ORIGINAL ARTICLE Child Health Nurs Res, Vol.21, No.2, April 2015: ISSN(Print) ISSN(Onli

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1 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Child Health Nurs Res, Vol.21, No.2, April 2015: ISSN(Print) ISSN(Online) 스마트폰을이용한개별화된관심전환중재가수술전환아의불안에미치는영향 이경아 1, 권미경 2, 김혜원 3, 임지은 1, 표창옥 1, 박찬숙 1 1 강릉아산병원, 2 가톨릭관동대학교간호학과, 3 서울대학교간호대학 Effects of a Smart Phone Individualized Distraction Intervention on Anxiety in Pre-Op Pediatric Patients Kyoung-A Lee 1, Mi-Kyung Kwon 2, Hae-Won Kim 3, Ji-Eun Lim 1, Chang-Ok Pyo 1, Chan-Sook Park 1 1 Gangneung ASAN Hospital, Gangneung; 2 Department of Nursing, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung; 3 College of Nursing, The Research Institute of Nursing Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify whether individualized distraction intervention using a smart phone affected pre-op anxiety of children. Methods: This was a nonequivalent control group pre-post test quasi-experimental design. The participants were 30 children in the experimental group and 30 in the control group. In experimental group, a smart phone individualized distraction intervention was given to children from the reception area to the operation room. Results: For heart rate, there were no statistically significant differences between the experimental group and control group. In the behavioral anxiety response, there were statistically significant differences between the experimental group and control group (t=-3.11, p =.003). Conclusion: The finding suggest that, for pre-op children, the individualized distraction intervention using a smart phone had some significance as a nursing intervention having a positive impact. Such interventions can help pediatric nurses to relieve pre-op anxiety and improve health of children in their care. Key words: Distraction, Anxiety, Child 연구의필요성 서론 수술은현대의학의발달로인해일생동안누구나한번쯤은경험할 수있는과정이며, 수술을앞둔환자들은수술에대한불확실성, 마취, 죽음, 수술후통증이나합병증에대한두려움등으로심한심리적압 박을받게된다. 수술하려고입원할때느끼는아동의두려움은성인 과는다르며또한연령에따라서도차이가있다. 특히영아중기부터 Corresponding author Mi-Kyung Kwon Department of Nursing, Catholic Kwandong University, 24 Beomil-ro 579beon-gil, Gangneung , Korea TEL FAX mkkwon@cku.ac.kr Key words 관심전환, 불안, 아동 Received 24 February 2015 Received in revised form 1 April 2015 Accepted 17 April 2015 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non- Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 학령전기아동의치료나검사, 수술등으로인한부모와의분리는중요한불안요인이된다 (Bang et al., 2014). 