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1 한국간호교육학회지제 23 권제 2 호, 2017 년 5 월 J Korean Acad Soc Nurs Educ Vol.23 No.2, , May, 셀프리더십과비판적사고성향이간호대학생의대학생활적응에미치는영향 * 김명숙 1) 서론 연구의필요성현대사회에적응을하기위해서는누구나사회적환경에능동적으로대응할필요가있다. 그러나우리나라의대학생들은가치관이나자아정체성을제대로확립하지않은상태로입학하여자신의목표달성을위해스스로책임지고, 새로운환경에적절하게대처할수있는능력이나자질부족으로대학생활적응의어려움을겪고있다 (Jung, 2005). 대학생활적응은대학생이새롭게직면하게되는학업, 대인관계및심리적 정서적측면등에서발생할수있는스트레스및소외에적절하게대응하고능동적으로대처해나가는과정을의미한다 (Baker & Siryk, 1984; Lenz, 2014). 이러한대학생활적응의어려움을극복하기위해 Watson (2009) 은학업적응, 사회적응, 개인-정서적응, 대학애착등의네가지측면으로접근할것을강조하고있다. 간호대학생들은대학생활동안바람직한가치관형성, 발달과업의성취, 그리고자신이선택한전공에적응하여졸업후전문직간호사로서의역할을수행하기위해전문직간호사에게요구되는자질과역량을갖추어야한다. 그러나이들은전공에대한학업스트레스, 학우들과의새로운대인관계, 임상실습스트레스, 국가고시준비및미래의간호사역할에대한부담등으로대학생활적응에서신체적건강문제, 불안, 조절및우울등의어려움을경험하고있다 (Kim & Jang, 2012; Lee, Park, & Kim, 2014; Won, 2015). 그 러므로간호대학생들은재학기간동안대학생활적응문제뿐만아니라취업후끊임없이변화하는임상실무에도적절하게대응할수있는역량을키워나가기위해서도대학생활적응에영향을미치는변인을찾아내어이를조절해주는것이우선적으로필요하다고할수있다. 셀프리더십은 자기스스로목표를설정하고자기를통제하는자율성이강조되는자기관리와내적동기부여 로서지시, 명령, 통제등에의해발휘되는전통적인리더십과는달리스스로목표설정을하고창의성과자발적인능력발휘를통해개인의성장과조직성과를높여준다 (Watson, 2004). 간호대학생역시대학에서스스로목표설정을하고이를달성하기위해자신의행동과생각을변화시켜스스로에게영향력을발휘하는셀프리더십을갖추어대학생활적응및미래의간호업무성과에긍정적인영향을미칠수있도록준비하는것이필요하다. 최근의료현장에서는일방적인간호제공보다는상황판단능력을바탕으로문제를해결할수있는창의성, 자기주도성을가진책임있는행동을할수있는전문인을필요로하고있다. 한국간호교육평가원에서도대학생활을통해성취해야할기본간호역량으로간호전문직관, 리더십, 비판적사고능력등을교육성과의측정개념으로강조하고있다 (Park, 2015). 비판적사고는단순한이론적추론이외에실천적, 적극적사고행위를의미하며, 특정상황에서사고, 판단, 행동을하게하는사고성향을포함하는개념이다 (Sung, 2010). 특히간호사에게는간호대상자의문제점을해결하기위해서독자적이고비판 주요어 : 리더십, 사고, 적응, 간호학생 * 이논문은 2016 학년도세명대학교교내학술연구비지원에의해수행된연구임. 1) 세명대학교간호학과교수 ( 교신저자 629arin@semyung.ac.kr) Received: March 30, 2017 Revised: May 4, 2017 Accepted: May 6, 한국간호교육학회지 23(2), 2017 년 5 월
2 셀프리더십과비판적사고성향이간호대학생의대학생활적응에미치는영향 적인판단이요구되는상황에자주직면하기때문에무엇보다비판적사고성향이중요하며, 간호대학생역시대학에서부터비판적사고에대한지식, 기술및태도를강화시켜줄필요가있다 (Park & Kwon, 2007). 지금까지대학생의대학생활적응과관련된연구들을살펴보면, 동아리및여가참여유무가대학생활적응에미치는효과 (Son, 2003), 셀프리더십, 대인관계, 자기효능감, 자기주도적학습능력, 창의성, 스트레스대처방식등이대학생활적응에미치는영향 (Choi & Jung, 2015; Kim, 2013; Lee, 2011; Lee et al., 2014; Park & Jeong, 2013; Yoon, Hwang, Kim, & Jang, 2011) 등이주로이루어졌다. 그리고대학생을대상으로셀프리더십과문제해결력을조사한연구 (Joung & Kim, 2012) 에서셀프리더십이높은집단이낮은집단보다사회적문제해결기술이더높은것으로나타났는데, 특히하위영역인행동중심전략과자연보상전략이사회적문제해결기술을예측하는설명력이 29.3% 로서셀프리더십이높은대학생은대학이라는새로운환경에서발생하는문제에대한해결력이높을것임을예측하게함으로써셀프리더십이대학생활적응과관련있는변수임을확인해주고있다. 그리고대학생을대상으로셀프리더십이대학생활적응영역에서학업적응에긍정적인요인으로작용한다는것을예측한연구 (Jung, 2005) 를보더라도셀프리더십이대학생활적응과관련된중요변인임을고려해볼수있으나실제대학생활적응에셀프리더십의영향을검증한연구는그리많지않은실정이다. 간호대학생의셀프리더십의효과를검증할수있다면이들의대학생활적응을높일수있는교육프로그램구성에중요시사점을제공할수있을것이다. 비판적사고성향에대한국내의연구동향을살펴보면, 임상수행능력, 비판적사고성향및셀프리더십연구 (Kwon, 2014) 에서셀프리더십, 전공만족도및비판적사고성향이임상수행능력에영향을미치는요인으로확인되었으며, 간호대학생의임상실습만족도, 임상수행능력, 간호전문직관, 비판적사고성향, 셀프리더십의관계연구 (Park, 2015; Park & Han, 2015) 에서간호대학생들의셀프리더십이높을수록비판적사고성향도높게나타났으며, 학생들은비판적사고를통해스스로판단하고결정하는주체적인간이될수있다고하였으므로 (Kim & Kim, 2007) 셀프리더십과비판적사고성향이서로상호관련있는개념임을알수있다. 특히비판적사고성향은대학생활동안이루어지는임상실습만족도나임상수행과도간접적인관계가있어대학생활적응에영향을미칠것으로예측된다. 그러나간호대학생의셀프리더십, 비판적사고성향및대학생활적응이서로연관성을가지고영향을미칠것으로예측되지만아직세변수간의관련성을확인한연구는거의없었다. 