2 0 0 0. 6.
Study o n the Tre nd of Natio na l Indus tria l Te c hno logy Po licy a nd Te c hno logy De ve lo pme nt S uppo rting Sys te m 2 0 0 0. 6.
. 2000. 6. : : ( ) : ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
21.,,,.,,, 21,.,,.,.
i 1 1 5 1 5 2 7 3 7 2 10 1 10 2 21 1. 21 2. 22 3. 23 4. 23 3 27 1 27 2 29 1. 1960 29 2. 1970 33 3. 1980 42 4. 1990 53 3 69 1. 70 2. 84
ii 3. 90 4. 94 5. 100 6. 106 4 119 1 119 2 122 1. 123 2. 128 3. 135 4. 143 5. 147 6. 148 7. 150 3 155 1. 155 2. ( ) 157 5 2 1 180 1 180 1. 180 2. 182 2 195 1. 195 2. 199 3. 204 3 213 1. 213 2. 215
iii 3. 217 4 21 222 1. 3 222 2. 5 223 5 224 1. 225 2. 237 6 246 250 ( ) 253 S UMMARY 255 CO NTENTS 256
iv < 1-1> 9 < 2-1> - 12 < 2-2> 16 < 4-1> 120 < 4-2> 121 < 4-3> 123 < 4-4> 128 < 4-5> 129 < 4-6> 130 < 4-7> 131 < 4-8> 132 < 4-9> 133 < 4-10> 134 < 4-11> 135 < 4-12> 136 < 4-13> 137 < 4-14> 138 < 4-15> 139 < 4-16> 140 < 4-17> 142 < 4-18> 143 < 4-19> 144 < 4-20> 145 < 4-21> 152 < 4-22> 153
v < 4-23> 163 < 4-24> 165 < 5-1> 21 181 < 5-2> 3 200 < 5-3> 202 < 5-4> 204 < 5-5> 214 < 5-6> 219 < 5-7> R&D 219 < 5-8> 229 < 5-9> R&D 230 < 5-10> R&D 230 < 2-1> 12 < 5-1> 5 224 < 6-1> 247
1,,,.,.,,,,,.
2 :,. :. :. :. :.., (1, 2 ), ( ), (3, 4 ),, (5, 6 )..
3 1 2 : : : : : 3 4 : : : : 5 6 : :,,
4......
1 5 1 1.,.,,,., 2000 5 (1996.2, ). (indu strial technology).,.
6.,,,,,,,,,,,. 2000 5,,,,,.. (indu strial technology), ( ).,,.
1 7 2,,.,,..,,,,.,,,,, (facilitating structure). 3
8...,,.,,.,,,...,,
1 9... 1),, 15%, 2, 3 1.,.. < 1-1>, 1), 21, 2000. 6.27(The Economist, 2000.6.24 )
10 2 1 (Pol i cy Rat i ona l e ) 1997 5 Vienna OECD OECD 3,, 2.,,.,.,,.,. (System s Approach, OECD STI Dr. Thom as Andersson).,.
2 11,, (coherence).., - (comp etition) (a process), (a uniqu e equilibrium) (an end state),.,,,. spillover (m arket failure) increm entality -., -, (costs and p ayoffs).
12 < 2-1> - (R.G.Lipsey) Maximizing behaviour Unique equilibrium Technology is kept behind the scenes Technological change seen only by its results No explicit economic structure - Non - maximization No unique equilibrium Technology is made explicit Technology change is m ade explicit Structure is m ade explicit < 2-1> INPUTS neo- classical PRODUCTION FUNCTION PERFORMANCE structural TECHNOLOGY INPUTS FACILITATING STRUCTURE PERFORMANCE POLICY STRUCTURE POLICY OECD (Technology, Productivity and Job Creation, 1997),, rationale.,.
2 13,, Morris Teubal OECD STI Review 22. N elson (1994) (appreciative theory) 2) 3). Teubal (enterprise restructuring) 4), -. Teubal (dynam ic fram ew ork), 1980 5),, - -., (restructuring) (collective institutions and organizations), 2). 3),, (Freeman and Perez, 1988), (new patterns of cooperation) (Galli and Teubal, 1997 ). 4) (enterprise restructuring) (innovation and diffu - sion),. 5)., (institutional framework),,.
14,. Teubal, (enterprise restructuring). (restructuring)., Teubal (enterprise restructuring),. (dem and - driven). Teubal (enterprise restructuring) ( ), (,, ), (,,,, ) 6). Teubal,. 6) STI Review No.22, Teubal(1997)
2 15 (embedd edness),. Teubal. (p ath depend ency) 7) (initial p olicies).,,., (, ).... (dem and - driven) (dem and - creating). (innovation routine),.,, 7).,.
16,,. < 2-2> Teubal(1997) - (horizontal) - (collective organizations : ) (targeted) Lipsey Calraw(1997) -,, (R&D ) (framework policy) - ( ) (focused policy) - customized policy (blanket policy) * (framework policy) Teubal (horizontal policy), (focused policy) blanket policy Teubal (targeted policy) Metcalfe(1996) - (Teubal ) - (innovation possibility frontier) (Teubal ),,.,., (embedd edness).,,, ( ),
2 17 (m arket forces). Teubal -. Teubal, (facilitating structure).,, N elson (1987). N elson,, ( ).,, R&D,.,,,,. ( ),
18,, Teubal. Teubal,. (,,, ),.... Teubal. ( : ).,,,,..,.
2 19.,., (additionality),.,., (m arket force). Teubal.,,...,,,.
20, R&D,,. R&D ( ),.,,,. Teubal.,.,,,. Teubal (,, ). (,,, )
2 21,. 2,., WTO. 8) 1. 1890 Sherm an, 1914 Clayton, 1936 Robinson - Patm an, 1950 Celler- Kefauer, Hart Scott- Robido,,,,.,., (F. Adam s ), 8) ( )
22 (Pinder Trilateral Comm ission Rep ort ),,.,,,,,,. 2.. 1970,,,. 1966,, 1977,. 1979,.
