ( 2-8) ( 9-4)

17 . d.f. 2 AC*SX( * ), AC*FE ( * ), AC*FO( * ). (d.f.) (N ) BIC *2 0 ) AC*SX, AC*FE 9 (BIC = ; d.f.=32). < 6> - 2LL BIC *1) 1 : SX+FE+ME+F O+SI+SC+MT +AC : 1+AC*SX : 1+AC*FE : 1+AC*ME : 1+AC*F O : 1+AC*SIB : 1+AC*SC : 1+AC*MT : 2+AC*FE : 9+AC*MT : 10+AC*FO : 11+AC*SIB : 12+AC*SC : 13+AC*MT ) BIC * = Model 2 - (model d.f.) In(N). * SX, FE, ME, FO, SIB, SC, MT 14, AC. 20) (Raftery, 1986) BIC(Bayesian Information Criterion). (T reiman and Yamaguchi, 1993)

18 < 7> (=exp (0.16)) 1.05 (=exp (0.05))., < 7> 1 / / (FE) 0.16(0.01) * * * 0.11(0.01) * * * 0.05(0.01) * * * (ME) 0.21(0.01) * * * 0.14(0.01) * * * 0.07(0.01) * * * (FO) 0.03(0.01) * * * 0.01(0.01) 0.02(0.03) (SIB) 0.02(0.02) 0.05(0.02) * (0.02) (SC) ( =1) (MT ) ( =1) 1.17(0.10) * * * 0.81(0.11) * * * 0.36(0.08) * * * 0.31(0.10) * * 0.41(0.09) * * * (0.07) ( =1) (SX) 1.14(0.08) * * * 1.13(0.08) * * * 0.01(0.06) (AC) 1) (0.19) * * * 2.26(0.12) * * * 0.95(0.11) * * * 3.99(0.20) * * * 2.50(0.12) * * * 0.91(0.11) * * * (0.13) * * * (0.12) * (0.13) (0.19) * * * (0.19) * * * (0.19) * * * N( ) - 2LL Pseudo R² (Nagelkerke) 7, : 1) 51. * (S. E.). P<.10 * P <.05 ** P <.01 *** P<

19 < 8> (FE ).108(0.05) *.005(0.05).103(0.02) * * *.125(0.02) * * *.085(0.02) * * *.040(0.02) *.122(0.02) * * *.104(0.02) * * *.018(0.02).207(0.02) * * *.183(0.02) * * *.024(0.02) (ME).235(0.05) * * *.181(0.05) * *.054(0.02) *.226(0.03) * * *.151(0.03) * * *.076(0.02) * * *.171(0.02) * * *.128(0.03) * * *.042(0.02).203(0.03) * * *.217(0.04) * * * -.014(0.03) 2 ) (FO) -.013(0.02) -.042(0.02) *.030(0.05) * * *.036(0.01) * *.012(0.01).024(0.01) * * *.026(0.01) * *.019(0.01) *.007(0.07).017(0.01) *.016(0.01).002(0.08) (SIB) -.196(0.11) -.152(0.11) -.044(0.04).025(0.05).046(0.05) -.021(0.04) -.014(0.04) -.003(0.04) -.011(0.04).072(0.04).020(0.04).053(0.05) ( =1) (SC).048(0.44) -.674(0.45).722(0.15) * * * 1.226(0.25) * * *.859(0.26) * *.367(0.14) * * 1.065(0.17) * * *.833(0.19) * * *.233(0.17) 1.073(0.17) * * * 1.259(0.39) * * * -.185(0.20) ( =1) (LC).121(0.35).365(0.35) -.244(0.11) *.042(0.20).030(0.20).012(0.14).257(0.17).553(0.18) * * -.296(0.17) *.763(0.18) * * *.308(0.22).455(0.22) * (SX) ( =1) -.200(0.33) -.513(0.33).313(0.10) * *.706(0.17) * * *.604(0.16) * * *.102(0.12).763(0.14) * * * 1.236(0.16) * * * -.472(0.16) * * 1.633(0.17) * * * 2.912(0.26) * * * (0.28) * * * (C) 1.792(0.75) * 3.699(0.75) * * * (0.25) * * * (0.40) * * * -.970(0.39) * (0.26) * * * (0.28) * * * (0.32) * * *.460(0.38) (0.31) * * * (0.40) * * *.965(0.41) * N( ) 2,069 1,620 1,469 1,956-2 Log Likelihood Pseudo- R 2 (Nagelkerke) : (S. E.). P<.10 * P <.05 ** P <.01 *** P<

20 < 8>. ( ). [ 3] < 8> ( exp ( )), [ 4] ( exp ( )). ([ 3]) ( ) ( ) (,, ). 21) ([ 4]), [ 3]. [ 3] P( / ) exp ( ) : FE= ; ME= ; FO= ; SIB= 21) 30, (differential drop- out) (selection bias)

21 [ 4] P( / ) exp ( ) [ 5], [ 6], [ 7] < 8> (FE ), (FO), (SC) OLS. [ 5] OLS ( F E ),, ( F E ) 51. [ 6] ( F O) [ 6] ( S C). [ 5] OLS, Multinomial Logit (FE)

