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1 : * 1990,,.,.,. Sorensen(1989) %...,., , * - 1 -

2 , M., ,,.,., %. 61.9% % %, %, % %, %. 1990,.,.., , Sorensen(1989), (crowding hypothesis) , Dickens and Lang(1985)

3 ,,., ,,.,. 1990,., Silber Sorensen(1989).., ,. Johnson and Stafford(1998),,,. (neo- classical human capital - 3 -

4 model), (segmentation), (feminist or gender).(richard Anker, 2001), Becker (1971).,.,... (on- the-job training),. 1). (Thaler and Rosen, 1975) (preference system),,. 2) (pre- market),.,,. 3). (labor market segmentation theory),,,. Doeringer and Piore(1971) (dual labor market 1),,,. ( ). 2).. 3), Coate and Loury (1993a),

5 theory) (ration), 2 1. Standing(1989) static progressive', ILO(1972) formal informal'.. (crowding hypothesis).,.,.,. 4),.. 5), Phelps(1972) Arrow(1973). 6). ( ),,,,, ( ). stereotype' (precision of information)'. 'Stereotype' (, Coate and Loury, 1993b),,,,... (Aigner 4) Anker (2001) 5),,,.,,. 6).,

6 and Cain, 1977; Oettinger, 1996; Lundberg and Startz, 1983). Lundberg(1991),.,.. 7) ( ),.,..,,, ( ).. 8) (1994) Duncan's Index. 77,.. (crowding hypothesis). (2001) 2,.. (2001) CPS(Current Population Survey) DOT (Dictionary of Occupational Titles).,... 7) Lundberg(1991) (affirmative action). 8) (1990), (1992), (1995), (2000)

7 1.. 9) ), < - 1> % % % % %. 70.4% 77.0%,. < - 1> (12 ) (15 ) : : ,,. < 1> 1993, 1997, (= / ) ),, ),,. 9) ILO ISCO(International Standard Classification of Occupation) ) ) ) ,,,,, - 7 -

8 1993, ,, ( ).,,,,, (, 2000) ,,.. Duncan(1955) (Index). Duncan, D = 1 2 n i = 1 F i F - M i M ( - 1) F i M i i, F M. 1980, Butler (1987), Silber (1989). Hutchens(1991). Silber(1989) ( - 2), F i / M i (weighted Gini Index). G S = 1 2 n i = 1 n j = 1 M i M M j M F i / M i - F j / M j F / M ( - 2) G S location ( - 3), = n i = 1 M i M F i M i = F / M ( - 3) Dispersion ( - 4). 13) 13) (Skewness) (kurtosis) Berrebi and Silber(1989). A G = 1 2 R - L, R L F i / M i F i / M i (weighted mean deviation)

9 = 2 G s = n i = 1 n j = 1 M i M M j M F i M i - F j M j ( - 4) Duncan Silber < - 2> < - 3>. < - 2> Duncan , Silber. location ,. < - 2> : ( ) Duncan Silber location dispersion < - 3> : ( ) Duncan Silber (location) dispersion < - 2> K G = 1 2 R + L

10 Duncan < -3> Duncan ,,. < - 4> % 23.9% %,.. < - 4> : (12 ) (15 ) :, < 2> %., 90% %

11 .,,.. 1. (Crowding Hypothesis). Bergmann(1974) (men's work). (overcrowding),.. Treiman and Hartmann(1981).,.. 14),,.(Ferber and Lowry, 1976; England et al., 1982; O'Neil, 1983; Aldrich and Buchele; 1986) Sorensen(1989) PSID 23%. Sorensen(1989). ( - 1). w i = 0 + 1F R i + 2Z i ( - 1) F R i i (= / ), Z i 14)...,,,

12 . 1 (- ). (- ) 1., ( - 1) 1m 1f. w im = 0 m + 1mF R im + 2mZ im w if = 0f + 1f F R if + 2f Z if ( - 2) ( - 2) (crowding effect). C f = 1f ( F m - F f ) / ( w m - w f ) C m = 1m ( F m - F f ) / ( w m - w f ) ( -3) w m - w f, F m - F f (female dominated jobs). C f C m. 2. Sorensen(1989), ) 15, ( - 2) < - 1>. log,,,,,, (SK),,,,,,,, (= / ) ) (GK) , 2 3 GK