2 23 3.,,,,., 1949, (,,, ) (,,, ).,,, 1970,. 1960-70 1980,,. 4..
24,,. 2 1970, 1980, 21 (self- sufficiency). 9),,, OECD ( ). :,,,. :,,. :,,,,, 9) OECD 1991 ( ).
2 25. :,,. 1980, 80 10) 1990 11) (,, ) 12).,,,.,,.,,, 10) Technology Innovation Act(1980), Economy Recovery Tax Act(1981), Stevenson Wydler Act(1981), Bayh- Dole Act(1981), National Cooperative Research Act, Technology Transfer Act of 1986, Small Business Innovation Research Act(1987), Technology Competitiveness Act(1988) 11) ( ) No.28.. 12) 2000, 90,,.,, (, ).
26,.,.
3 27 3 1 1960. 1960 30,,. 60, 70, 80.,,,., 1980. (catch - up) 1980,
28. 1990. 30.,,.,,,,,,.,,. 21,. 21.
3 29 2 1. 1960... : 1963, 5. :,,. :,,,,,,. : (1967), (1967), (1967), (1969), (1970), (1970), (1971). :,,,,,
30..,, 1 5 6.,. 1 5,. *. - - -,, - 1 5 1966 GNP 0.5% (1962 0.25%),,,, 1967.
3 31-1961 7,, KIST, 5 60, (1967). 1961 1 40%, 2 15%,,,,,. -.. - 1960 1962 (1966 ). -,. * 1960 1967,. * 5 1963., 1960
32. - 1961 1962,. - 1 2, 1967 1986 20. - 1965,. - 1967,,. - 1967,,, 1968. KIST 1960. 1961,,, KS 1963. 1960. 60 1969
3 33. 60. -,. -,,,. 60. 2. 1970. 1960 70,,. 70,. 70,
34. 1973, 3, 4 5. - 1981 100, 1 1,000,,,, 6,. :. :. :,. :,,,... - 1970,,,,. -,,,,
3 35. - 1973,,,,, 6,. -, 1973,,,. -,,,,.. - (,, ). -. -. 1970
36. -,. 1970,,,. - 1974. - 1976. - 1970. -, 1973. - 1976. - ( ) 1977. -, 1972,
3 37,. - 1973,,. 1970. - 1970 KIST. * (1975),,,,,,, (1976),,, (1977) -. -. -. - 1970,
38 1970. 1970. 70, 80. - 1972, 1975. - 1970 KIST. - 1976. - 1976.,, 1977. -,,. 70,.
3 39-78, 79. - KIST. -,. 70. - 1970,,,,,,,,. - (1973) (1977). - 1973 1970. - 1974,,,. - 70. * (1970), (1970),,, 148 (1970), 3 (1971), (1975), (1976), (1976),
40, 13 (1977), 57 (1977),,, 6 36 (1978) -,,,,. - (, ).. - 1972,. -,,. - 1974 KIST ( ). - 1976, 1978. - 70,
3 41. - 1970 1977,,. -. -. -,.,, 1970. 1970,. 2. 1980..
42,. 3. 1980., 60-70.,,,.,. : 2 70,. -,. : 1983 1980. -,,
3 43,. - 1986 7,,. : 1980. -,,,. - :,. - :, 1988. -,, : 1983, 1984, 1985,, 1987 5. : 70
44. - 80,. -,,. -.,,.,,, 5.,, ( 90.).. 1979 2,, 80. 80
3 45. -,. 80,. -. * 80,,,,,, ESPRIT, RACE, BRITE, BRIDGE. -,. *,,,. -,.
46 1980,. -,. - 1982,. - 1985 2000 2000 10. * 2001 GNP 3.1% 1987 5%. 1980. - 1980 11 5 16 9,. - 1980 1980. - (technology pu sh),, (dem and pull)..
3 47 -,,,. - 80, 1987,. 1980. - 1982,. * 1980,,,,. - 13 1987. *,,. - 1980
48. *, 1986,,, 1990. -,, 1986 5,. 1980,. 1980. -,. * 1980 32:68 1990 72:26 1980,. - 1981 53 1982,,,. * 88 500, 91. 4 1,000. - 1980,,
3 49. * 1977, 1982, 1986 1990 54, 1,181,,. 1980,. *,,. - 1980 1982. * (1980 ), (1980 ), (1980 ), (1983 ), (1984 ). -,,. - 1982.
50 -,,,,. - (FA), (OA), (ISE). - 1989,,. - 1980 1987 7,,,, 1986,. *,. - 1988 9,,,,,,,. - 24 14. -,
3 51,,. 1980. -. *,,,,,,,,,. -,,. *,,,,,. * ( ), ( ),. -. * 1982, 1983,, 1984. -. * 1981
52 5. 1980,. -,, 1990. -,,,. - 1980 1980, 1987,. * 1980, 1992,, EU 1990. 1980 80,. 90.,,.
3 53,,.. 70,, 3,,,,. -,. 4. 1990. 1990., UR 1995 1 WTO.,,
54 OECD.. 1990 30,,.,.,. 7 5 5,,,.,,,.
3 55,.,,.,. IMF 21.,,.. IMF. -,,,.. 1990
56,. -. * 1990 80%,,. -,,. * 1997 5,, (2000-2005),,,. -,. *,, (, TIC, TBI), ERC, SRC, RRC,.
3 57 -,. * 1990,,. 1990. - 1991, 1990, 1995. - 1994 12,,,,. *, ( ). -,,,,,,. -
58,. 1990. -,. * 1980 1990,,,. - 90,. *,, 1990. *,. -
3 59,,. - 2000 1991-1992 11,,, 6,. * 1990,,,,,. * 21 21. - 1987 1990. * 1990,,,,. * 1994 1995,,.
