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1 Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society Vol. 17, No. 6 pp , ISSN / eissn 우희순 1, 원성윤 2* 1 원광대학교작업치료학과, 2 세명대학교작업치료학과 The effect of group sociality play in sociality of autistic adolescent Hee-Soon Woo 1, Sung-Yoon Won 2* 1 Department of Occupational Therapy, Wonkwang University 2 Department of Occupational Therapy, Semyung University 요약집단사회성놀이는놀이를통한사회성증진을목적으로, 그룹활동을통하여일상생활에서필요로하는목적있는활동, 인지, 신체움직임등여러요소들을잘조합하여자유롭게자아를표현시키는치료적방법이다. 이를타인과의의사소통능력이저하된자폐청소년들에게적용하여궁극적으로자폐청소년들의대인관계개선과사회성을증진을유도함으로써그효과를검증하고자본연구를실시하였다. 본연구는대전소재주간보호센터를이용하는사회성에결함을가지고있는 8명의자폐청소년을대상으로단일군전후실험설계를적용하였다. 집단사회성놀이프로그램은 2013년 10월부터 12월까지주 2회씩 7주간 ( 총 14회기 ), 한회기당 60분씩시행하였고중재전후의사회성을 Wilcoxon 순위검정을실시하여비교분석하였다. 연구결과이화- 자폐아동행동발달평가 (E-CLAC) 와사회성숙도검사의점수의총점이 39.88±6.78에서 47.00±4.28, 49.96±28.00에서 61.36±21.75로각각통계적으로유의한변화가있었음을확인할수있었다. 세부적으로는집단에서의적응, 지시따르기, 행동빈도증진등의하위항목에서유의한변화가크게나타났다. 결론적으로집단사회성놀이에포함된집단활동요소와대상자들의발달을고려한놀이활동요소가복합적으로작용하여자폐청소년의사회성증진효과에효과적으로나타났음을확인할수있었다. Abstract Group play for sociality is a therapeutic method involving a mixture of various factors, such as targeted activities, perceptions, and physical mobility required in daily life, through group activities to encourage self-expression for the purpose of facilitating sociality. This study was conducted in order to verify its effects by applying it to autistic adolescents who lack communicative ability with others and ultimately to improve their interpersonal relationships and sociality. This study applied a single pre- and post-test experiment design to 8 autistic adolescents with lack of sociality who use a daycare center in Daejeon. The group play for sociality program consisted of two sessions a week for 7 weeks from October to December 2013 for a total of 14 sessions. The sociality of the adolescents before and after the intervention was analyzed by the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. As a result of the study, the total grades of the E-CLAC and social maturity test showed significant changes from 39.88±6.78 to 47.00±4.28 and 49.96±28.00 to 61.36±21.75, respectively. In detail, there were significant changes in the sub-items, such as adjustment in group, following guidance, and increasing behavioral frequency. In conclusion, it was shown that the combined