,,,,,,,,,,., (genomics) (OECD, 2000)., (, 2000).,. 20. (traditional bioindustry), (modern bioindustry), (genome- based bioindustry) (< 1> ). < 1> 20,,

Transcription

1 (Human Genome Project: HGP) 35., 21. (Jeremy Rifkin) < > 1990 (Rifkin, 1998) , 3, ) (bioindustry) (biotechnology). OECD(1982).

2 ,,,,,,,,,,., (genomics) (OECD, 2000)., (, 2000).,. 20. (traditional bioindustry), (modern bioindustry), (genome- based bioindustry) (< 1> ). < 1> 20,, 20,, 21,,,,,, : (2000). 20.,,. 20 DNA (1953 ) DNA (1973 ) (1975 ), , 21.,

3 . (post- genome),,,,,..,. (, 1992),,,,, 6 (techno- economic paradigm) (< 2> ). (key factor ), (motive branches), (carrier branches),,,, (induced branches). < 2> / / / / / / 40, / / / / 20, / 20?., 6 (socio- institutional framework)., (promotion) (regulation)., (windows of opportunity) (Perez and Soete, 1988).,.,.

4 2),,.,., 1g 5 60%, 256K D 1g %. G- CSF (granulocyte- colony stimulating factor ) 1g 54, EPO(erythropoietin) 1g 67., %, (< 3> ). DRI(Decision Resources Incorporation), %, (9.4%), (9.1%), (6.9%), (3.5%), (1.4%). < 3> : ,250 1,470 1,480 2,125 3,701 7,070 9,210 12,340 21,320 : Ernst & Young(1998); Dataquest; KISDI,.,,,,,,,,,.,,, (bioinformatics).,.

5 ., (reverse engineering)., 1 3., , 5 R&D 3..,., (, 2000a).,., (time lag).,,,.,,.,.,,.,. 1990, 3 5% ELSI(Ethical, Legal and Social Implications )...

6 , ).,.,,,,,, , (focused targeting).,. (< 4> ) (Amgen), (Genentech), (Biogen), (Chiron),,, 10., (Wellcome T rust ), (Glaxo Wellcome), (Novatis) 10 4, < 4> :, % Amgen Chiron Genentech Genzyme Alza Biogen Immunex 2,470 1,164 1, R&D : Ernst & Young(1999).

7 (Monsanto), (Novatis), (Calgene), 2., 1997,., (Living Modified Organism, LMO). LMO 64%, 1/ 3, 1/ 2 LMO. LMO LMO LMO, LMO ,,., (hydrocarbon) (carbohydrate).... DNA,, Lab. DNA DNA 1 0.,. 2) 1990.

8 1990,, (Biotechnology Coordination and Competitiveness Act) (Biotechnology for the 21st Century) ,,,,,, (Office of T echnology Assessment, 1995).,. (NIH),., 114 (Biotechnology Center).,,., EU BEP(Biomolecular Engineering Program), BAP(Biotechnology Action Program), BRIDGE(Biotechnology Research for Innovation, Development and Growth in Europe), EUREKA (European Research Coordination Agency) 20%.,, Biotechnology Means Business, 2000 (Genome Valley) ,560 Ecu

9 3 Bio Regio Bio- Avenir,. 2.,, , 1999 (Helix)., 1999,,,, 5,, , ,000.,,,,,,, (, 2000b).,, (Genome Canada) , 3 (Genome Canada T ask Force, 1999). 2000,,,, 16% 2 5.,

10 ,,,,, 6 (Commonwealth of Australia, 2000).. (Convention on Biological Diversity) UN (UNCED) (sovereign right). (Biosafety Protocol) (Bio- Pollution) (Bio- Hazard) ,. (Bio Property Right). (Biological Ethics) (1990 ), (1990 ),,, ( 1994 )., ,. 4. 1) % (5,085 ) 1.1%, 2.7%, 1997,,, % (< 5> )., %(1,683 4,246 ), 16.2%( ), %, % %, % (< 6> ).

11 < 5> (1997 ) (%) ( ) 92, ( ) 2,697,568 3, ( ) 4,348,950 5, ( ) 1, : ; < 6> :, % ,700 11,000 25,000 63, , ,500 7,000 16,000 42, , ,000 14,000 32,000 84, , ,200 4,000 9,000 21,000 50, ,200 18,000 41, , , : (1999).,,,.,., , %, 5.5%, 10% (< 7> ). < 7> : , ,608 1, , , ,140

12 : (2000)., 60 70%, (< 8> ). < 8> ( ) (%) :,,,, 1 5 : (1999)., ,934 2,368 50, , 1., 9 1,608 ( 450 ), (Biotech 2000),.,.,. LMO. 2),,

13 ,.,,,,,,,..,. 21. (2000) , ,, (< 9> ). < 9> :, % , % ,000 10, ,000 : (2000). (, 2000)., 21,..,,,,,,,,,,

14 .,..,,,,,. ( ). 5...,,..,,,,.,,,,..,..

