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1 아동간호학회지제 15 권제 2 호, 2009 년 4 월 J Korean Acad Child Health Nurs Vol.15 No.2, , April 2009 DOI : /jkachn 권미경 1) 1) 관동대의과대학간호학과교수 = Abstract = Comparison of Child-rearing Attitudes of Parents and Problem Behavior of Children as Perceived by Parents and Children Kwon, Mikyung 1) 1) Professor, Department of Nursing, College of Medicine, Kwandong University Purpose: In this study a comparison was done of child-rearing attitudes of parents and problem behavior of children as perceived by parents and children. Methods: The participants were 205 fifth and sixth graders living in the city of Gangneung and their parents. The child-rearing attitudes and the problem behavior were assessed using a self-reported questionnaire. Results: The perception scores of the parents and children for total parents child-rearing attitudes were significantly different. There were also significant difference in the subcategories, affectionate-hostile, autonomous-controlling, rational-irrational. The scores for total behaviors problem as well as the sub-categories were all significantly different for the parents and children. Conclusion: As there were differences in perception of child-rearing attitudes of parents and problem behavior of children between parents and their children, nurses should help parents to communicate with their children with affection and respect, and to observe their environment to identify problem behavior. Key words : Child-rearing attitude, Problem behavior, Perception 주요어 : 양육태도, 문제행동, 지각교신저자 : 권미경 ( mkkwon@kd.ac.kr) 투고일 : 2009 년 1 월 8 일심사완료일 : 2009 년 2 월 25 일 Address reprint requests to : Kwon, Mikyung(Corresponding Author) Department of Nursing, Kwandong University 522 Naegokdong, Gangneung city, Gangwondo , Korea Tel: Fax: mkkwon@kd.ac.kr 164 아동간호학회지 15(2), 2009 년 4 월

2 서론연구의필요성 아동에게있어서가정은최초의사회적경험이며, 부모- 자녀관계는가장기본적인인간관계로서그어떤사회적관계보다도더직접적인영향을주고받는다고할수있다. 부모- 자녀간의관계에서부모가자녀의성장과발달을위해행사하는모든행동과사고를양육태도라고할때 (Um, 1992) 자녀는부모의양육태도를통해서사회적역할과태도, 가치등을발달시키기때문에부모의양육태도는아동의성장발달에많은영향을미친다 (Baek, 1999). 특히학령기아동은자아성장의결정적시기로긍정적인자아상을만들어가는것이절실히요구되며학습의토대, 인간관계를위한사회성발달등인간이살아가기위해필요한기본능력을습득해야하는시기이기도하다. 또한부모와자녀가열린마음으로소통할수있는관계의형성은자녀의심리적성장뿐아니라청소년기의적응을위한준비의의미도내포한다. 따라서이시기의부모양육태도와역할의역량에따라자녀가받는영향은다른어느시기보다중요하다고할수있다 (Kim & Goo, 2007). 