ISSN (Online) Commun Sci Disord 2018;23(2): Original Article Comprehension of Compound Words in 3-
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1 ISSN (Online) Commun Sci Disord 2018;23(2): Original Article Comprehension of Compound Words in 3-4 Grade School-Aged Children with Poor Reading Comprehension Ji Sim a, Eun-Ju Lee b a Department of Speech and Language Pathology, Graduate School, Dankook University, Yongin, Korea b Department of Special Education, Dankook University, Yongin, Korea Correspondence: Eun-Ju Lee, PhD Department of Special Education, Dankook University, 152 Jukjeon-ro, Suji-gu, Yongin 16890, Korea Tel: Fax: slplee@dankook.ac.kr Received: April 6, 2018 Revised: May 28, 2018 Accepted: June 4, 2018 This paper is based on the master s thesis of the first author. Objectives: Compound words, which occupy a high ratio in school-aged vocabulary, for necessary for semantic understanding of morphemes due to semantic combination. The study investigated the semantic processing characteristics of compound words through dominant/subordinate tasks for children with poor reading comprehension. Methods: The participants were 11 children with poor reading comprehension and 11 typically developing children in the 3rd to 4th grade of elementary school. The children were asked to judge whether the meaning of the homonym at the end of the phrase was related to the meaning of the homonym used in the compound words presented later through a semantic judgment task. At that time, the target word presented after the phrase was divided into the dominant and the subordinate, and the total number of the correct responses and the responses time were measured for each condition. Results: Children with poor reading comprehension showed significantly lower performance in correct responses and response times according to the dominant and subordinate tasks. Conclusion: Children with poor reading comprehension showed difficulty in understanding and processing the meaning of compound words made up of several morphemes. The study addresses the vocabulary knowledge, word semantic processing speed in relation to semantic processing of compound words in children with poor comprehension. Keywords: Poor reading comprehension, Compound words, Semantic judgment task 학령기는학업을수행하는중요한시기로읽기, 쓰기등학습을위한문어의어려움은이시기에가장큰문제로부각된다. 읽기는음독에만국한되지않고문장, 문단으로이루어진글자료를이해하여다양한교과목을학습하는데큰영향을미친다. 