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1 Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society Vol. 18, No. 10 pp , ISSN / eissn 표준화환자를활용한아동간호시뮬레이션이간호학생의불안, 자기효능감및비판적사고성향에미치는효과 심가가 1, 손미선 2, 지은선 2* 1 경희대학교동서간호학연구소, 2 건국대학교글로컬캠퍼스간호학과 The Effectiveness of Child Nursing Simulation Using Standardized Patient on Nursing Student s Anxiety, self-efficacy and Critical Thinking Disposition Kaka Shim 1, MiSeon Son 2, EunSun Ji 2* 1 College of Nursing Science, KyungHee University East-West Nursing Research Institute 2 Department of Nursing, Konkuk University Glocal Campus 요약본연구는표준화환자를활용한아동간호시뮬레이션이간호학생의불안, 자기효능감및비판적사고성향에미치는효과를검정하기위하여시도된단일군사전사후설계 (one group pre test-post test design) 연구이다. 대상자는 C시에소재한일개대학교의간호학과 4학년재학생 62명이다. 표준화환자를활용한아동간호시뮬레이션은사전학습및오리엔테이션 60분, 시나리오구현 60-80분과성찰일지작성및디브리핑 30분등을포함하여실습조별로약 3.5시간동안진행되었다. 자료수집은 2016년 3월에시작되어 2016년 12월까지진행되었다. 자료분석은 SPSS 21.0 프로그램의기술통계및 paired t-test, pearson s correlation을이용하여분석하였다. 본연구결과, 표준화환자를활용한아동간호시뮬레이션후간호학생의불안 (p<.001) 은역할극에비하여통계적으로유의하게낮았으며, 자기효능감 (p<.001) 과비판적사고성향 (p<.001) 은유의하게증가되었다. 표준화환자를활용한시뮬레이션실습교육은간호학생의불안을감소시키고, 자기효능감과비판적사고성향향상에효과적인것으로나타났다. 아동간호학교육에서표준화환자를활용한시뮬레이션실습은간호학생의핵심역량을강화시키므로다양한시나리오를개발해야함을제안한다. Abstract This study was conducted to investigate the effects of child nursing simulation using standardized patient on nursing student's anxiety, self-efficacy, and critical thinking disposition. A one group pre test-post test design was used. The subjects of the study were 62 students in the nursing department and 4th year students at the university in C city. The hospitalized child nursing simulation was conducted for approximately 3.5 hours, including 60 minutes of pre-study and orientation, minutes of hands-on scenarios, and 30 minutes of reflection diary writing and debriefing. The data collection was conducted from March to December Statistical analyses of the collected data were conducted, including t-tests, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and Cronbach's α. Analyses were conducted using SPSS The results of the study showed that anxiety (p <.001) was significantly lower and self-efficacy (p<.001) and critical thinking disposition (p<.001) were higher. Therefore, we propose that various scenarios for simulation practice that utilize standardized patients to enhance core nursing abilities be developed. Keywords : simulation, standard patient, anxiety, self-efficacy, critical thinking disposition * Corresponding Author : EunSun Ji(Konkuk Univ. Glocal Campus) Tel: esji@kku.ac.kr Received July 13, 2017 Revised (1st August 16, 2017, 2nd September 5, 2017) Accepted October 13, 2017 Published October 31,