또한아동은수술실에들어가면부모와가족으로부터떠나온공포감, 각종의료기구나소음에대한불안과공포, 생소한환경, 이상한옷차림과마스크를쓴낯선사람들등여러가지위협적이고도놀라운상황에놓이게된다. 특히, 수술을앞둔아동의경우는신체적상해와부모와의분리및능력의상실로성인보다더욱불안을느끼게되고수술전불안한표정과울음으로감정을표현하기도하며, 혈압과호흡수가갑자기증가하는등자신의감정을그대로드러내는것을관찰할수있다. 수술전불안은수술후통증을증가시키고악몽, 부모와의분리불안, 식습관장애, 유뇨증과같은부정적인수술후행동장애를초래하기도하는데수술을받는아동의 60% 에서수술후 2주안에이와같은부정적행동을보인다고한다 (Justus et al., 2006; Kain, Mayes, Caldwell- Andrews, Karas, & McClain, 2006; Kain, Mayes, O connor, & Cicchetti, 1996; Kim & Lee, 2002) 따라서수술을앞둔유아나학령전기아동의 168 Copyright 2015 Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing

2 회복을증진시키기위해서는수술전불안을감소시킬수있는중재가필요하다. 관심전환중재는환자의관심을다른곳으로전환시킴으로써고통스러운사고로의주의집중을감소시키는인지적, 행동적대처전략으로 (Murphy, 2009) 아동의절차관련통증이나불안을경감하기위해건강관리제공자나부모모두가손쉽게저비용으로제공할수있는간단하고효과적인비약물적전략이다 (Koller & Goldman, 2012; Murphy, 2009). 수술전아동의불안감소중재에대한선행연구를살펴보면, 그림책, 소책자, 사진, 모형, 동영상을이용하여수술에대한정보를제공하여불안을감소시키는것과 (Kim, 2009; Koo, Cho, Kim, & Park, 2007; Lee, Yun, & Han, 2010), 비디오게임, 비디오안경, 노트북을이용한애니메이션만화와장난감을제공하는중재방법이 (Kerimoglu, Neuman, Paul, Stefanov, & Twersky, 2013; Lee et al., 2013; Patel et al., 2006) 불안완화에효과가있음이보고된바있다. 유아는부모와떨어져있거나수술실과같은새로운환경에접하게될때좋아하는장난감과같은이행적대상이안정감을주며환상을즐기는특성이있다. 학령전기아동은이야기를좋아하고공상게임을습득할수있는인지발달을보이는발달특성이있기에 (Bang et al., 2014) 이들을대상으로관심전환중재를할경우시청각자료를이용해흥미를유발하는전환물을사용하는것이효과적임을알수있다. 최근휴대전화는인터넷접속, 텔레비전시청등이가능해짐에따라통신기능뿐아니라정보검색과오락등다양한기능으로활용되며, 아동에게는더욱매력적인매체가되고있다 (Koo, 2011). 최근개발된스마트폰은시간이나장소에제약없이개인의취향에맞는프로그램을선택할수있고간단한작동으로누구든지활용가능하기때문에임상에서손쉽게사용할수있는장점이있다. 더욱이상상력이풍부하나주의집중시간이짧고산만해지기쉬운유아나학령전기아동의흥미를유발하기에적절한도구로써활용가능성이많다. 그러나선행연구에서살펴본것과같이다양한수술전불안중재연구들이점차증가하고있으나스마트폰을관심전환도구로사용한연구는아직미비한실정으로, 스마트폰을이용한개별화된관심전환중재가수술전아동의불안감소중재도구로적합한지를연구할필요가있다. 특히아동의선호도를고려한개별화된중재는수술전아동의집중력을높임으로써아동들의관심전환에유용한장점이있어수술전불안을감소시키는데효과적일것이다. 이에본연구에서는수술이예정된아동에게수술실입실부터마취직전까지스마트폰을이용하여개별화된관심전환중재를제공하는것이수술을경험하는아동의불안감소에효과가있는지파악함으로써수술전아동의불안관리에대한간호중재의기초자료를마련하고자한다. 연구목적본연구의목적은스마트폰을이용한개별화된관심전환중재가수술환아의불안에미치는영향을평가하는데있으며, 구체적인목적은다음과같다. 1) 스마트폰을이용한개별화된관심전환중재가수술전환아의생리적불안척도인심박동수에미치는효과를파악한다. 2) 스마트폰을이용한개별화된관심전환중재가수술전환아의행동적불안에미치는효과를파악한다. 연구방법 연구설계본연구는스마트폰을이용한개별화된관심전환중재가환아의수술전불안에미치는효과를분석하기위한비동등성대조군전후시차설계의유사실험연구이다. 