읽기를위해서는글자음독 (decoding) 과언어이해 (linguistic comprehension) 두가지요소가필수적인데 (Hoover & Gough, 1990), 이두가지요소중음독능력은정상적으로발달하나읽기이해에문제를보이는아동을읽기이해부진 (reading comprehension deficit) 이라지칭한다 (Cain & Oakhill, 2007). 읽기이해를위해전제가되는음독능력이확립되지않은읽기학습초기에는읽기이해문제가두드러지지않으나학년이올라가면서음독능력이안정된이후읽기이해의문제는보다중요하게다루어진다 (Jeong, 2009). 읽기발달은단어의 음운적처리와의미적처리를필요로하는데, 읽기이해부진아동은단어읽기능력과음운적처리는정상이나단어수준의의미처리가빈약하다 (Nation & Snowling, 1998). 연구에의하면읽기이해부진아동의단어의미처리특성을알아보기위해 E-Prime을사용하여점화과제, 의미관련성판단과제를제작하였고, 그결과일반아동에비해단어수준의의미처리과제에서낮은수행을보였다 (Choi & Hwang, 2010; Ko, Choi, & Hwang, 2010; Nation & Snowling, 1999). 본연구에서는학령기읽기이해부진아동을대상으로읽기이해과정중단어에대한의미처리특성을살펴보고자한다. 교과목학습을위하여읽기이해의중요성이강조되면서읽기이해부진아동이읽기이해에어려움을보이는이유를알아보고자많은학자들이읽기능력에영향을미치는관련변인에대한연구들 Copyright 2018 Korean Academy of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
2 초등학교 3-4 학년읽기이해부진아동의합성어의미처리특성 심지외 을활발하게진행하였다. 읽기능력에영향을주는변인으로음운인식, 어휘, 읽기유창성, 단기및작업기억, 빠른이름대기, 듣기이해등을제시하였고, 특히어휘는초등학교전반에거쳐요구되는기술로읽기이해를예측하는중요한변인이라는연구결과들이보고되었다 (Cunningham & Stanovich, 1997; Kim, Yoo, Hwang, Kim, & Koh, 2010; Ouellette, 2006; Ouellette & Beers, 2010; Ricketts, Nation, & Bishop, 2007; Yovanoff, Duesbery, Alonzo, & Tindal, 2005). 이는읽기부진아동을대상으로실시한연구에서도어휘가읽기이해를유의하게예측하는중요한변인으로나타났다 (Kim & Hwang, 2008; Kim & Lee, 2010). 학령기에는읽기를통해새로운어휘를습득함에따라어휘량은학년이올라갈수록크게성장한다. Anglin (1993) 이학령기아동의어휘량을분석한결과, 초등학교 1학년의표현어휘는약 2,600개이고초등학교 6학년이되면표현어휘가 50,000개에이르다가고등학생이되면 80,000개까지증가한다고하였다. 어휘능력은평생동안지속적으로발달하는능력으로어휘지식은듣고말하기에서뿐만아니라읽고쓰는과정에서도사용되며읽기이해를위해서는우선적으로글에나타난어휘의의미를알아야한다. Zoh 등 (2003) 은글을이해하는데개별단어의미가필수적으로파악되어야하며어휘가언어이해의기본단위라고하였다. 어휘지식은크게양적어휘와질적어휘로나뉘다. 양적어휘지식은얼마나많은어휘의의미를알고있는지의어휘의양 (vocabulary size) 과관련이있고, 질적어휘지식은그어휘들을얼마나잘알고있는지의어휘의깊이 (depth of vocabulary) 와관련이있다 (as cited in Schmitt, 2014). 어휘의깊이는동음이의어, 반의어, 상하위적관계등단어들간의관계를얼마나잘인식하는지에대한개념과 (Park & Yu, 2009) 음소적, 형태적, 의미적특성등어휘의다양한특성및빈도를포함한다 (Qian & Schedl, 2004). 읽기이해부진아동을대상으로한어휘지식과관련된선행연구에서는읽기이해부진아동이단어간의의미관계를유추하는데어려움을보이고 (Jeong, 2009), 양적어휘와질적어휘에서일반아동과유의한차이를보이는것으로보고되었다 (Baker, Simmons, & Kameenui, 1998; Kim, 2013; Nation & Snowling, 1998). 이러한결과는읽기이해부진아동이단어간의미관계를이해하여처리하는데어려움을보이고, 어휘지식에서양적증가와질적심화에어려움을보임을시사한다. 성공적인읽기이해에어휘지식이중요하나읽기이해부진아동이어휘지식에서특히어려움을보인다고할때, 읽기이해부진아동은학령기에본격적으로학습이이루어지는합성어 (compound words) 의미처리과정에서어려움을겪을수있다. 합성어는여러개의형태소로이루어진복합어로어근과어근의결합으로이루어진다. 합 성어는명사, 동사, 형용사등이결합하여새로운낱말을만들어내는데, 이중명사 + 명사의결합은합성어의가장흔한구성방식이며 (Kang, 2010) 생산성이매우높은형태적구조이다 (Han et al., 2010). Kim (2000) 은명사 + 명사가결합하는경우각구성요소의의미가대등적으로결합하여복합적인의미를만들거나한구성요소의미가다른구성요소의미를수식, 한정함으로써복합적인의미를만든다고하였다. 두개이상의형태소결합으로이루어진합성어는단어의구조인형태적특성을이해하는것도필요하나최소의의미를지닌형태소들의의미적인결합이므로형태소의의미를이해하는것이필요하다. 