15 < > (2000), (1992), < >,. (2000),. (1999), < >. (2000),. (2000), < 5 >,. (2000), < >,. (2000a), 21. (2000b),. (1999), < >. Ernst & Young ( ), Biotechnology Industry Annual Report Commonwealth of Australia(2000), Australian Biotechnology. Genome Canada T ask Force(1999), Genome Canada: Business Plan Draft for Discussions. OECD(1982), Biotechnology: International T rends and Perspectives. OECD(1999), Modern Biotechnology and the OECD. OECD(2000), Reviewing and Refining the Definition of Biotechnology Office of T echnology Assessment (1995), Meeting the Challenge: U.S. Industry Faces the 21st Century - T he U.S. Biotechnology Industry. Perez and Soete(1988), Catching up in T echnology: Entry Barrier s and Window s of Opportunity, G. Dosi, et al. (eds.), T echnical Change and Economic T heory (London: Pinter Publisher s). Rifkin, J.(1998),, < > (, 1999).

16 * 1 ), * * 2 ) 1...,,... (gen om e).,.,,,,,. 50..,,,, (Hum an Gen om e P roject ). (g en om e). (1) 1982 OECD : (Biot echn ology : Int ernational *1) (T el: / e- mail: **2) (T el: / e- mail: kskw )

17 T rends and P er spectiv es ), OECD S T I R ev iew No.19 (Special Issue on Biotechnology )..,...,,.,...,,. (T h e Biotech Century )" Jeremy Rifkin,..,.,... (ex traction in du stry )...,,. Bill Gat es.,. (if) (h ow ). Bill Gates Leroy H ood Darw in M olecular.,..,,., (super anim al),

18 .,. (2) (gen om e) (genom e ),,,,,.. (genom e ) (gen e) (chrom osom e). DNA. (g en om e),. (genom e ). - ics g enom ics..,,,.,,,.,,, (paradigm shift ).,,.,. (critical m as s )., ,.. (research m at erials ).,.

19 (tran sdisciplin ary ),,. (tacit ).,,..., / 3.,,. (embry o stem cell) (Livin g M odified Org anism, LM O).. < 1>,. D/ B , (IP C C12N ) 1/ 3. < 1> : Chin, Hemin (2000).

20 < 1> (0.56% 3.41% ) (1.80% 2.74% ), (1.04% 0.52% ), (15.35% 8.74% ). < 1> (% ) (% ) , ,031 3.,,,.., (activity index ), (t echn ology strength ), it em. (1) , %, 5.5%. < 2>. 14%, 10%. < 2> (1999 ) ( : )

21 , ,608 :, 2000 (2) (2000), %.. 33%.,. < 3> , 208 3). g en om ics 17, ( ) 28., 4) (IP C C12N ), ( ),,. 1,474 ( 11.8% ), 741 ( 6.0% ), 240 ( 1.9% ) ( ),., 1 667, 179, 85. 5) 3). 3,141 6,598. KORDIC DB ( ) ). 5) 29 2.

22 < 3> ( ) (structural biology) ) (genetics) (structure and function of macromolecules) (anabolism) (catabolism) (enzyme) (action mechanism of bioactive substance) (g enomics ) , (replication, transcription and translation) (gene expression and regulation) (recombinant DNA) (molecular genetics) (developmental genetics) (cytogenetics) (populational genetics) : 1.. : KORDIC, DB (3), 3.6%, 13.2%. < 4>,,., (pool) 1. < 4>

23 %( =100) ,248 50,767 6, : WFCC(world federation of culture collection) : (4) ( ),. 6),.,. < 5> % 1.4%,. 7) < 5> ( ) ( :, % ) 2,857 (58.5) 1,122 (22.5) 348 (7.1) 59 (1.2) 170 (3.5) 36 (0.7) 45 (0.9) 1 (- ) 243 (5.0) 4,881 (100%) 364 (81.8) 6 (1.4) 19 (4.3) 19 (4.3) 1 (0.2) 7 (1.6) 1 (0.2) - 28 (6.3) 445 (100%) 15 ( (21.4) 2 (7.1) - 1 (3.6) (10.6) 28 (100%) : :, :, :,,, : 8),. < 2> 1 6) monoclonal antibody MRC C. Milstein G. Koehler,,. 7).. 8) (activity index ) = ( ) ( )

24 ,,,. < 2> ( ), 9) ,000, 2,000 (< 3> ). < 3> : Office of T echnology Policy, (1998) < 4> ( 9) (technology strength) quality-weighted indicator.

25 ) , serum album in, protein C, F GF, antisen se 10., F DA. urokin ase,, EP O, CSF, T PA F DA < 4> it em ( ) apoptosis(4 ) humanized(6 ) chimeric(5 ) TGF(6 ) FGF( ) antisense( ) angiogenesis( ) AAV(12 ) protein C( ) SOD(5 ) repressor(14 ) inhibitor( ) TPA(6 ) lympokine(5 ) serum albumin( ) CSF(10 ) EPO(13 ) urokinase(12 ) interferon(5 ) growth hormone(9 ) insulin(7 ) : :, :, : FDA :. ( ) : : (2000), p.50.

26 4..,,,, 1990.,,.,,.,,,,,.,. 5.4% 5 10%,.,.,...,, 1992 (um brella program ) Biotechn ology for the 21st Century.. < 6>.,. (bottom up ). 10) 10) NIH (National Institutes of Health), MRC(Medical Research Council), DFG(German Research Association), (top down).

27 < 5> ,,,, ,,,, 16% 2 5 (A UD ) 1999 (MRC) Gen om e Canada, (CAD ) 2000 (DT I) Genom e V alley, 11)..,.,....,,... 11) 1999 Max - Plank 10,,,,.