60 * 1990. *,, 5, 1 5, 2 5. * 1999 21,. - 1991 1992,,. *, 5,, 1995-1996,,,. * 993,
3 61 (ERC, SRC) 1990, RRC. * 1996. * 1990, 1997, 5,,. - 1993 ( ). * 21 5. -,,, 1990., 1990. -,. - 1990
62 1991,. *,. -, (project- based system) 1996. *,,,. -,, ( ). 1990. - 1990 IMF,.
3 63 -,,,,,, 1990. - 1990, WTO,,. - (,,.) 80 90. *,,,. *,,,,, (, ),,,. * 5 ( 91-95) 1990 10,,, 1995 1 5. * 1994, WTO,,,.
64 - WTO. *, 1995, 9 3 (,,,,,.). *,,,,,, 1990. * 5 98,,, ( ),,,,. -,. *,,,
3 65,. *, 21,. * ( ), ( ). *, 1990 ( ),,. * 1990,,. *, 1990 1988, 1993,. * 1991,. *
66,,, 89, ( 99 2 ). * 1 2, 1 2, 1990. * 1990 ( ),,. * 1990,, 1990. - 1990. * 1994 1995. *,,,,,,,. * 1990, TBI,,.
3 67 * 1999 2 5,,. * 1994. * 1996 RRC,,. * 1993,, 1990 ( ). * 1993,,,,. *
68,,. 1990. - 1994, 1994. - 1997. - ( 98.4), ( 98.9), ( 99.1), ( 99.1). - ( 99.1.), ( 99.3), ( 99.3). -,. *,,. * 1999. 1990
3 69, 21. WTO,,.. 1990.,,,,. 1990 21. 3,,,,
70., 4. 4. 1.. 1) 5 (2000 2004) - - - 15 5, 100 -,
3 71, spin - off - 5 -,, 2010 ( 98.7) 103, 99-5 ( ), 2000 * 99 2,085 2000 2,800 -
72,, - 99 20 2,000 220 ( 99 60 ), ( 99 95 ), ( 99 50, ), ( 99 84.3 ), ( 99 66 ) - 15 8 -,,, 2) 10 (1997-2006) -,,, 10 / - 2006 2% 10% - - (SOx, N Ox, CO 2, ) -, CO 2 2000 TC 10% 3),
3 73 -, - DB. 1) 5 (2000 2004) 5 100,,,, - 11, (TP, TIC ),,,,,,, (,, ),, - 15, - - (3, 5, 7 ) - 2) - (,, )
74 -,,, (TIC) - * TIC : ( ) (, ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ) - 99 14 20 TIC ( 99.9.13) (TBI) -, - ( 99.9.28) 300 6 -, 3) - :, 2 -,,
3 75 4),,,,,. 1) (e- com m erce) ) (99.2 ) - (99.7.1 ), ( : ), -, ) (10 ) (2000 ) * 98 198 ( 99.8) -, ) 80% (B2B) - 7
76, * 99 39 ( ) ( 2, 1 : 99.6) ) KOTRA, * KOBO (KOTRA), EC21( ) - WTO, OECD, APEC - * (AFACT) ( 99.9) * ( 99.7) ) DB -,,,, 20 DB ( 99 : 48.4 ) - DB, DB(11 ) 2) ) ( 99.2) - ( 99.7),, - ( 99 ) - ( )
3 77, 5 ) - KS( ),, (self- declaration) KS ) (ISO/ IEC) (MRA) - : (1 99.7, 2 99.10) - EU : 2000 - : (1 99.12, 2 2000 ) ISO/ IEC (TC/ SC) (Secretariat) * ISO/ IEC 977 : 161, 171, 42, 1 3) ) ISO -,, ( 99.9) - 6- sigm a - ( ) - ISO
78 - ISO - ISO (MLA) ( 99.9) ) ( 99.9) 4) ) - ( 98.12) - 99 50 (10 ), - ( 98 65 99 106 ) ( 99 200 ) (2,000 5,500 ) ) - 99 (125 ) (2000 ), - 99 D/ B,,, 90
3 79-99 14 ( 98 32 ) ( 99.11) ( 99.11). 1) (2000.4) - - 2) -, -, - -,, 3)
80 -, - -,, 4), 3 (,, ) - 5),, ( 99 2,260 ), ( 99 607 )
3 81. 1),,, -, 6 2) (CBC) -,,,,,,,,, Korea- US Biznet 10 2000 2, 3) EU,,, EU - EU, EU, EU
82 4) (,,, ) - ASEAN ASEAN 98 -,, 5),,,,, 6,, 6) - 99 60 2000 70 -. 1),,
3 83 4 * 99 14 ( ),. * (agency) 13, 21. 2), - IPC( ) -,, - 2000 2000 3) -,,,,, shuttle * SRC(20 ), ERC(28 ), RRC(27, 10 ), TIC(6, 14 ), (6 ), BK21,,,, ( 5.)
