ORIGINAL ARTICLE Child Health Nurs Res, Vol.23, No.4, October 2017: ISSN(Print) ISSN(Onli

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1 ORIGINAL ARTICLE ISSN(Print) ISSN(Online) 정인경, 김영혜 2, 손현미 2 부산과학기술대학교간호학과, 2 부산대학교간호대학 Factors Related to Parenting Satisfaction among Mothers of Preschoolers Inkyung Jung, Young-Hae Kim 2, Hyun-Mi Son 2 Department of Nursing, Busan Institute of Science and Technology, Busan; 2 College of Nursing, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Korea Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify factors related to level of satisfaction among mothers of preschoolers. Methods: Participants were 359 mothers of firstborn healthy preschoolers. The questionnaires were collected from August to vember 2, 202. Data were analyzed using SPSS Results: The mean score for degree of mothers parenting satisfaction was 5.94 out of 7. There were significant differences in the level of parenting satisfaction according to mother s job (t=2.48, p=.04), planned pregnancy (t=3.07, p=.002), number of children (t=2.22, p=.027), and parenting education (F=4.33, p=.005). The environmental variables of age of spouse (F=3.06, p=.048) and monthly income of the household (F=2.87, p=.036) also seemed to have an influence. Analysis of predictors such as the mother s job, planned pregnancy, parenting education, overall health problems, parenting stress, perception of emotional status and behaviors in children, age of spouse, and spouse s support explained 3.5% of the variance in mother s parenting satisfaction. Conclusion: The results suggest a need to develop nursing intervention programs for parenting stress reduction, and health programs for fathers to support mothers child rearing. Key words: Parenting, Satisfaction, Stress, Trust, Environment Corresponding author Hyun-Mi Son College of Nursing, Pusan National University, Busandaehak-ro 49, Mulgeum-ep, Yangsan-si, Kyungsangnam-do 4624, Korea TEL FAX hmson@pusan.ac.kr *. * This manuscript is a revision based on a part of the first author s doctoral dissertation. Key words,,,, Received 2 July 207 Received in revised form 24 September 207 Accepted 25 September 207 서 론 연구의필요성 [].,, [], This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution n- Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. [2]. [3] [4]. [5]. []. [5]. 3~6 []. Copyright 207 Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing 449

2 [6,7]. [5].. Barnard [8].,., [9], [8]. [7,0] [,2]. [5] [2], [3], [4]. [6,7], [4,4]. Barnard,,. 연구목적,.,.,.,. 연구방법 연구설계및연구대상 연구도구,,,. 부모역할만족도 Halverson Duke[5] Parent Satisfaction Scale (PSS). 8 7 Likert 7,. Kim[6]. Kim[6] Cronbach s α.94,.94. 어머니특성전반적건강문제 Goldberg[7] General Health Questionnaire-2(GHQ-2) Park[8]. 2 4 Likert. GHQ-2 GL-Assessment Park[8]. Park[8] Kuder-Richardson Formula 20(KR-20).84, KR 양육신념 Ahn[9] Likert 4.,. 9 4 Likert

3 Cronbach s α.82.7, 양육스트레스 Crnic Greenberg[20] Parenting Daily Hassles. 8 5 Likert 5,. Greenberg. Cronbach s α.90,.88. 아동특성어머니가지각한아동의정서 행동 Rutter Children s Behaviour Questionnaire (CBQ) [2,22] Likert 5,. Hwang[23]. Hwang[23] Cronbach s α.80 Cronbach s α.88. 자료수집방법및윤리적고려 ( ) B, S D, J, S, Y G, G, M 4,,.,... 20~ ,,, 359. 양육환경특성남편지지 Abidin[24] Parenting Alliance Inventory (PAI) Teamwork Shin[25]. 3 5 Likert 5,. Psychological Assessment Resources (PAR) Shin[25]. Shin [25] Cronbach s α.85,.9. 사회적지지 Park[26]. 2 5 Likert 5.. Park[26] Cronbach s α 자료분석방법 SPSS 20.0.,,,,,,. t-test ANOVA, Turkey.,,,,,, Pearson s correlation coefficients.. 연구결과 대상자의일반적특성, Table ± 3.90, 정인경, 김영혜, 손현미 45