13 16),,,. < - 1> log ( / ) ( ) (0: 1: ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (1: yes 0: no) (1: yes 0: no) (1: 0: ) (1: yes 0: no) < - 1>,, (SK), (GK).,,, (132 8 ) 56.8% 16) (1) 1 4, (2) 5 9, (3) 10 29, (4) 30 49, (5) 50 69, (6) 70 99, (7) , (8) , (9) , (10) 1,

14 . 17). (skewness) (kurtosis) < - 2> (= / ) ( ) (0: 1: ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (1: yes 0: no) (1: yes 0: no) (1: 0: ) F - (1: yes 0: no) Adjusted R- square ( 12.55) ( ) ( 5.35) ( ) ( 6.17) ( 15.60) ( 6.05) ( ) ( 3.44) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 4.87) ( ) ( 3.25) ( 6.25) ( 0.36) 1, ( 10.96) ( 3.33) ( 2.38) ( ) ( ) ( 7.28) ( 6.26) ( ) ( 2.27) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 5.29) ( 1.03) ( 2.94) ( 10.29) ( 1.59) : 10%,, 10%. 17) , %

15 ( - 2) < - 2> ) ( -3) %.. (SK) (GK),. (2000) ,,.,.. 19) Oaxaca, % 61.9%. (2000), (1995) 20) 1990,. 21) 3.8%, 24.4%, 10.6%. 0.1%, %.. 18)., Blau(1984), Filer(1989). Sorensen(19989). 19). 20) (1998). 21) Oaxaca

16 ..... Dickens and Lang(1985). Dickens and Lang(1985) switching regression with unknown regimes,. 22) 1 (primary) 2 (secondary), ( - 1). ln W i = X i p + ln W i = X i s + si ( - 1) ( - 2). y * i = Z i + w i ( - 2) W i, X i Z i, p, s,. p, s, w, (latent) y * i i 1. Dickens and Lang(1985) ) 22) (1992) 1989 Dickens and Lang(1985).. 23) Dickens and Lang(1985) (factor analysis) 1 2. sample selection bias

17 . ( - 2) y i (latent) 1 0. ( - 1) ( - 2) switching regression model with endogenous switching '. 24) (probit) < - 1> ) < - 1>. < - 1> - Probit (1: 2: ) ( ) ( ) (1: yes 0: no) ( ) LR chi- square Log likelihood z- P> z , < - 2> (OLS). 2 (two- stage estimation) , ) Lee(1978) - Trost (1977) housing- demand'. 25) ,

18 . (self selection),. < - 2> OLS (1: 2: ) ( ) (0: 1: ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (1: yes 0: no) (1: yes 0: no) (1: 0: ) F - Adjusted R- square (OLS ) ( 20.16) ( ) ( 4.36) ( ) ( 2.59) ( 16.64) ( 9.13) ( ) ( 5.63) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 6.95) ( ) * ( 4.18) ( 13.66) ( 2.19) ( 1.68) ( 1.55) * ( ) * ( 1.80) ( ) * ( 5.76) ( ) ( 2.41) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) * ( 4.43) ( 0.31) * ( 1.70) ( 11.19) ( ) (2 ) ( 4.48) ( ) ( 2.16) ( ) ( 3.40) ( 4.63) ( 6.41) ( ) ( 4.20) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 4.55) ( ) * ( 4.81) ( 6.83) ( 0.01) * : * 10%. 1%. 'Self selection bias' % t- 0.01,

19 (self- selection bias). (likelihood ratio test). log , ( ) ,,.., ,., %.., Sorensen(1989) %.,.,.,.,

20 ,...,,.,..,., % % 3.4% 0.0%

21 ,, 29 (1995): ,, (2000) :,, (1990) :, (1992),, 2 (1991): 41-88,, 15 (1992): 37-75,, (2001), : , (2000), : BPS, 7 (1996): ,, 17 ( ): , (1998) :, :, (2001) Aigner, Dennis J. and Glen G. Cain, "Statistical Theory of Discrimination in Labour Markets", Industrial and Labor R elations R eview (1977): Aldrich, Mark and Robert Buchele, "The Economics of Comparable Worth" (1986) Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger Anker, Richard, "Theories of Occupational Segregation by Sex: An Overview", in M. F. Loutfi eds., Women, Gender and Work (2001) Geneva: ILO Arrow, Kenneth, "Models of Job Discrimination", in Anthony H. Pascal ed., Racial Discrimination in Economic Life (1972) Lexington: Lexington Books