그러나부모- 자녀관계는단순히부모와자녀사이에서만형성되는것이아니라, 부모와자녀가속해있는가족을둘러싼주변환경인부모, 교사, 친척, 이웃, 지역사회, 사회전체의여러기관등의영향을받는다 (Vondra, Sysko, & Belsky, 1993). 또한양육행동이나양육태도는부모의특성, 자녀의특성, 환경적특성에의해영향을받으며각각의특성은단일적으로양육행동에영향을미치기보다는상호관련성을띄면서복합적으로양육행동에영향을미친다 (Luster & Okagaki, 1993). 부모의양육태도가자녀에게미치는영향을연구한결과부모의신체적인벌, 거부적인태도, 애정결핍, 무관심, 자녀에대해만족스럽게생각하지않는태도및권위주의적, 비일관적인양육태도를지닌부모의자녀는분노를많이표현하고순종적이지않으며정서를조절하는능력이떨어지며문제행동을보이는것으로나타났다 (Park & Park, 2002; Gottman & Katz, 1989). 또한부모가일관된양육태도를보이는가정의아동은대인관계에서발생할수있는문제상황에대해서더다양한해결책을생성해내며 (Jiong, 2008), 어머니의양육행동과아동의문제행동과의관계에서긍정적인양육행동점수가높을수록아동의문제행동이유의하게낮은것으로나타났다 (Kim, 2003). 따라서아동의문제행동에대한많은연구들은주로문제행동의근원을가족환경에서찾고자하였으며 (Park, 2002; Kwon & Lee, 1999). Webster-Stratton 과 Herbert(1994) 는아동이문제행동을나타내게되는주요원인이부모의양육태도방식에있다고하였다. 부모의양육태도를파악하는것은부모자신이지각하는양육태도를측정하는것과자녀가지각하는부모의양육태도를측정하는것으로나눌수있으며대부분의부모의양육태도에관한연구들은부모혹은아동만을대상으로부모의양육태도를연구하였다. 그러나 Combs와 Snygg에의하면인간은사물이나사실을존재하는그대로받아들이기보다는인간자신의지각방식이나과거경험에따라서주관적으로지각하기때문에 (Beon, 1994에인용됨 ) Oh와 Lee의연구에서자녀가지각한부모의양육태도는부모의실제적양육태도와일치하지않을수있어서그객관적속성에못지않게자녀가이를어떻게지각하느냐가중요하며부모가잘대해주어도자녀가부정적으로지각할수있고반대로그렇지않을경우라도자녀가긍정적으로받아들일수있으며이에따라자녀의정의적특성이달라질수있다고하였다 (Beon, 1994에인용됨 ). 따라서부모와자녀가지각하는양육태도에는차이가있을수있으며이를확인하는것은매우중요한부분이라하겠다. 또한아동의문제행동에대한연구도부모의입장에서는아동의문제행동을가족환경에서만관찰하기때문에아동이속해있는학교나사회환경에서보이는문제행동에대해서는알지못하며또한우울이나불안과같은감정이많이포함된내재화된행동문제는부모의관찰보다는아동자신이더잘알수있기때문에부모가생각하는것보다더많은행동문제가자녀에게있어도부모가정확하게알기에는한계가있다. 따라서본연구는부모가지각하는부모자신의양육태도와아동의문제행동정도와그자녀인아동이지각하는부모의양육태도와아동의문제행동정도를조사하여부모의양육태도와아동의문제행동에대한부모와자녀간의지각에는차이가있는지를파악하여부모교육프로그램의자료로활용하고자본연구를시도하였다. 연구목적본연구의목적은부모와아동이지각하는양육태도와아동의문제행동정도와두군간의차이를파악하고자하며구체적인목적은다음과같다. 부모와아동이지각하는부모의양육태도정도와차이를파악한다. 부모와아동이지각하는아동의문제행동정도와차이를파악한다. 연구방법연구설계 아동간호학회지 15(2), 2009 년 4 월 165

3 권미경 본연구의설계는부모와자녀가지각하는부모의양육태도와아동의문제행동에대한차이를조사하는서술적조사연구이다. 연구대상및자료수집기간본연구의대상자는 G시에있는임의표집된 2개초등학교 5, 6학년학생과그부모를대상으로 2004년 10월 2일부터 19일까지 383쌍에게설문조사를실시하였다. 대상자수는연구의검정력확보를위해 Edfelder, Faul과 Buchner (1996) 에의한 G*POWER MS-DOS program을통해산출하였으며유의수준 =.05, 검정력 =.80, effect size=.15(medium) 일때필요한최소대상자수는 187명이었다. 본연구에서는연구의일반화를위해 400명내외의대상자에대한자료수집을목표로, 연구목적에동의한 383쌍, 아동용 383부, 부모용 383부총 766부에대한자료를수집하였다. 학교장과각담임선생님께연구의필요성을설명하고동의를구하여설문지는임의표집한학급의담임을통해연구에동의한아동에게배부되었으며, 아동이지각하는어머니, 아버지의양육태도와아동의문제행동은학교에서아동들이작성하도록하였으며어머니아버지가지각하는자신의양육태도와아동의문제행동설문지는가정으로보내연구에동의한부모가작성한후회수하였다. 회수된 383쌍의자료중에서설문이부실한 178쌍을제외한 205쌍 ( 회수율 53.5%) 을대상으로부모가지각하는양육태도와아동의문제행동각 205부, 아동이지각하는부모의양육태도, 문제행동각 205부총 410부를분석자료로사용하였다. 연구도구본연구는구조화된설문지를사용하였으며설문지의내용은부모와아동에게동일한내용의일반적인특성 10문항과어머니의양육태도를측정하는 40문항, 아버지의양육태도를측정하는 40문항과아동의문제행동을측정하는 50문항으로총 140문항으로구성되었다. 