따라서본연구에서는간호대학생의셀프리더십, 비판적사고성향, 대학생활적응정도를파악하고, 셀프리더십과비판적사고성향이대학생활적응에미치는영향을확인함으로써셀프리더십과비판적사고성향을향상시키고바람직한대학생활적응을돕는전략을마련하는데기초가되는자료를제공하고자한다. 연구목적본연구의목적은셀프리더십과비판적사고성향이간호대학생의대학생활적응에미치는영향을규명하는것이다. 이를위한구체적인목적은다음과같다. 대상자가인식한셀프리더십, 비판적사고성향, 대학생활적응정도를파악한다. 대상자의일반적특성에따른셀프리더십, 비판적사고성향, 대학생활적응의차이를확인한다. 대상자의셀프리더십, 비판적사고성향, 대학생활적응간의관계를분석한다. 대상자의셀프리더십과비판적사고성향이대학생활적응에미치는영향을확인한다. 연구방법 연구설계본연구설계는셀프리더십과비판적사고성향이간호대학생의대학생활적응에미치는영향을파악하기위한서술적조사연구이다. 연구대상본연구의대상은 J시에위치한일개대학교에재학중인 1, 2, 3, 4학년간호대학생을대상으로편의추출하였으며, 본연구의취지와목적을설명한후자발적으로설문에응답할것을허락하고동의서에서명한학생에게설문지를주고응답하게하였다. 연구대상자의수는 G * Power 분석프로그램을이용하여산정하였으며, 다중회귀분석에서유의수준.05, 효과크기 ( 중간 ) f=.25, 검정력 1-ß=.95, 예측요인 15개를기준으로하였을때필요한연구대상자수는최소 305명이었다. 따라서본연구대상은탈락자를고려하여 340명에게자료수집하여이중 15부를제외한 325명 (95.6%) 의자료를분석에활용하였다. 한국간호교육학회지 23(2), 2017 년 5 월 185
3 김명숙 연구도구 자료수집방법 셀프리더십셀프리더십은 Houghton과 Neck (2002) 이개발한 Self Leadership Questionnaire (SLQ) 도구를 Shin, Kim과 Han (2009) 이번역한도구를 Kim (2013) 이수정 보완한도구를사용하였다. 본도구는행위중심전략 6문항, 자연보상전략 6문항, 건설적사고패턴전략 8문항등의 3개하위영역으로총 20개문항의 5 점척도로구성되어있다. 각문항에대해 전혀그렇지않다 1점에서부터 매우그렇다 5점까지의척도로서점수가높을수록각영역의셀프리더십이높음을의미한다. 본도구의개발당시신뢰도는 Cronbach's α는 , 선행연구 Kim (2013) 의연구에서 Cronbach's α는.93, 본연구에서의신뢰도 Cronbach's α는.89이었고, 하부영역별로는행위중심전략.81, 자연보상전략.83, 건설적사고패턴전략.82로측정되었다. 비판적사고성향본연구에서는 Yoon (2004) 이개발한비판적사고성향측정도구를사용하였으며, 본도구는지적열정 / 호기심 5문항, 신중성 4문항, 자신감 4문항, 체계성 3문항, 지적공정성 4문항, 건전한회의성 4문항, 객관성 3문항등의 7개하위영역으로총 27문항으로구성되어있다. 각문항에대해 전혀그렇지않다 1점에서부터 매우그렇다 5점까지의척도로구성되어있고, 점수가높을수록비판적사고성향이높음을의미한다. 본도구의신뢰도는간호학생을대상으로개발하였을때 Cronbach's α는.84, 선행연구 (Yoon, 2008) 에서는 Cronbach's α 는.85이었다. 본연구에서의 Cronbach's α는.89, 하부영역별로는지적열정 / 호기심.83, 신중성.82, 자신감.80, 체계성.85, 지적공정성.85, 건전한회의성.72, 객관성.85이었다. 연구대상자는일개대학교에재학중이면서스스로연구참여에서면으로동의한간호대학생으로하였으며, 자료수집기간은 2016년 09월 19일부터 2016년 09월 30일까지이었다. 보다정확한자료수집을위해자료수집전에연구책임자가설문내용과자료수집방법에대하여연구조사원훈련을실시하였다. 자료수집방법은연구조사원이연구대상자에게연구의목적, 설문지작성요령, 설문지작성과정에서발생가능한다양한문제에대하여설명하고, 문제발생시에는연구참여를중단할수있고, 참여중단으로인한어떠한불이익도받지않음을충분히설명하도록하였다. 자발적인참여의사를밝힌대상자에한하여서면동의서를받은후자기기입방식으로설문조사를실시하였다. 설문지작성소요시간은 1인당평균 15분정도이었으며, 설문이끝난즉시설문지는곧바로회수하였다. 자료분석은총 340부중에서불성실하게응답한 15부를제외한 325명의자료가이용되었다. 연구의윤리적고려본연구의자료수집은연구자소속기관의생명윤리위원회의의승인 (IRB No. SMU ) 을받은후이루어졌다. 자료수집에앞서대상자들에게연구의목적과절차, 수집된자료의비밀유지, 연구참여의철회권리등에대하여충분히설명한후자발적으로참여하고자하는대상자에게구조화된설문지를제공하였다. 설문지에는대상자의신원이드러날수있는개인정보는전혀포함되지않아익명성이확보되었으며, 수집된자료는제한된구역에보관하여철저한비밀보장이이루어졌다. 대학생활적응대학생활적응정도를측정하기위해 Baker와 Siryk (1984) 가개발한대학생활적응척도 (Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire: SACQ) 를 Son (2003) 이수정 보완한측정도구를사용하였다. 설문지는학문적응 5문항, 사회적응 5문항, 정서적응 5문항, 신체적응 5문항, 대학애착 5문항으로총 25문항의 5점척도로서, 각문항에대해 전혀그렇지않다 1점에서부터 매우그렇다 5점까지로점수가높을수록대학생활적응도가높음을의미한다. 본연구에서사용될총 25문항중부정문항은 15문항으로역코딩을실시하여점수를산출하였다. Son (2003) 의연구에서 Cronbach's α는.85, 본연구에서의 Cronbach's α는.88이었으며, 하부영역별로는학문적응.81, 사회적응.80, 개인정서적응.80, 신체적응.81, 대학애착.83으로측정되었다. 자료분석방법수집된자료는 SPSS WIN 20.0 통계프로그램을이용하여전산통계처리하였으며, 구체적인분석방법은다음과같다. 대상자의일반적특성은빈도와백분율로분석하였고, 셀프리더십, 비판적사고성향, 대학생활적응정도는평균과표준편차를이용하여분석하였다. 대상자의일반적특성에따른셀프리더십, 비판적사고성향및대학생활적응과의차이는 t-test와 one way ANOVA로분석하였고, 사후검정은 Scheffė test로비교분석하였다. 대상자의셀프리더십, 비판적사고성향, 대학생활적응간의상관관계는 Pearson correlation coefficient로분석하였다. 대상자의대학생활적응에영향을미치는요인을파악하기위하여 Stepwise multiple regression으로분석하였다. 186 한국간호교육학회지 23(2), 2017 년 5 월