28 .,, (field ).,.,.,..,,..,,.,.., ,..,., NIH 3 5% ELSI(Ethical, Leg al and S ocial Im plication s ).. 5..,

29 . Ern st & Youn g. 99.,..,.,. < > ( ) (1998),.. (2000),,. (2000),, (2000), 21 :,. (1997), (2000 ), (2000),,.,.,. ( ), 21. Chin, Hemin (2000), Human Genome Project and Biotech Industries: Retrospect and Prospect, <Bio-Med 2000 Korea>. Committee on Life Sciences and Health of FCCSET (1992), B iotechnology for the 21th Century - A Fccset R eport, in Genome Canada Task Force (1999), Genome Canada: B usiness Plan Draf t for Discussions, in Department of Trade and Industry (2000), Genome Valley: The Economic Potential and Strategic Importance of B iotechnology in the UK. Ernst & Young (2000), The Economic Contributions of the B iotechnology Industry to the U.S. Economy. OECD (1982), B iotechnology: International Trends and Persp ectives. Rifkin, J. (1998), The B iotech Century, Jeremy P. Tarcher/ Putnam. Schimank, U. et al. (1999), Public Sector Research in Europ e: Comparative Case Studies on the Organization of H uman Genetics R esearch, TSER Project No. SOE1- CT

30 ( ) 1. : BT.,.,, < >,, (DNA RNA ), IT (inform ation technology ) BT (biotechnology ). IT, BT..,..,,,,,,,,, 8. DNA,

31 (gen etically m odified org anism, GM O )- UN < > Living M odified Organism ' (LM O)-.,,,,., DNA DNA. (m odification ) (recom bination ) (F ranken stein foods )...,,, 3.?,.? - 2 -

32 ,,,,, ?......,,..,?,.. W T O..., (Roun d- Up ) (Roun dup Ready )

33 (term inat or techn ology ).,.,...,.,,..., 38,., ,,.,,

34 ..., %, %..,. < >.,,.., 100%. P PL (st em cell)

35 ,.. (bio- h azard)....,.?.,...,,. (biodiv er sity )..,.,,,.,..,.. :., - 6 -

36 ,...,..,.,...,, 40% DNA. DNA... LM Os. 100%, < > (Cartagen a Protocol on Biosafety ). LM Os. (precaution ary principle)., LM Os,, LM Os - 7 -

37 .,., (playin g God ).?.,.,... 4., DNA. (g enom ics )., DNA,., 23, 30 10, 16, ,,.,,, 97%. (Bioinform atics ). (functional g en om ics ) (com parativ e genomics ). SNP (Single Nu cleotide P olym orphism ), - 8 -

38 . 99.9%, 0.1% SNP.,....,...,.....,.,....,.,, %, 99.9%. SNP, 99.9%

39 ...,..... (J. Locke),,.?.,. (proces s ) (produ ct ).,.,,,, , 15%, 50%, 35%,.. (biopriacy ). 3,

40 ., ,.... SNP., ,.,

41 ,.., ?.. (T A ).,,.,,,..,,, < > 15 2,,,.,..?

42 ,, :, 2000.,, :, 2000.,,, < > ( , ),, (, 1999), 2000 ( ) (, 1994),,, 2, :, Caplan. A. L., Can Ethics H elp Guide the F uture of Biom edicine?. ed by Baker R.B. et al. T h e A m erican M edical Ethics Rev olution. Baltim ore and London : T he John s H opkin s Univ er sity Press, H arris. J., Clones, Gen es, and Im m ortality : Ethics an d the Genetic Rev olution. Oxford : Ox ford Univ er sity Pres s, Hilm an, Allan L. A Roun dtable Discu ssion - Gen e T herapy : S ocioeconom ic and Ethical Issu es. Hum an Gen e T herapy v ol. 7, Murry. T. H., T h e Gen om e and A ccess t o Health Care. ed by T. H. Murry et al. T he Hum an Gen om e Project and the F uture of Health Care. Bloomingt on an d In dian apolis : In dian a Univ er sity Pres s, P et er s, T ed, P lay ing God?, N ew York an d Lon don : Routledg e,

43 - - (, ) (biotechnology ). T V, 1. DNA. DNA T V, DNA. (inform ation t echnology ) (Jerem y Rifkin ) " (T he B iotech Cen tury )" , ( [hum anity ]), ( ),,,,....,.. 21 (v er sion ). ( ). (Hum an Gen om e Project, HGP )..

44 2. 1) (Basisw issen schaft ) 1). (scientific rev olution ) ( ). (clockw ork ),....,,.. 2).,, (hierarchy ).,. (F. J. Ay ala ),,. (ontological reductionism ) (entity ). (m eth odological reductionism ). (epist em ological redu ctionism ).. HGP.,.. ( ). 2) 1). (phy sicalism),. (Carnap), (Neurath).,,,,,. 2)

45 (Vicedo, 1992)..,. (fundamental), (essence)..,. (Sarkar ).. 1) (fundamentalism ) 2) (abstract hierarchy ) 3) (spatial hierarchy ). 3. 3), (weak reduction ) 1). (phenotype)., 1) 2).. ( )., (strong reduction ) 1), 2), 3).. (Sarkar, 1998). 1) 2) 3) (approximate strong reduction ) (strong reduction ). (geneticism, Sarkar ),....,.. (molecularization), HGP. (level),. 3) weak reduction, approximate abstract hierarichical reduction, abstract hierarichical reduction, approximate strong reduction, strong reduction,.