10명에게사전검사를실시하여아동이이해하기어렵거나비슷한문항에대해수정하여사용하여 4개의차원에각 10 문항씩총40문항으로구성되었다. 본연구에서사용한부모가지각한부모자신의양육태도신뢰도는 Cronbach α=.85이었고아동이지각한부모의양육태도신뢰도는 Cronbach α=.88이었으며각문항은 매우그렇다 5점에서부터 전혀그렇지않다 1점으로된 5점척도로점수가높을수록부모의양육태도가긍정적 ( 애정, 자율, 성취, 합리 ) 이며점수가낮을수록양육태도가부정적 ( 적대, 통제, 비성취, 비합리 ) 인것을의미한다. 아동의문제행동척도아동, 청소년의내재화및외현화문제를측정하기위해한국판청소년자기행동평가척도 (Youth Self-Report: K-YSR; Oh, Lee, Hong, & Ha, 1998) 중문제행동증후군척도의일부문항중내재화문제에위축, 우울 / 불안의하위척도와외현화문제에비행, 공격성의하위척도에해당하는문제행동문항을말한다. 본연구에서부모가지각하는아동의문제행동에서도구의신뢰도는 Cronbach's α=.83이었고아동이지각하는아동의문제행동에서도구의신뢰도는 Cronbach's α=.91이었으며내재화문제행동의하위영역으로위축 9문항, 우울 / 불안 11문항과외현화문제행동의하위영역으로비행 8문항, 공격성 22문항으로총 50개문항으로구성되었으며각문항별로점수체계는 전혀해당되지않는다 0점, 가끔그런일이있었거나그러한경향이있다 1점, 딱들어맞거나그런일이자주있었다 2점으로점수가높을수록문제행동이많음을의미한다. 자료분석방법수집된자료는 SPSS 10.0 프로그램을이용하여대상자의일반적특성은빈도와백분율을, 부모와아동이지각하는부모의양육태도와아동의문제행동의차이는평균과표준편차, t-test를이용하였다. 부모의양육태도척도부모가지각한부모자신의양육태도와아동이지각한부모의양육태도를측정하기위하여 Oh와 Lee (Beon, 1994에인용됨 ) 의양육태도진단검사를사용하였다. 이도구는양육태도를애정- 적대, 자율- 통제, 성취- 비성취, 합리- 비합리등 4개의차원으로분류하였고긍정적인면과부정적인면을양극화시켰다. 본연구에서는아버지와어머니의양육태도를합하여부모의양육태도점수로계산하였다. 연구시작전본연구대상자와같은학년의남녀학생각 연구결과대상자의일반적특성 본연구의대상자는여아가 58.5%(120명 ), 남아가 41.5%(85 명 ) 이었다. 학년분포는 6학년 75.1%(154명 ), 5학년 24.9%(51 명 ) 이었으며, 출생순위는첫째및막내가 38.5%(79명 ) 이었다. 아버지, 어머니의연령은 40~49세가 84.4%(173명 ) 와 67.8% (139명) 로가장많았으며부모의교육정도에서아버지의학력 166 아동간호학회지 15(2), 2009 년 4 월

4 Table 1. General Characteristics (N=205) Variables Division N % Variables Division N % Sex Male th year Grade Female th year Only sun Parents Birth order First Type of living Mother Middle together Father Last Without parents ~ ~ Father's age 40~ Mother's age 40~ Under middle school Mother's Under middle school Father's educational High school educational High school background College and above background College and above Professional Professional Father's job Office work Office work Mother's job Mom and pop and service Mom and pop and service No No Father-mother Good Christian relations Moderate Catholic Very much Religion Buddhism Helping household A little No religion chores by father Never The others No answer 이대학교졸업이상이 64.4%(132명 ) 로가장많은반면어머니의학력은고등학교졸업이 50.8%(104명 ) 로가장많았다. 부모의직업에서아버지의직업이사무직이 50.2%(103명 ) 인경우와어머니가직업이없는경우가 54.1%(111명 ) 로가장많았다. 부모의부부관계에서 아버지와어머니의관계는사이가좋으시다 가 87.3%(179명 ) 로가장많았으며아버지의가사참여정도는 간단한것만도와주신다 가 70.2%(144명 ) 가가장많았다. 부모와의동거여부는부모모두와같이사는경우가 95.1%(195명 ) 로대부분부모와함께살고있었다 (Table 1). 