84,, 4),,,,,,,, - (,, ) 2.. 1) ( 97 ) - 99 845 ( 53 ) 2000 1,000 ( 60 ) 75% 1 3 ( 99 2,593 2,327 ) 2) -
3 85 : 7 (25% ) (,.) : (50%) + (25%) + (25%) - 144 4 114 50 ( 14%) 99 106 ( 123 ) 2000 150 ( 140 ) - ( ) - - (,,,, ) - 50 ( 30 ), 2,000 1,000 3) - 2000 245 80%
86 4) 50% 1,050 300. -,, 5) 100PPM 100PPM (20 : 3 ) 100PPM (50% ), (80% ),, ( ). 1), / (80%, 10 ) - 2000 85 8
3 87 2) ( ), - : 6,000 ( 2,000, 4,000 ) - * ( 1 ) : 1,000, 500 ( ), (SSgA 1, Vertex 1, 2 ) - - : (30-40%)+ (60-70%) 3) 7 (, ) - 2000 700 ( 285 ) 4),
88 100 5) - -, - - * 2000 100,,,,,. 1) (2000, 6,700 )
3 89 (2000 300 ) ( ) *, 1,500 90% 2) (CE, UL ) (TBT) - 116, 2000 1,200 3), - 2000 2,700 - - 4),,,
90 98.7-2000 1 582 ( 139,680 ) 10 3.. 1) - (181 ) 1 99 (63 ) 2000 16 200 - -,,, 2) PM ( ) -, 15 PM ( ) (2000 20 ). - (Best Practices) - (183 288 ) : 50, 30, 20
3 91 : 10-30%,, 3) -,. *,, 200 - IP - Mart,,, -,, - 4),,. 1) 2 3 ( 99-2001) 1 7 ( 92-98)
92 2,, KIPON ET WIPON ET 2) 3) DB - (KIPRIS) -,
3 93 4) WIPO 2000 CD - ROM. 1) PCT,, PCT( ) 13) 2) (24 ), 14). 1) 99.1.1. 13) PCT PCT (WIPO). 14) 58,.
94. 2), -,, - 2002 2010, 4. :. 5 97 21 5 - (2000-2025) (2000-2010) 5
3 95 (, ) 11. 1) 21 92 2001-21 10, - 2000-2009(10 ) 20 1 5,000 (2000 500 ) 2) 21 (core technology), - 2001 2002 99 140 ( 27, 63, 50) ( 99 : 392.3 ) 2000 150 (2000 : 750 ) 3)
96-4) -, 12 99 1,124 2000 1,268 5),,,,, ( / ) : 99 185 2000 218-6) - 2000,,,,
3 97 7) - 99 45 2000 109. ( ) - 2000 1,224,,. KAIST -, -,., (,, ) 2002 1-2000 1224 -
98,, * 93.3-98 1,821 6,118 (1,538 4,927, 81% ) * 98 : MOST1, 310 ( 150 ), 98 MOST2, 430 ( 150 ), 99. 1) RRC - (RRC) (37 ) ( 5 ) 2) ERC, - ERC :, - (SRC ERC) (48 50 ) * 99 10 61 (SRC 26, ERC 35 ) 90 13 99 2 * 2000 91 17 19
3 99 3) ( ), - 2000 1,000 ( ) - 2000 400 ( ) - 2 ( 99 8 ) 4) ( ) - : 99 20 2000 22 (KAIST) - : 99 85 2000 100 (,, ) : 70, 40 : 70 ( ), 60 5) 6),
100,,, 5. :. 1) 5 (2000-2004),,, S/ W, 6 300 2004 1,000 2 2004 80% * 98 ( 6,668, 2,303, 4,365 ), (1,010 ), (260 ), (430 ) 8,368 98 3,020, 4,365, 983 2,303, 4,365, 1,739, 4,929 (,,, ) (,,, ),
3 101-5 3 6,457 ( 1 1,947, 2 4,510 ), 4,985 4 1,440 -, 2,000 2,004 5 7,740 2) CDMA,,, - -, 3) IMT- 2000,, ATM,,, ETRI 4) -, 5),,
102,. 1),,,,, S/ W, 2) S/ W (5 ) -,, ( 96-98 25 ) -, 3) -,,,,,
3 103. S/ W 1) S/ W -, - ETRI - S/ W -, S/ W - S/ W 2) S/ W S/ W - S/ W S/ W ( 98 7 99 10 ),, S/ W S/ W 6, 62 99 1 57
104 - S/ W, S/ W, 98 4 99 2 - S/ W,,,,, - - -,, - (IT) - Am Bex 200 (IT) S/ W - S/ W S/ W
3 105. 1) - 3 99 2003 500 -, ASIC,,,, -,,, ASIC (RF) 100 2) -, - -
106 - ASIC ASIC ASIC 3, 3) - 1 ( 98 9, 100, 45, 55 ) 2 (100 ) - ( IT ) - 6. :. 1)
3 107 - /,, /, /, 12 - (spin - off) (spin - on) -, 2,800 1,500 99-03 KS 2) (13% ),, - 3) - ( 99 1 )
108-99 : 34, 355 (25% 88 ) 1980-1998 : 1,100, 3,000 -,, 4),, 5),,,, 6) CALS CALS,. 1)
3 109 - -, - -,, - - -, - BK 21 2) - -,,
110 -,,,, - (13 ) - -,, (, ) - -,. 1) ( 99 472 ) - - ( ), ( ), ( ) - (
3 111 ) ( ) -, -,,, 2) 14-20- 30% 3) ( ) (,,,,,, ) ( 99 515 ) 4) ( ),,,,, ( 99 154 ).,
112 -,,, - ( 99 22 ) - ( ) ( 99 15 ) - : 54 : 50 : 2 - ( 99 17 ) -. 1) G - 7 2000 -,,, 4
3 113,,,, 3,,, - 99 2, 2000 5, 1 3 ( ), 2) - (3 5 ) 2, 10,,, ( ),. 1) 32, - : 269 - : 48
114 -,, -, -, 2), - - 20% 3) ( 98 19% 99 50% ) ( 10% ),. 1) ( 99.2) -,,
3 115 2) - 2010 1 5,100, ( 99 493 ) 99 99, 2001 G7 - ( 99 17 ) - (2010 Project) ( 99 19 ) 3), -,,,,, - 4) ( )
116. 1) 2 (1998-2002) 20,,,,, CALS,,,, 2) - (50-100%) - 99 : 50, 5 25 -,, CALS - CALS,,, CALS,, -
3 117 -,,, *, (5-10 ),, 3). 1) ( 98-2002) 2) 7,,,,,,,,, 7 - ( 97-2001), ( 99.3),,, ( 99.6),
118 5,000 ( 99-2003, 99 500 ) - - ( 99-2003),, - ( 97-2000), ( 97-2000), ( 99-2002),,
4 119 4 1 99 ( 5 ) OECD Frascati 98 12.7% 3 688 (2 ) 3.7%. (, ),. - ( ),, ( 1 1 ). -,,. 1 1 66.0% 2 246.
