42 김미예 대한관심도높아지고있다. 키가작다는것에대한인식이시작되는시기는대부분학령기로이시기는자신의외모에대하여매우민감한시기여서 작은키 에대한열등감이형성될수있다. 몇몇연구에의하면, 작은키아동의경우인지발달, 인성, 자아존중감및사회적관계에문제가있으며 (Molinari, Sart
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1 아동간호학회지제 16 권제 1 호, 2010 년 1 월 J Korean Acad Child Health Nurs Vol.16 No.1, DOI: /jkachn 저신장증아동과정상아동의신체상, 자아존중감및문제행동 김미예 경북대학교간호대학교수 Comparison of Body Image, Self-Esteem and Behavior Problems between Children of Short and Normal Stature Kim, Mi-Ye Professor, College of Nursing, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of body image, self-esteem, and behavior problems comparing children of short stature and children of normal height, and to enhance growth development through early detection of social or emotional problems in children of short stature. Methods: The data were collected from June 2 to September 25, The participants were 38 children who were diagnosed with short stature and their mothers and 38 children of age appropriate stature and their mothers selected from 311 elementary students in D city. The participants were matched by using propensity analysis for controlling confounding variables. Sapiro-Wilk test, t-test, Wilcoxon test, and Pearson correlation coefficients with SPSS/WIN 14.0 program were used to analyze the data. Results: There were significant differences in body image and behavior problems between children of short stature and children of age appropriate stature. There was no significant difference in self-esteem between the two groups. Positive correlation was found between body image and self-esteem. In children of age appropriate stature, a negative correlation was found between body image and behavior problems. Conclusion: A specialized program which focuses on behavior problems, body image, and selfesteem should be developed to help children of short stature in school-based settings. Key words: Children, Short stature, Body image, Self-esteem, Behavior problems 서론연구의필요성아동기의가장중요한과제는성장발달이다. 정상적인성장발달이야말로아동의건강을상징한다고볼수있다. 그러나자라는과정중에있는아동은질병에이환되기도하고타고난선천적, 또는후천적요인으로정상적인성장발달에문제가발생할수있다. 저신장증은유전적, 환경적결함으로인한성장장애의대표 적인문제라고할수있는데같은연령, 같은성의평균신장보다 2 표준편차미만의경우또는성장분포곡선상에서 3백분위수미만의아동을말한다 (Ahn, 2007). 