* - -,,,,.,. 139 (, 122;, 17)..,.,. * 2010. :,, (442-760) 94-6 Tel : 031-249-9194, E-mail : mind@kyonggi.ac.kr
(rapport)... (, 2000), (close agreement and understanding): rapport /. (Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture, 2005).,,. Tickle-Degnen Rosenthal(1990), (attention), (positivity), (coordination)., (cohesiveness),, (attention),,, (friendliness) (caring), (balance), (harmony), (in sync), (equilibrium), (regularity), (predictability).,. Tickle-Degnen Rosenthal(1990),. (,,,,, ),. (, )-. Schafer Navarro(2003).,,, (Collins & Miller, 1994; Liberman, 2000; Schafer & Navarro, 2003) (humanitarian), (Holmberg & Christianson, 2002). Holmberg Christianson(2002) (dominant) (humanitarian),.
,,,,, Tickle-Degnen Rosenthal. (Fisher & Geiselman, 1992; Holmberg, 2004; Holmberg & Christianson, 2002; Kebbell, Milne, & Wagstaff, 1999; Milne & Bull, 1999; Shepherd, 1991; Shepherd & Milne, 1999; Shepherd, Mortimer, Turner, & Watson, 1999), (, Collins, Lincoln, & Frank, 2002). Collins (2002) 1) (rapport), 2) (abrupt), 3) (neutral),.,,,,, 5.,., Collins (2002). (,, ) (, Collins et al., 2002; Fisher & Geiselman, 1992; Milne & Bull, 1999)., Fisher Geiselman(1992) (personalising), (expressing empathy), (listening actively), Collins (2002),,,, Milne Bull(1999). Shepherd(1988), 1),, 2),.,,,
, (credibility). (persuation) () (Taylor, Peplau, & Sears, 2006, p.147).,.,., (Hovland & Weiss, 1952). (expertise) (trustworthiness).,, (unbiased), (trustworthy),., (, ),.,,, Fisher & Geiselman(1992) Collins, Lincoln, & Frank(2002) Milne & Bull(1999),,,,,,,,,
., 1.,,,,, (credibility),. (%) 26(21.3) 1(5.90) 27(19.4) 21(17.2) 4(23.5) 25(18.0) 17(13.9) 7(41.2) 24(17.3) 5(4.1) 5(3.6) 5(4.1) 5(3.6) 5(4.1) 3(17.6) 8(5.8) 4(3.3) 4(2.9) 2(1.6) 2(1.4) 2(1.6) 2(1.4) 2(1.6) 2(1.4) 1(.8) 1(.7) 1(.8) 1(.7) 1(.8) 1(.7) 1(.8) 1(.7) 1(.8) 1(.7) 1(.8) 1(.7) 1(.8) 1(.7) 139 (, 122, 13 46, 17.74 ;, 17, 15 19, 16.94 ),,,,,, ( 2. ). 11.34. 1(.8) 1(.7) 1(.8) 1(.7) 1(.8) 1(.7) 23(18.9) 2(11.8) 25(18.0) 122(100.0) 17(100.0) 139(100.0),, 1) 68 (, 39;, 29)
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, 3 1), a), b), c), d). a) d) Fisher Geiselman(1992) (personalising), b), c).,, 2),, a), b) c),,.,, 3), a), b), c).,,., 4) a), b), c),.,, (, )., 5), a), b), c).,, ( 1. ).,.,,,.
,.. (,,, ),. 37,,,,,, 5, 8 32 5( 2. )., Fisher Geiselman(1992), Collins (2002), Milne Bull(1999),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,. 10 30., 10, 10. 2011 8 2013 2,,., ( ),.