46 3.,.., (population ) ( ).,,,.,.. 1) (back- door eugenics )".,, (select ). ( ),.. (negative eugenics) 4) (cost - benefit ),,. (Philip Kitcher ) HGP (enterprise of choosing people) (Kitcher, 1998).,. (slippery slope)".,.. 4) (positive eugenics).. (cost - benefit),.

47 . 2) (Edward J. Yoxen ) " (Constructing Genetic Disease)". (socially construct ). (Evelyn Fox Keller ),, ( ), 5) (Keller, 1992) 2000, (genetic pool) ( ). 6) ( ),..,..,.,.., < > < >. (actor ),...,, 5) HGP (big science). HGP. 6) Galton. H. J. Muller.. 50 (status quo) 3. Linus Pauling.

48 ... 4., -., 21,.. ( ). 7),.. ( )..,? ( )?...,. (Kitcher, 1996).,,,,..,... 7)..

49 < > 1953 DNA DNA DNA (container ) 8),... DNA = DNA 35 (process ) DNA (code). DNA. DNA, (linear ). ( ) ( ). ( ),.., (cost ).. (humanity ).., DNA. ( ). ( ), DNA. (ecosystem ) (network), 1:1, - -..,. ( ).. (identity ). < > < > Ayala, F. J., 1974, Introduction in F. J. Ayala and T. Dobzhansky (eds.), S tudies in the P hilos op hy od B iology (London, Macmillan ) 8) Richard Dawkins "T he Selfish Gene( ).

50 Bishop Jerry E. and Waldholz, Michael, 1990, Gen om e; T he S tory of Our A s tonis hing A ttemp t to M ap A ll the Gen es in the H um an B ody (, /, ) Cook- Deegan Robert, 1994, T he Gene W ars ; S cience, P olitics and the H um an Gen om e (", /, ) Grace Eric S. 1997, B iotechn ology Unz ipp ed, P rom is es & R ealities (,, ) Keller Evelyn F ox, 1992, "Nature, Nurture, and T he Human Genome Project", in Daniel J. Kelves and Leroy Hood(Edit ), T he Cod e of Cod es ; S cien tif ic and S ocial I ss ues in the H um an Gen om e P roj ect, Harvard University Press Kimbrell Andrew, 1993, T he H um an B ody S hop (" -, /, ) Kitcher Philip, 1996, T he L iv es T o Com e; T he Gen etic R ev olution and H um an P oss ibilities, Simon & Schu ster Kitcher Philip, 1998, "Who's Afraid of the Human Genome Project?" in David L. Hull and Michael Ruse (Edit.) The P hilos op hy of B iology, Oxford University Press Lewontin R, C, 1991, T he D octrin e of D N A ; B iology as I d eology, Penguin Books Nelkin Dorothy, 1995, The DN A M ys tique, The Gene as a Cultural I con, W. H. Freeman and Company Nelkin Dorothy, 1995, S elling S cience, H ow the P ress Cov ers S cience and T echn ology,w. H. Freeman and Company Paul Diane B. "Is Human Genetics Disguised Eugenics?", in David L. Hull and Michael Ru se (Edit.) T he P hilos op hy of B iology, Oxford University Press Rifkin Jeremy, 1998, T he B iotech Cen tury (" ",,, ) Rose Hilary and Rose Steven (Edit.) 1976, The P olitical E conomy of S cience, I deology of/ in the N a tural S ciences, T he Macmillan Press LT D Rose Steven, Lew ontin R. C. and Kamin J. Leon, 1984, N ot I n Our Gen es ; B iology, I d eology and H um an N ature, Penguin Books ( ;,,,, ) Sarkar Sahotra(Edit), 1996, T he P hilos op hy and H is tory of M olecular B iology ; N ew P ersp ectiv es, Kluwer Academic Publishers Sarkar Sahotra, 1998, Genetics and R eductionism, Cambridge Univer sity Pres s Vicedo Marga, 1992, Human Genome Project ; T ow ards an Analy sis of T he Empirical, Ethical, and Conceptual Is sues Involved, B iology and P hilos opy, 7(1992) pp , Kluw er Academic Publishers.

51 1) 2) 1. :. NGO..,..,,,...,.. OECD, ,..,..,. ( 1), ( : ). ha nc lk@pspd.org 2), ( : ). biocdst@orgio.net

52 ) ,. 2 (biosafety protocol), LMO. DNA...,,,., ( )..,.. 2. :., 1970.,. (Biohazard)' 1970 SF, DNA, 1974 (National Academy of Science) DNA ( ).

53 DNA,, (NIH). 1) NIH 1973,., (SF) 2).,. OECD. 3) ,.,.,. 4).. 1) DNA,,, , DNA, ( 12, 13, 14 / ). 2) Mic ha e l Roge rs( ) 3) 1997 NIH,. 4) Ma e -Wa e Ho, Ge ne tic Enginee ring Drea m or Nightma re?, Gateway Books, 1998;,,,, ( 7, 8 / ). 20., (,2000) Institute of sc ie nce in soc iety.