저신장증아동에게적극적인성장호르몬치료를해야하는가에대한논란의여지가여전히제기되고있지만 (Downie, Mulligan, Stratford, Betts, & Voss, 1997; Sandberg, 2000; Visser-van Balen, Sinnema, & Geenen, 2006), 성장호르몬치료의효과에대한보고는여러연구에서입증된바있다 (De Schepper et al., 2008). 최근사회적으로외모에대한관심이증가하면서저신장증에 주요어 : 아동, 저신장증, 신체상, 자아존중감, 문제행동 * 본논문은 2008년도경북대학교학술연구비에의하여연구되었음. *This research was supported by Kyungpook National University Research Fund, Address reprint requests to : Kim, Mi-Ye College of Nursing, Kyungpook National University, 101 Dongin-dong 2ga, Jung-gu, Daegu , Korea Tel: Fax: kimmiy@mail.knu.ac.kr 투고일 : 2009년 9월 9일 1차수정 : 2009년 11월 4일 2차수정 : 2009년 11월 30일게재확정일 : 2010년 1월 4일 41
2 42 김미예 대한관심도높아지고있다. 키가작다는것에대한인식이시작되는시기는대부분학령기로이시기는자신의외모에대하여매우민감한시기여서 작은키 에대한열등감이형성될수있다. 몇몇연구에의하면, 작은키아동의경우인지발달, 인성, 자아존중감및사회적관계에문제가있으며 (Molinari, Sartori, Ceccarelli, & Marchi, 2002), 자신의키에불만족할수록자아존중감이낮고, 문제행동점수가유의하게높았음을보고하였다 (Jung, Yoon, & Shim, 2008). 특히, 학령기는청소년기와연계되는시기로자아정체성이형성되기시작하는데부정적인신체상과자아존중감의저하는추후성인이되어서도정체성혼란으로원만한대인관계를유지하기어려우며 (Han & Kim, 2006), 자칫잘못하면아동기동안의인격형성에서문제행동으로까지이어질수있어간과할수없는문제중하나이다. 부정적인신체상이자아존중감에영향을주며나아가서는부정적정서문제와관련하여불안이나문제행동을유발할수있음을시사하는연구들이많이있다 (Cho, 2005; Lee, Y. M., 2004; Park, 2002). 자아존중감은자신의행동, 능력, 신체에대하여가치를지각하고평가하는것으로성격형성에중요한요소이며자아존중감이높은아동이대인관계가원만하고학교생활적응에도영향을주는것으로보고되고있다 (Kim, 2005; Lee, M. J., 2004; Shin, 1996). 학교생활은학령기아동이신체적, 정서적, 사회적성장발달을도모하고장차건전한성인으로서의역할을할수있도록배우고익히는학습의장이되어야하는데도불구하고부정적인신체상이나자아존중감의저하로말미암아부적응행동이나문제행동을유발하게될경우학업성취에도문제가될수있다. 그러므로건전한인격형성과정상적인성장발달을위하여이러한저신장증아동의조기발견과관리에관심을기울여야한다. 그럼에도불구하고학령기아동이대부분의시간을보내는일선학교의교사나아동을집에서매일지켜보는부모조차도이러한사실을간과하여버리는경우가많다. 따라서, 학교와가정에서아동의건강을관리감독하는보건교사와부모가함께관심을가지고성장장애의문제가있는아동을조기발견하여이러한아동의정서적, 사회적측면에서특별한관리를할필요가있다. 지금까지저신장증아동의정서적이고사회적인문제와관련하여지능 (Voss, 2006), 자아개념 (Theunissen et al., 2002), 성취성, 사회성, 대처문제 (Downie et al., 1997) 와삶의질 (Sandberg & Colsman, 2005; Theunissen et al., 2002) 등에대한연구가있어왔으나, 저신장증아동을대상으로사회 정서적문제와관련하여일차적으로다룬연구는소 수에불과하다 (Sandberg & Colsmas, 2005). 특히간호학과관련한연구는우리나라의경우질적연구로서한편만이있으며 (Im, 2002), 외국의경우에서도찾아보기어렵다. 이에본연구는저신장증아동과정상아동을대상으로신체상, 자아존중감및문제행동을비교분석하여저신장증아동의바람직한사회적, 정서적성장발달을도모하기위한간호중재개발에도움을주고자시도하였다. 연구목적첫째, 저신장증아동과정상아동의일반적특성및키관련특성을비교분석한다. 둘째, 저신장증아동과정상아동의신체상, 자아존중감및문제행동정도를비교분석한다. 셋째, 저신장증아동과정상아동의신체상, 자아존중감, 문제행동간의관련성을비교분석한다. 연구방법연구설계저신장증아동과정상아동의신체상, 자아존중감, 문제행동의정도를비교분석하고각변수와의관련성을파악하기위한서술적조사연구이다. 