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1 J Korean Acad Nurs Adm ( 간호행정학회지 ) Vol. 21 No. 3, , June 2015 ISSN (Print) ISSN (Online) 포괄간호서비스를제공하는간호사의간호업무와직무스트레스, 직무만족에관한연구 이민경 1 정덕유 2 이화여자대학교건강과학대학간호과학부대학원 1, 이화여자대학교건강과학대학간호과학부 2 A Study of Nursing Tasks, Nurses' Job Stress and Job Satisfaction in Hospitals with No Guardians Lee, Min Kyung 1 Jung, Duk Yoo 2 1 Graduate School, Division of Nursing Science, College of Health Sciences, Ewha Womans University 2 Division of Nursing Science, College of Health Sciences, Ewha Womans University Purpose: Purpose of the study was to investigate task performance, importance, knowledge, and level of job stress and job satisfaction of nurses working in a hospital with no family or family paid auxiliary caregivers. Methods: Participants were 119 nurses working in hospitals with no guardians. The questionnaire contained 488 items: general characteristics, performance, importance, knowledge of nursing tasks, job stress and job satisfaction. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation coefficients with SPSS/WIN Results: Most frequently performed nursing tasks were patient nursing management and information management. Nursing tasks perceived as most important were medication and transfusion and nursing tasks with the highest knowledge were also medication and transfusion. Nursing task (subcategory) most frequently performed was oral medication. Nursing task (subcategory) perceived as most important was mental status observation and nursing task (subcategory) with the highest knowledge was vital sign check. Nurses job stress was significantly associated with job satisfaction. The mean scores for nurses job stress and job satisfaction were low. Conclusion: The results indicate that nurses working in hospitals with no guardians perform daily living assistance services more often than previously, and nurses need to be prepared to do these tasks. Key Words: Patient care, Job satisfaction, Stress, Task performance and analysis 서론 1. 연구의필요성인구고령화와노인입원환자의증가, 핵가족화와가족기능의축소등으로가족에의한환자및노인돌봄은더욱어려 워졌다 [1]. 입원환자의 40% 가간병인을이용하는것으로추정되며 [2] 특히, 급성기병동의간병인이용환자의 58% 가 65 세이상노인환자로 [3] 향후노인인구가더욱증가하여고령사회에진입하면간병서비스에대한수요와간병에대한가족의부담이증가할것이다. 간병서비스는가계에경제적부담을증가시키며제반자격을갖추지않은간병인의환자돌봄 주요어 : 포괄간호서비스, 직무만족, 직무스트레스, 간호업무분석 Corresponding author: Lee, Min Kyung Division of Nursing Science, College of Health Sciences, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul , Korea. Tel: , Fax: , mkmk8888@naver.com - 이논문은제 1저자이민경의석사학위논문을수정하여작성한것임. - This article is a revision of the first author s master s thesis from Ewha Womans University. Received: Mar 2, 2015 Revised: May 9, 2015 Accepted: Jun 19, 2015 This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( by-nc/3.0), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. c 2015 Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