effect of the group activities, including group play for sociality and play activities taking into consideration the developmental stage of the participants, led to a significant improvement in the sociality of the autistic adolescents. Keywords : Autistic Adolescent; E-CLAC; Group Sociality Play; Sociality; Social Maturity Test 이논문은 2015학년도세명대학교교내학술연구비지원에의해수행된연구임. * Corresponding Author : Sung-Yoon Won(Semyung Univ.) Tel: sywon@semyung.ac.kr Received March 31, 2016 Accepted June 2, 2016 Revised (1st April 18, 2016, 2nd April 21, 2016, 3rd May 2, 2016, 4th May 9, 2016, 5th May 11, 2016, 6th May 26, 2016) Published June 30,
2 1. 서론 1.1 연구의필요성자폐증상을갖고있는청소년들은일반적으로사회적행동, 정서, 인지그리고언어발달의결함이있어사회관계의부족, 언어적및비언어적의사소통의질적장애, 강박적행동, 저항과같은어려움을겪는다 [1]. 주된어려움으로사회적행동의문제로비언어적의사소통즉, 눈맞춤이나응시행동, 몸짓이나얼굴표정등상호적상황에서목적에맞지않게사용하거나제한적으로사용한다. 또한다른사람의감정을무시하고서로간의공유된감정을드러내지않는등이해와수용적인측면에서도제한적이다 [1]. 특히사춘기를지나고있는학령기의자폐청소년들의경우다양한행동으로문제를야기할수있다. 대표적인문제행동에는낯선사람앞에서두려워하는일이없고, 타인을의식해서행동하지않으며본인의기분에따라서행동하게되어또래와의사회적상호작용을어렵게한다 [2]. 이와같은자폐청소년들의행동특성은또래친구의상호작용을통해수용받지못하는측면이기때문에적절한지도및돌봄이수반되지않는다면그들자신을그룹안에서소외시키게되고, 결국등교를거부하게된다 [2]. 또한이와같은부적응행동들이지속될경우특수학교, 병원및시설등의제한된환경으로배치되는이유가된다 [3]. 이렇듯자폐로인한외부와의의사소통능력의저하는상대방과상호작용을하거나공동의관심을나눠야하는학령기의전과정에서또래학생들보다심한정서적문제와행동상의부적응을초래하게된다 [4]. 이러한문제는가족이외의타인과의접촉을통한대인관계형성이빈번해지는청소년기에있어서사회적응력및상호작용등과관련된사회적기술의부족이두드러지게부각되기시작한다 [5]. 그러므로이러한청소년기에한명의사회인으로써사회에적응하고통합될수있도록하는전문화된프로그램의중요성이특히강조된다 [6]. 자폐청소년의사회성훈련은전통적으로약물치료, 특수교육, 행동수정등의방법이적용되어왔다. 최근에는아동들이관심과흥미를갖을수있는요소를포함한감각통합, 음악, 미술, 놀이등의관점에서접근되어지고있으며프로그램적용을통해자폐증상에긍정적영향을미친다고보고되어지고있다 [7]. 사회성은본질적 으로타인과의관계를통하여형성되는개념이므로교사및치료사의개별적인중재방법보다는또래친구들과함께할수있는중재방법이더효과적이며 [8], 사회성촉진을위한중재시필히고려되어야하는요소이다. 또한대상자들의신체적및정신적발달요소와적극적으로참여할수있는흥미요소가고려되어야한다는것이다. 자폐아동들의특성상자발적인접근및행동의결여, 비신체적놀이에서의융통성부족, 눈맞춤의결여를보이기때문에이문제요소들을보완하는중재가필요하다고할수있다 [9]. 이와같은문제요소들을통합적으로고려할수있는중재방법으로는사회성증진요소를접목한놀이치료가효과적이다 [10]. 놀이는특별히가르치지않아도지적능력이높고낮음과상관없이대상자들의발달수준에적합한놀이환경을제공하면되므로어떤대상자들에게나실시할수있다는장점이있다 [11]. 또한놀이치료과정을통해타인과어울릴수있게해주고, 역할과경쟁심, 협동심과자신감을습득할수있는환경을제공한다는면에서사회성증진에좋은요소를제공한다고할수있다. 특히사회적상호작용의결함으로참여가원활하게이루어지지않는자폐대상자들에게발달과흥미를유도할수있는놀이를통해서참여를이끌수있다는점에서더욱유용하다고하겠다 [12]. 본연구에서실시하고자하는집단사회성놀이프로그램은자폐청소년들의발달상태및흥미요소를고려한놀이와또래친구들과함께진행할수있는집단활동요소를접목하여사회성증진을목적으로구성하였다. 집단놀이치료는놀이라는매개체를통하여또래친구들의행동들에집중하게되고서로의행동특성을이해하게되며 [13], 이를통해사회성기술향상뿐만아니라새로운문제들에직면했을때해결하는방식에도움을주게된다 [11]. 현재까지발표된집단사회성놀이와유사한개념의그룹프로그램들을적용한대부분의연구들은대상자가일반아동이거나학령전기의아동에국한되어진행되었으며, 사회성이극도로저하된자폐청소년들을대상으로하는연구는거의없는실정이다. 하지만학령기의자폐청소년들의경우사회성결핍으로인하여다양한문제행동을야기할수있으며이로인해사회적고립이될수있는요소가많다. 99