54 3. : (Biosafety Protocol),,., 5) L ( ) 30 10,000.,.,. (L ), ( ) 6).,..,.. Bt-,. 7) 1998.,,. 5) (the princ iple of pre c a utiona ry) (Sc ie nc e a nd Environme nta l He a lth Networke r, SEHN). hn.org 6), (, 2000), ;, ( ), (, 1999) ;,,,, ( 2, 1997) 7),,,, ( 7, 8 / )..

55 (vector construct).,.. 8) )... 10) 2/3..,...,,. Bt,,. Bt,. 11) Bt,. 12) 8), ( 9, ) / (New Sc ie ntist, 20 Fe brua ry, 1999), (New Sc ie ntist, 6 Ma rc h, 1999), (Nature, Vol. 398, 11 Ma rc h, 1999), (New Sc ie ntist, 17 April, 1999) 9). 10),???, (, 2000), ) 1999 Bt ( ). 12) Bt (

56 .,. 13) 3 3.?..,.,. 14) (Terminator Technology)',. 15) 30 40,.. ( ).,. 16). 4. : 4 1.? : (Playing God) 1997 Dolly, 1998, ) 13)., ) Shiva, Va nda na, The Viole nc e of the Gree n Revolution (Third Word Network, 1991);,, (, 2000);,,. 15) &,, ( 14, ) 16),

57 (Embryoinc stem cell). (totipotent),,,., (adult stem cell). 17) (primitive streak) ),. (Blastomere Seperation) (Nuclear transfer), (NIH) 1990,.,, AIDS. OTC(ornithine transcarbamylase) NIH FDA ,,. 17) Irving L. We issma n e t al. Ste m Ce ll Resea rc h a nd Ethics Sc ie nce (vol 287,25, 2000) 18) (, ).

58 ,,.,,., (genetic enhancement),. 19) ) (genetic information).,,.. (presymptomatic diagnosis)..,.....,.. 21). DNA profile,..,. 19) Mr Ha ro ld Ed ga r a nd Mr Thoma s Tursz. ' Re port o n Huma n Ge ne The ra py'. Inte rna tiona l Bioethics Committe e (UNESCO) 20) (, ); Ma rk A. Rothste in Ge netic Se c rets-prote ctiong Priva cy a nd Confide ntia lity in the Ge netic Er a (Ya le Unive rsity press). 2 1) 43 (Health insurance) 15 (employment) ;.( )

59 4 4. (Xenotransplantation),., 22), (Xenotropic).....,.. (informed consent). 5. : 5 1. :? (Human genome project).?. PE,. 23),.,. 22) F.H Ba tc h, et a l. ' Unc e rta inty in Xe notra nspla nta tio n ind ivid ua l be nefit ve rsus c olle ctive risk'. Nature Me dic ine (Vol 4:3, 1998) BBC, ( ) 23) RAFI(Rura l Adva nc e me nt Fo unda tio n Inte rna tioa l). fi.o rg

60 ..,..,.,. 24).,. 25) 5 2. : WTO.., ( ). 26) , 1988 (harvard mouse),.,. 27) 3 (biopiracy) < >, WTO. 28) EST(Expressed Sequence 24), (, 1993).,, (, 2000). 25) Co unc il for Responsible Ge ne tics, nwa tc h.org 26), (, 2000). 27), (, 2000). 28), 3, (, 2000); GRAIN,,.

61 Tag) SNP(Single Nucleotide Polymorphism)... 29) 1997 UNESCO < > ,.,..,,,.,..,,,.,,..,. 29) RAFI. ' Phase II for Huma n Ge nome Resea rc h -Huma n Ge netic Dive rsity Ente r the comme rica l Ma instre a m' RAFI COMMUNIQUE (Ja nua ry/fe brua ry 2000)

62 ? ( ) bioinform atics, com put ational biology, com put ation al m olecular biology, bioinform atics.,, " / / ".,. F rederic S an ger ( 1958 ) , "MDQNNSLPPYA QGLA SP QGA MT P GIPIF SPMMPYGT GLT P Q P IQ" ( ).? "?", "?".,. M ont e Carlo St anislaw Ulam,,., F rederic S an ger DNA S an ger., DNA.,., 3, 3., 3., 1 3 ( folding ), 3,,

63 ,. 3,. um brella t erm, 3,., DNA 3,. DNA, RNA,,. DNA chip proteom ics.., DNA chip proteomics, g enom ics proteom ics. DNA chip ( DNA m icroarray ) proteom ics "global".,, RNA, g enom ics " " RNA.., g enom ics.,. DNA chip DNA, DNA chip. DNA chip,., DNA chip,

64 chip...,.. g enom ics,.,. " ".,,,, /.,. ",.",.,, 21. proteom ics. proteom ics g en om ics. RNA.,, gen om ics.,,.,,.,., genomics proteom ics.,., / /

65 ,.. g enom ics,.,,.,.,.,,,,.,..,..,. g enom ics,., g enom ics ( per son alized m edicine ).,. DNA. SNP (Single Nu cleotide P olym orphism )., DNA. SNP, SNP. 30,,. SNP 30.,,.,.,.,

66 . SNP? SNP,.,,., SNP,.,., decode g en etics..,..,.,,., " "., DNA chip.. SNP, DNA DNA ( DNA ) Hum an Gen e T ru st. w w w.dn a.com..,.,,.,.,.