120 3. < 4-1> 1 2 3 ( ) ( : ) ( ),,,, (interme- diary function) ** 1,060,409 319,699 (1,380,108) 34.6 10.4 (45.0) * ( ). ** R&D 3,068,809 %. 644,507 (2,024,615) 21.0 (66.0),, 1 23.6%, 1 2 34.0%, 3 43.9%. -,, 52.4: 15.8: 31.8.
4 121 < 4-2> ( ) ( : ) 1 2 3 287,650 107,795 18,097 336,165 340,850 297,870 116,004 30,164 95,900 500 125 43,498 2,240 2,583 7,500 10,820 41,030 481 58,015 17,910 209,418 1,060,409 319,699 644,507 * :,,. * :,,, 99 238 3 688.. -,. * ), /,,. - ( ),. * ),,
122. - ( ), ( ). * ),,,,. 2,,,,,,.,,...,.,.,,,.,,,,,.
4 123 1. < 4-3> 3 4, 9 10 11 109 113 282 28 6, 119, 120, 121 16 1 12 18 19 26 27 11 17 13 (stock-option) 15 9 25 73 12. 1),,
124, 3-2003 3%( 5%) (, ) 2) ( ) - 2003 4 50% 5% ( 15%, 10%) 3) - 2003 5% 4) - 2003,,
4 125 5) 2003,, 6) - 80%. 1) - 2003 2 75% 5 50% 2) - 4 10%, 5 40%, 6 70% 7 3) ( ) -, 50%
126 4) - 5 5) - 3-6 10%, 7-11 20%, 12 30% 6) 1999 10% 7) 1998 8 25 1999 5% (2000 6 30 ) 8) ( ) - 5% 9) - 50%, 50%
4 127 10),, 11) (stock - option) (stock - option) 12) - 7 100%, 3 50%,,,, 5 100%, 3 50%,,, 13) ( ) - 5. 1) ( )
128-2000, 2) 2.. - 21 -, -, < 4-4> 99 ( ) 83,700 74,300 6,000 9,500 10,000 5,000 8,430 2,000 6,600 2,970 208,500
4 129 - ( ) -, - 40%, 60% ( 7 75% ). - - 15 8 - - - 4 < 4-5> 99 ( ) 27,460 1,300 1,000 240-30,000 -
130 ( ) - : ( 1/ 2, 3/ 4 ), 40% - :, 100% ( 100%, 75% ). - 2001-2000 :,,, :,, < 4-6> 99 ( ) 9,390 14,600 10,700 4,800 4,000 4,060 800 800 49,150
4 131 - (G7 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ). -,, - - - - - - < 4-7> 99 ( ) 40,000 23,788 63,788 - ( ) - :,,,
132-3- 5 (75%) :,,, DB : (, ),. - - - - - :, - : 2 (,,,, 8 ) - :,, CO 2 - : < 4-8> 99 ( ) ( / ) 17,375 8,593 4,628 7,090 2,459 40,145
4 133 -. -, - 75% 1 ( 30% ) - : (,, ) - < 4-9> 99 ( ) 44,700 300 45,000 - -. - 2000
134 - : (,,, ) - : 2001 7 - :, - : - :, < 4-10> 99 ( ) 165,000 97,070 35,800 29,200 20,079 347,149 -
4 135.,,, < 4-11>,,,, SW '99 ( ) 30,000 - - 37,600 - -, - 52,900 - - - - 5,429 5,000 -,,, 4 -,, 3 16,500 - - 3.. -
136 - :, - :,,,,, :,,,,,, ( ) - : 8.25%, 8 (3 ), 80%, 30 < 4-12> 99 ( ) 226,000 60,700 286,700 - : - :, 8 :. -
4 137 - ( 7.5%, 3 5 ) :, EM, N T, GR :,,,, - ( 8%, 2 3 ), - < 4-13> 99 ( ) 50,000 11,000 10,000 71,000. - - :
138 ( : (Korea Venture Fund)) : - 7 (, ) ( 7.5%, 2 5 ) < 4-14> 99 ( ) 50,000 786,000 836,000 -. -,, -,,
4 139 ( 7.5%, 3 8, 1 3 ) - ( ) ( ) ( 7.5 9.0%, 1 3 ) -,, ( 7.5%, 5 10, 3 8, 1 3 ) - ( 7.5%, 3 8 ) < 4-15> 99 ( ) 570,000 716,000 214,799 49,376 1,550,175 -
140. - -,,,, ( 7.5%, 3 8, 1 3 ) - ( 7.5%, 5 10, 4 2 ) < 4-16> 99 ( ) 385,394 50,000 435,394 -. -
4 141 ( ) - :,, - : (KT ) - :, - : - : : 159,949 ( 99 ) - ( )(KTB) ( ) - 6%, 6.5 7.0% - 3 7. -,, - - :
142 - - - SW - - Y2K - < 4-17> 99 ( ) SW Y2K 45,000 285,000 145,000 24,000 5,000 100,000 20,000 11,000 635,000 - ( ) - 6.5%, 2 5
4 143. < 4-18> (KTB)( ),, 99 ( ) - : 80,000 - : 660,000,,, - : 10,000 ( ),, 500,000 ( ),, 150,000 ( ),, 30,000 1,200,000,, (Seed Company), 400,000,,,, 4.. -, -,,
144 - (TIC) TIC - (TBI), < 4-19> 99 ( ) (TIC) (TBI) 15,000 19,000 20,000 54,000 - ( ) - : 6 (,,,,, ). - (TIC) : 6 TIC(,,,,, ) - (TBI):, 40 (98 46 ) * TBI,
4 145. -, m atching fund - ( ) - ( ) Techno- Doctor < 4-20> 99 ( ) 12,995 20 13,015 -, ( ) - 50%, 25%, - ( ), 5
146. (SRC/ ERC) - - (SRC) : - (ERC) :, : 43,700 (' 99 ) - ( ) - 61 (SRC : 26, ERC : 35 ) - 9,,,,. (RRC) -, - - -
4 147 : 16,000 (' 99 ) - ( ) - 1 3 37-9,,,,, 5.. - DB - - - - - - :, (KIN ITI- IR ), - : 11 (KIN ITI- N ET). -, ( )
148 ( KREON Et ) - 15. ET LARS,,, DB. (T echno- Net ) ( ) (,,, ), (,, ). TECH TIMES( ) :,,,, 6.., 7 3,000. 5
4 149. ( ) - 5%( 15%), 90% - 2 2 1.,,. - Pool -. (R&D Manpower Bank) ( ) ( ). 5 (ICU) (AIIT)
150 7.. 1) - KS,, KS, 2) (MRA), APEC (A3CA) 3), ISO,, - 100PPM 4),
4 151 (Pilot Plant),, 5) - (KS9000/ ISO9000/ QS9000) (ISO14000) - - (IECQ) - (IECEE/ CB ) (K )
152. 15) 1) < 4-21> KT, NT/ EM,, IT,, GD,, GR,,, 15)
4 153 2) 16) < 4-22> SW SW KAIST 2 6 2 2 2 3 91 94 96 97 94 40 33 7 25 1 SW,,,, 2 2 2 1 1. 1) - - PM ( ) - 16) TBI,.