연구대상본연구의대상자는 G시에소재한 1개의상급종합병원에수술을위해입원한환아중다음의선정기준에맞는대상자들로서실험군 30명, 대조군 30명을편의표집하였으며, 실험처치의확산효과를막기위하여 2013년 2월부터 4월까지입원한환아는대조군, 2013년 5월부터 7월까지입원한환아는실험군으로시차배정하였다. G-power program을이용하여두그룹간독립 t-검정을위한연구대상자수를산출한결과검정력.80, 유의수준.05, 처치전후의평균값의차이를비교하고자하였기에효과크기는 중 값인.50으로산출하였을때각그룹당 27명이었으나탈락률을고려하여실험군 30명, 대조군 30명으로표집하였다. 구체적인선정기준은다음과같다. 1) 수술이예정된만 2-6세까지의환아 2) 지남력이있고시각, 청각, 언어장애가없는환아 3) 의사소통이가능한환아와부모 4) 연구의목적을이해하고참여하기를동의한환아와부모연구도구심박동수환아의심박동수는수술전날 Patient monitor (Philips MP20, Germany) 의 Pulse Oximeter를이용하여측정하였고, 마취직전에는 Patient monitor (Philips MP70, Germany) 의 Pulse Oximeter를이용하여심박동수를측정하였다. 이경아, 권미경, 김혜원외 3 인 169

3 Child Health Nurs Res, Vol.21, No.2, April 2015: 행동적불안반응 (YPAS) 환아의행동적불안반응은 Kain 등 (1995) 이 2-6세사이의아동의수술전불안을측정하기위해개발한 Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale (YPAS) 로측정한것으로이는총 21개의문항으로구성되어행동, 언 따른불안을느끼는정도는마취직전, 수술대기실순으로높은불안을나타내었으며예비연구에서도마취직전이가장불안도가증가하는것으로나타나행동적불안반응과심박동수를마취직전에측정하기로하였다. 어표현, 정서적표현, 외견상의자극상태, 부모 ( 보호자 ) 의이용의 5 개 하위영역의불안반응을측정하도록구성되어있다. 본연구에서는연구대상자들이모두수술실앞에서부모또는보호자와헤어지고수술실에들어와서마취직전까지촬영하여불안을측정하는것이므로부모 ( 보호자 ) 의이용영역은관찰하지못하므로이를제외한행동, 언어표현, 정서적표현, 외견상의자극상태의영역총 17개항목으로측정한것으로점수가높을수록불안이높음을의미한다. 본연구에서의 Cronbach s α =.95였다. 연구보조원훈련간호사자격증을소지하고회복실경력 5년이상인간호사 2명을연구보조원으로선정하고연구의목적, 연구방법및연구보조원의역할에대해교육하였으며기계를이용한심박동수측정과행동적불안반응 (YPAS) 에대한교육과훈련을실시하였다. 연구보조원간의관찰자일치도는 94% 이었다. 연구에서사용된행동적불안반응 (YPAS) 점수는두연구원이촬영된비디오를각자분석한후두점수를비교하 여일치하지않는부분에대해논의하여동의가이루어졌을때최종 자료수집절차 점수를부여하였다. 본연구는대상병원의 IRB 승인 ( ) 을받은후연구자가대 상자를직접방문하여자료수집및연구참여에대한동의를얻었다. 자료수집은대상자와대상자부모의일반적특성과자녀의기질, 자녀의수술경험여부, 자녀가가지고있는질병에대한지식, 수술에대한설명을들었는지등을설문조사하였고, 기구를이용하여심박동수를측정하고동영상촬영을통해불안에대한자료를수집하였다. 자료수집기간은 2013년 2월부터 7월까지였으며연구진행절차는다음과같다 (Table 1). 간호중재대조군 G병원에서기존에실시하고있는수술전간호를위해수술전날환아의병실을방문하여수술에관한일상적인설명을하고일반적특성과환아의심박수를측정하였다. 수술당일수술장입구도착후수술전처치및간호를실시하고행동적불안반응 (YPAS) 의사전측정을위해수술대기실에서동영상을촬영하고수술실에입실하여마취전 에사후측정을위해다시행동적불안반응 (YPAS) 을측정하기위한 프로그램타당도확보 예비연구 동영상을촬영하였으며마취직전심박동수를측정하였다. 이때병원 의관례에따라환아의보호자는수술실입구까지동행하였다. 본연구에서사용할측정도구의적절성과연구의진행가능성을알 아보고자대상자선정기준에맞는실험군과대조군을각각 3명씩선정하여 2013년 1월부터한달간예비조사를실시하여연령별환아가선호하는동영상과동영상시청시간, 불안측정시기등을확인하였다. 2-6세아동이선호하는동영상은 뽀로로 가가장선호하는동영상이었으며수술대기실에서마취직전까지관심전환비디오를시청하는시간은 5-15분간이었다. Kain 등 (2006) 의연구에서수술진행단계에 실험군실험군에서는대조군과동일한방법으로사전, 사후조사가이루어졌으나병실에서이루어진사전조사시대상아동개개인이좋아하는동영상을조사하고그동영상을보호자의휴대폰에저장하도록하여수술당일사용할것을설명하였다. 