초등학교 3, 4학년국어교과서의어휘조사연구에서어휘의구성별분포결과에따르면단일어 30.07%, 합성어 41.09%, 파생어 24.84% 로합성어가높은비율을차지한다고하였고 (as cited in Kwak, 2004), Roh (2014) 가 2002년부터 2010년까지의신어자료집을바탕으로교육용신어를분석한결과에서도단일어 (14.7%) 와파생어 (24.5%) 에비해합성어 (41.8%) 가높은비율을차지한다고하였다. 이와같은조사결과에따라학령기아동이합성어의미를처리하는능력은글을읽고의미를이해하는측면에서큰비중을차지한다고예상해볼수있다. 학령기에는합성어가높은비율을차지하고있으나읽기이해부진아동의합성어의미처리에대한연구는부족한실정이다. 따라서본연구에서는읽기이해부진아동의읽기이해에대한어려움을이해하기위해읽기이해에필요한어휘영역에대한연구를하고자하였고, 그중합성어에대한의미처리과정을살펴보고자하였다. 한편, 동음이의어 (homonym) 는동일한철자와발음을가진낱말이두가지이상의의미를갖는것으로예를들면, 눈 은 신체눈 과 날씨눈 의서로관련이없는두가지의뜻을지닌다. 이러한동음이의어가합성어나파생어와같은복합어에서는같은어근이나접사를허용하지않는데, 예를들어열매 밤 은어근 나무 와결합하여 밤나무 로바꿔쓸수있으나저녁 밤 은그렇지않다는것이다 (Hwang, 2016). 또한, 두가지이상의의미를가진동음이의어는그의미의친숙도가똑같지않는데, 이때자주쓰이는의미를 우세, 상대적으로덜쓰이는의미를 열세 라고하며 (Lee & Lee, 2007) 대부분우세한의미가먼저선택되고열세한의미가늦게선택된다고한다 (Lee, 2012). 이를참고하여본연구에서는동음이의어가포함된합성어를의미관련성판단과제에사용함으로써합성어에서동음이의어의의미친숙도에따른처리과정을보고자하였다. 판단과제는정확도와함께의미를처리하기까지의반응시간측정이가능하여의미친숙도에따른수행결과에서어떠한경향을보이는지, 처리속도에서집단과조건에따른차이가있는지비교가가능하다. 읽기이해부진아동의경우정오판단수행에서는또래일반
3 Ji Sim, et al. Compound Words Processing in Children with Poor Reading Comprehension 아동과비슷한수준을보이기도하나반응하는속도에서차이를보인다는선행연구결과가있고 (Kim, Hwang, & Choi, 2013), 우세의미와열세의미가순차적으로처리된다는것을고려하면의미를처리하는과정에서정반응수와함께반응시간을보는것이중요할것이다. 이에따라의미를처리하는데판단과제를사용하여정확도와처리시간을측정하였다. 앞의내용을토대로, 본연구에서는읽기이해부진아동이합성어의미를처리하는과정에서합성어의의미적인측면에서나타나는특성을살펴보았다. 이를위해우세의미와열세의미조건으로나누어합성어의미관련성판단과제를제작하였고읽기이해부진아동이일반아동과정확도와처리속도에서차이가있는지를비교하였다. 연구방법연구대상본연구의대상은수도권내초등학교에재학중인 3-4학년읽기이해부진아동 11명 (3학년 7명, 4학년 4명 ), 일반아동 11명 (3학년 7 명, 4학년 4명 ) 으로총 22명이었다. 읽기이해부진아동선정기준은다음과같다. (1) 지역아동센터의담당자에의해읽기이해에어려움이있다고보고된아동중에서, (2) 기초학력검사 (Korea Institute for Special Education-Basic Academic Achievement Test, KISE- BAAT; Park, Kim, Song, Jung, & Jung, 2008) 결과, 음독검사에서 25%ile 이상, 짧은글이해검사에서 25%ile 이하이며, (3) 한국어판웩슬러아동지능검사 3판 (Korean Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III, K-WISC-III; Kwak, Park, & Kim, 2001) 결과, 동작성지능이 85 이상인, ⑷ 감각적, 정서적, 사회심리적, 신경학적문제가없는아동으로선정하였다. 일반아동선정기준은다음과같다. (1) 지역아동센터의담당자에의해읽기이해에어려움이없다고보고된아동중에서, (2) KISE-BAAT (Park et al., 2008) 결과, 음독검사와짧은글이해검사가 25%ile 이상이고, (3) K-WISC-III (Kwak et al., 2001) 결과, 동작성지능이 85 이상인, (4) 감각적, 정서적, 사회심리적, 신경학적문제가없는아동으로선정하였다. 연구대상에대한정보는 Table 1과같다. 연구도구본연구에서는합성어의미처리특성을알아보기위하여의미관련성판단과제를사용하였다. 이과제는관형구를읽고관형구의마지막에위치한동음이의어의의미가표적단어 (target word) 인합성어에포함된동음이의어의의미와관련이있는지없는지판단하는것이다. 본연구에서우세의미조건과열세의미조건에서제 Table 1. Participants characteristics 시된표적단어인합성어는항상의미상관련이있으므로 예 가정 반응이다. 아니오 반응기회를제공하기위한채움 (filler) 조건은 항상의미상관련이없으며단일어로구성되었다. 실험과제는연 습문항 8 개, 본문항 54 개로제작하였다. 본문항 54 개는우세의미, 열세의미의 2 가지조건에대하여각각 18 개씩 36 개와채움조건 18 개로구성하였다. 모든문항은관형구와표적단어로구성하였고, 실험에사용되는관형구의통사적길이및문장의복잡성을통제 하기위하여 3 어절이면서어절당음절수는 1-4 음절, 전체음절수 는 5-9 음절로조절하였다. 