연구대상저신장증아동은일대학병원소아청소년과외래에서저신장증의진단을받고성장호르몬치료를받는 39명과어머니를대상으로선정하였다. 정상아동은 D시에소재한지역이다른 2개초등학교의 1학년에서 6학년까지중 1개학급씩임의선정한 311명중저신장증아동과일반적특성에따라 1:1 짝짓기통계기법인 propensity analysis를이용하여로지스틱회귀모형에적합시킨후저신장증아동 39명중 1명은짝짓기가불가능하여최종적으로저신장증아동 38명이선택되었으며, 이에따라정상아동도 38명으로총 76 명을대상으로하였다. 표본크기산출프로그램인G*Power 프로그램에따라효과크기.50 ( 중간값 ), 유의수준.05, 본연구의 76명을표본크기로설정하였을때검정력은.60이었다. 자료수집기간및방법저신장증아동은 2008년 5월 D시에소재한 K대병원소아청소년과과장에게연구계획서를제출하여병원으로부터서면
3 저신장증아동과정상아동의신체상, 자아존중감및문제행동 43 동의를받았다. 2008년 6월 2일부터 9월 17일까지연구자와연구보조원이소아청소년과외래를방문한저신장증아동과어머니에게연구목적과취지를설명한후무기명으로연구에참여하기를스스로동의한 45명을대상으로하였으나연구중간에탈락한 6명을제외하고최종 39명에게자료를받았다. 탈락한대상자는어머니혼자외래에온경우이며아동과관련된설문지를우편으로회수키로하였으나아동이거부한경우와회수가안된경우이다. 연구대상자에게는일괄적으로 5,000 원상당의문화상품권을지급하였다. 정상아동은 D시에소재한지역구가다른 2개초등학교를방문하여교장선생님, 담임교사, 보건교사에게연구목적과취지를설명한후동의를얻어가정통신문을통하여설문지기입을허락한학생과학부모를대상으로연구후활용방안을알려줄것을서면으로설명하고 1학년에서 6학년까지각각 1개학급씩임의표출하였다. 일반적특성과 K-CBCL은부모나보호자가작성하였으며, 그외설문지는아동이작성하였다. 대상자중저학년의경우담임교사의지도하에설문지를기입하였다. 연구도구신체상측정도구 Stuart와 Sundeen (1983) 에의하면신체상은자신의외모나신체기능, 신체상태에대하여가지고있는느낌이나태도를말하며, 본연구에서는 Osgood, Suci와 Tannenbaum (1957) 이개발한의미척도법 (as cited in Jang, 1982) 과 Franzoi와 Shields (1984) 가개발한신체상도구 (as cited in Shin, 1996) 2가지를사용하여합을구하였다. Jang (1982) 이아동을대상으로표준화한신체에대한의미척도법 (The Measurement of Meaning) 은 10 쌍의상반된어휘군으로 5단계평정법으로이루어진어의구별척도이며, 점수가높을수록신체의미가긍정적인것임을의미한다. Jang (1982) 이사용당시 Cronbach s a=.81이었으며, 본연구에서는 Cronbach s a=.84였다. Shin (1996) 이신체각부분과기능에대한만족도도구를초등학교수준에맞게재구성한것으로총 24 문항 5점 Likert 척도로되어있으며점수가높을수록신체만족도가높은것을의미한다. Shin (1996) 의연구에서 Cronbach s a=.96이었고본연구에서는 Cronbach s a=.95였다. 자아존중감도구 Rosenberg (1965) 에의하면자아존중감은자신에대한부정적또는긍정적평가와관련되는것으로서자신을가치있는 사람으로생각하는정도를말하며, 본연구에서는 Harter (1982) 가아동을대상으로개발한 27문항 4점척도로모두 108점만점으로구성된 The Perceived Competence Scale을사용하여측정한점수로점수가높을수록자아존중감이높음을의미한다. 개발당시도구신뢰도는 4개하위영역별로 Cronbach s a는각각.76,.78,.83,.73이었다. 본연구에서는 Cronbach s a는각각.80,.82,.88,.85였으며전체적으로는 Cronbach s a=.93이었다. 문제행동도구 Kauffman (2005) 에의하면문제행동이란아동이환경에대하여사회적으로용납될수없는방법으로반응을보이는것을말하며, 본연구에서는미국판아동청소년행동평가척도 (Child Behavior Checklist, CBCL) 를한국형으로표준화한도구 (Korean-Child Behavior Checklist, K-CBCL) 를사용하였다. K- CBCL은부모나아동과함께생활하는어른이아동의문제행동과사회적능력을표준화된형태로기록하는행동평가도구이다. K-CBCL은총 117개문항으로되어있으며 전혀그렇지않다 0 점, 가끔그렇다 1 점, 자주그렇다 의 2점의 3점 Likert 척도로되어있다. 