4 셀프리더십과비판적사고성향이간호대학생의대학생활적응에미치는영향 연구결과 연구대상자의일반적특성 1학년 69명 (21.2%), 2학년 70명 (21.5%), 3학년 91명 (28.1%), 그리고 4학년 95명 (29.2%) 으로고른분포를보였으며, 종교유형은 없음 이 188명 (57.8%) 으로, 거주형태는기숙사가 144명 (44.3%) 으로, 학업성적은평균평점 점이 207명 (63.7%) 으로가장많았다. 동아리활동유무는 한다 가 166명 (51.1%) 으로 안한다 보다더많았으며, 대인관계정도는 보통 이 166명 (51.1%), 좋음 이 155명 (47.7%) 으로대부분보통이상이었다. 전공만족도는 보통 이 239명 (73.5%), 만족 이 69명 (21.2%) 으로대부분만족하는편이었으며, 리더십프로그램참여유무는 안한다 가 306명 (94.2%) 으로 한다 보다더많았고, 리더십보유수준은 평균 이 224명 (68.9%) 으로가장많았다 (Table 1). 차이를보였는데, 학업성적은학년이높을수록 (F=4.26, p=.015), 대인관계는 좋음 이 평균 보다 (F=8.52, p=.002), 전공만족도는 만족 이보통보다 (F=6.02, p=.003), 리더십보유수준이높을수록 (F=16.35, p<.001) 비판적사고성향이더높았다. 대학생활적응은학년, 거주형태, 학업성적, 동아리활동유무, 대인관계, 전공만족도, 리더십보유수준에따라차이가있었다. 1학년과 4학년이 2학년과 3학년보다대학생활적응이더높았으며 (F=15.47, p<.001), 거주형태는기숙사, 자가, 하숙순으로 (F=9.39, p<.001), 학업성적이높을수록 (F=4.69, p=.010), 대인관계는 평균 보다 좋음 이 (F=11.17, p<.001), 전공만족도 (F=56.08, p<.001) 가높을수록, 리더십보유수준은 낮음 보다는 높음 과 평균 에서 (F=15.67, p<.001) 에서통계적으로유의한차이를보였다 (Table 1). 연구대상자의셀프리더십, 비판적사고성향및대학생활적응간의관계 연구대상자의셀프리더십, 비판적사고성향, 대학생활적응셀프리더십문항평균은 5점만점에평균 3.51(0.44) 점으로건설적사고패턴전략 3.65(0.50) 점, 행위중심전략 3.56(0.55) 점, 자연보상전략 3.32(0.60) 점의순이었다. 비판적사고성향은 5 점만점에평균 3.55(0.54) 점으로, 지적열정 / 호기심 3.70(0.45) 점, 자신감 3.68(0.53) 점, 신중성 3.68(0.53) 점, 지적공정성 3.56 (0.54) 점, 객관성 3.46(0.59) 점, 건전한회의성 3.42(0.55) 점, 체계성 3.32(0.53) 점의순으로나타났다. 대학생활적응정도는 5 점만점에평균 3.22(0.54) 점으로, 사회적응 3.45(0.57) 점, 대학애착 3.34(0.71) 점, 개인정서적응 3.32(0.81) 점, 신체적응 3.12 (0.65) 점, 학문적응 2.86(0.70) 점의순이었다 (Table 2). 연구대상자의일반적특성에따른셀프리더십, 비판적사고성향및대학생활적응의차이일반적특성에따른셀프리더십을분석한결과학년, 학업성적, 대인관계, 전공만족도, 리더십프로그램참여여부, 리더십보유수준에따라유의한차이가있었다. 학년별셀프리더십의차이는있었으나사후검정에서는확인되지않았으며, 학업성적은 3.70이상이 2.99미만보다더높았으며 (F=7.44, p<.001), 대인관계는 좋음 이 평균 보다 (F=18.91, p<.001), 전공만족도와 (F=14.90, p<.001) 와리더십보유수준 (F=22.82, p<.001) 은전공만족도와리더십보유수준이높은경우에셀프리더십이더높았다. 비판적사고성향은학업성적, 대인관계, 전공만족도, 리더십프로그램참여여부, 리더십보유수준에따라유의한 본연구에서대학생활적응과셀프리더십의하위영역인행위중심전략 (r=.34, p<.001), 자연보상전략 (r=.15, p=.006), 건설적사고패턴전략 (r=.19, p<.001) 은모두통계적으로유의한정적상관관계가있었으며, 대학생활적응과비판적사고성향의하위영역인지적열정 / 호기심 (r=.22, p<.001), 자신감 (r=.12, p=.029), 신중성 (r=.14, p=.014), 지적공정성 (r=.27, p<.001), 건전한회의성 (r=.16, p=.004), 체계성 (r=.18, p<.001), 객관성 (r=.13, p=.017) 과도모두유의한정적상관관계가있었다. 셀프리더십과비판적사고성향과도유의한정적상관관계가있었다 (r=.64, p<.001)(table 3). 연구대상자의대학생활적응영향요인연구대상자의대학생활적응에영향을미치는요인을파악하기위해셀프리더십, 비판적사고성향, 그리고일반적특성중에서통계적으로유의한차이를보인학년, 거주형태, 학업성적, 동아리활동유무, 대인관계, 전공만족도, 리더십보유수준을독립변수로투입하여단계별다중회귀분석을실시하였다 (Table 4). 독립변수들중셀프리더십과비판적사고성향의상관성이매우높아 (r=.64, p=<.001) 비판적사고성향은제외되었고, 특히독립변수들중에학년 ( 가변수처리 : 1학년 =1), 거주형태 ( 가변수처리 : 자가 =1), 학업성적 ( 가변수처리 : 4.00 이상 =1), 동아리활동유무 ( 가변수처리 : 한다 =1), 대인관계 ( 가변수처리 : 좋음 =1), 전공만족도 ( 가변수처리 : 좋음 =1), 리더십보유수준 ( 가변수처리 : 높음 =1) 등은더미변수로처리한후분석하였다. 다중공선성을살펴본결과각변수들의공차한계는 로 0.1이상, 분산팽창요인은 로서기준 한국간호교육학회지 23(2), 2017 년 5 월 187