2 한국산학기술학회논문지제 18 권제 10 호, 서론 1.1 연구의필요성최근환자의안전과권리, 질높은의료서비스에대한요구가증가하면서환자들은사소한기본간호라할지라도미숙한간호학생이아닌숙련된간호사에게간호를받고자한다. 이로인해간호학임상실습 (clinical) 교육은관찰위주로진행되는어려운상황으로직접적인간호수행이제한된범위에서이루어지고있다 [1, 2]. 제한적인간호학실습교육의어려운상황을보완하기위해간호시뮬레이션을활용한실습교육이점차증가하고있으며 [3], 최근간호교육인증평가원에서는간호학임상실습의일부를시뮬레이션실습으로대치할수있게하여다양한시뮬레이션사례가개발되는추세이다 [2]. 간호시뮬레이션실습은간호학생이환자에게유해한영향을미칠수있는불안이나두려움없이복잡하고위험한시나리오상황의환자를직접간호할수있다 [4-5]. 또한, 실제임상과유사한환경에서생생한경험이가능하고, 드물거나어려운임상상황에대한경험이가능하다. 이와같이반복적인실습이가능하여스스로자신의문제점을발견하고성찰할수있으며, 간호지식과술기를통합하여안전하게직접적인간호를할수있다 [6]. 간호학생은시뮬레이션실습환경내에서시나리오를구현하는동안간호수행및간호과정을경험할수있으며구성주의에입각한디브리핑 (debriefing) 단계를통해비판적사고능력을향상시킬수있다 [7]. 간호학에서초기시뮬레이션실습에서는고가의장비인환자시뮬레이터 (human patient simulator, 이하 HPS) 를교육방법의매체로이용하였지만인간을완전하게대체할수없는단점이있었다 [8]. HPS는학생들이환자를평가하고중재하는등의술기실습에서대체이용할수있지만환자와의의사소통능력이나신체사정능력을배양하는데는한계가있다. 따라서이러한문제점을해결할수있는방법으로간호학에서표준화환자 (standardized patient, 이하 SP) 를이용한시뮬레이션실습이부각되고있으며, 학생들은 SP와의상호작용을통해환자들의생각과느낌을깨닫게되므로교육적가치가우수한방법으로의학, 간호학실습교육에서다양하게활용되고있다 [9]. SP는임상상황과유사하게실제환자와같이병력, 성격, 감정적반응과신체적증상을재연하며의사소통이가능하도록전문적인훈련을받은 사람으로서, 간호학생들이다양한임상문제에대해사정하고진단하고평가하기위해사용되는교육매체중하나이다 [10]. SP의활용은활발한상호작용을통해서즉각적인피드백을받을수있다는장점을가지고있고, 실제환자처럼구체적인경험들을간호학생에게제공하므로신체사정, 간호기술, 의사소통능력및학습만족도를향상시키는데효과적인교육방법이다 [11]. 간호시뮬레이션은주로학생들의의사소통을포함한간호수행능력과비판적사고를통한문제해결능력을향상시키려는목적으로사용되고있다 [12]. 선행연구에서 SP를활용한교육은학생들의의사소통능력 [13-15], 자기효능감 [14, 16], 비판적사고성향 [17] 을향상시키고불안은감소 [18] 시키는것으로보고되었다. 입원아동에대한간호는아동의성장발달에대한이해를기반으로자가간호의증진, 분리불안의최소화, 통증관리등에초점을두고행해진다. 보호자는자녀가입원할때죄책감, 부정, 분노, 우울감을느끼며이는아동에게전이되어입원아동의불안을더욱커지게한다 [19]. 따라서간호사는보호자를아동의일차적인돌봄제공자로인식하고정보를제공하여불안을감소시켜야한다. 영유아기에입원율이높은바이러스성장염은입원기간이길지않으므로아동과보호자를대상으로한간호사의전문적인의사소통기술을통한교육이더욱필요하다 [20]. 그러나간호학생이입원아동간호를능동적으로간호할수있는 SP를활용한시뮬레이션연구는찾아보기어렵다. 따라서입원아동에대한간호사정과보호자와의의사소통과불안중재능력을향상시키기위하여 SP를활용한아동간호시뮬레이션을개발하고적용한후간호학생의불안, 자기효능감및비판적사고성향에미치는효과를파악하고자한다. 1.2 연구의목적본연구는 SP를활용한아동간호시뮬레이션의효과를확인하기위한예비연구이다. 간호학생에게역할극을활용한아동간호시뮬레이션을먼저적용하고, 이후 SP 를활용한아동간호시뮬레이션을적용하여나타나는간호학생들의불안, 자기효능감, 비판적사고성향의차이를비교하고이들의상관관계를확인하고자하며, 구체적인목적은다음과같다. 첫째, 역할극과 SP를활용한아동간호시뮬레이션에 300

3 표준화환자를활용한아동간호시뮬레이션이간호학생의불안, 자기효능감및비판적사고성향에미치는효과 따라간호학생의불안에나타나는차이를확인한다. 둘째, 역할극과 SP를활용한아동간호시뮬레이션에따라간호학생의자기효능감에나타나는차이를확인한다. 셋째, 역할극과 SP를활용한아동간호시뮬레이션에따라간호학생의비판적사고성향에나타나는차이를확인한다. 넷째, SP를활용한아동간호시뮬레이션후간호학생의불안, 자기효능감및비판적사고성향의상관관계를확인한다. 2. 연구방법 2.1 연구설계본연구는 SP를활용한아동간호시뮬레이션의효과를확인하기위한예비연구로서단일군사전사후설계 (one group pre test-post test design) 를사용하였다. 동일한대상자에게역할극과 SP를활용한아동간호시뮬레이션을시차를두고중재하여나타나는간호학생의불안, 자기효능감, 비판적사고성향의차이를파악하였다. 2.2 연구대상본연구는 C지역의 K대학간호학과학생중아동간호학실습을 2학점이수하고시뮬레이션실습경험이있는 4학년 80명을대상으로하였고, 이중본연구참여에동의하는 62명의학생을대상으로편의표출하였다. 