154 2) (KIPON ET) -, - DB, - 3),, 4) PCT PCT( ). 1) -, 3 ( 80% ) ( ) ( ) 2),, 100PPM ( 80% ) 3)
4 155. (,, ) 1),,, 2), (IR52, KT ),, TECHNET 3) ( ) IR52,,,,,, DB, IP 3 1..,,,,,,.
156..,,,.,,.,..,. (keyw ord)..,,,,,
4 157 m ixing, m ixing.,,,,,,,. 2. ( ),,,.. 1) ),,,,. :, :, :, :, )
158,,.,. *, 6, *,,,,, 6 99 14 6, *,,,,, 6 ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ).,,,., 1999, one- roof service.. *
4 159, (HTC), RRC, ERC. 1999 8 *,, *. ( ) (RRC) 37 ERC S/ W,, S/ W,,,,,. S/ W.,, ( ) S/ W, S/ W,
160 S/ W. BK21.. * 99 2, 2000 5,..,,,,
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5 21 181 ( ). 20 21 ( ). 20,.. < 5-1> 21 1) 2) 3),,,,, S/ W, S/ W,,,,,, -, - (nano technology),,,, - 1) US National Critical Technologies Panel, Third Biennial Report, 1995 2) Technology at the Beginning of 21st Century, Fraunhofer ISI, 1993 3),, 1997 ( ),, ( )
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5 21 183. 3) Globalisation R&D,,,. 97, 53 (45 ) 9.5 ( 6.4 ), 500 GDP 25%, 50%. M&A 3,417 ( 85%), 1/ 3, 80%., WTO. 4) M&A ( ), M &A ( ), (bu siness sw ap),,, EU,. 91%,,, 72%.,, IBM Microsoft/ Intel, Microsoft Yahoo, Genetech, Body shop.. 1) 33, 9, VLSI 1
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5 21 185 (CIM, IMS), (simulator).,, lock - in..,,.,,., m ore w ith less.,. 21. fram ew ork condition infrastructure (m ulti- stage growth strategy) *,, EU ( ),,,
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5 21 189 40:60 50:50. (research - based innovation) (ATP, TRP, SBIR )., 1994 ( )., (indu strial p olicy) (corp orate w elfare) ( ), 1994, (p oliticizing).,. 105 ( )., ( )
190 (rethinking),,.,,.,, (pow er of comp etition), (m arket failure) (supplem ent). (governm ent failure). ( ) ( ),., ( ),.
5 21 191,.,,..,,. (intellectu al)..,. (basic technological research) (basic scientific research), (research p olicy) (innovation p olicy), (science & technology policy).
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5 21 193.,, (intellectu al assets). (seed bed). ( ) ( ), (science) (technology), (knowledge base) (innovative cap acity). (research and innovation p olicy),,. ( ).,, ATP (Advan - ced Technology Program ),
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5 21 195 2. 1.,. 17),.,.,.,,. 18) 17),,, 1998, pp.37-38 18), - KIET, 1998.8.4.
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5 21 197,, 21...,.,,,..,.,....,.
198, (high - skilled w orkers).,,. 20) OECD,., (, ) (, ). R&D, OECD R&D 1/ 4.,. 21),,. 20). (29),, 1998, pp.85-120 21) (1999.9.16)
5 21 199..,,. IMF,.. 2..,,. OECD John Dunning 3. 22) 17 19 (land - based). 19 20, 22) Keith Drake, Industrial Competitiveness in the Knowledge- based Economy: The New Role of Government, Industrial Competitiveness in the Knowledge- based Economy : The New Role of Government, OECD Proceedings, OECD, 1997.
200 (m achine/ finance- based). 20 (finance/ knowledge- based), (alliance capitalism). 3. ( ) ( ) < 5-2> 3 17 19 19 20 20 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) - - ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3,.,, 23),. 23),,.
5 21 201,,.,. 24),,,,.,,... OECD,,., OECD,. 25) 24),, 21 -,, 1999.12.21. 25) Technology Gatekeeper & Promoter, Information Cleaning H ouse.
202 < 5-3> - - - - - -, ( ),, - - ( - ) -, - - - - - - -, -. - ( -,,,,, ) - -, - (, ) - - : OECD, Industrial Competitiveness in the Knowledge- based Economy, OECD Proceedings, 1997, p.29.,,.,
5 21 203,,.,,..,,,. OECD,,,. OECD,,.,,,.,,,.