수술대기실에서사전행동적불안반응을촬영한후실험군에게는수술대기실에서부터미리준비된환 Table 1. Research Process Pre-test Nursing intervention Pilot study & research assistant training: 2013, 01 Place Experimental group Control group In the room Operation room reception area From reception area to operation room Questionnaire, heart rate, individualized preference video check YPAS Individualized distraction intervention using a smart phone (individualized preference video watching) Questionnaire, heart rate YPAS Post-test In operation room Heart rate, YPAS Heart rate, YPAS YPAS = Yale preoperative anxiety scale. 170 스마트폰을이용한개별화된관심전환중재가수술전환아의불안에미치는영향

4 아가선호하는동영상을스마트폰을이용하여시청하면서수술실에 입실하였고마취전까지시청하도록하였다. 사후환아의행동적불안 연구결과 반응은수술실입실에서마취직전까지동영상으로촬영하였으며마취직전심박동수를측정하였다. 대조군에서와같이환아의보호자는수술실입구까지동행하였다. 실험군이마취직전까지스마트폰을시청한시간은 5-15 분으로평균 12분정도였다. 대상자의동질성검정실험군과대조군의부모의일반적특성인자녀와의관계, 나이, 결혼유무, 직업, 교육정도, 종교, 자녀의수술경험과수술설명여부에관한동질성검증결과모든항목에서통계적으로유의한차이가없었으며 1 개의항목으로질문한아동이현재진단받은질병에대한지식정도 자료분석방법수집된자료는 SPSS WIN 21.0 프로그램을사용하여분석하였다. 대상자의일반적특성은실수와백분율로빈도분석하였으며실험군과대조군의동질성검정은 X2-test와 t-test 로, 심박동수변화량과행동 에서도통계적으로유의한차이가없었다. 환아에대한일반적특성인연령, 성별, 수술경험여부에대한동질성검증결과통계적으로유의한차이가없었으며 1개항목으로질문한기질에서도통계적으로유의한차이가없어두군이동질한것으로나타났다 (Table 2). 적불안반응의차이는 t-test 로분석하였다. Table 2. General Characteristics of Experimental and Control Groups (N=60) Characteristics Categories Experimental group Control group n (%) n (%) X2 or t p Relationship with child Father Mother 6 (20) 24 (80) 9 (30) 21 (70) Parent s age (year) (93.3) 25 (83.3) 5 (16.7) Marital status Married Unmarried 28 (93.4) 2 (6.6) 29 (96.7) 1 (3.3) Parent s job Housewife Public servant Office work Private business 12 (40) 3 (10) 9 (30) 6 (20) 14 (46.7) 4 (13.3) 7 (23.3) 5 (16.7) Parent s education level high school College Master 9 (30) 20 (66.7) 1 (3.3) 11 (36.6) 17 (56.7) Parent s religion Yes No 13 (43.3) 17 (56.7) 14 (46.7) 16 (53.3) Parent s level of knowledge about illness High Middle Low 11 (36.7) 18 (60) 1 (3.3) 12 (40) 15 (50) 3 (10) Parent s experience of operation (children) Yes No 4 (13.3) 26 (86.7) 8 (26.7) 22 (73.3) Parent s explanation of operation Yes No 28 (93.3) 28 (93.3) 0.00 >.999 Child s age (month) < Average 5 (16.7) 18 (60.0) 7 (23.3) 53.3 ± (20.0) 20 (66.7) 4 (13.3) 50.6 ± Child s gender Male Female 21 (70) 9 (30) 22 (73.3) 8 (26.7) Child s operation experience Yes No 28 (93.3) 3 (10) 27 (90) Child s temperament Easy A little bit difficult Moderately difficult Very difficult 5 (16.7) 12 (40) 12 (40) 1 (3.3) 10 (33.3) 14 (46.7) 4 (13.3) 이경아, 권미경, 김혜원외 3 인 171