본연구의대상자수산정을위해 G-power 3.1을이용하여 paired t-test를위한대상자수를양측검정으로효과크기.4, 유의수준.05, 검정력.8로계산한결과, 필요한대상자수는 52명이었다. 2.3 연구도구 불안본연구에서불안평가도구는 Spielberger(1972)[21] 가개발한 STAI(State trait anxiety inventory) 를 Kim, Shin(1978)[22] 이번안한도구로그중상태불안검사 20 문항을사용하여측정하였다. 각문항은 4점 Likert 척도로측정되며, 총점수가높을수록상태불안정도가높음을의미한다. Kim, Shin(1978)[22] 의연구에서 Cronbach s α는.92 였으며, 본연구에서 Cronbach s α는. 94였다. 도구개발자의승인후에본도구를사용하였으며불안은 시뮬레이션실습후에자가설문작성을통하여측정되었다 자기효능감자기효능감측정도구는 Sherer et al.(1982)[23] 이개발하고 Hong(1995)[24] 이번안한 SES(Self-efficacy scale) 도구를사용하였다. 본도구는일반적자기효능감 17문항, 사회적자기효능감 6문항을포함하여총 23문항으로구성되어있다. 각문항은 5점 Likert 척도로측정되며, 총점수가높을수록자기효능감이높음을의미하고, 부정적인문항은역환산처리하였다. Hong(1995) [24] 의연구에서 Cronbach s α는.86, Lim, Cho, Bae(2011)[25] 의연구에서 Cronbach s α는.86이었으며본연구에서 Cronbach s α는.88이었다. 도구개발자의승인후에본도구를사용하였으며자기효능감은시뮬레이션실습후자가설문작성을통하여측정되었다 비판적사고성향본연구에서비판적사고성향평가도구는 Yoon(2004) [26] 이개발한비판적사고성향측정도구를사용하였다. 본도구는건전한회의성 4문항, 객관성 3문항, 체계성 3문항, 신중성 4문항, 지적열정 / 호기심 5문항, 지적공정성 4문항, 자신감 4문항을포함하는총 27문항으로구성되어있다. 각문항은 5점 Likert 척도로측정되며, 총점수가높을수록비판적사고성향이높음을의미하며, 부정적인문항은역환산처리하였다. 간호학생을대상자로한 Yoon(2004)[26] 의연구에서 Cronbach s α는.84 였으며, 본연구에서 Cronbach s α는.86이었다. 도구개발자의승인후에본도구를사용하였으며비판적사고성향은시뮬레이션실습후에자가설문작성을통하여측정되었다. 2.4 연구진행절차 시뮬레이션시나리오수정 보완본시뮬레이션의시나리오는대한간호협회 [27] 에서제시한 장염아동관리 시나리오를연구자및아동간호학교수 1인이 1차수정 보완하였으며, 아동간호학교수 2인과소아청소년과병동수간호사 1인에게시나리오의사실성및정확성등에대해피드백을받아 2차수정 보완하였다 [28]. 수정 보완된시나리오를대학간호학과 4학년에재학 301

4 한국산학기술학회논문지제 18 권제 10 호, 2017 중인학생 2명에게예비운영하였으며, 그후시나리오의구성, 운영시간, 실습환경및물품등을수정 보완하였다 시나리오개요본시나리오의아동은장염으로소아청소년과병동에입원하였으며, 보호자는아동의입원에대해의료진들의불충분한설명에화가난상태이다. 학생들은간호사로서이에대한간호중재를시행해야한다. 시나리오의흐름도단계별로학생들의간호중재적절성에따라시뮬레이터의상태를변화시켰다 표준화환자훈련표준화환자 (SP) 는일반적으로건강한사람으로환자처럼병력, 성격, 감정적반응과신체검사결과를바탕으로연기하도록훈련받은사람을말한다 [29]. 본연구에서 SP는엄마역할이가능한여성이며아동간호학실습에서보호자역할로다수참여한경험이있는자로본연구에참여가능한 1인을선정하였다. SP 훈련은연구자가직접 Wallace(2007)[30] 의임상수행능력평가를위한 SP 코칭에관한사항을토대로실시하였다. 실제 6 개월장염아동의신체적, 정서적특징을학습하도록하고연구팀에서제작한훈련대본을주고사례개요를설명한후에시나리오를읽으면서타당성을평가하였다. 시나리오의맥락을파악하도록하며모든학생에게일관성있는태도를보여야하지만시나리오에나오지않은상황에대한질문이나대처요령, 교수자의신호 (cue) 를통한특정상황에대한대처요령등을알리고자연스러운반응을할수있도록훈련하였다. 아동간호학에서의특정상황에대한예방접종이나이유식과같은간호정보, 환자정보등을숙지한후연구자와연기연습을하였다 시뮬레이션운영본연구의시뮬레이션실습에서사전조사는 2016년 1학기아동간호학실습기간에시행하였고, 사후조사는 2016년 2학기아동간호학실습기간에시행하였다. 전체연구대상자 62명을 6-8명씩 10개의조로나누어운영하였다. 한팀당 SP 1인과간호학생 2인이간호사역할로진행하였다. 사전, 사후모두같은연구자가시뮬레이션운영및절차에대해설명하였으며, 시나리오구현 전 30분동안실습진행절차, 실습환경, 시나리오와환자의개요, 병실환경, 실습장비및약품위치, 시뮬레이터사용법, 역할정하기및 SP의역할에대해설명하였다. 이연구에사용된고충실도 (high-fidelity) 시뮬레이터는래어달메디컬 (Laerdal medical) 사의심베이비 (SimBaby) 로영아인체의생리적기능과같은높은현실감을구현할수있다. 오리엔테이션은약 30분동안진행되었으며시뮬레이션실습실환경및실습운영, 시뮬레이터사용법, 호출하는방법, 물품및약품, 기계작동법등을설명하였고사전학습여부에대해평가하는시간이었다. 간호학생들은오리엔테이션을마친후집담회실에서대기하며, 2 인 1 조가팀이되어시나리오를구현하였다. 디브리핑은시뮬레이션실습교육에서중요한부분으로학습자와교수자에게실습경험과반영 (reflecting) 의시간을갖는기회를제공하고, 간호상황에대해기록할수있어자기성찰의시간이라고할수있다. 연구대상자는실습을마친후 30분동안녹화된시뮬레이션상황을다시한번보면서각진행과정에서조별간호상황과문제대처에대해충분히생각하는시간을갖고동료들간에공유할수있도록하였다. 