2 이민경 정덕유 은감염관리, 치료환경유지등에문제를일으킬수있다 [4]. 이와같은문제를해결하고자정부는 2013년 7월부터 13개의료기관에서보호자없는병원 1차시범사업을실시하여개인간병인과보호자가상주하지않고모든입원간호서비스를적정간호인력의팀접근을통해제공하는포괄간호서비스를시범적으로시행하고있다 [5]. 2014년 2월부터는 20개공공병원을 2 차시범기관으로확대하고사업명을포괄간호서비스병원으로변경하였으며정부는 2015년부터지방공공병원중심으로포괄간호서비스병원을확대, 2017년에는포괄간호서비스를제공하는병원을지방중심으로 70% 까지확대하고 2018년부터는수도권, 대형병원까지단계적으로확대할예정이다 [6]. 포괄간호서비스는간호사 1인이 10~30명의환자를간호하던기존의입원서비스와달리, 간호사 1인이 8~12명의환자에게전인간호를수행하는입원서비스모델이다. 선행연구들에서간호사인력이증가하고간호사가환자를간호하는시간이증가할수록환자결과가좋아지고간호업무성과와간호사의직무만족이높아지고소진수준과이직률이낮아진다는근거들이다수제시되고있다 [7,8]. 따라서포괄간호서비스제도의시행으로간호사 1인이간호하는환자수가감소하고간호사의직접간호시간이증가하는것은간호업무효율성을증가시키고양질의간호서비스를제공하게하여환자상태에도긍정적인영향을미칠것으로사료된다. 포괄간호서비스병원시범사업은병원특성, 환자상태, 질병의중증도에따라간호사와간호보조인력을적절하게배치하는것을원칙으로한다. 간호인력간업무분담은의료기관에서자율적으로정하되행위의난이도가높고행위의결과가환자의의학적상태에직접적으로영향을미칠수있는행위는간호사가수행하고, 간호보조인력은간호사의지도, 감독하에환자의기본적인일상생활을수발한다 [5]. 이처럼보건복지부와국민건강보험공단은포괄간호서비스병원의간호인력에대한모호한기준과원칙을제시하고의료기관에서자율적으로정하고있어의료기관별간호인력의배치수준과질, 간호업무범위의편차, 업무효율성저하, 간호인력간의역할갈등및혼돈을유발할수있다. 따라서향후포괄간호서비스병원이성공적으로확대및제도화되기위해서는간호인력의업무기술서개발과표준화작업이우선적으로필요하다고할수있다. 그러므로이러한작업을위해선행적으로포괄간호사비스를제공하는간호사가수행하는간호업무의종류에따른수행도, 간호사가인식하는중요도및지식정도를파악할필요가있다. 이러한배경에서포괄간호서비스를제공하는간호사는간호인력간의불분명한업무와역할, 간병인업무의수행으로 인한역할갈등, 과다한업무로인한부담감과보수불만족등을느끼고있다 [9,10]. 모호한업무범위, 역할갈등, 과도한간호업무등은간호사의직무스트레스와직무만족에부정적인영향을미치고 [11] 과도한직무스트레스와낮은직무만족은간호사가주어진업무를효율적, 긍정적으로수행하기어렵게하며환자간호의질저하, 의료기관의경쟁력저하, 간호사의이직률증가등도유발한다 [8,12]. 포괄간호서비스를제공하는간호사의직무스트레스와직무만족의문제는간호사인력의수급과관리를어렵게하여포괄간호서비스병원의안정적인확대와제도화를지연시키는요인이될수있다. 따라서포괄간호서비스병원의원활한간호사인력수급과효율적인력관리방안마련을위한기초자료로포괄간호서비스를제공하는간호사의직무스트레스와직무만족에대한파악이필요하다. 2. 연구목적본연구의목적은포괄간호서비스를제공하는간호사의간호업무를파악하고간호사의직무스트레스와직무만족의관계를확인하기위함이다. 이에따른구체적인목적은다음과같다. 포괄간호서비스를제공하는간호사가수행하는간호업무의수행도, 중요도및지식정도를확인한다. 포괄간호서비스를제공하는간호사의직무스트레스와직무만족을확인하고그관계를확인한다. 포괄간호서비스를제공하는간호사가수행하는간호업무와직무스트레스, 직무만족간의관계를확인한다. 연구방법 1. 연구설계본연구는포괄간호서비스를제공하는간호사가수행하는간호업무의수행도, 중요도및지식정도를확인하고간호사의직무스트레스와직무만족의관계를파악하기위한서술적상관관계연구이다. 2. 연구대상본연구의모집단은포괄간호서비스병원 1차시범사업에참여한 5개의료기관의보호자없는병실에배치되어근무중인간호사 122명을대상으로하였다. 표본수의결정은 G* 288 Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