3 한국산학기술학회논문지제 17 권제 6 호, 연구목적본연구에서는사회성이특히요구되는자폐청소년들을대상으로집단활동요소, 발달을고려한놀이요소, 사회성증진요소를접목한집단사회성놀이프로그램을적용하여사회성증진효과를검증해보고자한다. 자폐청소년들의주된문제점이사회성저하와대인관계형성의어려움으로특징지어지기때문에본연구에서는집단사회성놀이를그어떤대상자들보다자폐청소년에게효과적일것이라생각하였다. 로그램을구성하였으며, 매회기별 40분동안실시한다. 본활동실시시협동, 공유, 주고받기등의의사소통능력이부족한자폐청소년의사회성증진을위해팀별로진행하였다. 마무리활동은놀이프로그램을진행후사용했던물건들을친구들과함께정리하는시간이며, 이를통해자발적인행동을촉진시키고사회적분위기에적응할수있도록유도하였다. 2. 연구방법 2.1 연구대상본연구는 2013년 10월부터 12월까지대전소재주간보호센터를이용하는 8명의자폐청소년을대상으로연구를진행하였다. 대상자선정조건은첫째, 운동기능에대한결함이없는자, 둘째, 놀이규칙을이해할수있을정도의인지력을갖고있는자, 셋째, 이전에유사한프로그램에참여하지않았으며, 보호자및대상자가연구참여에동의한경우였다. 2.2 연구절차본연구는 2013년 10월 8일부터 11월 22일까지주2 회 60분, 7주동안집단사회성놀이를실시및사전 사후평가를시행하였다 ( 그림 1). 대상자들의사회성변화를평가하기위해이화-자폐아동행동발달평가도구 (E-CLAC) 검사와사회성숙도검사를이용하여사전및사후평가를실시하였다. 집단사회성놀이프로그램은 Kirby(1992)[14] 의연구에서제시된놀이프로그램진행자를위한지침자료, Corey(1995)[15] 와석주영 (2004)[16] 의연구에서진행한프로그램의전체구성, O'Connor(1991)[17] 가청소년들을대상으로시행한집단형식의프로그램내용을토대로변형및추가작업을거쳐본프로그램을개발하였다 (Table 1). 회기별프로그램은도입활동 (10분) 과본활동 (40분), 마무리 (10분) 활동으로구성하였으며, 총 60분동안진행하였다. 도입활동은매회기진행되는놀이규칙및방법에대해설명하고대상자들의이해를돕는시간이다. 본활동은자폐청소년들의사회성을향상시킬수있는놀이프 Fig. 1. Research procedure 2.3 검사도구 이화- 자폐아동행동발달평가도구 (Ewha-Check List for Autistic Children : E-CLAC) 자폐성발달정도를측정하기위해우메르게이사쿠등이개발하였고이화여자대학교언어ㆍ청각임상센터에서기존의 CLAC-Ⅱ(Check List for Autistic Children- Ⅱ) 의문항을변형및추가하여새로제작한이화-자폐아동행동발달평가도구 (E-CLAC) 를사용하였다 [18]. 이도구는발달문항 18문항, 병리문항 25문항이포함된척도문항 43문항, 비척도문항 13문항, 총 56문항으로구성되어있다. 세부문항으로는운동성, 안전관리, 식사, 위생습관, 놀이, 언어, 취급하기등을포함한다. 이도구의점수척도는 5점척도로 1단계는가장발달수준이낮음을나타내고 5단계는가장높은수준을의미한다. 본검사도구의발달문항은 Cronbach α=.93, 병리문 100
4 항 Cronbach α=.88로서비교적높은신뢰도를보이고있다 [18]. 본연구에서는이승민 (2005) 의연구에따라사회성과관련된 11항목을채택하여측정하였으며채택된항목은집단에의적응영역의 1개의하위항목, 대인관계영역의 4개의하위항목, 지시따르기영역의 1개의하위항목, 행동영역의 5개의하위항목으로구성되어있다 [19] 사회성숙도검사 (Social Maturity Scale) 사회성숙도검사는 Doll의 Vineland Social Maturity Scale을기반으로하여, 김승국과김옥기 (1995) 에의해우리나라의배경과연령수준에맞게표준화한한국판사회성숙도검사를사용하였다 [20]. 이도구는자조, 이동, 작업, 의사소통, 자기관리, 사회화의 6가지항목으로 117개의문항으로구성되어있으며, 사회연령 (SA-social age) 을산출하고이를이용하여사회지수 (SQ-social quotient) 로환산이가능하다. 이검사는부모나부모대리자의면접을통해평가가가능하며, 수행수준에따라 +, +F, +No, ±, - 로채점된다. 검사도구의 Cronbach's α는.84로신뢰할만한검사도구이다 [20]. 2.4 자료분석본연구는 SPSS 18.0 프로그램을이용하여통계처리하였다. 집단사회성놀이의효과를알아보기위해사전 / 사후의 E-CLAC, 사회성숙도검사결과를 Wilcoxon순위 검정을사용하여분석하였다. 통계적유의성검증을위한유의수준을 α =.05로하였다. 사회성숙도의변화량에따른 E-CLAC의하위요소들의변화량에대한상관관계를검증하기위해 Spearman의상관분석을추가적으로실시하였다. 