부모의양육태도에대한부모와아동의지각 영역에서부모가지각한경우는 3.92±0.40점, 아동이지각한경우가 3.98±0.55점으로통계적으로유의한차이를보였으며 (t=-8.89, p=.000), 자율- 통제영역에서도부모가지각한점수가 3.58±0.34점으로아동이지각한 3.25±0.36점보다높게나타나통계적으로유의한차이를보였으며 (t=5.35, p=.000), 합리 -비합리영역에서는부모가지각한점수는 3.93±0.42점, 아동이지각한점수 3.77±0.53점으로통계적으로유의한차이가있었다 (t=5.17, p=.000). 그러나성취- 비성취영역에서부모가지각한양육태도의점수는 3.72±0.39점이고아동이지각한양육태도의점수는 3.71±0.46점으로부모의지각점수가높았으나통계적으로차이는없었다 (t=0.45, p=.652). 부모가지각한양육태도와아동이지각한양육태도는 Table 2와같다. 전체적인부모의양육태도에대한부모와아동의지각점수는 3.79±0.34점과 3.74±0.41점으로통계적으로유의한차이를보였다 (t= , p=.000). 세부영역인애정- 적대 아동의문제행동에대한부모와아동의지각 아동의문제행동에대한부모와아동의지각은 Table 3과같다. 전체문제행동에대한지각에서부모의지각점수는 Table 2. Child-rearing Attitude of Parents (N=410) Child-rearing attitude Perceived by parents Perceived by children t p Affectionate-hostile 3.92± ± ** Autonomous-controlling 3.58± ± ** Achievement-non-achievement 3.72± ± Rational-irrational 3.93± ± ** Total child-rearing attitude 3.79± ± ** **p <.01 아동간호학회지 15(2), 2009 년 4 월 167

5 권미경 Table 3. Behavioral Problems of Children Behavioral problems Perceived by parents Perceived by children t p Depression/anxiety 0.30± ± ** Withdrawal 0.27± ± ** Internal behavioral problems 0.28± ± ** Contained delinquency 0.06± ± ** Aggression 0.29± ± ** External behavioral problems 0.18± ± ** Total behavioral problems 0.23± ± ** **p <.01 (N=410) 0.23±0.16점, 아동의지각점수는 0.44±0.25점으로아동의문제행동지각점수가더높았으며통계적으로유의한차이를보였다 (t=-9.79, p=.000). 문제행동의하위영역중내재화문제영역인우울 / 불안에서부모가지각한점수는 0.30±0.25점, 아동이지각한점수는 0.56±0.38점 (t=-8.91, p=.000), 위축에서부모가지각한점수는 0.27±0.28, 아동이지각한점수는 0.47±0.34점 (t=-5.84, p=.000) 으로두영역에서통계적으로유의하게아동이지각한문제행동점수가높았다. 또한외현화문제행동영역인비행에서부모가지각한점수는 0.06±0.11점, 아동이지각한점수는 0.18±0.19점 (t=-0.23, p=.000), 공격에서부모가지각한점수는 0.29±0.20점, 아동이지각한점수는 0.53±0.28점 (t=-22.00, p=.000) 으로두영역에서부모가지각한아동의문제행동점수보다아동이지각한아동의문제행동점수가높게나타났으며통계적으로유의한차이가있었다. 논의 부모의자녀에대한양육태도는부모가비교적일관성있게보편적으로기르고가르치는양태이며부모- 자녀관계의질을결정해주고자녀의지적, 정서적, 성격적, 태도적제측면의발달에중요한영향을미친다 (Jiong, 2008). 특히어머니의양육태도가미치는영향은매우중요하므로학령기아동이지각하는어머니의양육태도와문제행동에관한연구를실시하였다. 그러나부모가실제로보여주는양육태도를아동은다르게지각할수있기때문에부모가나타내는양육태도를아동은어떻게지각하며또한부모도자신의양육태도를어떻게인지하고있는지, 그둘간에는차이가있는지를파악하는것은아동양육에서매우중요한부분이라할수있다. 따라서본연구는부모의양육태도와문제행동에대한후속연구로서학령기아동과그부모를대상으로부모와아동이각각지각하는부모의양육태도와아동의문제행동정도와차이를파악하여연구결과를중심으로논의하고자한다. 부모의양육태도에대한부모와아동의지각정도에서전 체양육태도와애정- 적대, 자율- 통제, 합리- 비합리영역에서는통계적으로유의한지각차이가있었으며부모는아동에비해자신의양육태도를더긍정적으로지각하였다. 이는 Smetana (1995) 의연구에서부모자신이보고한양육행동이아동이지각한양육행동보다더긍정적이었다는결과와일치하였는데이와같은결과는부모의양육태도를자녀들은다르게받아들일수있음을암시한다. 