5 김명숙 <Table 1> Self-leadership, Critical thinking disposition and Adaptation to College according to General Characteristics (N=325) Characteristics Categories n(%) Grade Freshman a Sophomore b Junior c Senior d Religion Protestant Catholic Buddhism None Dwelling type Home a Dormitory b Rented room c Cumulative grade 2.99 a b 3.70 c Club activity Yes No Interpersonal relationship Good a Average b Bad c Satisfaction in major Satisfied a Average b Unsatisfied c Participation in leadership program Yes No Leadership level High a Average b Low c 69(21.2) 70(21.5) 91(28.1) 95(29.2) 78(24.0) 38(11.7) 21(6.5) 188(57.8) 79(24.3) 144(44.3) 101(31.0) 54(16.6) 207(63.7) 64(19.7) 166(51.1) 159(48.9) 155(47.7) 166(51.1) 4(1.2) 69(21.2) 239(73.5) 17(5.3) 19(5.8) 306(94.2) 36(11.1) 224(68.9) 65(20.0) Mean±SD 3.59± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.41 Self-leadership Critical thinking disposition t or F (p) 2.99 (.031) 0.07 (.977) 2.75 (.098) (.115) Scheffe Mean±SD 4.08± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.45 c>a 3.95± ± ± ± ±047 a>b 4.12± ± ±0.64 a>b>c 4.19± ± ± ± ±0.45 a>b>c 4.33± ± ±0.43 t or F (p) 1.41 (.239) 0.52 (.667) 2.03 (.133) 4.26 (.015).88 (.375) 8.52 (.002) 6.02 (.003) Scheffe Mean±SD 3.53± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.53 a<b<c 3.05± ± ± ± ±0.52 a>b 3.37± ± ±0.70 a>b 3.68± ± ± ± ±0.53 a>b>c 3.44± ± ±0.43 Adaptation to college t or F (p) (.153) (.010) 2.28 (.023) (.059) Scheffe a, d> c, d c<a<b c>a, b a>b a>b>c a, b>c 188 한국간호교육학회지 23(2), 2017 년 5 월
6 셀프리더십과비판적사고성향이간호대학생의대학생활적응에미치는영향 <Table 2> Descriptive Statistics of Study Variables Variables Mean±SD Min Max Self-leadership 3.51± Constructive thought pattern strategies 3.65± Behavior-focused strategies 3.56± Natural reward strategies 3.32± Critical thinking disposition 3.55± Intellectual eagerness/curiosity 3.70± Self-confidence 3.68± Prudence 3.68± Intellectual fairness 3.56± Objectivity 3.46± Healthy skepticism 3.42± Systemicity 3.32± Adaptation to College 3.22± Social adaptation 3.45± College attachment 3.34± Personal emotional adaptation 3.32± Physical adaptation 3.12± Academic adaptation 2.86± (N=325) <Table 3> Correlation Matrix among Measured Variables Variables Critical thinking disposition Academic adaptation Social adaptation Personal emotional adaptation Physical adaptation College attachment (N=325) Adaptation to college r(p) r(p) r(p) r(p) r(p) r(p) r(p) Self-leadership (.056).16(.003) Behavior-focused strategies Natural reward strategies (.800).10(.083).16(.004).15(.006) Constructive thought pattern strategies (.272).08(.146) Critical thinking disposition (.070).13(.021) Intellectual eagerness/curiosity.65.17(.002).19(.001).16.13<.001).20.22<.001) Self-confidence (<.017).04(.465).08(.134).12(.034).12(.029) Systemicity.69.19(<001).09(.105).06(.296).05(.375).13(.016).14(.014) Intellectual fairness (.044).14(<.011) Healthy skepticism.76.19(.037).14(.013).07(.229).07(.212).15(.006).16(.004) Prudence.77.14(.009).23.12(.038).10(.078).15(.007).18 Objectivity (.031).04(.465).07(.191).09(.096).13(.017) <Table 4> Factors Affecting Adaptation to College (N=325) Variables B SE ß t p R 2 Adjusted R 2 F p Constant <.001 Satisfaction in major (Dummy 1: satisfied) <.001 Behavior-focused strategies < <.001 Leadership level (Dummy 1: high) Grade (Dummy 1: freshman) 한국간호교육학회지 23(2), 2017 년 5 월 189