모든하위척도의원점수는표준화된 T 점수로환산하였다. 점수가높을수록문제행동성향이높은것을의미한다. 개발당시도구의신뢰도는 Cronbach s a=.93이었고본연구에서는 Cronbach s a=.89였다. 자료분석방법통계적분석은 propensity analysis는 R ver. 을이용하였으며나머지분석은 SPSS Ver 14.0을이용하였다. 대상자의일반적특성은빈도와백분율을, 키관련특성은평균과표준편차를구하고동질성검정은카이제곱검정으로확인하였다. 두군의신체상, 자아존중감및문제행동은우선정규성검정을위해 Sapiro-Wilk test를시행하여정규성을통과한신체상, 자아존중감및문제행동중외현화문제는 t-test를이용하여비교분석하였다. 정규성검정을통과하지못한문제행동중내재화문제 ( 위축, 우울 / 불안, 신체증상 ) 와총문제행동합은비모수검정인 Wilcoxon test로분석하였다. 세변수의상관성은 Pearson s correlation coefficient로비교분석하였다. 연구결과대상자의일반적특성본연구에사용한 propensity analysis 전에수행한저신장
4 44 김미예 증과정상아동간의일반적특성에따른동질성검정에서부모의학력, 부모의종교유무, 부의직업및경제수준에서동질하지않은것으로나타나, 이들변수를 propensity analysis를통해짝짓기하였다. 그결과, 고학년이저학년보다더많았으며, 저신장증아동은 65.8%, 정상아동은 52.6% 였다. 성별은여학생이남학생보다많았으며저신장증아동은 60.5%, 정상아동은 57.9% 였다. 아버지학력은저신장증아동과정상아동모두대졸이 81.6% 로대부분을차지하였으며, 어머니학력도대졸이대부분으로저신장증아동은 73.7%, 정상아동은 65.8% 이었다. 종교는아버지, 어머니모두에서저신장증아동은 76.3%, 84.2%, 정상아동은 78.9%, 76.3% 로종교가있는경우가대부분이었다. 경제수준은중이많았으며저신장증아동은 63.2%, 정상아동은 71.7% 였다. 아버지직업은전문직이가장많았으며저신장증아동은 36.8%, 정상아동은 42.1% 였다. 키관련특성에서저신장증아동의평균키는 cm였고, 정상아동은 cm였다. 아버지키는저신장증아동의경우 cm, 정상아동의경우 cm였으며, 어머니키는각각 cm, cm로두집단간모두유의한차이를나타내었다 (Table 1). 대상자의신체상신체상은최소 34점에서최대 170점의범위로저신장증아동의신체상평균점수는 ±18.80점으로정상아동의 ±18.58점과비교하여낮게나타나두군간유의한차이가있었다 (t= p=.008) (Table 2). 대상자의자아존중감자아존중감은최소 27점에서최대 108점의범위로저신장증 Table 1. General Characteristics between Short Stature and Normal Children Total sample Matching sample Characteristics Short stature Normal children Short stature Normal children c 2 p c 2 p n % n % n % n % Grade Low High Sex Male Female Father s College and above >.999 educational High school background Mother s College and above educational High school background Father s Yes religion No Mother s Yes religion No Economic High status Mid Low Father s job Manufacturing worker Service Office worker Professional Mother s job Yes No Height Short stature Normal children Short stature Normal children t p t p Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Child <.001 Father < <.001 Mother < Total