204. < 5-4> - - - -, - - (,, ), - - - -, - - : - - - - - -,, - - - -, -. : OECD, Industrial Competitiveness in the Knowledge- based Economy, OECD Proceedings, 1997, p.28. 3..
5 21 205,.,.,.. 26).,.,,.,..,,.,, 26),,,.
206., (non - exclu sivity) (non - rivalry). 27),.,.. 28) OECD,. 29) 27). (collective action).. 28).. Skandia ( ), Caterpillar ( ), Hughes & Space ( ). 29) OECD, Industrial Competitiveness in the Knowledge- Based Economy : The New Role of Governments, 1997
5 21 207. : ( ), 98,,,.,.,. 30) 1) (acquiring know ledge),,.. 31) 6. :,.. 76 11% 96 22%..,. : ( ) 30), 98, 1998 31) 80%,.
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5 21 211. IMF. 34) &.,.,. IMF 21,.. 1, 2, 3 6. :, : R&D, :, :, :, ( ) 34) IMF.,,,,,.,,,, 1998. 6, pp.108-117.
212 :,, IMF 10. 35).,..,.........,..,... 35) Marcel Boyer et al., Industrial Restructuring in a Knowledge- Based Economy, Doing Business in the Knowledge-Based Economy: Facts and Policy Challenges, Industry Canada, 1998.9.
5 21 213,..,. 3 1 2.,. 1. 2 3.,.
214,,.,.,.. 98 2,042 99 4,783 1 2.3, 71% 2.0% 35.,, IMF. < 5-5> IMF (97.9) IMF 99.11. (%) 5.5(97.3/ 4) 7.2 (98.2/ 4) 12.3(99.3/ 4) ( ) 100.0 97.5 (98.8) 122.8 ( ) 100.0 56.8 (98.8) 97.2 ( ) 100.0 88.0 (98.8) 102.7 (%) 82.1(97.9) 72.7(98) 87.2(99.11) (97=100) 93.1(98) 103.0(99) 1 (97=100) 91.0(98) 99.1(99) (%) 2.1 (97.9) 8.6(99.2) 4.4(99.11) 21,057(97) 19,277(98) 29,976(99) 6,132(97) 7,538(98) 2,428(99) 32 (97) 21 (98) 14 (99) GDP (%) 3.4(97) 6.7(98) 7.7(99) (%) 38.2(97) 42.9(98) 44.9(99.1 11) :
5 21 215,, 98.2 IMF. 2.. 90,.,.,..,. N ut- Cracked. ( ),
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218 R&D 38),, GDP 39). 1 ( : U$1,000) 171.3( 93), 195.5( 97), 240.1( 95), 230.1( 96) 87.4( 98)., R&D 40) R&D., 1965 1995 1/ 39, 1/ 19. R&D 90 R&D, 2002 5% R&D, R&D 5% R&D 27:73 R&D 30%. 98 R&D 30.6:69.4, 35.6:64.4, 40.2:59.8, 39.2:60.8, OECD 32:68 24.6:76.4 OECD 38) R&D R&D (, ) R&D R&D R&D 39) GDP ( 97) : 3.6%, 2.83% 2.79% 3 40),,,,,, 30.
5 21 219.. 1),,. 2, 1/ 2. < 5-6> 100.00 69.45 7.44 4.13 100.00 72.08 1.08 2.59 :,. :, 1996, 1.5%, 31%., R&D. < 5-7> R&D (, %, 97) 75.4 10.7 13.9 R&D (%, 97) 10.4 72.6 17.0
220 2) 20 R&D,. R&D 20 67%( 97) 43%( 96), 44%( 96)., R&D. 3) 81% 10% 0.4%. 4),.,..,,.,,.,
5 21 221...,,..., ( ). < 5-7> 76% 10%,. 41),,.,,,. 133, 111, 78 6. (e- com m erce),,. 41),, 1999, 98-03
222,,.,.,. 4 21 1. 3 knowledge- driven (50% )
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224 < 5-1> 5 21 - -, 5.,,,,
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226..,,.,,,..,.. R&D A (acquisition)&d......,..... 42) 42),,.,, 2000. 5.29.
5 21 227. DVD,, IMT- 2000, TV,. 300, 1,000. (N IST) Kam m er.,,..........,,..
228,..,,....,.,...., IMF,
5 21 229. < 5-8> 97 98 ( :, %) 99 6 ) ( ) ( ) 782 800 18(2.3) 805 5(0.6) 2,278 2,960 682(29.9) 3,427 467(15.8) 3,060 3,760 700(22.9) 4.232 472(12.6) * : 99 6. 99 1 6 518 ( 472 ), 99 4,700 2% 30%. (spin - off).., 98 4.8%, 12.1%.
230 < 5-9> R&D 97 60,791 23,827 84,618 ( :, %) 98 99 ( ) ( ) 55,289 57,882 2,593 ( 9.1) ( 4.8) 63,554 9.8 21,559 26,699 5,140 ( 9.5) (12.1) 29,570 10.8 76,848 84,581 7,733 ( 9.2) (0.0) 93,124 10.1 * :,, 1999. 6. < 5-10> R&D 97 8,853 1,215 10,068 ( : 10, %) 98 99 ( ) ( ) 7,370 7,536 166 ( 16.8) ( 14.9) 8,281 9.9 1,141 1,395 254 ( 6.1) (14.8) 1,958 40.3 8,511 8,931 420 ( 15.5) ( 11.3) 10,239 14.6 * : ( ) 98, ( ) 98. * :,, 1999. 6. 91 97 26.3%, 98 IMF 11.3%. 98 16.8%, 6.1%, 14.9%, 14.8%., 99 9.9%
5 21 231 40.3%, 10 2 IMF. 99 8 4,008 99. 9. 1. 99.10.20. R&D 33.7 % 0.30% 100, 2.10% 15. 43) 51.0% 2.7 %, 0.3%.,,, 3.,, 44) 2000 2002 10,,, M &A,,,.... 43), R&D, 1999.11.26.( ), 4 44) : 1999.8.27., (http :/ / www.mocie.go.kr/ / data/ 9907bo/ 90828-2.txt )
232..,...,.,,..,.. 45)...,, 45) : ( ), : ( 97.8. ) 16 2( ) : ( 3 ), : 16 ( )
5 21 233. 6.... 9,,,..,,,......,.