3 포괄간호서비스를제공하는간호사의간호업무와직무스트레스, 직무만족에관한연구 Power program 3.1을이용하여중간수준의효과크기.3, 유의수준.05, 검정력 95% 를적용한결과 111명이적절하였지만중간탈락률 10% 를고려하여 122명을대상으로자료를수집하였다. 한도구를이용하였다. 5점 Likert 척도를이용해측정하고점수가높을수록직무만족이높음을의미한다. Kim[18] 의연구에서신뢰도 Cronbach's 는.72였으며본연구에서는 Cronbach's 는.79로나타났다. 3. 연구도구 4. 연구진행및자료수집 1) 간호업무의수행도와중요도, 지식정도간호업무의수행도와중요도, 지식정도를측정하기위해 Gil[13] 이개발한도구를포괄간호서비스병원의보호자없는병실상황에적합하게수정 보완하였다. 이도구는 12개의간호업무영역 ( 대분류 ) 과 149개의간호업무 ( 소분류 ) 로구성되어있다. 간호업무의수행도는해당간호업무를수행하는빈도이며중요도는해당간호업무를중요하다고인식하는정도, 지식정도는해당간호업무에대해잘알고있다고생각하는정도이다. 5점 Likert 척도로측정하며점수가높을수록해당간호업무를자주수행하고중요하다고인식하며잘알고있다고생각하는것이다. Gil[13] 의연구에서신뢰도검정결과수행도와중요도의신뢰도 Cronbach's 는각각.97,.99였으며 Choi와 Kim [14] 의연구에서지식정도의신뢰도 Cronbach's 는.93이었다. 본연구에서수행도, 중요도, 지식정도의신뢰도 Cronbach's 는각각.97,.99,.99로나타났다. 2) 직무스트레스본연구에서직무스트레스를측정하기위해 Chang 등 [15] 이개발한한국인직무스트레스측정도구 (Korean Occupational Stress Scale, KOSS) 단축형을사용하였다. 이도구는 6개의하위영역 ( 직무요구, 직무자율성결여, 직무불안정, 관계갈등, 조직체계, 보상부적절 ) 이총 20문항으로구성되어있으며 4점 Likert 척도를이용해측정한다. 측정된점수는전국참고치기준점수가포함된 4분위수를참고하여어떤범위에포함되는지알수있다 [15]. 도구개발당시신뢰도 Cronbach's 는.61~.82였으며본연구에서 Cronbach's 는.77로나타났다. 3) 직무만족본연구에서직무만족을측정하기위해 Slavitt 등 [16] 이개발하고 Lee 등 [17] 이 29문항으로수정 보완한도구를 Kim [18] 이요인분석을통한구성타당도검증으로 9문항으로축소 본연구는연구자소속기관의생명윤리심의위원회의승인 (no ) 을받아시행하였다. 2014년 4월부터 5월까지전국 13개포괄간호서비스병원 1차시범사업의료기관중협조에응한 5개의료기관의보호자없는병실에서근무하는간호사 122명에게설문지를배부하고자료수집을실시하였다. 수거된설문지 122부중응답내용이불충분한 3부를제외하고 119부를최종분석하였다. 5. 자료분석수집된자료는 SPSS/WIN 21.0 프로그램을이용하여통계처리하였으며분석방법은다음과같다. 연구대상자의일반적특성은실수와백분율을구하였다. 연구대상자가수행하는간호업무의수행도, 중요도및지식정도는평균과표준편차를구하였다. 연구대상자의직무스트레스와직무만족은평균과표준편차를구하였다. 연구대상자의직무스트레스와직무만족의관계는 Pearson correlation coefficient 로분석하였다. 연구대상자가수행하는간호업무와직무스트레스, 직무만족의관계는 Pearson correlation coefficient 로분석하였다. 연구결과 1. 대상자의일반적특성연구대상자가속한 5개의료기관은평균 574병상종합병원 4곳과 305병상병원 1곳이었다. 연구대상자의근무부서는내과계병동과외과계병동모두 54명 (45.4%) 로같았고 3교대근무를하는대상자가 109명 (91.6%) 이었다. 총임상실무경력은 1년미만이 24명 (20.2%), 1~3년 27명 (22.7%), 3~5년 16명 (13.4%), 5~10년 30명 (25.2%), 10년이상 22명 (18.5%) 이었으며평균 2.64년의현부서근무경력을가지고있었다. Vol. 21 No. 3,
4 이민경 정덕유 연구대상자의포괄간호서비스에대한생각은 좋은제도이지만간호사에게부담이된다. 는대답이 94명 (79%) 으로가장많았다 (Table 1). 2. 대상자의간호업무 ( 대분류 ) 수행도, 중요도및지식정도대상자의 12개간호업무 ( 대분류 ) 중가장높거나낮은수행도, 중요도및지식정도로측정된간호업무들을 Table 2로요약하였다. 간호업무 ( 대분류 ) 의수행도는 환자간호관리및정보관리 (4.23±0.65) 가가장높았으며, 측정및관찰 (4.04±0.49), 안위간호 (4.04±0.56), 운동및활동 (3.95±0.77), 투약및수혈 (3.89±0.6) 순이었다. 가장낮은수행도는 영적지지 (1.58±0.85) 이었으며, 영양간호 (2.95±0.97), 배설간호 (2.96±0.67) 순이었다. 간호업무 ( 대분류 ) 의중요도는 투약및수혈 (4.59±0.47) 이가장높았으며, 측정및관찰 (4.46±0.49), 호흡간호 (4.33± 0.48), 안전간호 (4.33±0.5), 환자간호관리및정보관리 (4.24±0.59) 순이었다. 가장낮은중요도는 위생관리 (3.49 ±0.81), 영적지지 (3.54±0.97), 운동및활동 (3.86±0.78) 순으로낮게나타났다. 간호업무 ( 대분류 ) 의지식정도는 투약및수혈 (4.41±0.59) 이가장높았으며, 측정및관찰 (4.24±0.56), 운동및활동 (4.16±0.68), 환자간호관리및정보관리 (4.15±0.68), 안위간호 (4.12±0.66) 의순서였고 영적지지 (3.09±1.03) 가 Table 1. General Characteristics of Participants 가장낮았다. 3. 