5 Child Health Nurs Res, Vol.21, No.2, April 2015: 중재전실험군, 대조군의환아의불안에대한동질성검사스마트폰중재를제공하기전실험군과대조군의심박동수와행동적불안반응점수의동질성검증을시행한결과, 심박동수는실험군 ±12.7회이며대조군 ± 11.2회로두군간의차이가없는것으로나타났으며 (t = 0.56, p =.577), 행동적불안반응점수는실험군 ± 6.52점이며대조군 ± 9.76점으로두군의차이가없는것으로나타났다 (t= -0.59, p =.555) (Table 3). 스마트폰을이용한개별화된관심전환중재가수술환아의심박동수에미치는영향스마트폰을이용한개별화된관심전환중재를제공한후환아의심박동수변화를보면실험군의중재적용전후심박동수차이는 7.9 ± 15.4회이었으며, 대조군의중재적용전후심박동수차이는 6.1 ± 20.1회로유의한차이가없는것으로확인되었다 (t = 0.38, p =.704) (Table 4). 동적불안반응변화를보면실험군의전체행동적불안반응점수는 ± 10.17점이었으며, 대조군은 ± 10.74점으로통계적으로유의한차이가있었다 (t = -3.11, p =.003). 구체적으로살펴보면행동적불안반응의각하위요소인행동 (t = -3.07, p =.003), 언어표현 (t = -3.06, p =.003), 정서표현 (t = -2.89, p =.005), 외견상자극상태 (t = -2.80, p =.007) 에서모두실험군이대조군보다유의하게낮았다 (Table 5). 논의 본연구에서는수술을앞둔유아및학령전기아동 (2-6세) 을대상으로스마트폰관심전환중재를제공하여수술전환아의생리적불안과행동적불안반응에미치는효과를알아보고자하였다. 불안은특정한생리반응을불러일으키는데초기에는에피네프린과노어에피네프린이부신수질에서방출되고, 코티손이부신피질에서분 비된다. 그결과심박동수를증가시키고혈압을상승시키며호흡수를 스마트폰을이용한개별화된관심전환중재가수술환아의 행동적불안반응에미치는영향 스마트폰을이용한개별화된관심전환중재를제공한후환아의행 증가시킨다 (Shier, Butler, & Lewis, 1996). 이와같은불안의여러가지 생리적반응중에서아동에게쉽게측정할수있는심박동수를본연 구에서는생리적불안지표로사용하였다. Table 3. Homogeneity of Heart Rate, YPAS between Experimental and Control Groups before Intervention (N=60) Variables Categories Experimental group (n=30) Mean ± SD Control group (n=30) Mean ± SD t p Heart rate 102.6± ± YPAS Activity Vocalizations Emotional expressivity State of apparent arousal 3.66 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± Total ± ± YPAS=Yale preoperative anxiety scale. Table 4. Difference of Heart Rate between before/after Intervention (N=60) Variable Group Before After Difference Mean ± SD Mean ± SD Mean ± SD t p Heart rate Experiment 102.6± ± ± Control ± ± ± 20.1 Table 5. Difference in YPAS between Experimental and Control Groups after intervention (N=60) Categories Experimental group (n=30) M±SD Control group (n=30) M±SD t p Activity 3.46 ± ± Vocalizations 4.93 ± ± Emotional expressivity 5.01± ± State of apparent arousal 4.42± ± Total ± ± YPAS = Yale preoperative anxiety scale. 172 스마트폰을이용한개별화된관심전환중재가수술전환아의불안에미치는영향