3. 연구결과집단사회성놀이프로그램의적용이자폐청소년의사회성에미치는영향을다음과같이확인하였다. 3.1 E-CLAC 검사를통한각영역별사전 사후변화비교집단사회성놀이프로그램전과후의사회성변화를비교한결과 E-CLAC 총점은 39.88±6.78에서 47.00± 4.28로크게향상되었고, 통계적으로유의한변화를확인할수있었다 (Z=-2.52, p=.012)(table 2). 하위영역에서 집단에의적응 (Z=-1.73, p=.083) 과 지시따르기영역 (Z=-1.73, p=.083) 은평균은크게향상된것으로확인되었으나통계적으로유의한차이는확인되지않았다. 대인관계영역에서는 부모와의대인관계 항목을제외한 형제자매와의대인관계, 다른어른들과의대인관계, 다른아이들과의대인관계 항목에서는평균의향상및통계적으로유의한차이를보였다 (Z=-2.38, p=.017). 행동영역에서는 지시에의한모방 항목을제 Table 1. Group Game Play Program Goal by Phase Session Game Activities Goals of Activities Self-Exposure and 1 Introducing Myself Forming Forming Relationships and Trust, Intimacy, and Self-Exposure 2 Expressing Myself Relationships Recognition and Expression of Emotions Self-Control Cognitive Ability Communication Sociality Cooperation 3 Making Emotion Table / Emotion Bingo 4 Speed Quiz Recognition of Emotion, Distinguishing Emotions, and Expression of Emotions 5 Halli Galli/Turning over Cards Control Impulse, Improving Repressive Power, and Enhancing 6 Domino/ Building Tower Self-Control 7 Chicken Cha Cha Cha Enhancing Memory and Attention, Increasing Creativeness, 8 Let's Make Phrases! Growing Imagination, and Improving Linguistic Skills 9 Drawing according to listening Improving Problem-Solving Ability, Conversation Skills, and Sociality, Figuring out Other's Intentions, and Proper 10 Speak with Body Expressions of Wills 11 Mission Bingo Improving Responsive Ability to Situations and Interpersonal 12 Making Hand Palm Trees Skills 13 Moving Ping Pong Ball Improving Self-Control, Increasing Cooperation, and Enhancing 14 Please Mimic Me Quickness 101
5 한국산학기술학회논문지제 17 권제 6 호, 2016 Table 2. The Results of E-CLAC before and after Group Game Play Program Area Item Before After M±SD M±SD Z p Adjustability Group Adjustability 3.13± ± Interpersonal Relationship with Parents 4.13± ± Interpersonal Relationship with Siblings 3.75± ± * Interpersonal Interpersonal Relationship with Other Adults 3.63± ± * Relationship Interpersonal Relationship with Peers 3.63± ± * Sub-Total 15.13± ± * Following Instructions Following Instructions 4.00± ± Volunteering 3.50± ± * Attention 3.25± ± * Behaviors Voluntary Mimic 4.00± ± * Mimic by Instructions 4.13± ± Planability 2.75± ± * Sub-Total 17.63± ± * Total 39.88± ± * *p<.05 외한 자발성, 집중성, 자발적모방, 계획성 항목에서평균의향상및통계적으로유희한차이를보였다 (Z=-2.55, p=.011) 3.2 사회성숙도검사를통한사전 사후변화비교 집단사회성놀이프로그램의전과후에자폐청소년의사회성의변화를알아보기위해사회성숙도검사의점수를비교한결과사회연령 (SA, Z=-2.02, p=.043) 은 9.13±5.59에서 11.01±4.35로크게변화되었고, 사회지수 (SQ, Z=-2.02, p=.043) 는 49.96±28.00에서 61.36± 21.75로통계적으로유의한변화를확인할수있었다 (Table 3). Table 3. The Comparison of The Results of Social Maturity Test before and after Group Game Play Program Item Before After M±SD M±SD Z p SA 9.13± ± * SQ 49.96± ± * *p<.05, SA: Social age, SQ: Social quotient 3.3 사회성숙도변화량에따른 E-CLAC 하위요소들과의상관관계집단사회성놀이프로그램전과후의사회성숙도변화량과 E-CLAC 평가도구의하위요소들의변화량과의상관분석결과계획성 (planability) 항목에서높은수준의 유의한상관성을보였다 (r=.95, p<.05). 그밖에주의집중 (r=.64), 부모와의상호관계 (r=.51), 자발적모방 (r=.56) 항목에서도중간정도의유의성을보였지만통계적유의성은관찰되지않았다 (p>.05)(table 4). Table 4. Correlation analysis between change amount of the social maturity and the subitem of E-CLAC correlation coefficient Group Adjustability.146 Interpersonal Relationship with Parents.510 Interpersonal Relationship with Siblings.364 Interpersonal Relationship with Other Adults.073 Interpersonal Relationship with Peers.40 Following Instructions.073 Volunteering.334 Attention.638 Voluntary Mimic.564 Mimic by Instructions.073 Planability.953* *p< 논의 본연구는집단사회성놀이프로그램을자폐청소년에게적용하여사회성변화에대한효과를검증해보고자실시되었다. 집단사회성놀이프로그램은이전연구자들의연구내용을토대로변형및추가작업을거쳐 7가지단계적목표를포함하는프로그램을개발하였으며, 사회성변화를검증하기위해사회성숙도검사와 E-CLAC검 102
6 사를사전 사후평가로적용하였다. 집단사회성놀이프로그램을통한자폐청소년의사회성의변화를살펴보면, 사회성숙도검사의사회연령 (S A) 이 9.13±5.59에서 11.01±4.35로크게변화되었고, 사회지수 (SQ) 역시 49.96±28.00에서 61.36±21.75로통계적으로유의한변화를확인할수있었다 (Table 3). 이는 7주간의본프로그램을통하여약 2개년수준의사회성이향상된것으로집단활동을통해또래와의상호작용강화가자폐청소년의사회성향상에기여한것으로판단된다. 본프로그램을통한또래와의활발한정서적교류가단시간에사회화과정을경험하는기회로작용하였으며, 이는집단프로그램이단시간에사회성을증진시킨연구들과유사한결과로나타났다 [21, 22]. 대상자들의발달수준을고려한본사회성프로그램을통해대상자들이보다쉽고적극적으로참여할수있었던것으로보인다. E-CLAC 검사를통한사회성변화추적에서도총점이 39.88±6.78에서 47.00±4.28로크게향상되었으며통계적으로도유의한변화였음을확인하였다 (p<.05)(table 2). E-CLAC 검사도구의하위항목중집단에의적응, 대인관계, 지시따르기, 행동항목등에서유의성높은변화가도출되었다. 이에대한구체적변화를살펴보면, 첫째집단사회성놀이프로그램전 후그룹적응능력이 3.13±1.13에서 3.50±1.07로긍정적인변화를보였다. 이는타인의감정을무시하고, 서로간의감정이공유되지않아이해와수용적측면에제한이있는자폐의특성에도불구하고프로그램에참여한후대상자들이집단에의적응영역에긍정적변화를이끌어낼수있었음을보여준다. 집단놀이활동은또래친구들과의신체접촉이빈번하게일어나게되기때문에타인에대한감각적인경험을획득할수있다 [10]. 이는자기세계에갇혀있는자폐청소년들에게자기이외의대상을인식하게되는강력한경험이될수있으며타인에대한긍정적인자아를형성하게함으로써타인과의상호작용하고자하는욕구를발달시켰다고볼수있다. 이러한결과는집단놀이활동이사회성결핍이있는자폐성장애아의적응행동에영향을준것으로다양한연구결과들을통해유사한결과가도출되었다 [9]. 둘째집단사회성놀이프로그램전 후대인관계능력이 15,13±2.85에서 17.88±1.25로평균의긍정적인향상을보였고, 통계적으로유의한변화를확인할수있었다 (Z=-2.38, p<.05). 