부모의양육태도에대한부모와자녀의지각차이를비교한 Ham (2005) 의연구에서도부모와자녀가지각하는양육태도에는차이가있으며부모가지각한양육태도보다는자녀쪽에서지각한양육태도가자녀의내적발달을설명하는데더관련성이많다고하였다. 이는 Lee의연구에서아동은주변의환경을주관적으로지각하고해석하기때문에 (Kim, 2007에인용됨 ) 어머니가자녀를아끼고사랑하는마음에서벌을주어도자녀는어머니가자기를미워하기때문에벌을준다고지각할수있기때문에부모의의도적인행동은자녀에게다르게지각되어나쁜영향을미칠수있음을의미한다. 따라서자녀가어떻게느끼고받아들이는지는실제양육태도보다더중요한의미를가지고있다고할수있다. 이런지각차이를해결하기위한방법으로는부모 -자녀간의의미있는의사소통이원활하게이루어질수있도록가정환경을조성하는것이필요하리라생각한다. 아동은애정- 적대영역이가장점수가높은반면부모는합리-비합리영역의점수가가장높았으며두군모두자율- 통제영역이가장낮은점수를보였다. 본연구에서와같이부모와자녀인아동측면에서부모의양육태도를동시에조사하여비교한연구가없기에같은수준에서비교하기는어렵지만초등학교 5, 6학년을대상으로지각된부모의양육태도를조사한 Lee (2002) 연구에서애정영역이가장높은점수를보이고자율차원이가장낮은점수를보인것과일치된결과를나타냈으며영아기부터학령기까지아동을양육하는어머니를대상으로어머니의양육태도를조사한 Kim, Kim과 Kim (2003) 의연구에서도애정영역이가장높은점수를보인것과일치하였다. 부모가자녀에게부과하는적절한통제는애정못지않게아동기의바람직한성장과발달을위한중 168 아동간호학회지 15(2), 2009 년 4 월

6 요한요인이다. 그러나부모가지나치게허용적이거나통제적인경우모두아동의성장발달에부정적인결과를가져온다. 따라서부모는적절한자율과통제를유지하여자녀스스로가자기통제력을기를수있도록해야한다. 이렇게내면화된자기통제력은부모의영향력이미치기어려운아동후기나청년초기자녀의바람직한사회적적응을준비시키는중요한수단이된다 (Song, 2006). 아동의문제행동에대한부모와아동의지각에서전체문제행동뿐아니라하위영역인내재화문제행동영역인우울 / 불안, 위축행동과외현화행동인비행, 공격행동모두에서두군간에차이를보였다. 특히아동이지각하는문제행동은부모가지각한문제행동보다모든영역에서높은점수를보였는데이는문제행동이가정이나학교, 지역사회에서생활해가는가운데여러가지환경요인들로인해유발된행동적, 심리적부적응인면이있는행동이라고볼때부모는가정에서만아동의문제행동을관찰할수있기때문에문제행동을적게지각하지만아동은모든곳에서의자신의문제행동을지각하고있기때문에문제행동을부모보다더많이지각하고있다고해석할수있다. 아동이보이는문제행동의발생원인은개인요인, 가정요인, 학교요인으로나눌수있으며그중가정요인으로는부모의교육과모델링, 양육태도, 부모자녀간의의사소통관계가영향을미치며학교요인으로는하루중대부분의시간을학교에서보내기때문에많은것을학교에서경험하며교사와또래집단과의인간관계를형성하는과정에서문제행동이발생할수있다 (Hong, 2008). 따라서부모는가족이외의환경에도관심을가지고자녀의문제행동발생의원인을여러측면에서고려해야할것이다. 또한부모의양육태도에따라자녀의성격및행동과관련성이높다고보고되고있는데이들연구에서부모의심리적통제는아동의내면화문제와관련이있고부모의훈육부족은외현화문제와관련이있다고하였으며 (Kim & Chung, 2007) 민주적양육태도와자녀의문제행동과는유의한부정적상관이있었다고보고하였다 (Kim, 2005). 또한부모가지각하는양육행동과자녀가지각하는양육행동은차이가있으며부모의양육행동을적절하다고지각한자녀들은그렇지않다고지각한자녀들보다문제행동을적게나타낸다 (Bulkley & Chao, 2003). 이러한연구결과를토대로문제행동이많은아동의경우아동의문제만으로생각할것이아니라가장큰영향요인인부모에대한사정이먼저이루어져야할것으로생각하며부모는적절한양육태도를취하고이것이올바르게전달될수있도록부모- 자녀간에개방적인의사소통이이루어질수있도록부모의양육태도에대한부모역할교육또는세미나를정기적으로개설하여가정과조직사회가모두건강할수있도록유도하는것이필요하다하겠다. 결론및제언 본연구는부모와아동이지각하는부모의양육태도와아동의문제행동정도및두군간의차이를파악하였다. 본연구결과부모와자녀인아동이지각하는부모의양육태도와아동의문제행동은통계적으로유의한차이가있는것으로나타났다. 부모는자신의양육태도에대해서는아동이지각하는것보다더긍정적으로지각하였고아동의문제행동에대해서는자녀인아동이지각한것보다문제행동이적은것으로 = 지각하였다. 따라서부모는자녀양육시자신의의도가아동에게잘전달될수있도록부모- 자녀간의원활한의사소통을지속하고가정이외의환경에서아동에게문제행동을일으킬만한변인이있는지를관심을가지고지켜보아야하며부모를대상으로하는부모교육프로그램을계획할때부모와자녀간의지각차이가있음을고려하여야한다. 본연구결과를토대로다음과같은제언을하고자한다. 연구대상자를다변화하여저학년이나청소년을대상으로그부모와양육태도에차이가있는지비교하는연구가필요하다. 