실습조별로 100분의시뮬레이션실습을종료한후지침서기록, 자가설문지작성및정리시간을포함하여전체 3.5시간의교육이진행되었다. Table 1. Nursing simulation practice setting Procedure Prior learning Learning Objectives Orientation Scenario performance Debriefing Practice content Simulation practice objective, Prior learning nursing knowledge, Overview of scenarios with patients, Drug and description etc. Check whether prior learning, Practice procedure, Overview of scenarios with patients, Ward environment, Practice equipment description, Description of where and how drug use Scenario performance (2 in 1 team) Reflection diary writing Check recorded video and log Debriefing Method (Time) Lecture PPT (30mins) Explanation Demonstration (30mins) Practice (10mins/team) AV system Discussion (30mins) 302

5 표준화환자를활용한아동간호시뮬레이션이간호학생의불안, 자기효능감및비판적사고성향에미치는효과 자료수집방법본연구는 K대학교기관윤리위원회 (Institutional review board, [IRB]) 의연구심의를거쳐승인 ( HR-143) 을얻은후, 2016년 3월에서 2016년 12월까지자료수집하였다. 현재재학중인간호학생인점을고려하여일면식이없는대학원생연구원이연구의목적과방법에대하여설명하고, 연구에서사용된설문지는연구목적으로만사용됨을알리고익명성보장과비밀을유지하여개인에관한사적정보를위해엄격하게관리, 보관될것임을설명하였다. 또한, 연구진행중연구대상자가시나리오를구현하는 10분간의녹화와녹화된영상은디브리핑및연구목적으로만이용됨을설명하고동의를받았다. 본연구에서수집된모든자료는무기명으로진행하며응답한설문내용은과목성적에반영되지않음을설명하였다. 연구는간호학생에게연구참가동의서에서명을받은후자기기입식설문조사를통해이루어졌다. 2.5 자료분석수집된자료는 SPSS 21.0 프로그램을이용하여분석하였다. 대상자의일반적특성은실수와백분율로산출하였고, 역할극을활용한사전시뮬레이션과 SP를활용한사후시뮬레이션의불안, 자기효능감, 비판적사고성향차이는 paired t-test 로분석하였다. 불안, 자기효능감, 비판적사고성향간의관계는 pearson's correlation coefficient 로검증하였다. 3. 연구결과 3.1 대상자의일반적특성본연구대상자의일반적특성에대한분석결과는 Table 2와같다. 연구대상자의평균연령은 22.4세로이중여학생이 58명 (93.5%) 이었다. 전공만족도는보통이거나만족이각각 48.4%(30명 ), 45.2%(28명 ) 인것으로나타났다. 문제중심학습교육은 95.2%(59명 ) 가경험이있으며비판적사고관련과목은 90.3%(56명 ) 가수강경험이있는것으로나타났다. 3.2 SP를활용한아동간호시뮬레이션의효과간호대학생의불안은역할극을활용한시뮬레이션이 후 2.18 점에서 SP 를활용한아동간호시뮬레이션이후 1.93점으로통계적으로유의하게감소하였다 (t=-3.851, p<.001). 자기효능감은역할극이후의 3.49점에서 SP를활용한시뮬레이션이후 3.74점으로상승하였고통계적으로유의하였다 (t=5.421, p<.001). 비판적사고성향은역할극이후 3.56점에서 SP를활용한시뮬레이션이후 3.71 점으로향상되었다 (t=3.977, p<.001). 세부영역으로는 신중성 (t=3.202, p=.002), 지적공정성 (t=2.937, p=.005), 지적호기심 (t=2.296, p=.025), 객관성 (t=2.435, p=.018) 은유의하게향상되었고, 자신감 (t=1.972, p=.053), 체계성 (t=1.700, p=.094) 건전한회의성 (t=-0.688, p=.494) 은유의한차이가없었다. Table 2. General characteristics (N=62) Characteristics n(%) or M(±SD) Age(years) 22.4(±1.7) Gender Male 4(6.5) Female 58(93.5) Christian 15(24.2) Religion Catholic 6(9.7) Buddist 2(3.2) None 39(62.9) Satisfied 28(45.2) Satisfaction with Neutral 30(48.4) majoring nursing Dissatisfied 4(6.5) Completion of problem -based Yes 59(95.2) learning subject No 3(4.8) Completion of Yes 56(90.3) critical thinking subject No 6(9.7) Table 3. Effectiveness of standard patient based nursing simulation practice (N=62) Variables Pre M±SD Post Anxiety 2.18± ± <.001 Self-efficacy 3.49± ± <.001 Critical thinking disposition 3.56± ± <.001 Intellectual eagerness/ 3.52± ± Inqusitiveness Prudence 3.31± ± Self-confidence 3.65± ± Systematicity 3.30± ± Intellectual honesty 3.82± ± Healthy skepticism 3.33± ± Objectivity 3.83± ± t p 303

