영어교육연구제 22 권 4 호 2010 년겨울 대학생들의영어모음발음과지각 ( ) Yang, Byunggon. (2010). College students production and perception of English vowels. English Language Teaching, 22(4), 165-184. Correct production and perception of English vowels are important in the communication with international speakers. Many college students, even English majors, seem to lack an appropriate level of speaking and listening ability to discriminate English vowels. The purpose of this study is to examine 51 college students on their training background and ability to produce and perceive English vowels. They participated in the perception test and word recording. The recorded sounds were acoustically and auditorily observed to determine whether they could discriminate some pairs of English vowels or not. Results showed that almost half of the students could not produce and perceive the vowels correctly which matched the results of their answers to the questionnaire. The author concludes that current education of English vowels needs improvement. Sufficient time and practice on the vowel pronunciation are desirable to end the vicious cycle that leads to poor acquisition of students of secondary education by unprepared English teachers. I. 서론.,. (, 2005; Ahn, 2001, 2002; Yang, 2005, 2008),
166., bed bad,..,., (, 2006; Fant, 1975).,.,... 1 (F1), 2 (F2), Pickett(1987), F1, /æ/, /i/, F2, /i/, /u/. 10 10 12 mel 1 (Yang, 1996, p. 257, Figure 4).
167 1. /ɪ, ʊ, ɔ, æ/ (, 1997, 2008). /ɪ/,,. /ʊ/,,. Yang(1996) mel,.,,. /ɪ, ʊ/, /æ, ɑ/. /æ/ F1. /ɔ/ /ɑ/. /ɑ/.
168 (, 2005;, 2006;, 2001; Yang, 2010). (2005) bvt 10..,,, /æ, ɑ, ɔ/.., /i-ɪ/ 6 3 F1, F1 (Ladefoged, 2001). F1 F2 (, 2009a, 2009b; Yang, 2010), (JY),. /u-ʊ/. (2001). /i-ɪ/ F1 59 Hz, 6 Hz, /u-ʊ/ 29 Hz 56 Hz. /i-ɪ/ F1 F2, 73 Hz. /u-ʊ/, 1. (Huxley & Ingram, 1971; Lenneberg, 1967) 6 28 (2006),.,
169,, 50%,., (F1, F2), F1 F2, F1 F2 F1 F2..., (, 2009a, 2009b, 2010).,,,.,,.,,.. 1)? 2)? 3)?.
170 II. 연구방법 1. 51.,. 42 9.. 2.., 7 ( ). 38. 36.. /i-ɪ/ /ɛ-æ/ /u-ʊ/ : sheep-ship, steal-still, deed-did, leave-live, heel-hill, eat-it : said-sad, guess-gas, set-sat, X-axe, bed-bad, left-laughed : who d-hood, stewed-stood, fool-full, shooed-should, cooed-could, pool-pull hvd heed, hid, head, had, hod, hawed, who d, hood. Hillenbrand, Getty, Clark Wheeler(1995) 45 (m01, m02, m03).
171 3., 38. 2, 18, 18 38...,. Sennheiser (Samsung Sens X10) 22 khz. 12..,. Praat(version 5.12),, F1 F2.. 2 had head. F1 686 Hz, F2 1868 Hz,.
172 2. had head. 50 ms,. SPSS 14.0 for Windows. III. 연구결과분석및논의 1. 36 51 1836 1191 64.9%. 12.7% steal-still eat-it 51 45 88.2%, who d-hood 37.3%. 50%., 918.
173 415 45.2%. 359 39.1%, 144 15.7%. 84.3% 64.9%,. 306 3, /i-ɪ/ 52.9%, /ɛ-æ/ /u-ʊ/ 45.4%, 37.3%.. 3. 1., (%).
174 1. (%) i-ɪ deed-did heel-hill leave-live sheep-ship steal-still eat-it 17(33) 19(37) 22(43) 31(61) 34(67) 39(76) 1 25(49) 17(33) 22(43) 16(31) 13(25) 8(16) 9(18) 15(29) 7(14) 4(8) 4(8) 4(8) ɛ-æ guess-gas left-laughed set-sat bed-bad said-sad X-axe 15(29) 18(35) 23(45) 23(45) 25(49) 35(69) 1 24(47) 27(53) 21(41) 24(47) 21(41) 12(24) 12(24) 6(12) 7(14) 4(8) 5(10) 4(8) u-ʊ who d-hood full-fool cooed-could stewed-stood pool-pull shooed-should 15(29) 16(31) 17(33) 19(37) 22(43) 25(49) 1 13(25) 26(51) 19(37) 28(55) 25(49) 18(35) 23(45) 9(18) 15(29) 4(8) 4(8) 8(16) /i-ɪ/ deed-did 33%. eat-it 76%. leave-live 43%. live leave. /ɛ-æ/ guess-gas 29%, X-axe 69%. left-laughed., set-sat, bed-bad, said-sad 50%., /æ/,. /u-ʊ/ who d-hood guess-gas 29%, 50%. 2. 2 (12 ), 12.