4 37.9%, 48.7%. 67.4%.8 ± 0.6, 47.%. 4.7 ±.0, Table. General Characteristics of Mothers, Children, and Parenting Environment (N=359) Variables Characteristics Categories n (%) M ± SD Mother Age (year) <35 35~ (5.3) 73 (48.2) 3 (36.5) 34.3±3.9 Education level High school College University 22 (34.0) 0 (28.) 36 (37.9) Job 75 (48.7) 84 (5.3) Religion 9 (53.2) 68 (46.8) Marital duration (year) (43.2) 93 (25.9) (30.9) 7.0±.9 Married couples Live together Commuter couple 334 (93.0) 25 ( 7.0) Planned pregnancy 242 (67.4) 7 (32.6) Number of children 2 Had parenting education Children Age (year) (32.0) 244 (68.0) 69 (47.) 69 (9.2) 67 (8.7) 54 (5.0) 5 (4.2) 08 (30.) 3 (3.5) 87 (24.2).8± ±.0 Gender Male Female 78 (49.6) 8 (50.4) Temperament Easy Difficult 279 (77.7) 80 (22.3) Parenting environment Age of spouse (year) 35 36~ (44.0) 42 (39.6) 59 (6.4) 36.5±4.2 Spouse s education level High school College University 2 (3.2) 80 (22.3) 67 (46.5) Dwelling place Big city Small city Town 9 (33.) 25 (34.8) 5 (32.) Family monthly income (0,000 won) < ~ ~ (9.7) 3 (3.5) 04 (29.0) 07 (29.8) 452

5 49.6%, 77.7% ± 4.2, 46.5%. 33.%, %. 부모역할만족도와어머니, 아동및양육환경 ± 0.78, 0.20 ± ± 0.3, 2.64 ± ± 0.60, ± ± 0.62, ± 0.79 (Table 2). 연구대상자의특성에따른부모역할만족도,,,,,, (Table 3). (t =2.48, p=.04), (t =3.07, p=.002). 2 (t =2.22, p=.027), 3 (F = 4.33, p =.005).,,. 4 (F =3.06, p=.048), ~400, 200~300 Table 2. Parenting Satisfaction and Main Variables Variables M ± SD Range (N=359) Parenting satisfaction 5.96± ~7.00 Overall health problems 0.20± ~0.92 Humanitarian parenting trust 3.55± ~4.00 Mature parenting trust 2.64±0.4.44~4.00 Parenting stress 2.36 ± ~4.06 Perception of emotional status and behaviors in children 4.4 ± ~5.00 Spouse s support 3.8 ± ~5.00 Social support 3.85 ± ~ (F =2.87, p=.036). 부모역할만족도와어머니, 아동및양육환경과의상관관계,,. (r =.3, p =.05), (r =.37, p<.00), (r =.38, p<.00), (r =.3, p<.00), (r = -.4, p<.00), (r = -.29, p<.00) (Table. 4). 부모역할만족도에대한영향요인 (Table. 5). Durbin-Watson ~ Variance Inflation Factor (VIF).02~.67 0 [27]. p-p 45, 0 [28].,,,, (β=., p =.043), (β=.4, p=.006), 3 (β=.6, p=.002). 7.5% (F =7.6, p<.00). 2,, (β=-.4, p=.008), (β=-.33, p<.00), (β=.4, p =.003) % (F =5.49, p<.00), 6.%. 3 (β=.6, p =.005). 2 (β=.2, p =.06), (β=-. p =.026), (β=-.26, p<.00) % (F =4.8, p<.00),.7%. 4,,, 정인경, 김영혜, 손현미 453

6 Table 3. Differences of Parenting Satisfaction according to Characteristics (N=359) Variables Characteristics Categories n M±SD t or F p Mother Age (year) <35 35~ ± ± ± Education level High school College University ± ± ± Job ± ± Religion ± ± Marital duration (year) ± ± ± Married couples Live together Commuter couple ± ± Planned pregnancy ± ± Number of children ± ± Had parenting education (times) 0 a b 2 c 3 d ± ± ± ± a, b, c<d Children Age (year) ± ± ± ± Gender Male Female ± ± Temperament Easy Difficult ± ± Parenting environment Age of spouse (year) 35 a 36~40 b 4 c ± ± ± a,b<c Spouse s education level High school College University ± ± ± Dwelling place Big city Small city Town ± ± ± Family monthly income (0,000 won) <200 a 200~300 b 300~400 c 400 d ± ± ± ± a<b, c<d 454