22 Becker, Gary S., "The Economics of Discrimination", (1971) Chicago: the University of Chicago Press. Bergmann, Barbara R., "Occupational Segregation, Wages and Profits When Employers Discriminate by Race and Sex", Eastern Economic J ournal 1 (1974): Berrebi, Z. M. and J. Silber, "Dispersion, the Gini Index of Inequality and the Flatness of an Income Distribution", M athematical S ocial Sciences 18 (1989): Blau, Francine D, "Occupational Segregation and Labor Market Discrimination", in Barbara F. Reskin ed., S ex Segregation in the Workp lace (1984) Washington D. C.: National Academy Press Boisso, Dale, Kathy Hayes, Joseph Hirschberg and Jacques Silber, "Occupational Segregation in the Multidimensional Case", J ournal of Econom etrics 61 (1994): Bulow, Jeremy I. and Lawrence H. Summers, "A Theory of Dual Labor Markets with Application to Industrial Policy, Discrimation, and Keynesian Unemployment", Journal of Labor Economics 4 no. 3 (1986): Butler, R. J., "New indices of segregation", Econom ic Letters 24 (1987): Coate, Stephen and Glenn Loury, "Antidiscrimination Enforcement and the Problem of Patronization", A merican Econom ic R eview 83 (1993a): Deutsch, Joseph, Yves Fluckiger and Jacques Silber, "Measuring Occupational Segregation", J ournal of Econometrics 61 (1994): Dickens, W. T. and Kevin Lang, "A T est of Dual Labor Market Theory", the A merican Econom ic R eview 75 (1985): Doeringer, Peter B. and Michael J. Piore, "Internal Labor Markets and Manpower Analysis" (1971) Lexington: Lexington Books Duncan, O. D. and B. Duncan, "A Methodological Analysis of Segregation Indices", A m erican S ociological R eview 20 (1955): England, P., M. Chassie, and L. McCormack, "Skill Demands and Earnings in Female and Male Occupations", Sociology and Social R esearch 66 no. 2 (1982): Ferber, M. A. and Helen M. Lowry, "The Sex Differential in Earnings: A Reappraisal", Industrial and Labor R elations R eview 29 no. 3 (1976): Filer, Randall, "Occupational Segregation, Compensating Differentials and Comparable Work", in Robert Michael and Heidi Hartmann eds., Pay E quity: Emp irical Inquiries (1989) Washington D. C.: National Academy Press Huchens, R. M., Segregation Curves, Lorenz Curves and Inequality in the Distribution of People

23 Across Occupations", Mathematical Social Science 21 (1991): ILO, "Employment, incomes and inequality: A Strategy for Increasing Productive Employment in Kenya" (1972) Geneva Johnson, George E. and Frank P. Stafford, "Alternative approaches to occupational exclusion", in I. Persson and C. Jonung. eds., Wom en's work and wages (1998) London: Routledge Lee, L. F., "Unionism and Wage Rates: A Simultaneous Equation Model with Qualitative and Limited Dependent Variables", International Economic R eview 19 (1978): O'Neil, June, "the Determinants and Wage Effects of Occupational Segregation", (1983) Washington D. C.: The Urban Institutes Phelps, Edmund S., "the Statistical Theory of Racism and Sexism", A merican Economic R eview 62 no.4 (1972): Silber, J., "On the Measurement of Employment Segregation", Econom ics Letters 30 (1989): Sorensen, Elaine, "The Crowding Hypothesis and Comparable Worth", the J ournal of H uman R esources 25 (1990): Standing, Guy, "Global feminization through flexible labor", World Emp loyment Programme R esearch, Working Pap er No. 31 (1989) Geneva: ILO Thaler, R. and S. Rosen, "The Value of Saving a Life: Evidence from the Labor Market", in: N. T erleckyj, ed., H ousehold Production and Consump tion (1975) New York: NBER Treiman, Donald J. and Hei I. Hartmann, eds, "Women, Work and Wages: Equal Pay for Jobs of Equal Value", (1981) Washington D. C.: National Academy Press Trost, R. P., "Demand for Housing: A Medel Based on Inter- related Choices between Owning and Renting", Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation (1977) University of Florida

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歯금재호원고.PDF