175 2. i-ɪ ɛ-æ ɔ-ɑ u-ʊ (%) ( ) 8 3 6 2 19 39.6 ( ) 4 2 7 5 18 37.5 12 5 13 7 37 38.5 (%) 50.0 20.8 54.2 29.2 24 4 37 96 38.5%., 48 19 39.6%. 1 37.5%.. /ɔ-ɑ/ 54.2%, /i-ɪ/ 50%, /u-ʊ/ 29.2%, /ɛ-æ/ 20.8%. 3. 3. 1 2 3 4 ( ) 1 3 2 1 7 ( ) 3 4 1 1 9 4 7 3 2 16 (%) 16.7 29.2 12.5 8.3 66.7 4 24 2, 3 3, 1 4, 2 7., 8.3% 3 20.8%, 2 50% 1 66.7%.
176 11. (Ladefoged, 2001).. (2001).,,, (Yang, 2006). /ɔ/ [oʊ]. F1 100 Hz, F1 F2. 4 hid-heed. F1 F2 2400 Hz 2820 Hz.. 4. hid heed F2., 5, 4, hood-who d F2 /ʊ/.
177 5. hood who d 3. ( ), 51 30 58.8%. 41.2% (23.5%),. 4. 28 (54.9%), 9.,. 19 (37.3%), 12 60.8%.. 15 29.4%, 2~4 10 (19.6%), 1 9 (17.6%), 2.,. 84.3% 43, 24 (47.1%)., 8..
178 13.7% 7, 17.6% 9. 6.,. Pearson 0.977(p<.05). /i-ɪ/ 50%, /u-ʊ/ 13.7%, 11%. /i-ɪ/ 70.6%, 66.6%. /ɛ-æ/ 54.9% 58.8%, /ɔ-ɑ/ 52.9% 49.0%, /u-ʊ/ 27.4% 29.4%.. 6.
179. 7. 7. 7 /i-ɪ/ 70.6%, 52.9% 20.6%, /ɛ-æ/ 58.8% 45.4%, 34.1%. 13.6% 13.4%.,.,
180 /u-ʊ/ 50%.. (, 2008). (2002),,.,. IV. 요약및결론, 51,,..,. /i-ɪ/ 52.9%, /u-ʊ/ 37.3%.,,. 50%, 30%. 60%.,
181,,..,. 참고문헌. (2005).., 12(2), 7-16.. (2006).., 48(2), 127-145.. (2001). /æ/, /ɔ/, /ɑ/., 8(4), 215-220.. (1997).., 7, 127-137.. (2005).., 12(3), 139-151.. (2008). :. :.. (2009a).., 16(3), 65-72.. (2009b).., 16(4), 3-9.. (2010).., 17(2), 43-50.. (2002). -., 17(10), 94-97.. (2001).., 8(4), 221-228. Ahn, Soowoong. (2001). An electropalatographic study of English l, r and the Korean liquid sound. Speech Sciences, 8(2), 93-106. Ahn, Soowoong. (2002). The electropalatographic evidence of the Korean flap: An intervocalic Korean liquid sound. Speech Sciences, 9(3), 155-168. Fant, G. (1975). Speech production, STL-QPSR, 2-3, 1-19.
182 Hillenbrand, J. M., Getty, L. A., Clark, M. J., & Wheeler, K. (1995). Acoustic characteristics of American English vowels. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 97, 3099-3111. Huxley, R., & Ingram, E. (1971). Language acquisition: Models and methods. London: Academic Press. Ladefoged, P. (2001). A course in phonetics. Boston: Heinle & Heinle. Lenneberg, E. (1967). Biological foundations of language. New York: Wiley and Sons. Pickett, J. (1987). The sounds of speech communication: A primer of acoustic phonetics and speech perception. Austin, Texas: Pro-ed. Yang, Byunggon. (1996). A comparative study of English and Korean monophthongs produced by male and female speakers. Journal of Phonetics, 24, 245-261. Yang, Byunggon. (2005). Korean students pronunciation of minimal pairs of English words with a fricative. Annual Review of English Learning & Teaching, 10, 35-45. Yang, Byunggon. (2006). Discrimination of synthesized English vowels by American and Korean listeners. Speech Sciences, 13(1), 7-27. Yang, Byunggon. (2008). An analysis of the English l sound produced by Korean students. Speech Sciences, 15(1), 53-62. Yang, Byunggon. (2010). Formant trajectories of English high tense and lax vowels produced by Korean and American speakers. Korean Journal of Linguistics, 35(2), 407-423.
183 부록 : 설문지 1.. *2.. *,,... : : : ; ; ; ( ) ; ; ; ( ) 1~4 ; 1 ; 2~4 ; ; 2..... 8 3-4. heed [i] hid [ɪ] who d [u] hood [ʊ] head [ɛ] had [æ] hawed [ɔ] hod [ɑ] 3.. *4. heed[i], hid[ɪ]. who d[u], hood[ʊ]. head[ɛ], had[æ]. hawed[ɔ], hod[ɑ]. 4.. heed[i], hid[ɪ]. who d[u], hood[ʊ]. head[ɛ], had[æ]. hawed[ɔ], hod[ɑ].
184 (Applicable levels): (college) (Key words): (English pronunciation), (English vowels), (vowel perception), (formant analysis) 30 Tel: 051-510-2619 Fax: 051-582-3869 E-mail: bgyang@pusan.ac.kr Received on September 30, 2010 Reviewed on October 23, 2010 Revised version received on November 15, 2010