22 [ 6] OLS, Multinomial Logit (FO) [ 7] OLS, Multinomial Logit (SC) OLS ([ 3]) 100% ( )

23 3. ( ) ( ) < 9>. (CA) ( 2-8) ( 9-14). (AC*FE), (AC*ME), (AC*FO). (d.f.) (N ) BIC * AC*SX, AC*FE, AC*ME 10 (BIC * = ; d.f.=38). < 9> ( ) - 2LL BIC * 1) 1 : SX+FE+ME+FO+SIB+SC+HL+AC : 1+AC*SX : 1+AC*FE : 1+AC*ME : 1+AC*F O : 1+AC*SI : 1+AC*SC : 1+AC*HL : 2+AC*FE : 9+AC*ME : 10+AC*FO : 11+AC*SI : 12+AC*SC : 13+AC*HL ) BIC * = Model 2 - (model d.f.) In(N). * SX, AC, FE, ME, FO, SI, SC, HL

24 < 10> ( : ).. < 7>. < 11>.. < 10> ( ) 1 / / (FE) 0.05(0.01) * * * 0.02(0.02) 0.03(0.02) * (ME) 0.09(0.01) * * * 0.03(0.02) * 0.05(0.02) * * (FO) 0.02(0.00) * * * 0.02(0.00) * * * 0.01(0.01) (SIB) 0.01(0.02) (0.03) 0.07(0.03) (SC) ( =1) (HL) ( =1) (SX) ( =1) (AC) 1) (0.08) * * * 0.45(0.11) * * * 0.23(0.11) * 0.32(0.08) * * * (0.09) 0.34(0.10) * 0.75(0.08) * * * 0.05(0.09) 0.70(0.10) * * * 0.02(0.15) 0.03(0.14) 0.03(0.14) 2.46(0.38) * * * 2.08(0.37) * * * 1.49(0.39) * * * (0.39) * * * (0.38) * * * (0.40) * * * (0.21) * * * (042) * * * 1.24(0.44) * * N( ) - 2LL Pseudo R² (Nagelkerke) 4, : 1) 51. (S. E.). P<.10 * P <.05 ** P <.01 *** P<

25 < 11> ( ) (0.21) * * *.023(0.23).060(0.26) *.067(0.02) * *.028(0.03).039(0.03).055(0.03).035(0.04).019(0.04) -.082(0.08) -.082(0.08).055(0.08).019(0.02).006(0.02).014(0.02).160(0.03) * * *.086(0.03) * *.074(0.03) *.074(0.03) *.049(0.04).026(0.04).097(0.03) * * -.045(0.12).142(0.13) 2 ).028(0.01) * * *.015(0.01) * *.012(0.01).019(0.01) * *.030(0.01) * * *.-.011(0.01).032(0.01) * * *.023(0.01).001(0.01).018(0.01) *.036(0.12) -.019(0.02) -.022(0.05) -.031(0.05).009(0.06).005(0.05) -.060(0.06).065(0.06).012(0.05) -.184(0.08) * -.196(0.09) *.015(0.05) -.058(0.18).073(0.19) ( =1).532(0.14) * * *.302(0.16).229(0.16).723(0.16) * * *.430(0.19) *.293(0.20).976(0.21) * * *.802(0.30) * *.174(0.32).731(0.22) * * 1.713(0.85) * -.982(0.87) ( =1).003(0.11) -.224(0.12).226(0.14).561(0.15) * * *.095(0.18).466(0.20) *.405(0.21) *.161(0.29).245(0.32).845(0.23) * * *.398(0.76).447(0.78) ( =1).178(0.11) -.422(0.13).600(0.14) * * * 1.538(0.16) * * *.717(0.18) * * *.821(0.20) * * * 1.172(0.23) * * *.931(0.31) * *.241(0.35).808(0.30) * * (0.79) 2.315(0.82) * * (0.27) * * * (0.29) * * * (0.32) * * * (0.35) * * * (0.39) * * * -.746(0.43) (0.45) * * * (0.59) * * * -.771(0.66) (0.48) * * * (1.45) * * 1.413(1.48) N( ) 2,023 1, Log Likelihood Pseudo- R 2 (Nagelkerke) : (S. E.). P<.10 * P <.05 ** P <.01 *** P<

26 [ 8] ( exp ( )), [ 9] ( exp ( )). ([ 2]) ( ) ( ) 30, 51.. ([ 9]),,. [ 8] P( / ) exp ( ) [ 9] P( / ) exp ( )

27 [ 10], [ 11], [ 12] < 11> (FE ), (FO), (SC) OLS. [ 10] OLS, ( F E ),,. [ 11] ( F O) [ 12] ( S C). (FO) [ 10] OLS, Multinomial Logit (FE) [ 11] OLS, Multinomial Logit (FO)

28 [ 12] OLS, Multinomial Logit (SC) (SC) OLS < 12> < 8> < 11>. [ 13] [ 14] < 12> (1= ) ,.,,. ( )