자폐성아동의사회적통합에중요한역할을하는것은또래와의관계및활동이며이를통해자신의의사를표현하고상대방의의견을듣고타협하는사회적기술을향상시킬수있다 [23]. 또한집단내에서의협동과제는자신및타인의감정을조절하는능력등을경험할수있어자기조절, 자기인식, 감정이입, 대인관계기술등을향상시킬수있다고보고된바있다 [12]. 본연구의결과역시집단활동을통해또래와의관계형성에어려움을겪는대상자들에게집단내에서자신의감정및타인의감정을조절하는능력과서로의관계다루기에대한경험이자기인식및대인관계기술등과같은사회성기술이향상으로반영된것으로생각된다. 세번째하위항목을살펴보면, 집단사회성놀이프로그램전 후지시따르기영역에서유의한차이를보이지않았지만점수의평균은 4.00±1.07에서 4.38±0.92의긍정적인변화를보였다 (p>.05). 자폐증특성상주변상황에무관심함을보이고지시따르기에많은어려움을특징을갖고있는점을고려하였을때평균의향상은집단사회성프로그램의긍정적인효과가작용한것으로생각된다. 이러한연구결과는기존연구에서신체활동을포함한다양한활동의참여가자연스러운지시따르기및주변상황에대한인식을유도하게되어집단의식을고취시킨결과와연결지어생각할수있다 [24]. 마지막으로 E-CLAC의행동영역을살펴보면, 집단사회성놀이프로그램전 후행동영역 ( 자발성, 집중성, 자발적모방, 계획성 ) 이 39.88±6.78에서 47.00±4.28로평균의긍정적인향상을보였고, 통계적으로유의한변화를확인할수있었다 (Z=-2.52, p<.05). 자폐증상을갖고있는대상자들의집단활동의참여는대상자들의고집행동, 자신의신체를때리거나무는등의자해행동, 괴성을지르는행동, 자리에서이탈하는행동등의부적절한행동의감소에영향을준다고보고된바있다 [12]. 대상자들이흥미를갖을수있는놀이활동요소와또래친구들과함께참여할수있도록구성한집단활동요소가작용하여행동영역에긍정적인효과가있었던것으로생각된다. 사회성숙도및 E-CLAC 하위요소들의프로그램전후변화량에대한상관분석을실시한결과계획성항목에서높은수준의상관관계를확인할수있었다 (Table 3). 이는사회성이높은아이들이본집단사회성놀이에서높은수준의계획성을보였다는것으로, 이는개인놀이와 103
7 한국산학기술학회논문지제 17 권제 6 호, 2016 달리타인과의상호작용이필요한집단놀이에서순서및규칙등의적용이보다엄격할수밖에없으므로 [12], 그활동안에자연스럽게자폐청소년들이계획성을녹여낸것으로판단된다. 하지만계획성항목이외의유의성은관찰되지않았는데, 이는 E-CLAC 평가도구가하위요소들의평가문항이 5단계로측정되기때문에수치의변화량이크지않은이유가반영된것으로보인다. 뿐만아니라모든대상자들의전체변화량의차이는보였지만, 하위요소들의점수변화에일관성을나타내지는않았다. E-CLAC 하위항목에서집단에의적응, 대인관계, 행동영역에서점수가증가된아동은지시따르기영역의향상을보이지않았으며, 대인관계및행동영역에점수향상을보인대상자는집단에의적응및지시따르기영역에서는변화가없었다. 이와같은결과는자폐청소년들모두개개인의특성및발달이다르기때문에나타난결과라고사료된다. 결론적으로자폐청소년들의사회성증진에영향을준본연구의다양한요소들을고려해보았을때또래친구들과관계및활동을유도한그룹프로그램요소와대상자들의발달수준을고려한놀이가복합적으로영향을미쳐 7주라는단기간에도불구하고다양한영역에서긍정적인효과를도출시킬수있었다. 자폐청소년의사회성증진에개별치료도또한효과를볼수있지만, 대상자들의사회적통합에중요한역할을하는것은또래와의관계및활동을통해이루어진다고언급한연구자들처럼그룹치료가보다효과적인것으로사료된다 [12]. 또한자폐증상을갖고있는대상자들의사회성치료시그들이관심갖고있는발달연령상의놀이를통하여또래친구들과의집단활동을유도할경우대인관계기술및자기인식등과같은사회성기술향상에보다도움이될것이다. 이러한다양한긍정적인결과에도불구하고본연구의제한점으로는적은대상자의수로인하여다양한유형의자폐특성을모두고려하지못한단점이있다. 또한개개인별놀이선호도및놀이특성을반영하여프로그램을개발하지못한점역시본연구의큰제한점이라할수있겠다. 추후연구를통해많은대상자들이참여한그룹사회성놀이프로그램을진행하여그효과에대해다시한번검증한다면자폐청소년의사회성증진을위한긍정적이론적배경으로활용할수있을것이다. 5. 결론 본연구는사회성의저하를보이는자폐청소년들에게집단사회성놀이를적용한후에사회성에미치는효과를알아봄으로써집단치료의영역을확대하고자폐청소년의사회적역할강화를위한치료적중재개발의목적으로진행되었다. 