아동의문제행동은특히부모와아동의지각차이가크기때문에아동의문제행동유발요인을가정과학교, 지역사회에서찾아보는연구가필요하다. References Baek, H. J. (1999). Relationship between children's perception of economic hardship, marital conflict, parenting, attachment, and children's problematic behavior. Unpublished master's thesis, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul. Beon, Y. J. (1994). The relationship among parent's attitude, non-rational belief and stress of adolescent. Unpublished master's thesis, Yonsei University, Seoul. Bulkley, J., & Chao, R. (2003). Adolescent perceptions of how parents should behave: Consequences for academic, behavioral, and emotional adjustment. poster presented at the Biennial Meeting of the society for research in Child Development, Tampa, F. A., April Edfelder, E., Faul, F., & Buchner, A. (1996). GPOWER: A general power analysis program. Behavior Research Methods Instruments & Computers, 28, Gottman, J. M., & Katz, L. F. (1989). Effects of marital discord on young children's peer interaction and health. Developmental Psychology, 25:33, Ham, M. Y. (2005). The relation of the perceived parenting attitudes by children to child depression. Unpublished master's thesis, Kyungin University, Incheon. Hong, S. H. (2008). A study on the relationship between perception of school life and problem behavior. Unpublished master's thesis, Hanyang University, Seoul. 아동간호학회지 15(2), 2009 년 4 월 169

7 권미경 Jiong, G. J. (2008). The influence the elementary school student perceive of the parent's attitude of bring up their children the attitude of the acceptance for the age handicapped student. Unpublished master's thesis, Chonnam National University, Gwangju. Kim, H. S. (2007). The relationship among parents' rearing attitudes perceived by children, self-regulation ability and conflict resolution strategies in children's friendship. Unpublished master's thesis, Hongik University, Seoul. Kim, J. O., & Goo, H. S. (2007). The development and the effect of parent education program on maternal childrearing attitude. Journal of Korean Home Economy Association, 25(1), Kim, J. Y., & Chung, Y. K. (2007). Mediating effect of aggression on the relationship between parenting practice and violence behavior in adolescent. Journal of Youth and Adolescent, 14(5), Kim, M. J. (2003). The relations between children's perception of parental child rearing behaviors and their behavior