67 .,,.,. / /.,..,,, " ".,.,,. 21,. [ ] T he Gen e W ar s : S cien ce, P olitics an d the Hum an Genom e, Rob ert Cook - Deeg an, 1994, W.W. Norton & Com pany Bioinform atics : A Practical Guide to the Analy sis of Genes and Protein s (M ethods of Biochem ical An aly sis, Vol 39), An dreas Bax ev anis and B.F. F rancis Ouellett e (Edit or s ), 1998, John W iley & S on s Introduction t o Comput ational M olecular Biology, Joao M eidanis, Joao C. S etab al, 1997, P W S Pub. Co. A lg orithm s on Strin g s, T rees, and S equ en ces : Com put er S cien ce and Com put ational Biology, Dan Gu sfield, 1997, Cambridge Univ ersity Press Com put ational M eth ods in M olecular Biology (New Com preh en siv e Biochem istry, Vol. 32), Stev en L. S alzberg, David B. S earls, Sim on Kasif (Edit or s ), 1998, Elsevier S cience

68 Lt d. Biological S equ en ce Analy sis : P robabilistic M odels of P rot ein s an d Nu cleic A cids, Rich ard Durbin, S. Eddy, A. Krogh, G. Mit chison, 1998, Cam bridge Univ er sity Press Hum an M olecular Gen etics, An drew P. Read, T om Strachan, 1999, BIOS S cientific P ublisher s Lt d. Genom es, T.A. Brow n, 1999, BIOS S cientific Publish er s Ltd. DNA Microarray s : A Practical A pproach (Edit or ), 1999, Oxford Univ Pres s (Practical Approach S eries 205), M ark S ch ena Genomics : T he S cien ce an d T echnology Behind the Hum an Gen om e P roject, Charles R. Cant or and Cassandra L. Smith, 1999, John W iley & S on s T he Hum an Genom e Project, N. G. Cooper (Edit or ), 1994, Univ er sity S cience Book s http :/ / w w w.sciam.com/ 2000/ 0700is sue/ 0700h ow ard.htm l http :/ / w w w.san ger.ac.uk/ Info/ Intro/ san ger 1958.shtm l http :/ / w w w - groups.dcs.st - and.ac.uk/ ~history/ M athem atician s/ Ulam.htm l http :/ / w w w.ornl.g ov/ hgmis/ publicat/ prim er/ intro.htm l http :/ / barinth.tripod.com/ chip s.htm l http :/ / gen om e.u c.edu/ genom e/ proteom ics.htm l http :/ / w w w.nigm s.nih.g ov/ fundin g/ psi.htm l http :/ / snp.cshl.org http :/ / w w w.decode.com http :/ / w w w.bioinform atics.pe.kr http :/ / recom b2000.im s.u - t oky o.ac.jp http :/ / ism b00.sdsc.edu

69 http :/ / psb.st anford.edu http :/ / bioinform atics.oupjournals.org http :/ / w w w.cs.sandia.gov/ j cb/ http :/ / w w w.iscb.org http :/ / bioinform er.ebi.ac.uk/ n ew sletter/ http :/ / w w w.bioinform.com http :/ / bioinform atics.org

70 1) , ,110 2% 30%. < 1> (A ) 1,468 2,042 4,934 7,110 (%) (B) (%) (%, B/ A ) : ) ( )

71 . < 1> : % 19%, 14%, 11%. 9%, 3% 18%, 11%, 11%. < 2> 3. 70% 60%..

72 38% % < 3> 4., 30%,. < 4>

73 ..(< 3> ) 1. < 4> 50% 10%... < 5> %.(< 6> )

74 < 6> > ( : %, ) 3.. (CE O) (CT O)..(< 7> ).,,. < 7> ( : % )

75 4.. M&A Buy - Back, % < 2> 39 77% 49% 61% %, 66% ( ( ) 10 65% 73%) 94% % < 8>

76 1 % 1 % 3 7 % 1 2 % 2 0 % 1 2 % 3 5 % 3 0 % 7 % 4 4 % % < 9> % % %

77 . < 10> 99 50%, %,, % % 71%. < 3> R&D (99) (97) (97) % % < 11>

78 10 80% 21.. < 12> (premium ) ,,.

79 . < 13> ( : % ) < 14>

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92 : Genom e Can ada 1 ) I. Genom e Can ada (M edical Research Coun cil of Canada ) Genom e T ask F orce Genom e Canada (Nation al Research Council of Can ada ), (N atural S cien ce and En gineering Research Council) (S ocial S cience and Hum anities Research Coun cil) Genom e Canada., Can adian Biotechn ology Strat egy T ask F orce, A griculture an d A gri- F ood Can ada, H ealth Can ada, Environm ent Can ada, an d the Canadian F orest S erv ice, 1999 Genom e Can ada T a sk F orce,, Gen om e Can ada Gen om e Can ada M artin Godbout Gen om e Can ada ` Genom e Canada Genom e Canada.. II. Genom e Can ada 1) 1) Genome Canada Genome Canada: Blueprint and Principles, November 1998, Summary of Activities( ), November 1999, Genome Canada: Business Plan, November Business Plan. Genome Canada, w ww.genomecanada.ca