대상자의간호업무 ( 소분류 ) 의수행도, 중요도및지식정도대상자의 12개간호업무 ( 대분류 ) 별 149개간호업무 ( 소분류 ) 중가장높거나낮은수행도, 중요도및지식정도로측정된간호업무들은 Table 3과같다. 호흡간호에서가장수행도가높은업무는 호흡양상관찰 (4.59±0.67) 이었고중요도는 기도유지 (4.67±0.64), 지식정도는 심호흡과기침격려 (4.38±0.69) 이었다. 투약및수혈간호에서가장수행도가높은업무는 경구약투약 (4.86 ±0.54) 이었고중요도는 수혈 (4.84±0.45), 지식정도는 투약준비 (4.62±0.61) 와 수액교환 (4.62±0.66) 이었다. 측정및관찰간호에서가장높은수행도를보인업무는 활력징후측정 (4.85±0.55) 과 혈당측정 (4.85±0.66), 중요도는 의식상태관찰 (4.86±0.42), 지식정도는 활력징후측정 (4.71 ±0.63) 이었다. 영양간호에서수행도가가장높은업무는 부분적인식사보조 (4.04±1.22) 이었고중요도는 위장관통한영양공급 (4.40±0.73), 지식정도는 부분적인식사보조 (4.23 ±0.81) 이었다. 배설간호에서수행도는 화장실부축 (4.56± 0.89), 중요도는 인공도뇨관삽입및관리 (4.29±0.76), 지식정도는 화장실부축 (4.49±0.69) 업무가가장높았다. 위생관리간호중가장높은수행도를보인업무는 환의교환 (4.29±0.95) 과 린넨청결상태관찰및제공 (4.29±0.96), (N=119) Characteristics Categories n(%) M±SD Total clinical career (year) <1 1~3 3~5 5~ (20.2) 27 (22.7) 16 (13.4) 30 (25.2) 22 (18.5) 5.72±6.09 Clinical career in present unit (year) Department Opinion about hospitals with no guardian <1 1~3 3~5 5~10 10 Medical ward Surgical ward Other Very necessary Good system, but burden to nurses Average Not necessary at all Other 52 (43.7) 33 (27.7) 14 (11.8) 15 (12.6) 5(4.2) 54 (45.4) 54 (45.4) 11 (9.2) 7(5.9) 94 (79.0) 7(5.9) 9(7.6) 2(1.7) 2.64± Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
5 포괄간호서비스를제공하는간호사의간호업무와직무스트레스, 직무만족에관한연구 Table 2. Task Performance, Importance and Knowledge of Participants by 12 Categories of Nursing Tasks (N=119) Variables Task Performance Importance Knowledge M±SD M±SD M±SD Respiratory care 3.11± ± ±0.67 Medication and blood transfusion 3.89± ± ±0.59 Safety care 3.17± ± ±0.67 Measurement and observation 4.04± ± ±0.56 Nutritional care 2.95± ± ±0.71 Elimination care 2.96± ± ±0.61 Hygiene care 3.01± ± ±0.68 Exercise and activity 3.95± ± ±0.68 Comfort care 4.04± ± ±0.66 Communication 3.53± ± ±0.81 Patient nursing management and information management 4.23± ± ±0.68 Spiritual support 1.58± ± ±1.03 중요도는 회음부간호 (3.93±0.88), 지식정도는 환의교환 (4.36±0.79) 이었다. 안위간호중 불편감, 통증사정및관리 (4.77±0.56) 의수행도가가장높았고중요도는 불편감, 통증사정및관리 (4.53±0.72) 와 환자상태및치료과정에관한설명 (4.53±0.71) 이, 지식정도는 입원생활안내및교육 (4.41±0.74) 이가장높았다. 의사소통간호에서수행도는 전화바꿔주기 / 잘못온전화응대 (4.45±0.94), 중요도는 간호직원간의견교환및설명, 직원면담 (3.99±0.79), 지식정도는 전화바꿔주기 / 잘못온전화응대 (4.10±0.83) 가가장높았다. 환자간호관리및정보관리에서수행도는 의사처치확인및검색 (4.71±0.71), 중요도와지식정도는 인수인계 (4.71±0.52/4.32±0.83) 가가장높았다. 영적지지간호에서가장높은수행도를보인업무는 임종환자가족지지 (1.76±1.04) 와 임종시간호절차 (1.76±0.99) 이었고중요도와지식정도는 임종시간호절차 (4.09±1.02/3.52±1.1) 가가장높았다. 안전간호업무에서는 낙상예방을위한간호 (4.82±0.50/4.70±0.58/4.47±0.74), 운동및활동간호업무에서는 체위변경 (4.59±0.8/4.45±0.78/4.49±0.72) 의수행도, 중요도, 지식정도가가장높았다. 