표적단어로제시되는합성어에서동음 이의어는어근의앞또는뒤에위치하며위치영향을배제하기위 하여우세열세짝을이루는문항에서동음이의어는같은위치에 놓이도록통제하였다. 전체문항의순서는무작위로한뒤, 동일조 건이 3 회이상, 의미관련성판단에서동일반응이 3 회이상반복되 지않도록조정하였다. Poor comprehenders 연구에사용된동음이의어는선행연구 (Jang, Jeong, & Hwang, 2014; Kang, Hwang, & Lim, 2013; Lee & Lee, 2006; Park, 2015; Shin & Lee, 2016) 의동음이의어목록과 Kim (2003) 의등급별국어교육 용어휘를참고하여기초어휘등급인 1 등급에서정규교육개시등 급인 2 등급이내이며 1-2 음절인명사로선정하였다. 합성어, 단일어 는국립국어원표준국어대사전을참고하여초등학교저학년아동 이이해할수있다고판단되는수준에서합성어는동음이의어가 포함된 2-4 음절, 단일어는 2-3 음절의명사로선정하였다. 선정된동 음이의어, 합성어, 단일어어휘는초등학교 3-4 학년아동에게적합 한지알아보기위해초등학생의어휘능력수준을잘파악하고있 는교직생활 15 년이상인교사 3 명에게타당도를검증받았다. 타당 도검증은매우어려움, 약간어려움, 적절함, 약간쉬움, 매우쉬움 의 Likert 5 점척도로이루어졌고, 그결과교사 2 명이상이어려움 으로평정한어휘는수정하였다. Normal readers Age (mo) (6.56) (7.16) Performance IQ a (11.19) (12.67) Decoding b (%ile) (8.41) (4.44).823 Text comprehension b (%ile) (5.30) (13.27) *** Values are presented as mean (SD). a Korean-Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III (K-WISC-III; Kwak, Park, & Kim, 2001). b Korea Institute for Special Education-Basic Academic Achievement Tests (KISE- BAAT; Park, Kim, Song, Jung, & Jung, 2008). ***p <.001. 동음이의어의우세의미와열세의미분류는초등학교 3 학년 20 t
4 초등학교 3-4 학년읽기이해부진아동의합성어의미처리특성 심지외 명, 4학년 20명을대상으로설문지를제시하여동음이의어를읽고단어에대해떠오르는의미나단어가쓰이는예시를모두쓰도록하였다. 설문지의응답에서아동이처음으로쓴의미를계산하여 2 가지의미중높은비율로반응한의미를상대적으로우세의미로, 낮은비율로반응한의미를상대적으로열세의미로분류하였다. 합성어는동음이의어의앞또는뒤에어근이결합된 명사 + 명사 형태로 동음이의어 + 어근, 어근 + 동음이의어 로구성하였다. 합성어는동음이의어가없는한가지의미만을가지며합성어가만들어질때어근의형태에변화가없는것으로구성하였다. 이같은과정을거쳐본연구에서사용된동음이의어, 합성어, 단일어어휘를수정및보완하여최종적으로동음이의어 18개, 합성어 36개, 단일어 18개를선정하였다. 본실험에사용된관형구와표적단어예시는 Appendix 1과같다. 연구절차연구절차를파워포인트로제작하여연구자가아동과화면을함께보면서설명을제공하였다. 아동이충분히이해한것으로확인되면연습문항 8개 ( 실험조건 4개, 채움조건 4개 ) 를실시하였고, 아동이과제수행에어려움을보이거나키보드및마우스조작이미숙한경우에는재설명후연습과제를 1회더실시하고본과제를진행하였다. 아동은화면을보면서키보드와마우스를조작하여과제를수행하였고, 이때마우스를가능한한정확하고빠르게누르도록주의사항을설명해주었다. 실험과제는노트북 (LG15U47) 으로 E-Prime을사용하여제작하였다. 아동에게제시되는문항은하얀바탕에 18 point 의검정색 Courier New체로중앙에나타났다. 지시문이나타나면아동이 SPACE BAR를눌러과제를시작하게하였고, 시선을모니터중앙에고정하도록응시점 (+) 표시가 500 ms 나타났다가자동적으로사라진후관형구가제시되었다. 아동이읽자마자왼손으로 SPACE BAR를누르면표적단어가나타나는데, 이때관형구의마지막단어의의미가표적단어와관련있는의미이면마우스왼쪽 예 반응을누르고관련이없는의미라고판단하면마우스오른쪽 아니오 반응을누르게하였다. 관형구가제시된후 5,000 ms가경과되면반응을하지않더라도자동적으로사라지고표적단어가제시되도록하였다 (Figure 1). 자료분석및처리 본연구는 예 라고판단한문항에대해우세조건과열세조건 각각에따른정반응수와정반응에대한반응시간을측정하여분 석하였고, 아니오 라고판단한문항은채움조건으로분석에포함 하지않았다. 읽기이해부진아동과일반아동이우세와열세의미에따른차이 를보이는지알아보기위해집단 (2) 조건 (2) 의이원분산분석 (twoway ANOVA) 을실시하였고조건은반복측정 (repeated measure) 하였다. 수집된자료는 SPSS version 21.0 for Window 를사용하여 분석하였다. 연구결과 읽기이해부진아동과일반아동의우세 / 열세의미조건에따른정 반응수의기술통계는 Table 2 에제시하였다. 