93 ,,,, GELS (Genomics Ethical, Environmental, Legal & Societal Issues),,. 2) R&D :,,,, (business cluster ),,,.,,, :, functional genomics, genotyping, proteomics, bioinformatics, genome mapping and sequencing,.. :,,,. III. 1) (Genomics )., (bioinformatics). Genomics. Genomics - 2 -

94 25%. Geonomcis,,,. 2),,, ( Canada Foundation for Innovation,CFI).. BRCA2 high throughput sequencing capability Myriad., GDP R&D. R&D. (40%) (30%)..,,,

95 (Canadian Institutes for Health Research). (National Research Councils) (Canadian Foundation of Innovation ) ,,, Genome Canada. IV. Genome Canada 1) Genome Canada. 6 (Headquater ). Genome Canada Genome Canada,,. Genome Canada. (Science and Industry Advisory Committee, SIAC),,,..,,,, genotyping, sequencing, proteomics, bioinformatics, functional genomics, technology development. bioinformatics.....,

96 Gen om e Can ada Board of Director N ation al Str ateg y & GE L S, Pu blic Ou treach Science & Indu stry Advisory Committee President & CEO Genome Canada National Staff Proteom ics Sequen cin g Cen t er T echn olog y Dev elopm ent Bioin form atics Genoty pin g Funtion al Genomics < > Genome Canada 2) Genome Canada 1, 9. 20%, 3 5% GELS, 2.5%, Genome Canada. 3.,, 3. (2 ),,. Genome Canada.,,,. Genome Canada. Genome Canada. 10 (CDN), 1 3 (CDN ), 20, 1 3, , 5000, 5 Genomics

97 V. Genome Canada 1).,..,,,,.,,..,,.,,. 2),,.. 3) Genome Canada. Genome Canada.,, )

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99 2) 1 : Genome Canada. GELS :.. 3 :. Genome Canada, GELS,. 4 : 2. Genome Canada. 5 :,,. Genome Canada. VII. 1) MIT Whitehead, 2,. 20%, 40%, 40%. 3, 3, Genome Canada( ) 1. 2) Genome Canada.., ,,,

100 < 1> Genome Canda ( : ) , ,, ( ). < 2> Genome Canada 5 ( : ) large Center1 large Center2 large Center3 small Center1 small Center2 small Genome Center3 Canada

101 (STEPI, ) TSER 1) 6,.,,,,, 6,., ( 3, 4, 2, 4, 3 ) (molecular biology) (biomedicine),..,,,,., ( ).,, ( ) ( ).,., 2), 1) "Public Sector Research in Europe : Comp arative Case Stu dies on the Organization of Human Genetics Research " synthesis rep ort for TSER project 'European Comparison of Public Research System s', Max-Planck-Institute for the Study of Societies, ) ,

102 . (pool),. (,,, ),..,,,.,,.,,, ( 1). 1., (Large, developed countries;, ) :,..., (Large, less develop ed countries; ) :.,,,., (bottom-up)., (Small, developed countries;, ) :. R&D - 2 -

103 (niches of excellence)'., (Sm all, less develop ed countries; ) :,., (critical m ass). 90 ( EU Fram ew ork Programme) 3). < EU fram ew ork program m e > EU.,., EU., EU 2, German Research Society, EU., (, ) (, ) (, ).,.,.., 1980,, EU.., 3)

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115 2.3.1.,, 70% 90%. 5%, 25%( 400 ).,. GDP 0.6% GDP 3%, 6 ( 1/ 3 ), , 3, 15%, 25%. 7%( 115 ), 10%, 1/ 3 (< 2> ). < 2> (1998 ) Glax o W ellcom e 14, / R&D A strazeneca 15, / / R&D Sm ithklin e Beecham 8, / / R&D Pfizer 3, / R&D Bay er 3, R&D Rhone- P oulen c Rorer 2, (1997 ) / / R&D Roch e 2, / R&D Eli Lilly 1, / R&D Abb ott Laborat ories 1, / R&D A m erican Hom e Product s 1, / R&D N ov artis 1, / R&D M erck, Sharp & Dohm e 1, / R&D :, (Diagnostics)

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119 (ST EPI ) I , %.. < 1> (1998 ) < 1>

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126

127 ,,,,.,., , sequen ce 1) draft sequen ce. 2) 11, 18, 21, (JST ) 2, 6, 8, 21, 22. JST ( ) 7%. 1) International Human Genome consortium,,,,, ) (Genomic Science Center),,

128 < 1> ( ) draft sequence(kb) (kb) (kb) Baylor College of Medicine( ) 212,125 46, ,758 ( ) 41, ,544 ( ) 2,050 2,531 4,581 Genoscope( ) 33,868 47,837 81,705 ( ) 62,445 5,530 67,975 ( ) 24,088 22,721 46,809 Joint Genome Institute (DOE) 305,456 55, ,352 ( ) 5,867 14,238 20,105 ( ) 4,711 4,020 8,731 ( ) 169,194 18, ,056 T he Sanger Center ( ) 634, , ,350 DNA Sequence Center ( ) 29, ,303 ( ) 15,388 11,275 26,663 sequence ( ) 18,550 10,112 28,662 MIT ( ) 1,042,089 46,585 1,088,674 sequence ( ) 508, , ,943 72, , , , ,035 3,934,884 : bcbi.nlm.nih.gov/ genome/ seq , 1973.,

129 < 2>..,,,, 1985, < 3> , ,.. DNA databank DDBJ (DNA Data Bank of Japan).,,, DNA

130 < 2>,,,,,,,, RNA, ( ) :,, 1988.