149개간호업무 ( 소분류 ) 의수행도와중요도, 지식정도에대한분석결과는다음과같다. 149개간호업무 ( 소분류 ) 의수행도는 경구약투약 (4.86± 0.54) 이가장높았고 일반적인정맥주사 (4.85±0.51), 활력징후측정 (4.85±0.55), 혈당측정 (4.85±0.66) 순이었다. 가장낮은수행도는 뇌실압측정 (1.32±0.94), 종교적지지 (1.39±0.85), 성직자와의면담의뢰 (1.40±0.93) 순이었다. 중요도는 의식상태관찰 (4.86±0.42) 이가장높았으며 수혈 (4.84±0.45), 투약준비 (4.82±0.42), 경구약투약 (4.81±0.45), 속도조절정맥주사 (4.81±0.44) 순으로높았다. 가장낮은중요도는 성직자와의면담의뢰 (2.99±1.2) 이었으며, 종교적지지 (3.13±1.21), 손발톱깍기 (3.19± 1.03) 순으로낮았다. 지식정도는 활력징후측정 (4.71± 0.63) 이가장높았고 투약준비 (4.62±0.61), 수액교환 (4.62 ±0.66), 혈당측정 (4.61±0.64) 순이었다. 가장낮은지식정도는 성직자와의면담의뢰 (2.69±1.22) 이었으며, 종교적지지 (2.75±1.19), 뇌실압측정 (2.93±1.22) 순으로낮았다. 4. 대상자의직무스트레스와직무만족대상자의직무스트레스정도를 Table 4에서살펴보면가능점수범위 0~100점중평균 49.42±8.68 점으로전국참고치기준점수 Table 5의 2사분위에해당한다. 직무스트레스 6개하위영역별평균점수는직무불안정영역과조직체계영역이 43.14±17.00점, 51.40±13.30점으로전국참고치의 3사분위에해당한다. 관계갈등영역과보상부적절영역은 52.75±15.73점, 29.51±14.64점으로전국참고치의 2사분위에해당하고, 직무요구영역과직무자율성결여영역은 49.58±12.97점, 43.14±17.00점으로전국참고치의 1 Vol. 21 No. 3,
6 이민경 정덕유 Table 3. Task Performance, Importance and Knowledge of Participants by 488 Nursing Tasks (Categories) (N=119) Variables Respiratory care Categories Breathing pattern observation Ambu-bagging Airway maintenance Humidifier application Deep breathing and coughing encouragement Auscultation of breathing sounds Task performance Importance Knowledge M±SD M±SD M±SD 4.59± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.83 Medication and blood transfusion Oral medication Chemotherapy care Blood transfusion Suppository medication Preparation for medication Fluid change 4.86± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.66 Safety care Fall prevention care Isolation Application of restraints Close observation 4.82± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±1.06 Measurement and observation Vital sign check Blood glucose measurement Intracranial pressure measurement Mental status observation Height measurement 4.85± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.78 Nutritional care Meal assistance, partially Gastrostogavage Enteral feeding 4.04± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.81 Elimination care Toilet transfer assistance Condom catheter application Urinary catheter insertion and management 4.56± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.79 Hygiene care Patient's gown change Check linen condition and supply Shearing Perineal care Nail clipping 4.29± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.96 Exercise and activity Position change Traction care Bed adjustment 