조건별정반응수차이 를알아보기위한이원분산분석결과, 집단간주효과 (F(1,20) =12.048, p<.01), 조건간주효과 (F(1,20) = 5.294, p<.05) 는유의하였으나, 집 단과조건간상호작용효과 (F(1,20) =.588, p=.452) 는유의하지않았 다. 이와같은결과로보아읽기이해부진아동이일반아동에비해 우세 / 열세의미조건에서모두저조한수행을보였음을알수있다. 의미관련성판단과제에서읽기이해부진아동과일반아동이우 세 / 열세의미조건에따른반응시간의기술통계는 Table 3 에제시하 였다. 조건별반응시간차이를알아보기위한이원분산분석결과, 집단간주효과 (F(1,20) = 8.267, p<.01), 조건간주효과 (F(1,20) =10.098, p<.01) 는유의하였으나, 집단과조건간상호작용효과 (F(1,20) =.799, p=.382) 는유의하지않았다. 이는읽기이해부진아동이일반아동 에비해우세 / 열세의미조건에서모두의미판단시간이더소요되 Table 2. Descriptive data of correct response score by word meaning condition Poor comprehenders Normal readers Dominant meaning a (2.38) (1.86) Subordinate meaning a (2.00) (1.78) Values are presented as mean (SD). a Total score = 18 points. Table 3. Descriptive data of response time (ms) by word meaning condition + (500 ms) Phrase (space bar or 5,000 ms) Target word (Yes/No) Poor comprehenders Normal readers Dominant meaning 1, (195.15) 1, (240.32) Subordinate meaning 1, (353.84) 1, (348.53) Figure 1. Process of semantic judgment task. Values are presented as mean (SD)
5 Ji Sim, et al. Compound Words Processing in Children with Poor Reading Comprehension 었음을의미한다. 논의및결론본연구는읽기이해부진아동의합성어의미처리특성을살펴보기위해, 동음이의어의우세 / 열세의미조건에따른합성어의미관련성판단의정반응수와반응시간을측정하여비교하였다. 합성어의미관련성판단정반응수를분석한결과, 읽기이해부진아동집단이일반아동집단에비해낮은정반응점수를보였다. 또한, 두집단모두우세의미보다열세의미에서낮은수행을보였다. 이러한결과는읽기이해부진아동이일반아동보다합성어의미관련성판단과제에대한수행에서어려움을겪음을시사하며, 여러선행연구에서언급한바와같이두집단간어휘지식의차이에서비롯된것일수있다. 읽기이해부진아동을대상으로어휘지식과관련된연구에서읽기이해부진아동이양적어휘와질적어휘에서일반아동에비해부족한것으로나타난결과를뒷받침한다 (Baker, Simmons, & Kameenui, 1998; Kim, 2013; Nation & Snowling, 1998). 읽기이해부진아동은일반아동에비해단어간의의미관계를인식하고파악하는능력이취약하다. 이러한어휘지식의부족이동음이의어의의미와합성어에포함된동음이의어의의미간의관계를파악하여처리하는능력에영향을주어저조한수행을나타냈다고볼수있다. 상당수의어휘가여러개의형태소로이루어진다형태소단어이고 (Zoh et al., 2003), 특히합성어는초등학교 3학년시기부터교과내용을통해의도적으로학습한다고할때어휘의양적, 질적측면에서합성어가큰비중을차지한다고예상해볼수있다. 두집단모두우세의미보다열세의미에서낮은수행을보였다는결과는읽기이해부진아동을대상으로동음이의어이해능력을살펴본 Kang 등 (2013) 의연구결과와비슷한패턴을보인다. 이러한경향은읽기이해부진아동이열세의미뿐아니라우세의미에서도일반아동에비해어려움을보인다는것을나타낸다. 한편으로본연구결과는형태적으로복잡한합성어에대한의미관련성판단과제를수행하는데있어서단순히합성어의의미를이해하고처리하는능력의차이뿐아니라단어의구조를인식하고의도적으로조작할수있는능력인형태소인식능력의차이로확장하여생각해볼수있다. 형태소인식능력은초등학교저학년부터고학년까지읽기능력발달에지속적으로기여하여 (Roman, Kirby, Parrila, Wade-Woolley, & Deacon, 2009) 국외의경우형태소인식능력에관한연구가활발하게진행되어왔다. 형태소인식능력은다형태소단어를이해하는데중요한역할을함으로써모르는단어에대한의미유추를가능하게하고 (Apel, Diehm, & Apel, 2013), 나아가단어수준에서요구가줄어듦에따라텍스트수준에서이해를촉진시켜효율적인읽기이해를돕는다 (Kirby et al., 2012). Kim 과 Jeong (2015), Park, Cho와 Yu (2013), Kwak (2016) 의연구에서읽기장애아동이일반아동에비해형태소인식능력이유의하게낮았다. 형태소인식능력을합성어및파생어유형에따라살펴본 Kim 과 Jeong (2015) 연구결과, 초등학교저학년읽기학습부진아동과일반아동집단모두합성어과제보다파생어과제에서수행이저조하였고읽기학습부진아동이두가지과제유형에서모두일반아동에비해유의하게낮은수행을보였다. 