5 저신장증아동과정상아동의신체상, 자아존중감및문제행동 45 Table 2. Body Image between Short Stature and Normal Children Table 3. Self-esteem between Short Stature and Normal Children Variable Short stature Normal children Mean SD Mean SD t p Variable Short stature Normal children Mean SD Mean SD t p Body image Self-esteem Table 4. Behavior Problems between Short Stature and Normal Children Table 5. Correlation among Body image, Self-esteem, and Behavior Problems Short stature Normal children t or z p Variables Mean SD Mean SD Variables Body image Self-esteem KCBCL r (p) r (p) r (p) Sum of behavior problem Internalizing problem Withdrawn Somatic complaints Depressed/anxious Social problem Thought problem Externalizing problem Attention problem Delinquent behavior Aggressive behavior Sex problem Emotional lability 아동의자아존중감평균점수는 79.76±13.93점으로정상아동의 85.24±10.73점과비교하여낮게나타났으나두군간유의한차이는없었다 (t=-1.97, p=.053) (Table 3). 대상자의문제행동저신장증아동의문제행동점수의합은평균 47.39±6.81 점으로정상아동의 40.24±9.97점보다유의하게높았으며 (z=3.05, p=.002), 문제행동증후군의하위영역인내재화문제에서저신장증아동이 49.13±7.21점, 정상아동이 43.21± 8.69점으로나타나두군간유의한차이가있었으며 (z=2.89. p=.004), 특히내재화문제의하위영역중위축과우울 / 불안영역에서두군간유의한차이가있었다 (z=2.01, p=.045; z=2.90, p=.004). 문제행동증후군의하위영역중외현화경우에도저신장증아동이 44.89±8.77점으로정상아동의 41.42±8.09 점보다높게나타났으나두군간유의한차이가없었으며 (t= 1.80, p=.077), 외현화하위영역중주의집중문제영역에서두군간유의한차이가있었다 (t=2.06, p=.043) (Table 4). 신체상, 자아존중감, 문제행동과의관계저신장증아동의신체상, 자아존중감, 문제행동의상관성은신체상과자아존중감은정상관의관계가있는것으로나타났으며 (r=.798, p<.001), 나머지부분에서는상관성이없는것으로 Short Body image stature Self-esteem.798 (<.001)*** KCBCL.032 (.847) (.608) Normal Body image children Self-esteem.707 (<.001)*** KCBCL (.022)*.210 (.207) Total Body image Self-esteem.769 (<.001)*** KCBCL (.011)* (.061) *p<.05; ***p<.001. 나타났다. 정상아동의경우도, 신체상과자아존중감은정상관의관계가있는것으로나타났으나 (r=.707, p<.001), 신체상과문제행동은역상관이있는것으로나타났다 (r=-.370, p<.05). 전체적으로는신체상과자아존중감은정상관의관계로 (r=.769, p<.001) 신체상과문제행동은역상관의관계로나타났으며 (r= -.290, p<.05), 자아존중감과문제행동은상관이없는것으로나타났다 (r=-.216). 즉, 신체상점수가높을수록자아존중감점수는높고, 문제행동점수는낮은것으로나타났다 (Table 5). 논 저신장증아동의신체상점수는정상아동보다유의하게낮았는데 Bannink 등 (2005) 은성장호르몬치료를받은저체중출생아와호르몬치료를받지않은저체중출생아의성장후신체상을조사한결과건강과관련된신체상에서두군간유의한차이가있음을보고하여본연구결과와도유사한결과를나타내었다. 또한비만아동을대상으로한연구 (Park, 2000) 에서도신체상점수가비만아의경우정상아에비해유의하게낮음을보고하고있으나, 아동기부터성장호르몬치료를받아온 세의여성을대상으로한연구 (Lagrou et al., 2006) 에서는정상아동과비교하여신체상에서유의한차이를발견하지못하여본연구결과와는차이를보인다. 이는대상자가이미성장이끝난성인여성이라신체상이형성되는과정에있는아동과는차이를보일수있다. 아동기동안의긍정적인신체상의 의