6 본연구결과환아의심박동수는전후의변화가실험군과대조군간에통계적으로유의한차이가없었는데이는동영상을이용한시각적정보제공에서환아의심박동수차이가없는것으로보고한선행연구 (Lee et al., 2010) 와 4-9세아동을대상으로수술전불안을감소시키기위해미다졸람제공군, 비디오안경제공군, 미다졸람과비디오안경을같이제공한군을나누어관찰한 Kerimoglu 등 (2013) 의연구에서도심박동수에서는유의한차이가없었다. Kerimoglu 등 (2013) 은심박동수가증가한것은수술실로의이동시움직임으로나타난결과이며심박동수가수술전상황에서불안을나타내는정확한지표가아닐수있을것으로해석하였다. 그러나그림등을이용한정보제공 (Hye et al., 2003), 장난감, 인형, 풍선을이용한놀이교육및관심전환에서심박동수의차이를나타낸선행연구 (Kim, 2009; Koo et al., 2007) 와는다른결과이다. 본연구에서심박동수에서변화를보이지않은이유로심박동수의측정시점이수술실입실후수술침대로이동하거나낯선수술실환경과수술을위한장비들, 낯선사람들, 마취를위한환자감시장치를부착하는등의전반적인과정으로인해환아가스마트폰을보고있는환경이흐트러진이후에심박동수를측정하였기때문인것으로사료된다. 따라서추후연구에서는관심전환이충분히이루어지도록환경적고려가필요하겠다. 그러나아동에게침습적처치를하는동안관심전환중재를제공한연구들의결과를분석한 Im과 Kim (2014) 의분석에서생리적인반응의지표로심박동수를측정했던기존의연구들에서 55.6% 정도에서만효과가있었으며다른생리적지표에서도 46.7% 만효과가있었음을고려할때생리적반응에있어서는결과가일관성이없게나타나계속적으로연구를해볼필요가있을것으로생각한다. 또다른불안지표로서사용한행동적불안반응 (YPAS) 은 Kain 등 (1995) 이 2-6세아동을대상으로수술전불안을측정하고자개발하였으나이후대상자를 12세까지확장하여적용할수있는수정된행동적불안반응 (m-ypas) 을개발하여 (Kain et al., 1997) 많은연구자들이이를사용하고있다. 그러나본연구에서는대상자를 2-6세로한정하였기에행동적불안반응을 YPAS 로사용하였기에 m-ypas 로연구한다른연구결과와점수로비교하기는무리가있다. 본연구결과실험군의행동적불안반응점수는대조군에비해유의한차이가있었으며행동적불안반응의하위영역인행동, 언어표현, 정서표현, 외견상자극상태에서모두실험군이대조군보다유의하게낮았다. 이는비디오게임제공군, 부모입회군, 미다졸람약물투여군을대상으로 m-ypas 로관찰한 Patel 등 (2006) 의연구에서비디오게임을제공받은실험군에서가장불안이낮았으며 4-5세, 6-9세, 10-12세그룹모두에서같은결과를보인것과같은결과이다. 특히부모입회군보다비디오게임군에서수술전불안이통계적으로유의하게낮은것은비디오게임과같은인지적몰입은불안을감소시키는데더효과적임을알수있다. 또한비디오안경을통해 3차원영상을제공하여수술전불안을감소시키고자한 Kerimoglu 등 (2013) 의연구에서도비디오안경만을제공받은군이약물제공군이나약물과비디오안경을함께제공받은군에비해특히수술실입구에서수술장으로이동하는동안행동적불안반응점수가감소하는결과를보였다. 그러나 1-10세아동을대상으로수술전불안을감소시키기위한중재로스마트폰앱을제공한군, 미다졸람을제공한군, 미다졸람과스마트폰을제공한군을연구한 Lee 등 (2013) 의결과에서미다졸람과스마트폰을동시에제공한군에서행동적불안반응이가장낮았고그다음이스마트폰앱을제공한군의순으로나타나위의연구결과와는차이를보였다. 이는미다졸람군은기존의방법대로수술전투약용량을사용한반면미다졸람과스마트폰앱을제공한군에서는의식소실이나타나질않을정도의적은용량의미다졸람과스마트폰앱을같이제공하였기에더욱불안이감소하는결과를나타난것으로생각한다. 따라서기존의약물투여만으로아동의불안을감소시키는방법보다는관심전환중재가효과가있음을확인할수있다. 본연구에서사용한스마트폰을이용한개별화된관심전환중재는아동개인의선호도에맞추어동영상을시청하는것이므로이는본연구대상자인유아와학령전기아동의발달특성인자율성과독립성을허용하여개인의욕구를충족시키는것뿐아니라시각과청각을자극하여불안을해소하는방법이므로다른발달단계의아동들보다더효과적이며비침습적이고안전하고유용한중재방법으로생각된다. 중재적용시간이 5-15분정도로차이가있었던것은수술장의상황에따라대기시간이길어지거나빨라져일어난것으로대상자마다중재적용시간이다름에따라불안정도에차이가있는지에대한연구는이루어지않아차후에이에대한연구도필요하리라생각한다. 또한연구보조원들이대상자의비디오를분석하는과정에서실험군은동영상을보는중재장면이나오기때문에완전한맹검이이루어지지않은점이연구의한계점이라고볼수있다. 환아가선호하는동영상은연령대별로차이가있었는데 2-4세는뽀로로를가장선호하였고 5-6세에서는개인이선호하는동영상이다양하였으며, 동영상시청보다는스마트폰게임을더선호하는경향이있었다. 그러나극소수의보호자가스마트폰적용을원하지않는경우도있고최근스마트폰에일찍노출된아동들의부정적결과에대한걱정과우려가보이기도하였지만, 대부분의보호자들은수술전낯선환경과새로운경험을하게될자녀에게스마트폰을이용하여평소환아가즐겨보는동영상을시청하게하는관심전환중재를적극적으로동의하였으며, 수술후회복실에서스마트폰동영상을보여주는보호자가있기도하는등대다수의보호자가만족스런반응을나타내었다. 결론적으로스마트폰의보급화로현대사회에서많은사람들이스마트폰을보유하고있으며동영상뿐만아니라게임등학령전기아동 이경아, 권미경, 김혜원외 3 인 173