학령기아동의어휘에서합성어의비율이높다는것과읽기학습부진아동이파생어뿐아니라상대적으로조작의어려움이적은합성어과제에서도저조한수행을보였다는결과를고려하면, 읽기학습부진아동은파생어뿐아니라합성어어휘처리부담으로읽기이해에서어려움이더욱가중될수있다는것을예측해볼수있다. 또한, 과제가다르기는하나본연구에서학년이더높은초등학교 3-4학년읽기이해부진아동을대상으로합성어의미처리능력을살펴보았을때여전히어려움을보이는것으로보아초등학교저학년에서합성어의의미를이해하고처리하는능력에대한어려움이학년이올라가서도지속적으로영향을줄수있음을시사한다. 반응시간에대한결과에서는읽기이해부진아동집단이일반아동집단에비해느린반응시간을보였다. 두집단모두우세의미보다열세의미에서반응시간이더길었다. 이러한결과는읽기이해부진아동이관형구의마지막어절의동음이의어와합성어내에포함된동음이의어간에의미적으로관련이있는지비교하여판단하는데있어어려움을겪었다고볼수있고, 두집단이열세의미를판단하는데있어더오래걸렸다는것으로해석할수있다. 이러한결과는과제가다르나읽기이해부진아동을대상으로의미처리특성을살펴본 Choi와 Hwang (2010) 연구에서읽기이해부진아동이일반아동에비해단어의미처리속도가느리다는결과와일치한다. 연구자들은이결과를읽기이해부진아동이단어의미처리과정에서심성어휘집내에연결된의미들간의낮은활성화강도로인하여반응시간이늦어졌음을설명한다. 이와같이본연구에서도읽기이해부진아동이의미와관련성이있는단어를처리할때일반아동에비해많은어려움을겪는다고볼수있고, 의미정보에대한활성화강도가낮아오래걸린것으로해석해볼수있다. 본연구에서는단일어가아닌합성어를사용하였으므로다형태소로이루어진합성어에서의미를처리하는데더많은어려움과시간소요가있었을것이라고예상해볼수있다. 또한, 두집단이우세의미에비해열세의미를판단하는데더오래걸렸다는것은읽기이해부진아동도일반아동과마찬가지로단어의의미적정보에대한
6 초등학교 3-4 학년읽기이해부진아동의합성어의미처리특성 심지외 활성화가이루어지기는하나이를처리하는속도에서일반아동과비교하여유의하게느리다는것을시사한다. 본연구는읽기이해부진아동의합성어의미처리특성을의미관련성판단과제를통해살펴보았다. 위의결과를종합해보면, 읽기이해부진아동은복잡한다형태소로이루어진합성어의의미를이해하고처리하는능력에서어려움을보였다. 따라서읽기이해부진아동중재시읽기이해를위해중요한변인인어휘를포함할때학령기에높은비율을차지하는합성어를포함해야하고, 형태소간의의미적결합에대한이해와어휘습득에서우세의미와열세의미등을고려한다양한전략을사용할수있도록지도하는것이필요할것이라생각된다. 연구의결과를해석함에있어서제한점과후속연구를위한제언은다음과같다. 첫째, 초등학교 3학년과 4학년의대상자수가균등하지않았고, 연구결과를일반화하기에는대상자의수가제한적이었다. 추후연구에서는대상자수를균등하게조절하고대상자수를확보하는것이필요할것이다. 둘째, 어휘의양적인측면에서아동들간의어휘량의차이가본과제수행에영향을미쳤을수있다. 추후연구에서는아동의어휘력검사를실시하여어휘량에따라과제수행에차이가있는지살펴보는것이필요할것이다. 셋째, 복합어인합성어, 파생어중합성어에제한하여의미처리특성을살펴보았다. 학령기어휘에서단일어보다복합어가차지하는비율이높고, 합성어와달리파생어는접사와어근으로구성된다. 이에읽기이해부진아동의파생어의미처리능력을살펴보고이를비교하여분석해본다면복합어에대한의미처리특성을통합적으로살펴보는데도움이될것으로예상된다. REFERENCES Anglin, J. M. (1993). Vocabulary development: a morphological analysis. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 58, Apel, K., Diehm, E., & Apel, L. (2013). Using multiple measures of morphological awareness to assess its relation to reading. Topics in Language Disorders, 33, Baker, S. K., Simmons, D. C., & Kameenui, E. J. (1998). Vocabulary acquisition: research bases. In D. C. Simmons & E. J. Kameenui (Eds.), What reading research tells us about children with diverse learning needs (pp ). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. Cain, K., & Oakhill, J. (2007). Reading comprehension difficulties: correlates, causes, and consequences. In K. Cain & J. Oakhill (Eds.), Children s comprehension problems in oral and written language: a cognitive perspective (pp ). New York, NY: The Guilford Press. Choi, K. S., & Hwang, M. A. (2010). Semantic processing in children with poor reading