본연구결과에의하면, 집단사회성놀이에포함된집단활동요소와대상자들의발달을고려한놀이활동요소가복합적으로작용하여자폐청소년의사회성증진효과가나타났음을확인할수있었다. References [1] G. Dawson, J. Munson, A. Estes, J. Osterling, J. McPartland, K. Toth, L. Carver, R. Abbott, "Neurocognitive Function and Joint Attention Ability in Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Versus Developmental Delay", Child Development, Vol. 73, No. 2, pp , DOI: [2] J. H. Lim, B. J. Lee, J. H. Shin, "The Effects of Art Therapy on Self Expression of Adolescents with Autistic Disorder", Institute of Special Education & Rehabilitation Science, Vol. 54, No. 4, pp , DOI: [3] D. Y. Kim, E. H. Paik, "The Effects of Individualized Positive Behavior Support on The Aggressive Behavior and on-task Behavior of a High School Student with Autism Spectrum Disorder", Korean Journal of Special Education, Vol. 50, No. 4, pp , [4] J. M. Bass, J. A. Mulick, "Social play skill enhancement of Children with Autism using peers and siblings as Therapists", Psychology in the Schools, Vol. 44, No. 7, pp , DOI: [5] D. H. Kim, H. M. Mun, "Qualitative Study on Conversational Behaviors in Adolescents with High-Functioning Autism", Korea Society for the Emotional & Behavioral Disorders, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp , [6] Y. S. Lee, "A Social Improvement of Autistic teenagers throughout Group Art Therapy", Kyunghee University, Master's Thesis, [7] H. J. Park, "The effects of Physical Activity Program on the Social Adjustment of Autistic", Journal of Physical Growth and Motor Development, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp , [8] S. Y. Park, The Effect of Small Group Art Therapy Program with Non-handicapped Peers on the Social Skills in Autistic Child, The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Psychology, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp , 104
8 2007. [9] E. J. Lee, "The Effect of Activities with Group Play on Adaptive Behaviors of Young Autistic Children", Dankook University, Master's Thesis, [10] S. M. Shin, M. K. Shim, "The effects of Theraplay on Social behavior of Young children with Autism", The Journal of Play Therapy, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp , [11] S. Y. Kim, M. J. Kim, H. L. Ro, "Effects of a Group Play Therapy of Social Skills in Children with Developmental Disorders", Journal of Korean Clinical Health Science, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp , DOI: [12] Y. A. Oh, J. S. Lee, "The effects of Group Theraplay on Social Interaction Behaviors of Children with Autism", Journal of The Korean Association for Persons with