6 46 김미예 형성은개인의정체성, 자기가치감에영향을주어개인의심리적적응과행동에중요한변수가되고있다 (Cho, 2005). 자아존중감도신체상과관련이있는데, 부정적인신체상형성은자아존중감형성에도영향을주고, 대인관계및정상적인사회활동에장애를초래할수있다. Park (2002) 은청소년을대상으로신체상, 자존감, 대인불안과의연구에서신체상과자존감은유의한정적상관이있다고보고하였으며, 신체상과대인불안, 자존감과대인불안은부적상관관계가있음을보고하였다. Lee, Y. M. (2004) 은신체외모에대한지각이부정적일수록아동의부정적정서경험이높다고보고하고있으며, Kim (2005) 은초등학생을대상으로외모만족도, 신체만족도와자아존중감, 학교생활부적응을조사하여외모만족도와신체만족도가자아존중감과학교생활에영향을준다고보고하였다. 즉, 신체만족도가높은학생이자아존중감이높았으며학교생활적응도잘하는것으로보고하고있다. 저신장증아동의자아존중감점수는정상아동보다낮았으나유의한차이는없었는데, Jung 등 (2008) 은자신의키가큰편이라고한아동이보통이나작은편이라고한아동보다자아존중감이높은것으로보고하여본연구결과와일맥상통한다. 또한부모의신장이저신장증아동과정상아동에서유의한차이가나타났으므로, 추후일선학교에서저신장증아동의조기발견과조기치료를유도하기위해부모의신장을사전조사해볼필요가있다. Ross 등 (2004) 은특발성저신장증아동에게성장호르몬을투여한후정서적문제가줄어들고문제행동 (CBCL) 이개선되었다는보고가있으며 Shin (2006) 의연구에서도키가작은저체중출생아에게성장호르몬을치료한후집중력이올라가고자아존중감이높아졌다는보고가있다. 문제행동에서는저신장증아동이정상아동보다유의하게높은평균점수를나타내어저신장증아동의문제행동에대한시사점을보여주고있다. 특히문제행동의하위영역인내재화문제와외현화문제에서정상아동과유의한차이를보였다. 내재화문제중위축과우울 / 불안에서정상아동과유의한차이를보였고, 외현화문제에서도주의집중문제에서유의한차이를보여이에대한관심이요망된다. 학령기아동의위축행동과불안은학령기아동의발달과업인근면감과성취감형성에방해가될뿐만아니라대인관계에서자신감을잃게되어학업에도지장을초래할수있는문제여서간과할수없다. 또한주의집중문제는학습장애와도연관되어추후학업성취도에도영향을줄수있기때문에반드시중재가필요한부분이다. 지금까지의여러연구에서보면저신장증아동의삶의질과관련하여신체적, 사회정서적인요인을조사한연구들이많이 있는데 (Bannink et al., 2005; Sandberg & Colsmas, 2005) 정상아동에비해사회 정서적문제가많으며문제행동또한많음을보고하고있다 (Ross et al., 2004). Im (2002) 은성장호르몬치료를받고있는저신장증아동과어머니를대상으로성장호르몬치료를받도록결정을내리기까지의아동과어머니의여러가지어려운심리적상황을질적연구를통해보고하고있다. 그러나 Visser-van Balen 등 (2006) 은성장호르몬치료를받고있는저신장증아동의사회 정서적기능을조사하여문제행동 (CBCL) 에서차이점을발견하지못했음을보고하고있고, Voss (2006) 는성장호르몬치료를받는아동이인지, 사회 정서적측면으로아무런차이가없다고보고하고있다. Ulph, Betts, Mulligan과 Stratford (2004) 도작은키와관련하여인성에대한것을조사하였는데교육이나직업, 대인관계에서차이가없음을보고하여본연구와는상반된결과를보여주고있다. 그러나이러한문제는앞으로후속연구가뒤따라야된다고보여지며, 신체상에영향을주는요인으로작용하는가치관이나사회문화적인배경과도관련성이있다고보여지역이나민족, 국가에따라차이가날것으로사료된다. 또한, 여러연구에서저신장증아동의건강과관련된신체상이나삶의질에대해일반아동과의차이점을시사하고있어 (Bannink et al., 2005; Theunissen et al., 2002) 저신장증아동과관련된사회, 정서적측면의여러가지요인에대한검증이신중하게이루어져야한다고본다. 신체상, 자아존중감과문제행동간의상관성은저신장증아동과정상아동모두신체상과자아존중감에서유의한정적상관을나타내어, 비만아동을대상으로신체상과자아존중감을조사한연구에서자아존중감과신체상의상관성을보고한것 (Park, 2000) 과유사한결과이다. 추후저신장증아동의중재프로그램개발을위한신체상과자아존중감의상관성을확인함으로써기초자료로활용할수있는것이본연구의의의다. 정상아동에서신체상은문제행동과부적상관관계를나타내었으며, 이는아동의외모만족도와학교생활부적응과의역상관성을보고한연구 (Kim, 2005) 와유사한결과로, 아동의신체상지각이아동의부정적정서를약 25% 설명하여두변수와의관련성을보고한연구 (Lee, Y. M., 2004) 를지지하는결과이다. 그러나본연구에서저신장증아동의신체상, 자아존중감및문제행동과의관련성이기존연구와차이를나타낸것이일지역의소아청소년과외래를방문한 38명의대상자로인한대상자편중의문제때문인지확인하기위해추후연구가더필요하며본연구의제한점이라하겠다.