comprehension: semantic priming effect during word reading. Korean Journal of Communication & Disorders, 15, Cunningham, A. E., & Stanovich, K. E. (1997). Early reading acquisition and its relation to reading experience and ability ten years later. Developmental Psychology, 33, Han, J. Y., Park, J. Y., Hyun, Y. H., Kwon, S. H., Park, G. Y., Lee, S. U., & Kim, H. K. (2010). A study of Korean vocabulary education. Paju: Thaehaksa. Hoover, W. A., & Gough, P. B. (1990). The simple view of reading. Reading and Writing, 2, Hwang, M. H. (2016). A study on the status of homonymy teaching and its alternatives. The Education of Korean Language, 60, Jang, J. Y., Jeong, M. R., & Hwang, M. A. (2014). Comprehending and defining homonyms in school-aged children from multicultural families. Communication Sciences and Disorders, 19, Jeong, M. R. (2009). Verbal analogical reasoning skills in poor comprehenders. Korean Journal of Communication & Disorders, 14, Kang, B. M. (2010). Language (3rd ed.). Seoul: Hankookmunhwasa. Kang, H. J., Hwang, M., & Lim, J. A. (2013). The comprehension of homonym in children with poor comprehension skills. The Korea Journal of Learning Disabilities, 10, Kim, A. H. (2013). A comparison of elementary students with reading disabilities to students without disabilities on vocabulary performance and error patterns. The Korea Journal of Learning Disabilities, 10, Kim, A. H., & Hwang, M. (2008). Prediction of reading skills in upper elementary students. Korean Journal of Communication Disorders, 13, Kim, A. H., Yoo, H. S., Hwang, M., Kim, U. J., & Koh, S. R. (2010). Prediction of reading comprehension in elementary school. Korean Journal of Communication Disorders, 15, Kim, B. J., Hwang, M., & Choi, K. S. (2013). Word processing of children with poor reading comprehension during an on-line verbal analogy task. Communication Sciences and Disorders, 18, Kim, D. I., & Lee, I. H. (2010). The relationship between linguistic component knowledge and reading comprehension for low achieving elementary students. The Korea Journal of Learning Disabilities, 7, Kim, I. B. (2000). A study of compounds words in Korean. Seoul: Youkrack. Kim, K. H. (2003). Vocabularies for different levels of Korean education. Seoul: Pakijung. Kim, S. H., & Jung, K. H. (2015). Morphological awareness and reading abili
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8 초등학교 3-4 학년읽기이해부진아동의합성어의미처리특성 심지외 Appendix 1. 조건별관형구와표적단어예시 조건 관형구 표적단어 우세 별이빛나는밤 밤공기 열세 삶아서먹는밤 밤나무 우세 초원을달리는말 얼룩말 열세 친구가하는말 반대말 채움 새벽에울리는종 종아리 바삭하게부친전 사전