7 김명숙 인 10미만으로변수들간에다중공선성의문제는없는것으로나타났다. 독립변수에대한회귀분석가정을검증한결과모형의잔차정규성은 Dubin-Watson 통계량이 1.980으로 2에가까워오차의자기상관성이없는것으로나타났다. 자료분석결과간호대학생의대학생활적응에영향을미치는요인에대한회귀모형은통계적으로유의한것으로나타났으며 (F=64.60, p<.001), 모형의설명력은 32.2% 이었다. 주된영향요인으로는전공만족도에서만족 (dummy 1)(ß=.45, p<.001), 셀프리더십에서행위중심전략 (ß=.16, p<.001), 리더십보유수준에서높음 (dummy 1)(ß=.15, p=.003), 그리고학년에서는 1학년 (ß=.11, p=.016) 으로나타났다. 논의 본연구는간호대학생의셀프리더십, 비판적사고성향, 대학생활적응정도를파악하고셀프리더십과비판적사고성향이대학생활적응에미치는영향을확인함으로써대학생활적응을돕기위한전략마련에기초가되는자료를제공하고자시도되었다. 셀프리더십은 5점만점에평균 3.51점으로, Park (2015) 의 3.44점, Lee 등 (2014) 의연구에서 3.38점보다는높았고, Park과 Han (2015) 의연구에서 3.64점보다는다소낮았다. 일반적특성에따른셀프리더십은학년, 학업성적, 대인관계, 전공만족도, 리더십프로그램참여여부, 리더십보유수준에서유의한차이가있었는데, 이는학년, 학업성적, 학과선택동기, 대인관계, 성격성향, 전공만족도에서유의한차이를보인 Park (2015) 의연구와건강상태, 대인관계, 종교, 전공만족도에서유의한차이를보인 Park과 Han (2015) 의선행연구결과와유사한결과를보여주고있다. 학업성적, 대인관계및전공만족도가좋고, 리더십프로그램에참여하고, 리더십보유수준이높을수록셀프리더십이높았기때문에간호대학생에게학업흥미와전공만족도를높여주는학습환경과교육활동을조성해주고, 원만한대인관계를형성할수있는인성교육도강화하여스스로설계한목표를향하여자율성과열정을가질수있도록하여셀프리더십을향상시켜주는내용이대학생활설계에반드시포함되어야할것이다 (Park & Han, 2015). 셀프리더십의하위영역에서건설적사고패턴전략의평균이 3.65점으로가장높았던이유는간호대학생들이어려운상황을장애보다는기회요인으로보는긍정적인사고통제를함으로써스스로의능력을개발하여과제수행역량을강화하고있다는것을시사해주고있다. 따라서간호교육현장에서는 1 학년때부터셀프리더십관련교과목을개설하여체계적이고지속적인리더십교육이이루어져야하며, 대학차원에서도셀프리더십훈련프로그램이나리더십생활기술 ( 커뮤니케이션기 술, 의사결정기술, 인간관계기술, 학습능력기술, 조직관리기술, 자기이해기술, 그룹활동기술 ) 을통해셀프리더십역량을증진시키는방향으로나아가야하겠다 (Lee, 2016). 더나아가셀프리더십의나머지두가지전략중에서행위중심전략을강화하기위해서자신의목표를명확히설정하고, 목표를향해나아가는자신의행동을잘관찰하여긍정적행동을할수있는습관을갖도록하고, 자연보상전략을향상시키기위해서는어렵고흥미없는일보다는좋아하고잘할수있는경험을통해자신을성장시켜주는계기마련이중요할것이다 (Lee, 2016). 비판적사고성향은 5점만점에평균 3.56점으로같은간호대학생을대상으로이루어진 Kwon (2014) 의연구에서 3.41점보다는높았으나 Lee와 Chung (2014) 의연구에서의 3.61점과간호사를대상으로한선행연구 (Park, Chung, & Kim, 2016) 에서의 3.77점보다는낮게나타났다. 간호대학생들은간호사에비해임상경험이부족하여간호지식이나기술을통합적으로분석하고비판할수있는경험이부족하기때문에비판적사고성향이낮았던것이며, 이는간호사의경우임상경력이많을수록비판적사고성향이높게나타난결과에근거한다고볼수있다 (Park & Kim, 2009). 따라서임상실무경험이부족한간호대학생들에게는표준화환자및시뮬레이션교육을통한비판적사고성향을향상시키는전략이모색되어야하겠다 (Kwon, 2014). 본연구에서비판적사고성향의하부영역은지적열정 / 호기심 3.70점이가장높았는데, 선행연구 (Kwon, 2014) 에서객관성 3.84점이가장높았던결과와는상반되지만본연구에서체계성이 3.32점으로가장낮았던결과는 Kwon (2014) 의연구에서가장낮았던체계성 3.13점과는일치되고있다. 지적열정 / 호기심이가장높았던이유는시뮬레이션실습을통하여다양한간호상황을제시하고상황분석, 이해, 추론을통하여효율적인간호상황을판단하려는과정에서지적열정과호기심이많았던것으로생각되며, 특히임상실습을병행하는간호교육과정에서비판적사고성향을높이기위한학습설계와전략개발이요구되는것이다 (Kelly & Sharon, 2008; Kwon, 2014). 그리고체계성이가장낮았던이유는대상자의문제를해결하기위해가장좋은간호중재를이끌어내는중요한태도인체계성이다소부족한것과연관되는데, 이는암기위주의학습방법으로조직적으로탐구하려는학습태도가부족한것으로사료된다 (Kwon, 2014). 따라서교수학습방법의방향은단순한암기식보다는문제제기방법으로전환하여문제해결을위해조직적이고논리적으로탐구하고해결하는능력을키워나가는것이필요하다 (Kwon, 2014). 일반적특성에따른비판적사고성향은학업성적, 대인관계, 전공만족도, 리더십프로그램참여여부, 리더십보유수준에서유의한차이가있었는데, 190 한국간호교육학회지 23(2), 2017 년 5 월