problems. Unpublished master's thesis, Yonsei University, Seoul. Kim, O. N. (2005). Parents' marital conflict, parenting attitude, and problems of Adolescents. Korean Journal of Youth Studies, 12(4), Kim, S. J., Kim, Y. H., & Kim, K.S. (2003). Mothers' child-rearing attitude. Journal of Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing, 9(4), Kwon, Y. O., & Lee, J. D. (1999). A validation study on the children's perception of interparental conflict scale. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 18(1), Lee, S. H. (2002). The relationship between perceived parental fostering attitude and problem behavior of children. Unpublished master's thesis, Sogang University, Seoul. Luster, T., & Okagaki, L. (1993). Parenting: An ecological perspective. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc, Publishers. NJ. Oh, K. J., Lee, S. J., Hong, K. E., & Ha, E. H. (1998). Parent-adolescent agreement in the assessment of behavior problems of adolescent (comparison of factor structures of K-CBCL and YSR). Korean Journal of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 9, Park, C. U. (2002). The study regarding the marital relationship and the bringing up method of mother influenced on the problem conduct of the children. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul. Park, H. K., & Park, S. Y. (2002). Father's parenting behavior, son's emotional regulations related son's aggression. Journal of Korean Home Economy Association, 40(8), Smetana, J. G. (1995). Parenting styles and conception of parental authority during adolescence. Child Development, 66, Song, M. J. (2006). Developmental psychology, Hakjisa, Seoul. Um, K. S. (1992). The relationship between parent's child - rearing attitudes and social maturity of child, and stress of child recognized by parent. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Keimyung University, Daegu. Vondra, J., Sysko, H. B., & Belsky, J. (1993). Developmental origins of parenting: Personality and relationship factors. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc, Publishers. NJ. Webster-Stratton, C., & Herbert, M. (1994). Troubled familiestrobles children: Working with parents: A collaborative process. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. 170 아동간호학회지 15(2), 2009 년 4 월

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