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133 (, ) (, ) (NEDO),,,,,, gene bank,,,,, DNA :,, 1989, 1999

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146 . Framew ork. 3 4, (panel),. EU Pool (DB).,,,,..,,,,.,.., 5. 5 Framework..,,,, (Davignon ).. EU EU

147 Framework. Framework (formative evaluation ), (summative evaluation ). EU., (feedback).. EU. 2. E S P RIT. (ESPRIT : European Strategic Programme for Research in Information T echnology ), ESPRIT 1 Framew ork 3 Framew ork. Framew ork., Framew ork,,., ,, Bangemann,

148 . < 3> 3 4 ESPRIT., Framework ESPRIT 1/ 3, Framework ESPRIT.. < 3> ESPRIT ( ) ( ECU) E SPRIT III CIM ( : 721) ( : 1,491) ESP RIT IV EUROST AT 7 7 ( : 711) ( : 770) ) 4 F ram ew ork ) European Com m ission (1996a ). ESPRIT Framew ork Framework 5. ESPRIT Framework 4 Framew ork 1996,

149 . ( ) ESPRIT ( ) 5 Framework ( ), ESPRIT 5, Framew ork.. 5 8, EU ESPRIT 1996 Columbo ESPRIT, EU. EU,., ESPRIT 3 Framew ork 1996 Columbo, 5 Framew ork.. ESPRIT 5 ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ).,., 5 EU

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151 .,,., 5 Framew ork., 5 Framework. ESPRIT RT D, RT D, (SME ). ESPRIT, ESPRIT 101 (1995),, ESPRIT (1996). EU ESPRIT. 3. EU RE K A. EUREKA (European Research and Cooperation Agency ) 1985., (Dale & Barker, 1994). EU 26, (RFP : request for proposals) (Bottom - up)., EUREKA., EUREKA EUREKA,.,, EUREKA EUREKA < 4>

152 < 4> EUREKA ( :, Euro) Com m unication s ,938 Energy T echnology Environm ent Inform ation T echn ology 124 6, ,539 La ser s M edical and Biotechn ology New M at erials Rob otics/ Produ ction Autom ation T ran sport ation ,335. EUREKA , 1991 (Dekker ), 1993 (Ormala ), 1995 (Airaghi) (CSE : continuous and systematic evaluation )', Directorate., 1999 (Georghiou),., 1991 (Quality ), ,,., 1999, (portfolio), (netw ork ),

153 ,. Directorate,., 1995, Georghiou, Bobe. EUREKA , 1995, , (forum ) (1,935 ) 874, 9 (,,,,,,, ) , CSE, 3, (DB). DB,,.. EUREKA < 5>.. EU, (bottom - up approach ),. < 5> EUREKA

154 1991 Dekker 1993 Orm ala 1995 Airaghi 1996 Davignon Georghiou ('97,'98) and Bobe (' 99) 1999 Georghiou. EUREKA,.,, ( ), ( ), ( ) (mechanism ), ( ) (feedback ). III. EU..,. Framework EU.,. Framework Framework.,. (real- time)

155 .., (needs).., ESPRIT EUREKA.. Framew ork, EUREKA.. < > (1993).. Commis sion of the Eurpoean Communities (1999). Resear ch and T echnological Dev elopment A ctivities of the European Union annual Report. Brussel Dale A. and K. Barker (1994). T he Evaluation of EUREKA : a Pan - European collabor ative Ev aluation of a Pan - European Collabor ative T echnology Programme. in : Research Evaluation. vol. 4. pp T he E sprit Review s Board (1997). Monitoring, A ssessment and Ev aluation - an Ov erview Eur opean Commission (1996a ). Innovation and Entrupr eneur ship in the Inform ation Society - Final Report of the 5- Year A ssessment of E sprit Eur opean Commission (1996b). Impact Pr edict ed Impact Deliv ered Eur opean Commission (1999). Management and Evaluation Guidelines of the EU Fifth Fr amew ork Pr ogramme - Manual of Pr oposal Evaluation Pr ocedur es Eur opean Commission DG XII (1998). T he fifth Fr amew ork Pr ogramme for Research and T echnological Dev elopment. Bru ssel Geor ghiou, Luke (1995). Resear ch Ev aluation in European and National Science and T echnology sy stem s. in: Research Evaluation. vol,

156 Geor ghiou, L. and D. Roes sner (2000). Ev aluation T echnology Pr ogr amm s: T ools and Method. in : Resear ch Policy. vol. 29. Meyer - Kr ahmer, Frider (1995). T echnology Policy Evaluation in Germ any. in: International Journal of T echnology Management. v ol,10 OECD (1997). Policy Ev aluation in Innovation and T echnology - t ow ar d Best Practices. Paris OECD (1998). T echnology. Productivity and Job Cr eation - best Policy Pr actices. Paris Orm ala, Erkki et.al. (1993). Evaluation of EUREKA : Indu strial and Economic Effect s. EUREKA Secr etariat