8 셀프리더십과비판적사고성향이간호대학생의대학생활적응에미치는영향 이는전공만족도에서유의한차이가있었던선행연구 (Park & Han, 2015) 와일부일치되며, 학업성적, 대인관계, 전공만족도가높을수록비판적사고성향이높음을확인한것이므로바람직한대학생활적응에비판적사고성향이주요요인임을간접적으로시사하고있다. 대학생활적응정도는 5점만점에평균 3.22점으로 Won (2015) 의연구에서의 3.35점보다다소낮았으며, 하위영역에서는사회적응이 3.45점으로가장높았고, 학문적응이 2.86점으로가장낮았지만 Won (2015) 의선행연구에서사회적응이 3.68점으로가장높았고대학애착이 3.12점으로가장낮았던결과와는상반된결과로나타났다. 일반적특성에따른대학생활적응은학년, 거주형태, 학업성적, 동아리활동유무, 대인관계, 전공만족도, 리더십보유수준에따라차이가있음으로써기숙사에거주하는경우, 학업성적과대인관계가좋고, 전공만족도와리더십보유수준이높은경우대학생활에잘적응하고있음을알수있다. 특히 1, 4학년이 2, 3학년에비해대학생활적응정도가높았던이유는 1학년은대학생활에대한기대감으로스스로대학생활설계를포함한자기관리를잘한것과관련되며, 3학년은전공학습과임상실습으로인한부담감이커자기관리가소홀해진반면에 4학년은졸업을앞두고자기관리에철저하게대응한결과인것으로사료된다 (Park, 2015). 그리고연구변수들의상관분석결과대학생활적응은셀프리더십과비판적사고성향과유의한정적상관관계가있었으며, 셀프리더십과비판적사고성향도유의한정적상관관계가있어 Lee 등 (2014) 의연구결과와일치되고있다. 대학생활적응에가장주된영향요인은전공만족도이었으며, 그다음이셀프리더십에서행위중심전략, 리더십보유수준, 학년인것으로나타났는데, 전공만족도는 Park과 Jeong (2013) 의연구결과와유사하다. 전공만족도를높이기위해서는전공및대학생활에필요한정보를제공하여스트레스를중재하고전공에대한이해를도우며, 사회적지지나멘토링프로그램을통하여대인관계향상을돕고, 흥미를유발할수있는동아리활동을통해전공만족도를높여대학생활에잘적응할수있게한다 (Lee, 2016; Watson, 2009). 그리고셀프리더십중행위중심전략이대학생활적응에영향을미친다는결과는 Lee (2016) 의선행연구결과와도일치되고있다. 행위중심전략은자기관찰, 자기목표설정, 자기보상, 자기처벌, 자기단서로구성되는데 (Shin et al., 2009), 행위중심전략을잘활용하면먼저자신의목표를잘설정하고목표달성을위해나아가는자신의행동을관찰하여성취하면보상을주고못했을때는반성할수있는태도를가짐으로써대학생활적응을도울수있게된다 (Lee, 2016). 그리고대학생활에서의목표설정과행동적인동기부여를촉진하는데필요한자신에게영향 력을행사하는셀프리더십보유수준또한리더십훈련프로그램을활용하여리더십을향상시켜대학생활적응을돕는전략이필요하다. 이상의논의를토대로대학생활적응을높이기위해서셀프리더십중행위중심전략, 전공만족도, 리더십보유수준을강화하는프로그램을개발하여이들의대학생활적응을돕고, 미래의바람직한간호사가되기위한준비를하는데도움을주도록해야할것이다. 결론및제언 본연구는간호대학생의셀프리더십과비판적사고성향이대학생활적응에미치는영향을규명함으로써대학생활적응을돕는프로그램의근거자료를마련했다는점에서그의의를찾아볼수있다. 간호대학생의대학생활적응에영향을미친주요요인은전공만족도, 셀프리더십에서행위중심전략, 그리고리더십보유수준, 학년인것으로확인되었다. 따라서대학생활적응을돕는프로그램개발시전공만족도, 행위중심전략및리더십보유수준을높여주는전략이반드시포함되어야한다. 그리고비판적사고성향은대학생활적응에주된영향을미친변수는아니었지만전공만족도가높은경우비판적사고성향도높았기때문에대학생활적응에간접적인영향을주었음을간과하지말아야한다. 따라서임상실습이병행되는간호교육과정에서비판적사고성향을높이기위해서는학습설계와교수학습방법의방향은단순한암기식보다는상황문제제기방법으로전환하여문제해결을하고, 조직적이고논리적으로탐구하고해결하는능력을키워나가도록하여간호대학생의대학생활적응을돕도록한다. 추후연구에서는다양한대상자와측정방법을달리하여대학생활적응을예측하는다른요인들을규명해볼것과셀프리더십수준을높이는프로그램개발및그효과를검증해볼것을제언한다. References Baker, R. W., & Siryk, B. (1984). Measuring adjustment to college. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31(2), Choi, Y. H., & Jung, C. S. (2015). Relationship between self-leadership, self-efficacy and empowerment in nursing students. Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial Cooperation Society, 16(7), Houghton, J. D., & Neck, C. P. (2002). The revised self-leadership questionnaire: Testing a hierarchical factor structure for self-leadership. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 17(7-8), 한국간호교육학회지 23(2), 2017 년 5 월 191
9 김명숙 Joung, S. Y., & Kim, J. Y. (2012). Relationships between pre-service kindergarten teacher's self-leadership and problem-solving. Journal of Learner-Centered Curriculum and Instruction, 12(3), Jung, T. H. (2005). Effects of self leadership education on college students. The Journal of Korean Education, 32(1), Kelly, M., & Sharon, A. D. (2008). Nurse educators-still challenged by critical thinking. Teaching and Learning in Nursing, 3(3), Kim, E. A., & Jang, K. S. (2012). Developing a prediction model regarding adjustment of nursing students to college life. The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education, 