,,,,.,, 19 1-2 10. 139,, 4, 3, T-. SPSS 12.0. (α).941, 8.836,.639,.867,.593,,, 11 (11. ).76, 10 (10. ).771. T-. 4,,,, /. /. N M SD t ***p<.001 89 3.85.498 50 3.17.513 89 3.72.500 50 3.23.469 89 4.04.549 50 3.46.532 89 4.08.595 50 3.49.463 7.64 *** 5.70 *** 5.99 *** 6.00 ***
,,,,., Fisher Geiselman (1992), Collins (2002), Milne Bull(1999),,,,,. Tickle-Degnen Rosenthal(1990),.,. (Collins, Lincoln, & Frank, 2002), (Holmberg & Christianson, 2002). Fisher Geiselman(1992), Milne Bull(1999)..,,,,.,,, /..,,,,
.,?,, (,.). Gorden(1969),,,., George Herbert Mead, Freud (empathy), (identification), (rapport), Charles H. Cooley (sympathetic introspection),, (insight), (understanding), (Gorden, 1969, p.18)., Rogers(1975) : (listening),,.,, (listened). (Rogers, 1975, p.1)., Rogers(1975) Eugene Glendlin Hendricks (change) (process)?, Rap Manual (Absolute Listening), Rap Manual., St-Yves(2006) : 1), 2), 3), 4), 5)., 2) 3), 3) Rogers(1975).,. (,, )
(,, ). (,, ). (, ) (credibility), (trustworthiness),.,.,., ( 11.),.,,, (2010),,,,,,, 11, 5.. (2012).,.., 1 2 10,,,,,
.,., 19, 6.,,.,,,.,. (2000).. :.,,. (2010).. (1), 149-166.. (2012). :. (1), 75-86. Collins, N. L. & Miller, L. C. (1994). Selfdisclosure and liking: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 116, 457-475. Collins, R., Lincoln, R., & Frank, M. G. (2002). The effect of rapport in forensic interviewing. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 9(1), 69-78. Fisher, R. P. & Geiselman, R. E. (1992). Memory-Enhancing Techniques for Investigative Interviewing: The Cognitive Interview. Springfield, I. L: Charles C. Thomas. Gorden, R. L. (1969). Interviewing Strategy, Technique, and Tactics. Illinois: The Dorsey Press. Holmberg, U. (2004). Crime victim s experiences of police interviews and their inclination to provide or omit information. International Journal of Police Science and Management, 6: 155-170. Holmberg, U. & Christianson, S. A. (2002). Murderers' and sexual offenders' experiences of police interviews and their inclination to admit or deny crimes. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 20: 31-45. Hovland, C. I., & Weiss, W. (1952). The influence of sources credibility on communication effectiveness. Public Opinion Quarterly, 15, 635-650. Kebbell, M. R., Milne, R., & Wagstaff, G. F. (1999). The cognitive interview: A survey of
its forensic effectiveness. Psychology, Crime and Law, 5: 101-155. LeDoux, J. C. & Hazelwood, R. R. (1985). Police attitudes and beliefs toward rape, Journal of Police Science and Administration, 13: 211-220. Liberman, P. (2000). Human Language and Our Reptilian Brain: The Subcortical Bases of Speech, Syntax and Thought. Cambridge, M. A: Havard University Press. Longman (2005). Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture. Essex: Pearson Education Limited. Milne, R. & Bull, R. (1999). Investigative Interviewing: Psychology and Practice. Chichester: Wiley. Rogers, C. (1975). Empathic: An unappreciated way of being. The Counseling Psychology, 5: 2-10. Schafer, J. R. & Navarro, J. (2003). Advanced Interviewing Techniques. Springfield, IL: Charles. C. Thomas. Sear, L., & Stephenson, G. M. (1997). Interviewing skills and individual characteristic of police interrogators. Issues in Criminology and Legal Psychology, 29: 27-34. Shepherd, E. (1988). Developing interview skills. In P. Southgate (Ed.), New Directions in Police Training. London: HMSO. Shepherd, E. (1991). Ethical Interviewing. Policing, 7: 42-60. Shepherd, E. & Milne, R. (1999). Full and faithful: Ensuring quality practice and integrity of outcome in witness interviews. In A. Heaton-Amstrong, E. Shepherd & D. Wolchover (Eds.), Analysing Witness Testimony: A Guide for Legal Practitioners and Other Professionals (pp.124-145). London: Blackstone Press. Shepherd, E., Mortimer, A., Turner, V., & Watson, J. (1999). Spaced cognitive interviewing: facilitating therapeutic and forensic narration of trauma memories. Psychology, Crime and Law, 5: 117-143. Stephenson, G. M. & Moston, S. J. (1994). Police interrogation, psychology, Crime and Law, 1: 151-157. St-Yves, M. (2006). The psychology of rapport: five basic rules, In T. Williamson. (Ed.), Investigative Interviewing: Rights, Research, Regulation (p.88). Devon: Willan. Taylor, S, E., Peplau, L, A., & Sears, D, O. (2006). Social Psychology (12th ed). New Jersey: Pearson Education Limited. Tickle-Degnen, L. & Rosenthal, N. (1990). The nature of rapport and its nonverbal correlates. Psychological Inquiry, 1(4), 285-293. Williamson, T. (Ed.), (2006). Investigative Interviewing: Rights, Research, Regulation. Devon: Willan. Williamson, T., Milne, B., & Savage, S, P. (Eds.), (2009). International Developments in Investigative Interviewing. Devon: Willan : 2013. 07. 19 1 : 2013. 07. 25 : 2013. 08. 25
Rapport Building in Investigative Interviewing by Using Four Rapport Building Techniques Kim Si Up Kyonggi University The present study investigated whether do the efforts of interviewer really impact on the building a rapport by using four rapport building techniques-personalization, empathy, listening, and credibility. One woman probation officer interviewed 139 criminals(male, 122; female, 17). And she tried to building a rapport by using 4 rapport building techniques for about 11 minutes in every interview. In result, the degree of rapport perceived by interviewees was different significantly between high rapport group and low rapport group of 4 each rapport technique. Result suggests that personalization and listening techniques would be efficient way of building a rapport in investigative interviewing. Key words : investigative interview, rapport, rapport building techniques, personalization empathy listening credibility
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