29 . (differential selection ) (life cour se).,,,. 22). (2002) 30. < 12> : AC=31-40 (FE )( ) (FO)( ) (SC)( ) LG() LG() LG() LG() [ 13] (FE) (FO) : AC= ) MMI

30 [ 14] (SC) : AC= , I,, OLS,., II,,., III, ( ) ( )., IV,... (Mare, 1980, 1981), (Hout, Raftery and Bell, 1993) 23),,. (2002) 23 Shavit and Blossfeld(1993), eds. Persistent Inequality: Changing Educational Attainment in T hirteen Countries

31 ..,, (Mare, 1993) (unobserved variables) (Hauser, 1998; Sewell and Shah, 1967; 1971)

32 < > :,, ,, : : :.., :, (1): ( ) ( ) " :." 30 ( ) :. 35(3): : 36(4): :. 34( ): , : : : Goldthorpe. 21( ): :

33 Althusser, L "Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses", Lenin and Philosop hy and other Essays, New York: Monthly Review Press. Blossfeld, H. and Yossi Shavit "Pesisting Barriers: Changes in Educational Opportunities Attainment in Thirteen Countries." Edited by Shavit, Y and Blossfeld, Pesistent Inequality: Changing Educational Attainment in Thirteen Countries, Westview Press. pp Boudon, R E ducation, Opp ortunity, and S ocial I nequality : Chang ing P rosp ects in W estern S ociety. New York : Wiley. Bourdieu, P. and Jean- Claude Passeron R ep roduction in Education, S ociety and Culture, Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publication. Bowles, S. and H. Gintis Schooling in Cap italist A merica, New York: Basic. Blau, P. M. and O. D. Duncan, The A m erican Occupational Structure. New York: John Wiley and Sons. Collins, R The Credential Society : H istorical S ociology of Education & S tratif ication. New York. Davis, K. and W. E. Moore "Some Principles of Stratification." A merican Sociolog ical R eview 10(April): Grusky, D. B. and T. A. Diprete "Recent T rends in the Process of Str atification," Demography, Vol. 27: F estherm an, D. L. and R. M. Hau ser Opportunity and Change. New York: Academic Pr ess. Fischer, C. S., Hout, M., Jankowski, M. S., Lucas, S. R., Swidler, A., and Voss, K Inequality by Design: Cracking the B ell Curve My th. Princeton University Press. Ganzeboom, Harry B. G., De Graaf, P. M. and Treiman, Donald J., "A Standard International Socioeconomic Index of Occupations." Revised version of a paper presented at the Annual Meetings of the American Sociological Association, San Francisco. Ganzeboom, Harry B. G., De Graaf, P. M. and Treiman, Donald J., "An International Scale of Occupational Staus." Social Science R esearch 21: Hau ser, R. M. and D. L. F eatherman "Equality of Schooling : T r ends and Prospects," S ociology of E ducation 49: Hout, M "More Universalism, Less Structural Mobility: The American Occupational Structure in the 1980s," A merican J ournal of Sociology 93(6): Hout, M, A. E. Raftery and E. O. Bell, 1990, "Making the Grade: Educational Stratification in the United States, ," Paper presented for the Sociological Association World Congress in Madrid

34 Jencks, C., Smith, M., Acland, H., M. J. Cohen, D., Ginit s, H., Heyns, B., and Michelson, S I nequality : A R eass essm ent of the Eff ect of F am ily and S chooling in A m erica. New York: Basic Books. Kluegel, J. R. and E. R. Smith "Beliefs about Syr atification." A nnual R eview of S ociology 7: Lipset, S. M. and Bendix, R S ocial M obility in Industrial S ociety. London. Lucas, S. 2001, "Effectiv ely Maint ained Inequality : Effectiv ely T r an sition s, T rack Mobilitym and Social Background Effects." A m erican J ournal of S ociology 106(6): Mare, R "Social Background and School Continuation Decisions." J ournal of A m erican S tatistical 75: Mare, R "Change and Stability in Education Stratification." A merican S ociological R eview 46: OECD E ducation at a Glance, OE CD I ndicators. Park, H. J "Educational Expan sion and Inequality in Korea". CDE W orking Paper No CDE, Univer sity of Wisconsin - Madison. Raftery, A.E "Choosing Models for Cross- Classifications." A merican Sociolog ical R eview 51: Raftery, A.E. and M. Hout., "Maximally Maintained Inequality: Expansion, Reform, and Opportunity in Irish Education, " Paper presented at the ISA Meetings, Madrid. Sewell, William H. and Vimal P. Shah "Socioeconomic Status, Intelligence, and the Attainment of Higher Education." Sociology of Education 40: Sewell, William H., Archibald O. Haller, and Alejandro Portes "The Educational and Early Occupational Attainment Process. A merican Sociological R eview 34: Treiman, D. J. and Yamaguchi, K "Trend in Educational Attainment in Japan." Edited by Shavit, Y and Blossfeld, Pesistent Inequality: Changing Educational Attainment in Thirteen Countries, Westview Press. pp

35 ( ). OLS (logit).,.,,..,.,., ( ),. ( ), ( ) ( )., ( ),.., (slot),. (slot) ( ). (status competition theory) ( )...,..,

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