Autism, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp , [13] K. H. Choi, "A Case Study through the structured Group Therapy using reading Activities : focused on the Self-esteem of the Children of divorced. Daegu University, Master's Thesis, [14] A. Kirby, "Games for trainers". vol. 1-2, London, Gower, [15] G. Corey, "Theory and practice of group counseling", 4th ed, Brooks and Cole Publishing company, [16] J. Y. Suk, O. H. An, I. J. Park, The Effects of the Group Game Play Therapy on the Improvement of Emotional Intelligence and Self-Esteem of Institutionalized Children, The Korea Society of Community Living Science, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp , [17] K. O'Connor. "The Play the Therapy Primer", pp , Wiley Publishers, [18] T. R. Kim, R. G. Park, J. S. Byun, W. S. Kang, "A Study of Development of Behavior Assessment for Autistic Children", Special Children Clinical Research, Vol. 2, pp , [19] S. M. Lee, S. K. Choi, "The effects of paired-physical activities on the social development of young children with developmental disabilities", Journal of Special Physical Education, Vol. 3, pp , [20] S. K. Kim, O. K. Kim, "Social Maturity Scale", pp , Central Aptitude Publisher, [21] Y. H. Suk, "The Effects of Group Games on the Social Skills of Young Autistic Children", Dankook University, Master's Thesis, [22] J. W. Ku, "The Effects of the Group Game Play Therapy Using Parents Child Interaction on the Social Skill of Low Income Group Children", Korean Journal of Interdisciplinary Therapy, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp , [23] E. J. Yang, D. Y. Kim, The effect of cooperative art therapy on peer relation of autistic children, Korean Journal of Art Therapy, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp , [24] J. E. Lee, "Effects of Applied Physical Activities Program on Compliance to Direction in Children with Autism", Daegu University, Master's Thesis, 우희순 (Hee-Soon Woo) [ 정회원 ] < 관심분야 > 연하재활, 신경계작업치료 2013 년 2 월 : 연세대학교대학원작업치료학과 ( 작업치료학박사 ) 2009 년 3 월 ~ 2015 년 2 월 : 우송대학교작업치료학과조교수 2015 년 3 월 ~ 현재 : 원광대학교작업치료학과조교수 원성윤 (Sung-Yoon Won) [ 정회원 ] < 관심분야 > 작업치료, 해부학 2011 년 8 월 : 연세대학교응용생명과학과 ( 해부학박사 ) 2013 년 3 월 ~ 2015 년 2 월 : 우송대학교작업치료학과초빙교원 2015 년 3 월 ~ 현재 : 세명대학교작업치료학과조교수 105
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