7 Child Health Nurs Res, Vol.21, No.2, April 2015: 이선호하는다양한콘텐츠가개발되어있기에스마트폰을이용한개별화된관심전환중재는입원과치료과정에서아동이겪게되는불안과통증스트레스등을완화할수있는효율적인중재도구가될것이며비용과인력적인면에있어서도경제적이어서임상에서쉽게활용할수있을것으로사료된다. 결론 본연구는스마트폰을이용한개별화된관심전환중재가환아의수술전불안에미치는효과를검증하기위하여실시되었다. 이상의연구결과에서, 유아및학령전기아동을대상으로수술전불안을감소시키기위해스마트폰을이용한개별화된관심전환중재를제공한실험군이대조군보다행동적불안반응이감소하는경향을보였으며행동적불안반응의모든하위영역에서도불안이감소하는경향을보였다. 따라서스마트폰을이용한개별화된관심전환중재는유아및학령전기아동의수술전불안을감소시키는데매우긍정적인프로그램임을확인할수있었다. 이는입원이라는환경도아동에게는낯설고불안을야기하는데수술이라는또다른환경적변화는부모와의격리까지경험하게되면서더욱더불안을가중하는결과를초래하고있기에수술전아동들의불안을완화시키기위한간호중재가필요한임상현장에서간편하게적용할수있다는점에서아동간호실무발전에기여할수있을것이다. Conflict of Interest No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported. Acknowledgements No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported. References Bang, K. S., Kwon, M. K., Kim, J. S., Kim, H. A., Kim, H. S., Nam, M. J., et al. (2014). Child health nursing. Seoul: Jeongdam media. Hye, W. H., Seo, J. O., Lee, Y. S., Park, J. H., Nam, S. Y., & Hye, S. M. (2003). Effect of nursing information on injection fear in hospitalized pediatric patient. Research institute of Nursing Science Hanyang University, 8(2), Im, E. S., & Kim, J. S. (2014). Distraction techniques for children undergoing procedures: A critical review of Korean intervention research. Child Health Nursing Research, 20(4), chnr Justus, R., Wyles, D., Wilson, J., Rode, D., Walther, V., & Lim-Sulit, N. (2006). Preparing children and families for surgery: Mount Sinai s multi disciplinary perspective. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 32(1), Kain, Z. N., Mayes, L. C., Caldwell-Andrews, A. A., Karas, D. E., & Mc- Clain, B. C. (2006). Preoperative anxiety, Postoperative pain, and behavioral recovery in young children undergoing surgery, American Academy of Pediatrics, 118(2), Kain, Z. N., Mayes, L. C., Cicchetti, D. V., Caramico, L. A., Spieker, M., Nygren, M. M., et al. (1995). Measurement tool for preoperative anxiety in young children: The Yale preoperative anxiety scale. Child Neuropsychology, 1(3), Kain, Z. N., Mayes L. C., O connor, T. Z., & Cicchetti D. V. (1996). Preoperative anxiety in children. Predictors and outcomes. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 150(12), Kain, Z. N, Mayes, L. C., O connor, T. Z., Cicchetti, D. V., Bagnall, A. L., Finley, J. D., et al. (1997). The Yale preoperative anxiety scale: How does it compare with a gold standard? Pediatric Anesthesia, 85, Kerimoglu, B., Neuman, A., Paul, J., Stefanov, D., & Twersky, R. (2013). Anesthesia induction using video glasses as a distraction tool for the management of preoperative anxiety in children. Anesthesia and Analgesia, 117(6), Kim, J. S. (2009). Effects of therapeutic play program on the pre-operative anxiety of the preschooler. Korean Parent-Child Health Journal, 12(2), Kim, Y. H., & Lee, H. Z. (2002). The effects of informational intervention on postoperative pain following tonsillectomy in children. Korean Journal of Child Health Nursing, 8(4), Koller, D., & Goldman, R. D. (2012). Distraction techniques for children undergoing procedures: A critical review of pediatric research. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 27, Koo, H. Y. (2011). Educational needs for children and parents regarding children s cell phone use. Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education, 17(2), Koo, H. Y., Cho, Y. J., Kim, O. H., & Park, H. R. (2007). The effects of information using photographs on preoperative anxiety in children and their parents. Journal of Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing, 13(3), 스마트폰을이용한개별화된관심전환중재가수술전환아의불안에미치는영향

8 Lee, J. H., Jung, H. K., Lee, G. G., Kim, H. Y., Park, S. G., & Woo, S. C. (2013). Effect of behavioral intervention using smartphone application for preoperative anxiety in pediatric patients. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology, 65(6), Lee, M. H., Yun, E. K., & Han, S. S. (2010). Effects of video-based adenotonsillectomy education on anxiety in pediatric patients and mothers and on the sick-role behavior of pediatric patients. Korean Journal of- Health Promotion, 10(1), 1-9. Murphy, G. (2009). Distraction techniques for venepuncture: A review. Pediatric Nursing, 21(3), c7030 Patel, A., Schieble, T., Davison, M., Tran, M. C. J., Schoenberg, C., Delphin, E., et al. (2006). Distraction with a hand-held video game reduces pediatric preoperative anxiety. Pediatric Anesthesia, 16, dx.doi.org/ /j x Shier, D., Butler, J., & Lewis, R. (1996). Hole s human anatomy and physiology (7th ed.). NewYork, NY: McGraw-Hill. 이경아, 권미경, 김혜원외 3 인 175

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