6 한국산학기술학회논문지제 18 권제 10 호, 종속변수간의상관관계 SP를활용한아동간호시뮬레이션을적용한후간호학생의불안, 자기효능감, 비판적사고성향의상관관계를확인한결과는 Table 4와같다. 간호학생의불안과자기효능감에는음의상관관계가있었고 (r=-.630, p<.001), 자기효능감과비판적사고성향은양의상관관계가있는것 (r=.459, p<.001) 으로나타났다. Table 4. Correlation between dependent variables (N=62) Variables Anxiety Self-efficacy Self-efficacy -.630* Critical thinking disposition -.165(.199).459* *p< 논의 시뮬레이션실습교육은간호학에서과거에비해활발하게이루어지고있으나 SP를활용한시뮬레이션교육은초기단계이며, 특히아동간호학에서 SP를활용한시뮬레이션실습은그효과를입증하여유용성을평가해볼필요가있다. 본연구는영유아기에입원율이높은장염아동시나리오를개발하고, 역할극과 SP를활용하여시뮬레이션을적용하였으며, 이를통해서간호학생의불안, 자기효능감, 비판적사고성향에미치는차이를비교하고자시도되었다. 본연구에서간호학생의불안은역할극을통한시뮬레이션사전조사보다 SP를활용한시뮬레이션사후조사에서감소되었다. SP를활용한시뮬레이션은소아청소년과입원실에서만날수있는아동과보호자를임상현장과유사한환경으로제공하였고, 본연구의대상자는사전조사시역할극을활용한아동간호시뮬레이션의경험이있었기때문에불안을감소시키는데영향을미친것으로생각된다. 이는 SP 활용이임상과유사한성공경험을획득하는학습방법으로운영되어불안을감소시킨다는연구와유사한결과이다 [31, 32]. Han, Baek, Jeong(2015)[33] 의연구에서도시뮬레이션교육후간호학생의불안이감소되었는데, 이는실제와유사한환경에서 SP와관계를형성하고의사소통을함으로써불안이감소한것으로보고하였다. 또한 Oh, Han(2011)[18] 의연구에서는시뮬레이션실습교육이 3 명이하의소그 룹별로진행될경우, 조원들이서로의사소통하면서간호문제해결방법을모색하여불안감이감소된다고보고하였다. 본연구는간호학생 2인 1팀으로구성하여서로협력하며의사소통할수있는기회가주어졌고 SP라는교육매체에대한충분한오리엔테이션을통해서사전실습준비를할수있었다. 이와같이 SP의경험은환자, 보호자, 의사, 동료의료인, 병원직원등임상현장에서접하는다양한대상자와의대면을준비하는것으로 SP 를포함한다양한시나리오와체계적인 SP 훈련이필요하다 [34]. 간호사에게의사소통능력은중요한간호역량으로지식과술기뿐아니라대상자와보호자와의상호작용이중요하므로 SP를활용한시뮬레이션교육을지속적으로발전시켜활용한다면임상현장에서대상자와의상호작용과의사소통을자연스럽게숙지하고학습할수있는기회가될것이다. 본연구에서자기효능감은역할극을활용한시뮬레이션보다 SP를활용한시뮬레이션을경험한후상승하는결과를보였다. 이는사전조사에서역할극을활용한경우마네킹이아동의상태를비슷하게구현하긴하지만마네킹으로만건강문제를사정하기에는정확하지않았고, 마네킹은실제가아니라는생각이학생들로하여금긴장감을감소시킨것으로생각된다. 반면에, SP는학생의질문에답변을해주고, 아동에게변화가있을때마다즉각적으로반응하여학생들의문제인식을돕고, 학생의행동에대하여질문해서대화를유도하는등학생들의자기조절능력이원활해졌기때문이라고생각한다. Oh, Han(2012)[35] 의 2학년간호학생을대상으로한시뮬레이션연구에서, SP와의의사소통을통해서간호문제에대한어려움을해결해나가는과정이자기효능감을증진시킨다고보고한것은본연구의결과와일치한다. Luctkar-Flude, Wilson-Keates, Larocque(2012)[36] 는 SP를활용한학습이다른시뮬레이션교육에비해학습자의자기효능감을더높이고, 자기효능감이높으면불안하지않은상태에서실습을하게되므로실습교육의효과가커진다고하였다 [37]. Reeve, Bonaccio(2008)(38) 는 SP를활용한실습교육이자기효능감을향상시키며학생들의임상실습능력향상과더불어신규간호사의임상업무능력효과가있다고하였다. 본연구에서교수자는학생들이시뮬레이션실습후에녹화영상의로그와디브리핑단계를통해동료와교수자의충분한피드백을제공하였고, 시뮬레이션교육전 SP와환자에대한충분 304