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236,., 21........ 20,000.... 2 3
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238......,.,..,,..,.,.,...
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240, 590 ( 271, 319 ) 9. 9 ( ) (2),, LG PDP,, (2),, LG 46),..,.,.,.,.,., 46) (1999), :,, pp.789-832
5 21 241.,,.. 1.,,.,.,,. (Market Intelligence Center ; MIC). MIC (Institute of Inform ation Indu stry). MIC,.. MIC
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5 21 243.....,...,,,...,..
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250 1., 1999, 1999 2., 2000 ( ), 1999 3.,, 1992 4., 5 ( ), 1999 5., 2000 - ( ), 1999 6.,, 1998 7., 30, 1997 8.,, 1999 9.,,, 1999 10.,,, 1999 11., ( ), 1999 12., OECD, 1999 13., ( ), 1996 14.,,, 98-02,, 1998. 9. 15.,,, 1999 16., 21 - -,, 1999 17.,,, 1998.12. 18., 5, 1999 19.,, 99-11-267,, 1999.11. 20., - 1, 1999 21.,, 1999 22., 97, 98 23., 21, 1994
251 24.,, 1999 25., 5, 1999 26.,, 1998 27., 28.,, 21 -,, 1999.12.21. 29. AAAS, Research and Development FY 2000, 1999 30. Archibu gi, D., H owells, J. and Michie, J., Innovation Policy in a Global Economy, Cambridge University Press, 1999 31. Drake, K., Industrial Competitiveness in the Knowledge- based Economy: The New Role of Government, OECD Proceedings, OECD, 1997. 32. International IMD, The World Competitiveness Yearbook, 1999 33. NIST, Economic Analysis of Research Spillovers: Implications for the Advanced Technology Program, 1997 34. NSF, Science and Engineering Indicators, 1998 35. OECD, Managing National Innovation System, 1999 36. OECD, National Systems for Financing Innovations, 1995 37. OECD, Science, Technology and Industry Outlook, 1998 38. OECD, STI Review No.21, 22, 23 39. OECD, Technology and Industrial Performance, 1996 40. OECD, Technology, Productivity and Job Creation, 1998 41. OECD, The Knowledge- based Economy, 1996 42. OSTP, Science in the National Interest, 1994 43. OSTP, Technology in the National Interest, 1996 44. Tassey, G., The Economics of R&D Policy, 1998 45. Tassey, G., Technology Infrastructure and Competitive Position, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1992 46. Teubal, M., Foray, D., Technological Infrastructure Policy, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1996 47. Tidd, J., Bessant, J. & Pavitt, K., Managing Innovation : Integrating Technological Market and organizational Change, John Wiley & Sons, 1997
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SUMMARY 255 SUM M ARY [TITLE] Study on the Trend of N ational Industrial Technology Policy and Technology Developm ent Supporting System [Major Pa rticipa nts] Project Leader : Park, Dong Kyu (ITEP) Particip ants : Jeon, H an Su / Lee, H o/ Seok, You n g Chu l/ Kim, Yoon Kyung/ Bae, Do Yong(ITEP) [ABSTRACT] The purp ose of this project is to better understand the imp ortance of indu strial technology by investigating and analysing the innovation sup p ort m ech anism, the n ation al in du strial techn ology p olicies, and the current statu s of indu strial technology supporting program s, and to stimulate the form ation of contingent policies and advanced strategic program s for the prom otion of industrial technology- driven national com p etitiveness. This stu dy is divided into three parts. The first p art(chapters 1&2) covers the conceptu al fram ew ork and the em pirical evidence of industrial technology policy and governm ent' s role. The second p art(ch apters 3&4) illu m inates th e history of in du strial techn ology p olicies and the current statu s of indu strial technology supporting program s. The third p art(chapters 5&6) analyses the global environ - m ent of technology com p etition and presents the future p olicy p ersp ectives w ith conclu ding rem arks. Its findings m ake recom m end ation to the governm ent to undertake the role change in know ledge- based econom y, and to prim arily build the technology infrastructure to link up w ith and m axim ize the technological cap abilities throu gh the fine op eration of the virtu ou s circle of innovation.
256 CONT E NT S Chapter 1. Conceptual Approaches 5 Section 1. D efining in du strial technology (IT) 5 Section 2. Concept and scope of industrial technology policy(itp) 7 Section 3. Imp ortance of ITP 7 Cha pte r 2. Gove rnme nt's Ro le in Ind ustria l Te chnology 10 Section 1. Rationale of governm ent' s involvem ent 10 Section 2. Typ es of governm ent' s role 21 Cha pte r 3. Historica l Illumination of Nationa l ITP 27 Section 1. Overview 27 Section 2. Econom ic d evelopm ent and ITP 29 Section 3. Recent trend s of ITP 69 Chapter 4. Curre nt Status of IT Supporting Programs 119 Section 1. Structure of national R&D exp enditure 119 Section 2. Current statu s of IT supp orting program s 122 Section 3. Confronting problem s and em pirical analysis 155 Cha pte r 5. Is s ue s & Future Pe rs pectives of IPT towa rds 2 1st ce ntury 180 Section 1. Global environm ent of technology comp etition 180 Section 2. Kn ow led ge-based econ om y an d ITP 195 Section 3. Industrial structure and technological competences 213 Section 4. Goals and principles of future ITP 222 Section 5. Advancem ent of IT supp orting program s 224 Cha pte r 6. Conclus ion 246 Refe re nce s 250 Appe ndix 253
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