7 Table 4. Correlation of Parenting Satisfaction among Variables (N=359) Variables r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p) r (p). Parenting satisfaction 2. Overall health problems -.29 (<.00) 3. Humanitarian parenting trust.3 (.05) -.06 (.233) 4. Mature parenting trust -.08 (.37).04 (.405).3 (.06) 5. Parenting stress -.4 (<.00).37 (<.00) -.07 (.9).05 (.373) 6. Perception of emotional status and behaviors in children.37 (<.00) -.32 (<.00).3 (.07) -.0 (.968) -.5 (<.00) 7. Spouse s support.38 (<.00) -.30 (<.00).3 (.06) -.05 (.346) -.29 (<.00).34 (<.00) 8. Social support.3 (<.00) -.30 (<.00).2 (.026) -.0 (.869) -.30 (<.00).2 (<.00).44 (<.00) Table 5. Hierarchical Regression Analysis for Parenting Satisfaction (N=359) Variables Constant Job PP NC PE OHP HPT PS EBC AS MI SPS SCS R² R² F p Model B SE β p 5.63 < <.00 Model 2 B SE β p < < <.00 Model 3 B SE β p < < <.00 Model 4 B SE β p < < <.00 Dummy variable processing: yes job=, yes planned pregnancy=, total number of children is one=, more than three sessions of parenting educations=, spouse s age 4 years or over=, monthly income of the household more than 2 million won=. PP=Planned pregnancy; NC=Number of children; PE=Parenting educations; OHP=Overall health problems; HPT=Humanita-rian parenting trust; PS=Parenting stress; EBC=Emotional, behaviors in children; AS=Age of spouse; MI=Monthly income; SPS=Spouse s support; SCS=Social support. (β=.0, p=.035) (β=.7, p=.002). 3 (β=-.23, p <.00), (β=.2, p=.028) % (F =3.25, p<.00), 6.2%. 정인경, 김영혜, 손현미 455

8 논의 (7 ) Kim[6] ,,, 3. Moon[2].,,, [6],., [4],,. 3, Kim, Chung[29]., 2,,. Yoon, Cho[0]., [30],.. [5]. 3,. [4]. [2], [3].. 4,. [4].. 4,...,.,,

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10 participation in childcare on the psychological well-being of fathers with an infant. Journal of Korean Living Science Association, 20; 20(2): Ahn JY, Park SY. The effects of maternal parental beliefs, efficacy and stress on mother s parenting behaviors. Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association. 2002;43(): Crnic KA, Greenberg MT. Minor parenting stresses with young children. Child Development. 990;6: Rutter M. A children s behaviour questionnaire for completion by teachers: Preliminary findings. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 967;8(): Rutter M. Why are London children so disturbed? Preceeding of the Royal Society of Medicine. 973;66(2): Hwang HJ. Emotional and behaviour problems in Korean primary school children from nuclear extended families [dissertation]. London: University of London; 996. p Abidin RR, Brunner JF. Development of a parenting alliance inventory. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology. 995;24(): Shin SJ, Chung MJ. Effect of stress, social support and efficacy on mothers parenting behaviors. Korean Journal of Child Studies. 998;9(): Park JW. A study to development a scale of social support [dissertation]. Seoul: Yonsei University; 985. p Song JJ. Statistical analysis method. Paju: 2century Publish Company; 203. p Han SS, Lee SC. Nursing and health statistical analysis. Seoul: Hannarae Publishing Company: 202. p Kim HE, Chung OB. Effect of the empowering parents training program on mothers and their children. Korean Journal of Child Studies. 2004;20(4): Thompson SD, Walker AC. Satisfaction with parenting: A comparison between adolescent mothers and fathers. Sex Roles. 2004;50:

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