9 Ji Sim, et al. Compound Words Processing in Children with Poor Reading Comprehension 국문초록 초등학교 3-4 학년읽기이해부진아동의합성어의미처리특성 심지 1 이은주 2 1 단국대학교대학원언어병리학과, 2 단국대학교특수교육과 배경및목적 : 학령기어휘에서높은비율을차지하는합성어는형태소의의미적인결합으로이루어지므로합성어이해를위해형태소의의미를이해하여야한다. 본연구는읽기이해부진아동의합성어의미처리특성을형태소의미의우세와열세조건에따라살펴보고자하였다. 방법 : 본연구는초등학교 3-4학년읽기이해부진아동 11명과일반아동 11명을대상으로하였다. 관형구의마지막에위치한동음이의어의의미가이후에제시되는합성어에포함된동음이의어의의미와관련이있는지여부를판단하는의미관련성판단과제를사용하였다. 이때관형구이후에제시되는합성어는우세의미조건과열세의미조건으로나뉘며각각의조건에대한정반응수와반응시간을측정하였다. 결과 : 읽기이해부진아동이일반아동에비해우세 / 열세의미조건에서모두저조한수행을보였고, 의미판단시간도더소요된것으로나타났다. 논의및결론 : 읽기이해부진아동은일반아동과달리복잡한다형태소로이루어진합성어의의미를이해하고처리하는능력에서어려움을보였다. 읽기이해부진아동의합성어의미처리와관련하여어휘지식, 단어의미처리속도에대하여논의하였다. 핵심어 : 읽기이해부진아동, 합성어, 의미관련성판단과제본논문은제1저자의석사학위논문을수정 보완하였음. 참고문헌 강범모 (2010). 언어 : 풀어쓴언어학개론 (3판). 서울 : 한국문화사. 강희정, 황민아, 임종아 (2013). 읽기이해부진아동의동음이의어이해. 학습장애연구, 10, 고선희, 최경순, 황민아 (2010). 읽기이해부진아동의다의어의미처리특성. 언어청각장애연구, 15, 곽금주, 박혜원, 김청택 (2001). 한국판웩슬러아동용지능검사 (K-WISC-III). 서울 : 도서출판특수교육. 곽아람 (2016). 읽기장애아동과일반아동의형태소인식능력과암묵적학습능력. 이화여자대학교대학원석사학위논문. 곽재용 (2004). 초등학교국어교과서의어휘분석. 우리말글, 32, 김광해 (2003). 등급별국어교육용어휘. 서울 : 박이정. 김동일, 이일화 (2010). 읽기저성취초등학생의언어지식과독해력과의관계. 학습장애연구, 7, 김병준, 황민아, 최경순 (2013). 읽기이해부진아동의단어유추를통한단어처리특성. 언어청각장애연구, 18, 김순호, 정경희 (2015). 초등저학년읽기학습부진아동의형태소인식과읽기능력. 언어치료연구, 24, 김애화 (2013). 초등학교읽기장애학생과일반학생의어휘특성및오류유형비교연구. 학습장애연구, 10, 김애화, 유현실, 황민아, 김의정, 고성룡 (2010). 초등학생의읽기이해능력예측변인에관한연구. 언어청각장애연구, 15, 김애화, 황민아 (2008). 초등학교고학년의읽기능력에영향을미치는읽기관련변인에관한연구. 언어청각장애연구, 13, 김일병 (2000). 국어합성어연구. 서울 : 역락. 노슬기 (2014). 한국어교육용신어선정및교육방안연구. 연세대학교대학원석사학위논문. 박경숙, 김계옥, 송영준, 정동영, 정인숙 (2008). 기초학력검사 (Korea Institute for Special Education-Basic Academic Achievement Test, KISE- BAAT). 안산 : 국립특수교육원. 박소영 (2015). 읽기이해부진아동과일반아동의동음이의어이해능력. 단국대학교대학원석사학위논문. 박순길, 조증열, 유영미 (2013). 읽기부진아동의문식성예언변인연구. 특수교육, 12,
10 초등학교 3-4 학년읽기이해부진아동의합성어의미처리특성 심지외 박영민, 유제분 (2009). 패턴시쓰기를활용한어휘지도방안. 교과교육학연구, 13, 신문자, 이희란 (2016). 학령기단순언어장애아동의동음이의어정의하기. 언어청각장애연구, 21, 이승복, 이희란 (2006). 단순언어장애아동의어휘적모호성이해. 언어청각장애연구, 11, 이승복, 이희란 (2007). 단순언어장애아동의단어정의하기 : 정의유형분석을중심으로. 언어치료연구, 16, 이희란 (2012). 자폐성장애아동의어휘적모호성단어정의하기. 자폐성장애연구, 12, 장종윤, 정미란, 황민아 (2014). 초등학교저학년다문화가정아동의동음이의어이해와정의하기. 언어청각장애연구, 19, 정미란 (2009). 초등학교 3-6학년읽기이해부진학생의단어유추. 언어청각장애연구, 14, 조명한, 이정모, 김정오, 신현정, 이광오, 도경수, 이양, 이현진, 김영진, 김소영, 고성룡, 정혜선 (2003). 언어심리학. 서울 : 학지사. 최경순, 황민아 (2010). 읽기이해부진아동의의미처리특성 : 의미점화효과. 언어청각장애연구, 15, 한재영, 박지영, 현윤호, 권순희, 박기영, 이선웅, 김현경 (2010). 한국어어휘교육. 파주 : 태학사. 황미향 (2016). 동음이의어교육의실태와대안 : 초 중학교를중심으로. 국어교육연구, 60,
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