4.59± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.90 Comfort care Discomfort and pain assessment and management Give distraction and relaxation therapy Explanation of patient's condition and treatment process Group education Hospitalization guide and education 4.77± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.74 Communication Confirmation and search of doctor's order Teaching student nurses Hand-over 4.71± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.83 Patient nursing management and information management Passing the phone/answering the wrong phone call Attendance at meetings or education events Exchange of views, explanation and interview 4.45± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.91 Spiritual support End of life care Support dying patient's family Provide religious support Arrange meeting with a cleric 1.76± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
7 포괄간호서비스를제공하는간호사의간호업무와직무스트레스, 직무만족에관한연구 사분위에해당한다. 대상자의직무만족의문항평균점수는 2.78±0.79 점 ( 점수범위 1~5점 ) 이었으며대상자의직무스트레스와직무만족은서로통계적으로유의한음의상관관계를보였다 (r=-.60, p<.001). 5. 대상자가수행하는간호업무와직무만족, 직무스트레스의관계대상자가수행하는간호업무중직무만족과유의한양의상관관계를보이는업무는 마약및독극물구분점검 (r=.30, p<.001), 배액양상및배액관기능관찰 (r=.25, p=.006), 자살예방을위한관찰 (r=.24, p=.008), 각종감시기를통한관찰 (r=.24, p=.009) 이었고음의상관관계를보이는업무는 보행기사용시보조 (r=-.28, p=.002), 침상홑이불부분교환 (r=-.22, p=.017), 환자이동시부축 (r=-.20, p=.038) 이었다. 직무스트레스와유의한양의상관관계를보이는간호업무 는 가습기적용 (r=.29, p=.001), 보행기사용시보조 (r=.29, p=.002), 억제대적용 (r=.21, p=.025), 위루를통한영양공급 (r=.20, p=.028), 목발사용시보조 (r=.20, p=.031) 이었고음의상관관계를보이는업무는 자살예방을위한관찰 (r=-.39, p<.001), 마약및독극물구분점검 (r=-.32, p<.001), 배액양상및배액기능관찰 (r=-.30, p=.001), 각종감시기를통한관찰 (r=-.28, p=.002), SMC (Sensory/ Motor/Circulation) 관찰 (r=-.26, p=.005), 대소변채취 (r= -.25, p=.007), 항암제투여시간호 (r=-.24, p=.010) 이었다. 논의본연구는포괄간호서비스를제공하는간호사의간호업무수행도, 중요도, 지식정도를확인하여간호업무의실태를파악하고간호사의직무스트레스와직무만족과의관계를확인한서술적상관관계연구이다. 연구대상자의간호업무를분석한결과, 환자간호관리및정보관리 와 측정및관찰, 투약및수혈 업무는연구대상 Table 4. Job Stress of Participants (N =119) Variables M±SD (Score) Lower than national average 1st quartile (0~25%) 2nd quartile (25~50%) Higher than national average 3rd quartile (50~75%) 4th quartile (75~100%) Job demand 43.14± (83.2%) (16.8%) Insufficient job control 49.58± (68.1%) 20 (16.8%) - 18 (15.1%) Interpersonal conflict 29.51± (88.2%) 8 (6.7%) 6 (5.0%) Job insecurity 43.14± (47.9%) 42 (35.3%) 20 (16.8%) Organizational system 51.40± (21.8%) 45 (37.8%) 20 (16.8%) 28 (23.5%) Lack of reward 52.75± (46.2%) - 26 (21.8%) 38 (31.9%) Total 49.42± (31.1%) 28 (23.5%) 36 (30.3%) 18 (15.1%) Table 5. Reference Values of Korean Occupational Stress Scale Variables Lower than national average 1st quartile (0~25%) 2nd quartile (25~50%) Higher than national average 3rd quartile (50~75%) 4th quartile (75~100%) Job demand < ~ ~ Insufficient job control < ~ ~ Interpersonal conflict - < ~ Job insecurity - < ~ Organizational system < ~ ~ Lack of reward < ~ ~ Total < ~ ~ Vol. 21 No. 3,