18(2), Kim, K. H., & Kim, G. D. (2007). The relationship between critical thinking disposition and self-efficacy of college nursing students. The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education, 13(2), Kim, J. Y. (2013). Relationships between freshmans' self-leadership and adjustment to college. The Journal of Vocational Education Research, 32(6), Kwon, K. N. (2014). Clinical competence, critical thinking disposition and self-leadership of nursing students in a city. Unpublished master's thesis, Keimyung University, Daegu. Lee, J. S. (2016). Effects of self-leadership and resilience on college adjustment in nursing students. Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial Cooperation Society, 17(10), Lee, S. J. (2011). The effects of flow on learning and self-efficacy on college adaptation and academic achievement in undergraduate students. The Korean Journal of Educational Psychology, 25(2), Lee, S. H., & Chung, S. E. (2014). Influencing factors of critical thinking disposition and self-esteem on communication competence among nursing students. Journal of the Korea Contents Association, 14(12), Lee, Y. S., Park, S. H., & Kim, J. K. (2014). Nursing students' self-leadership, self-efficacy, interpersonal relation, college life satisfaction. Journal of The Korea Contents Association, 14(6), Lenz, A. S. (2014). Mediating effects of relationships with mentors on college adjustment. Journal of College Counseling, 17(3), Park, H. J. (2015). Correlations among nursing professionalism, critical thinking disposition and self-leadership in nursing students. The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education, 21(2), Park, H. S., & Han, J. Y. (2015). Self-leadership, critical thinking disposition, satisfaction of clinical practice and clinical practice competency of nursing students. Journal of the Korean Data & Information Science Society, 16(3), Park, A. N., Chung, K. H., & Kim, W. G. (2016). A study on the critical thinking disposition, self-directed learning readiness and professional nursing competency. The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education, 22(1), Park, H. S., & Jeong, K. S. (2013). Influence of self-directed learning ability and creativity on college adjustment in nursing students. The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education, 19(4), Park, J. A., & Kim, B. J. (2009). Critical thinking disposition and clinical competence in general hospital nurse. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 39(6), Park, S. M., & Kwon, I. G. (2007). Factors influencing nurses' clinical decision making-focusing on critical thinking disposition. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 37(6), Shin, Y. K., Kim, M, S., & Han, Y. S. (2009). A study on the validation of the Korean version of the Revised Self-Leadership Questionnaire (RSLQ) for Korean college students. The Korean Journal of School Psychology, 6(3), Son, Y. J. (2003). How participation in clubs or recreational activities impact on the college life. Unpublished master's thesis, Myongji University, Seoul. Sung, K. S. (2010). The education for critical thinking. Journal of Korean Educational Idea, 24(4), Watson, L. (2004). Self-leadership: Becoming an exceptional leader. Radiology Technology, 75(6), Watson, J. C. (2009). Native American racial identity development and college adjustment at two-year institutions. Journal of College Counseling, 12(2), Won, H. J. (2015). Effects of self-leadership and stress coping on college life adjustment in nursing students. The Korean Journal of Health Service Management, 9(1), Yoon, H. S., Hwang, Y. M., Kim, D. B., & Jang, S. H. (2011). The effects self-differentiation stress coping methods and mental health on life adjustment in university. The Journal 192 한국간호교육학회지 23(2), 2017 년 5 월
10 셀프리더십과비판적사고성향이간호대학생의대학생활적응에미치는영향 of Korean Educational Forum, 10(2), Yoon, J. (2004). Development of an instrument for the measurement of critical thinking disposition: In nursing. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul. Yoon, J. (2008). A study on the critical thinking disposition of nursing students: Focusing on a school applying integrated nursing curriculum. The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education, 14(2), The Influence of Self-leadership and Critical Thinking Disposition on College Adaptation among Nursing Students * Kim, Myoung Sook 1) 1) Professor, Department of Nursing, Semyung University Purpose: This study examined the effects of self-leadership and critical thinking disposition on adaptation to college among nursing students. Methods: A descriptive study was conducted with 325 nursing students using a self-report questionnaire. Data were analyzed using a t-test, one way ANOVA, Scheffė test, Pearson correlation coefficients, and stepwise multiple regression analysis with SPSS Results: The mean score of college adaptation was Significant predictor variables affecting adaptation to college were satisfaction in major (ß=.45, p<.001), behavior-focused strategies (ß=.16, p<.001), leadership level (ß=.15, p=.003), and grade (ß=.11, p=.016). The explanation power of this regression model was 32.2% and was statistically significant (F=64.60, p<.001). Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that an effective college adaptation program should be developed by including improvement of satisfaction in major, behavior-focused strategies, and leadership level. Key words : Leadership, Thinking, Adaptation, Nursing students * This Paper was supported by the Semyung University Research Grant of Address reprint requests to : Kim, Myoung Sook Department of Nursing, Semyung University 65, Semyung-ro, Jecheon-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 27136, Korea Tel: Fax: arin@semyung.ac.kr 한국간호교육학회지 23(2), 2017 년 5 월 193
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