7 저신장증아동과정상아동의신체상, 자아존중감및문제행동 47 결론및제언 본연구결과, 저신장증아동의신체상, 자아존중감, 문제행동은정상아동과비교해볼때차이가있는것으로나타났다. 특히문제행동의하위영역인위축, 우울 / 불안이나주의집중문제는정상아동과저신장증아동이차이가나타난것은학령기아동의사회적 정서적영역뿐만아니라학업성취와도관련이될것으로예상되므로추후일선학교에서는저신장증아동을위한특별프로그램을개발하여운영할필요가있음을시사하고있다. 이상의결과를토대로다음과같은제언을하고자한다. 첫째, 연구대상자를일지역에국한하였으므로전국단위의저신장증아동을대상으로한간호학적후속연구가이루어지기를제안한다. 둘째, 저신장증아동의건강문제를조기에발견하고삶의질을향상시킬수있도록저신장증아동을위한다각적인연구가뒤따라야할것이다. 참고문헌 Ahn, H. S. (2007). Pediatrics: Hong Chang Yee (9th ed.). Seoul: Daehane Textbook Co. Bannink, E., van Pareren, Y., Theunissen, N., Raat, H., Mulder, P., & Hokken-Koelega, A. (2005). Quality of life in adolescents born small for gestational age: Does growth hormone make a difference? Hormone Research, 64, Cho, Y. M. (2005). Children and adolescents body image. Unpublished master s thesis, Catholic University, Seoul. De Schepper, J., Thomas, M., Beckers, D., Craen, M., Maes, M., & De Zegher, F. (2008). Growth hormone treatment and fat redistribution in children born small for gestational age. Journal of Pediatrics, 152, Downie, A. B., Mulligan, J., Stratford, R. J., Betts, P. R., & Voss, L. D. (1997). Are short normal children at a disadvantage? The Wessex growth study. British Medical Journal, 314, Han, S. S., & Kim, K. M. (2006). Influencing factors on self-esteem in adolescents. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 36, Harter, S. (1982). The perceived competence scale for children. Child Development, 53, Im, Y. S. (2002). The process MAUMGAIGI (anxiety) of idiopathic short stature (ISS) children mother: The Experiences of growth hormone therapy for ISS. Unpublished master s thesis, Chungang University, Seoul. Jang, H. S. (1982). A study of the influence of illness on body image and self concept: Specifically in children with asthma. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 12(2), Jung, M. J., Yoon, K. L., & Shim, K. S. (2008). The relationships among perception of physique, self-esteem, sociality, and behavioral characteristics in children. Korean Journal of Pediatrics, 51, Kauffman, J. M. (2005). Characteristics of emotional and behavioral disorders of children and youth (8th ed.). NJ: Prentice Hall. Kim, E. K. (2005). The relationship between appearance satisfaction, physical satisfaction, and self-esteem, school maladjustment of children. Unpublished master s thesis, Chuncheon National University, Chuncheon. Lagrou, K., Froidecoeur, C., Verlinde, F., Craen, M., De Schepper, J., Francois, I., et al. (2006). Psychosocial functioning, self-perception and body image and their auxologic correlations in growth hormone and oestrongen-treated young adult women with turner syndrome. Hormone Research, 66, Lee, M. J. (2004). The relationship physical satisfaction with self-esteem and adaptability at school of obese children. Unpublished master s thesis, Chungnam National University, Daejeon. Lee, Y. M. (2004). The effect of children s perception of body shape and body image on their negative emotions. Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association, 42(8), Molinari, E., Sartori, A., Ceccarelli, A., & Marchi, S. (2002). Psychological and emotional development, intellectual capabilities, and body image in short normal children. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, 25, Park, K. A. (2002). Study on the relationship between body-image, selfesteem and face-to-face anxiety of adolescence. Unpublished master s thesis, Korea University, Seoul. Park, M. Y. (2000). The relationship between body image and self-esteem of obese and normal weight children. Unpublished master s thesis, Chosun University, Gwangju. Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self image. Princeton, NJ; Princeton University Press. Ross, J. L., Sandberg, D. E., Rose, S. R., Leschek, E. W., Baron, J., Chipman, J. J., et al. (2004). Psychological adaptation in children with idiopathic short stature treated with growth hormone or placebo. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 89, Sandberg, D. E. (2000). Should short children who are not deficient in growth hormone be treated? Western Journal of Medicine, 172, Sandberg, D. E., & Colsman, M. (2005). Growth hormone treatment of short stature: Status of the quality of life rationale. Hormone Research, 63, Shin, C. H. (2006). Current use of growth hormone in children. Korean Journal of Pediatrics, 49, Shin, K. H. (1996). The difference self-esteem and academic achievement according to children s body-esteem. Unpublished master s thesis, Korea National University of Education, Cheongwon. Stuart, G. W., & Sundeen, S. J. (1983). Principles and practice of
8 48 김미예 psychiatric nursing (2nd ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby Co. Theunissen, N. C., Kamp, G. A., Koopman, H. M., Zwinderman, K. A., Vogels, T., & Wit, J. M. (2002). Quality of life and selfesteem in children treated for idiopathic short stature. Journal of Pediatric, 140, Ulph, F., Betts, P., Mulligan, J., & Stratford, R. J. (2004). Personality functioning: The influence of stature. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 89, Visser-van Balen, H., Sinnema, G., & Geenen, R. (2006). Growing up with idiopathic short stature: Psychosocial development and hormone treatment; a critical review. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 91, Voss, L. D. (2006). Is short stature a problem? The psychological view. European Journal of Endocrinology, 155, S39-S45.
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp DOI: * The Mediating Eff
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