7 표준화환자를활용한아동간호시뮬레이션이간호학생의불안, 자기효능감및비판적사고성향에미치는효과 한정보를제공하였다. 이는시뮬레이션실습교육의내용과교육목표를학생들이숙지하고학습하도록하여실습에대하여능동적이고적극적인태도를형성하게함으로써학습자기효능감을향상시킨다는연구결과와일치하는것으로사료된다 [39]. Joo et al.(2015)[8] 의연구에서는 2학년학생을대상으로 SP 실습교육을받은학생들이전통적실습교육을받은학생에비해자기효능감이더향상되었음을보고하였다. 본연구는 4학년학생으로대상자는다르지만실제임상과비슷한 SP와고충실도시뮬레이터를활용한것은전통적인실습교육과의차이가있었을것으로사료된다. 따라서시뮬레이션실습에서 SP를활용한학년별, 시나리오별다양한실습방법을개발하여추후비교분석연구가필요함을제언한다. 본연구에서비판적사고성향은역할극을활용한시뮬레이션을경험할때보다 SP를활용한시뮬레이션을경험한후향상되었으며, 이중신중성, 지적공정성, 지적호기심, 객관성이향상되었다. 비판적사고성향은개인적으로문제를해결하고의사결정을이끌어내기위한목적으로자기스스로판단하는개인적인성향 [40] 으로, 간호학생은시뮬레이션을통해대상자와관련된실무상황의복잡성, 불확실성, 갈등의문제해결을위한비판적사고과정을적용하게된다 [41]. 본연구에서는학생들이 SP를활용한현실감높은시나리오에깊게빠져들어학생스스로문제를해결할수있는기회가어우러진설계로구성하였던것이영향을준것으로사료된다. 실제로학생들은아동의보호자역할을하는 SP와대화를나누며아동이갖고있는문제의우선순위를스스로결정하는과정에서비판적사고성향을향상시킨것으로생각된다. 또한, 자기효능감이증가할수록비판적사고성향이증가한다는보고 [42] 와불안이감소할수록비판적사고성향이증가한다는결과 [43] 는본연구결과와같은맥락임을알수있다. 비판적사고성향은간호교육의핵심기본역량중하나로강조하고있는부분으로 Kown et al.(2006)[44] 은주어진간호상황에서간호실무를수행할때정보를적용하고분석, 이해, 추론하여의사결정을하였을때효율적인판단을할수있다고하였다. 이러한비판적사고성향은 1-2회의중재로그효과를확인하는것은어려운것으로생각되나학년이올라갈수록비판적사고성향정도가높아진다는보고 [45, 46] 를통해서본연구의대상자가 4학년학생임과사전사후에반복적인 시뮬레이션학습을경험을한것이영향을주었을것으로생각된다. 비판적사고성향에대한정의가다양함을고려하여추후유사한연구시에는비판적사고성향을종합적으로측정할수있는도구를사용하는것을권장한다. 이상의결과로 SP를활용한아동간호시뮬레이션실습이불안, 자기효능감, 비판적사고성향에영향을미치는것을확인할수있었다. SP를활용한시뮬레이션실습교육은 HPS(human patient simulation), HFS(high fidelity simulation) 를활용한실습에비해서학생들이현실적으로의사소통을하면서공감의중요성을알게되고, 간호처치와중재를대상자에게직접간호하면서실제간호사의역할로서의부족한부분을깨닫게되어임상현장에대처하는훈련에적합하다 [47]. 아동간호는대상자의안전성과의사소통의어려움으로보호자의도움을통해서환자를간호할수있는데 SP를활용하여교육환경내에서학습목표와교육방법을다양한방법으로접근하면교육성과를효과적으로달성할수있을것으로사료된다. 본연구는전통적인시뮬레이션실습에서의한계점을보완하는측면에서 SP를활용한아동간호학실습에서시나리오를개발하여실습을운영하였으며실습전후의효과를확인하였다. 2인 1조간호사역할로서서로의견을나누며간호문제를해결해나갔으며 SP와의사소통하는과정에서실제임상현장을경험하고실습방법의교육성과를확인하는데의의가있다. 시뮬레이션을간호학실습교육전과정에적용할필요는없겠으나고가의장비와전통적인시뮬레이션방법에서한계가있다면 SP를활용한시뮬레이션실습을권장하며, 아동간호학실습에서는학생들의자기효능감과자신감향상을위해서는임상실습에서반복적으로실시할필요가있다고본다. SP 시뮬레이션은단순한술기를향상시켜줄뿐만아니라인지적, 정서적능력을향상시키므로 [43, 44] 임상실습과목에서주어진자원을최대한활용하여다양한시도를하고교육방법을개발해볼필요가있을것이다. 5. 결론및제언본연구는 C시에소재한대학의간호학과 4학년학생 62명을대상으로진행하였다. 대상자들은역할극을활용한아동간호시뮬레이션을경험한후사전조사를실시 305

8 한국산학기술학회논문지제 18 권제 10 호, 2017 하고, SP를활용한아동간호시뮬레이션을수행후사후조사를실시하였다. 연구결과 SP를활용한아동간호시뮬레이션은역할극을활용한시뮬레이션에비하여간호대학생의불안감은감소시키고, 자기효능감과비판적사고성향은향상시켰다. 아동간호학임상실습은아동인환자에게직접적인간호수행을하는것이제한되고보호자에게적절한의사소통을수행하기어렵기때문에, 간호술기를연습할수있는다양한시뮬레이션실습이필요하다. SP를활용한아동간호시뮬레이션실습은소아청소년과병동과비슷한환경을재현하고 SP를통해서소아청소년과병동과비슷한현실감높은간호상황을경험할수있고, 의사소통기술및능력을향상시켜비판적사고를할수있는과정이라는점에의의가있다. 본연구는일개간호학과대학생을대상으로하였기에결과를일반화하는것은무리가있으며, 대상자의임상실습지가서로달라서임상실습경험이평가에영향을줄수있으므로본연구의결과가완전히시뮬레이션에의한것임을입증하기가어렵다. 시뮬레이션실습구성에서 SP를활용하는것은아동간호학에서필수적인요소로서시뮬레이션학습의목적이임상현장의실제적인경험을제공하는것이라면간호학교육의목표인통합적사고를포함하는다양한시나리오개발및교육과정개발이필요하다. SP를활용한시뮬레이션으로핵심간호역량즉, 임상수행능력, 의사소통능력, 임상판단및관리능력등을포함한다양한변수에미치는효과를확인하는반복연구를제언하는바이다. References [1] W. S. Lee, K. C. Cho, S. H. Yang, Y. S. Roh, G. Y. Lee, Effects of problem-based learning combined with simulation on the basic nursing competency of nursing students, Journal of Korean Academy Fundamental Nursing, vol. 16, no. 1, pp , [2] K. C. Lim, Directions of simulation-based learning in nursing practice education: A systematic review, Journal of Korean academic society of nursing education, vol. 17, no. 2, pp , DOI: [3] S. R. Lee, H. S. Park, G. Y. Cho, The effects of child exercise on physical function, stress and depression in middle aged women with osteoarthritis, Journal of Academy Fundamental Nursing, vol. 17, no. 2, pp , [4] J. J. Yang, Development and evaluation of a simulation-based education course for nursing students, Journal of Korean Academy Adult Nursing, vol. 20, no. 4, pp , [5] W. S. Lee, M. O. Kim, Effects and adequacy of high-fidelity simulation-based teaching for obstetrical nursing, Journal of Korea Academy of Nursing, vol. 41, no. 4, pp , DOI: [6] M. S. Lee, S. W. Hahn, Effect of simulation-based practice on clinical performance and problem solving process for nursing students, Journal of Korean Academy Society Nursing Education, vol. 17, no. 2, pp , DOI: [7] R. Kneebone, Simulation in surgical training: educational issues and practical implications, Medical education, vol. 37, no. 3, pp , DOI: [8] G. E. Joo, K. Y. Sohng, H. J. Kim, Effects of a standardized patient simulation program for nursing students on nursing competence, communication skill, self-efficacy and critical thinking ability for blood transfusion, Korean Academy Fundamental Nursing, vol. 22, no. 1, pp , DOI: [9] R. Theroux, C. Pearce, Graduate students experiences with standardized patients as adjuncts for teaching pelvic examinations, Journal of American Academic Nurse Practice, vol. 18, no. 9, pp , DOI: [10] J. A. Vessey, K. Huss, Using standardized patients in advanced practice nursing education, Journal Professional Nursing, vol. 18, no. 1, pp , DOI: [11] M. R. Eom, H. S. Kim, E. K. Kim, K. Seong, Effects of teaching method using standardized patients on nursing competence in subcutaneous injection, self-directed learning readiness, and problem solving ability, Journal of Academy Nursing, vol. 40, no. 2, pp , DOI: [12] Y. Park, S. H. Park, M. J. Park, Effects of simulation education program on clinical practicum in nursing students, Journal of the Korean Data Analysis Society, vol. 17, no. 3, , [13] M. S. Yoo, I. Y. Yoo, Y. O. Park, Y. J. Son, Comparison of student s clinical competency in different instructional methods for fundamentals of nursing practicum, Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, vol. 32, no. 3, pp , DOI: [14] S. H. Sok, H. S. Kang, W. O. Kim, K. S. Hyun, J. Lee, S. Park, Effects and development of clinical competency evaluation using standardized patients among nursing students: Based on abdominal surgical patients, Journal of Korean Academy of Adult Nursing, vol. 21, no. 5, pp , [15] K. S. Hyun, H. S. Kang, W. O. Kim, S. Park, J. Lee, S. Sok, Development of a multimedia learning DM diet education program using standardized patients and 306