8 이민경 정덕유 자가자주수행하는업무였고, 영적지지 는잘수행하지않는업무였다. 또한연구대상자는 투약및수혈 과 측정및관찰 을가장중요하게인식하며이에관한지식이높다고인지했다. 이는중소병원간호업무내용을조사한 Kim 등 [19] 의연구에서간호사가 환자간호관리및정보관리 와 투약및수혈 을가장많이수행한다는결과와일치한다. 따라서포괄간호서비스를제공하는간호사와일반간호사모두간접간호수행도가높으며생리적인간호업무를중요하다고인식하여우선적으로수행하고, 상대적으로심리사회적인간호업무는소홀히여겨그수행도가낮은경향이있다. 이는간호사인력의부족으로생리적간호업무와간접간호에대한부담이커서심리사회적간호업무를수행할시간이부족하기때문일수있다 [20]. 하지만포괄간호서비스병원의보호자없는병동은일반병동보다간호인력이증가하였으므로단순히인력만의문제는아닌것으로사료된다. 본연구대상자와선행연구의간호업무수행도를비교한결과, 연구대상자의 부분적인식사보조, 전적인식사보조, 화장실부축 업무수행도는 3.44~4.56 점이었으나 Gil[13] 의연구에서는간호사의수행도가 2.50~3.40 점, 간병인의수행도는 4.60~4.90점이었다. 또한 린넨, 침상홑이불, 환의교환 업무들의수행도는선행연구 [13] 에서 3.50~3.90 점이었는데, 본연구에서는 3.97~4.29 점으로수행도가더높아졌다. 선행연구 [19] 에서식사보조, 배뇨보조, 환자의부축동행, 침상정리및환의교환업무는다른업무에비해간병인, 간호조무사등의수행비율이매우높았던업무이다. 따라서간호보조인력이주로수행하던 식사보조업무 와 환자이동부축, 린넨, 침상홑이불, 환의교환 업무가연구대상자의업무가되어그수행도가증가하였음을알수있다. 또이러한업무들은직무만족과는음의상관관계를, 직무스트레스와는양의상관관계를보였다. 그러나전문적간호지식과기술이필요한 마약점검, 배액관찰, 감시기를통한관찰 등의업무는직무만족과는양의상관관계를, 직무스트레스와는음의상관관계를보여대상자가일상생활보조업무를수행할때와다르게전문적간호업무수행시에는직무에대한만족감이높아지고직무스트레스는낮아짐을알수있다. 이를종합해보건데, 포괄간호서비스를제공하는간호사가수행하는간호업무중일상생활보조업무는환자안위에간접적이고전문적인간호지식과기술이필요하지않은업무이지만그수행정도가이전에비해증가하여포괄간호서비스를제공하는간호사의심리사회적간호를포함하는균형있는전인간호수행을방해하고간호사의직무만족과직무스트레스에 도영향을미쳤을것으로예상된다. 입원환자의일상생활보조는간호사가수행해야하는간호업무중하나이지만 [19,20], 모든간호업무를간호사가수행하기어려운현실을반영하여보조인력이일부수행할수있게하는것이간호사의효율적인간호업무수행과전인간호제공, 환자안전을위해필요하다. 그러나환자의안전과안위에중요하고전문적인간호지식과기술이필요한행위는반드시간호사가수행해야한다는법적근거의마련이절실하다. 본연구에서대상자의직무만족도의문항평균점수는 2.78±0.79 점 ( 점수범위 1~5점 ) 으로종합병원간호사대상의 Kim[21] 의연구에서 3.12점, 대학병원간호사를대상으로한 Kim[18] 의연구에서 2.89점인결과와비교해낮은수준이다. 또대상자의직무스트레스점수는가능점수범위 0~100점중평균 49.42점으로전국참고치의 2사분위에해당하여선행연구들의간호사와비교하여낮거나비슷한정도이다 [22,23]. 그러나여성근로자의직무스트레스점수는 42.00점 [24], 생산직남성근로자의직무스트레스점수는 41.40점 [25] 인선행연구들과비교했을때연구대상자의직무스트레스는높은수준임을알수있다. 간호사의역할갈등, 역할모호성, 간호업무등은간호사의직무만족과스트레스에영향을미치는요인이다 [21]. 따라서포괄간호서비스병원보호자없는병실의간호업무가명확히규정되지않아생긴간호인력간업무범위의혼재와주로간병인이수행하던단순일상생활보조업무수행의증가는간호사의낮은직무만족과높은스트레스의영향요인으로예상된다. 낮은직무스트레스와높은직무만족은간호사의간호역량을높이며 [26] 간호업무수행능력과효율성을높일뿐만아니라 [27] 이직의도를낮추고병원경영의효율성을높이므로 [23] 포괄간호서비스를제공하는간호사의직무스트레스를경감시키고직무만족을증진시키는것은매우중요하다. 그러나본연구에서는포괄간호서비스를제공하는간호사의직무스트레스와직무만족의정도와간호업무간의관계만을조사하였기때문에그외영향요인을찾고개선하기위한노력이추후더필요할것으로생각된다. 연구대상자의직무스트레스의 6개하위영역별점수를살펴본결과, 직업또는직무에대한안정성의정도를의미하고구직기회, 고용불안정성등을포함하는직무불안정영역과조직의운영체계, 전략, 지원, 조직내갈등, 합리적의사소통등의직무스트레스요인을포함하는조직체계영역은전국참고치의 3사분위에해당하여직무스트레스의정도가높은영역이었다. 포괄간호서비스정책은정부에서 2018년까지전국으로확대할계획을가지고있지만 [6] 아직은시범사업이며특 294 Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