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10 한국산학기술학회논문지제 18 권제 10 호, 2017 test manual, Millbrae, CA: The California Academic Press, [41] M. Adib-Hajbaghery, N. Sharifi, Effect of simulation training on the development of nurses and nursing students' critical thinking: A systematic literature review, Nurse Education Today, vol. 50, pp , DOI: [42] M. A. Shinnick, M. Woo, T. B. Horwich, R. Steadman, Debriefing: the most important component in simulation?, Clinical Simulation in Nursing, vol. 7, no. 3, pp , DOI: [43] T. Gore, C. W. Hunt, F. Parker, K. H. Raines, The effects of simulated clinical experiences on anxiety: Nursing students' perspectives, Clinical simulation in nursing, vol. 7, no. 5, pp , DOI: [44] I. S. Kwon, G. E. Lee, G. D. Kim, Y. H. Kim, K. M. Park, H. S. Park, S. K. Sohn, W. S. Lee, K. S. Jang, B. Y. Chung, Development of a critical thinking disposition scale for nursing students, Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, vol. 36, no. 6, pp , DOI: [45] R. C. Feng, M. J. Chen, M. C. Chen, Y. Pai, Critical thinking competence and disposition of clinical nurses in a medical center, Journal of Nursing Research, vol. 18, no. 2, pp , DOI: [46] S. Wangensteen, I. S. Johansson, M. E. Bjorkstrom, G. Nordstrom, Critical thinking dispositions among newly graduated nurses, Journal of Advanced Nursing, vol. 66, no. 10, pp , DOI: [47] K. Y. Sohng, M. J. Choi, Clinical performance evaluation of one to one interaction simulation program using standardized patient simulation for nursing students, Journal of Healthcare Simulation, vol. 2, no. 1, pp , 손미선 (MiSeon Son) [ 정회원 ] < 관심분야 > 아동간호, 시뮬레이션교육 2016 년 8 월 : 건국대학교글로컬캠퍼스일반대학원간호학과 ( 간호학석사 ) 2017 년 3 월 ~ 현재 : 건국대학교글로컬캠퍼스일반대학원간호학과 ( 간호학박사 ) 지은선 (EunSun Ji) [ 정회원 ] 2002 년 2 월 : 경희대학교대학원간호학과 ( 간호학석사 ) 2008 년 2 월 : 경희대학교대학원간호학과 ( 간호학박사 ) 2008 년 12 월 ~ 2009 년 6 월 : 미국존스홉킨스대학박사후연구원 2009 년 8 월 ~ 2010 년 11 월 : 미국위스콘신밀워키주립대학박사후연구원 2012 년 9 월 ~ 현재 : 건국대학교글로컬캠퍼스간호학과교수 < 관심분야 > 미숙아추후관리, 양육스트레스, 모아상호작용, 시뮬레이션교육 심가가 (KaKa Shim) [ 정회원 ] 2012 년 8 월 : 경희대학교일반대학원간호학과 ( 아동간호학석사 ) 2016 년 8 월 : 경희대학교일반대학원간호학과 ( 아동간호학박사 ) 2012 년 2 월 ~ 2017 년 8 월 : 경희대학교동서간호학연구소연구원 2017 년 9 월 ~ 현재 : University Illinois at Chicago Research Scholar < 관심분야 > 성장발달, 부모자녀관계, 간호교육 308

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