9 포괄간호서비스를제공하는간호사의간호업무와직무스트레스, 직무만족에관한연구 히, 공공의료기관은인력정원이엄격히정해져있어추가적으로필요한간호인력일부를계약직으로고용하고있다 [10]. 계약직으로고용되었거나시범사업에대한불안감으로인해연구대상자의직무안정성이낮으며이는직무스트레스에영향을미치고있다고사료된다. 따라서추후포괄간호서비스정책의안정적인정착을위해간호사의고용안정성을높여야할필요가있다. 또한포괄간호서비스병원의효율적인운영과간호사의업무수행에필요한인력, 제도, 병동과병실시설등을지원하고미비한점에대해모니터링과개선을지속해야할것으로생각한다. 포괄간호서비스병원운영에간호사의의견을수렴하여반영하고, 간호사의자기개발장려등을통해조직체계적요소에관심을가지는것도필요하다. 연구대상자의직무자율성결여영역점수는전국참고치의 1 사분위로전국평균보다낮은하위 0~25% 에해당한다. 포괄간호서비스를제공하는간호사는간호사 1인이환자 8~12명을담당하여직접간호와간접간호를포함하는전인간호를수행하는팀간호체계를기반으로업무를수행하므로간호사가몇가지의간호기능을전담하여수행하던기능적분담체계하에서간호업무를수행하는것에비해직무자율성이높고직무수행과의사결정의권한, 업무의예측가능성등이높다고사료된다. 또직무수행시느끼는시간적압박, 수행도증가, 책임감, 과도한직무부담등을포함하는직무요구영역은전국참고치의 1사분위에해당하는낮은점수를나타냈다. 이는간호사는응급상황, 과다업무및인력부족등간호업무와관련된요인으로인해직무스트레스를가장많이느낀다는선행연구들 [23,28] 과다른결과이다. 포괄간호서비스병원시범사업을운영하는의료기관들은간호인력수급에어려움을겪고있지만신규간호사를상시채용하고다른부서의인력상황을조절하는등포괄간호서비스병원보호자없는병실의원활한운영을위한간호인력확보에힘쓰고있다. 이러한노력으로연구대상자의과도한간호업무와부족한인력등으로인한부담감이평균적으로높지않게측정되었고사료된다. 따라서시범사업이제도화되기위해서는적절한간호인력확보가우선되어야하며, 지속되어야할것이다. 그러나본연구의포괄간호서비스병원보호자없는병실운영에대한의견의조사결과는연구대상자의 79% 가 좋은제도이지만간호사에게부담이된다. 고대답하였기때문에간호사가어떤요인으로부담을느끼는지에대해추가적인연구가필요할것으로생각된다. 본연구는포괄간호서비스병원 1차시범사업의료기관중 5 개의료기관의포괄간호서비스를제공하는간호사를임의표본추출하여선정하였으므로본연구결과를확대해석하는데 신중을기해야한다. 또한간호업무의실제수행도, 중요도및대상자의지식정도를측정한것이아니라대상자가인지한수행빈도와중요도, 지식정도를측정하였다는제한점이있다. 그러므로 2014년부터추가된 20개의료기관을포함하여대상을확대하고포괄간호서비스간호업무의수행정도와특성등에대해다양한방법으로조사할필요가있다. 뿐만아니라추후포괄간호서비스병원의간호인력간역할정립과위임가능한업무구분, 업무표준화등을위해서는간호사외에간호보조인력이현재수행하고있는포괄간호서비스업무에대한실태조사도이루어져야된다고생각한다. 본연구는실제포괄간호서비스를제공하는병실에서이뤄지는간호업무가무엇인지파악했다는점에서의의가있다. 따라서본연구결과를기초로추후연구에서포괄간호서비스를제공하는간호사가반드시수행해야하는업무와보조인력이수행할수있는업무를명확히구분하고그법적근거를마련하여포괄간호서비스사업의성공적인제도화를위한간호인력확보와배치, 간호행위의수가화등이실현되기를기대한다. 결론본연구의결과, 연구대상자의간호업무중일상생활보조업무의수행이증가하였으며연구대상자의직무스트레스와직무만족은낮고서로유의한상관관계가있다. 또일상생활보조업무수행은직무스트레스와는양의상관관계가있으며직무만족과는음의상관관계가있다. 포괄간호서비스병원의간호업무기준을마련할때본연구의간호업무수행도와중요도, 지식정도측정결과를참고할수있을것으로기대하며포괄간호서비스병원의효과적인간호인력관리를위해직무스트레스를낮추고직무만족을높이는전략을마련할필요가있다. REFERENCES 1. Shin KA. Defamilization of elderly care and the experiences of the aged. Korean Journal of Sociology. 2011;45(4): Ministry of Health and Welfare. Minister of Health and Welfare, Jin Young, I will make the hospitals with no guardian. [Internet]. Seoul: Ministry of Health and Welfare [Cited 2015 February 25]. Available from: NU_ID=04&MENU_ID=0403&CONT_SEQ=288740&page=1. 3. Hwang NM. An analysis of the debates on introduction of public caregivers' services in acute medical centers. Health Vol. 21 No. 3,
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