2002-18 / / /
1960. 1990..,,..... 1960..
,. 2002 12
i 1 1 29 1 29 2 30 1 30 1. OECD (HRST) 32 2. UNESCO 43 3. OECD 44 2 47 3 1960 51 1 51 1. 51 2. 57 2 61 1. 61 2. 66 3 72 1. 72 2. 74 3. 76
i i 4 79 1. 79 2. 80 3. 82 5 84 1. 84 2. 86 3. 89 4 1960 93 1 93 2 97 1. 1960: 97 2. 1970: 100 3. 1980: 105 4. 1990: 111 2 126 1 126 1 126 1. 126 2. 129 3. 132 4. 134 5. 136
i i i 2 137 2 144 1 : 144 1. 1960 145 2. 1970 150 3. 1980 156 4. 1990 160 2 167 1. 168 2. 170 3 172 1. 174 2. 176 3. 177 4 178 1. 181 2. 182 3. 185 5 186 1. 187 2. 190 3 192 1 192 1. 192 2. 197 3. 200
iv 2 ( ) 200 1. ( ) 200 2. : BK21 207 3. 214 3 227 1. 227 2. 233 3. 235 4. 236 4 237 1. 238 2. 239 3. 241 4. 242 5. 243 6. 246 4 247 1 247 2 248 3 250 5 251 1 251 1. 254 2 256 1. 257 2. 260
v 6 261 1 261 1. (Post- doc.) 262 2. (Post- doc.) 264 3. 264 2 (Brain-Pool) 265 1. 266 2. 267 3 270 1 270 1 270 2 274 1. 275 2. 276 3. 279 4. 282 2 284 1. 284 2. 286 3. 291 293
vi < 1-1> HRST, ISCED 34 < 1-2> UNESCO (S&T) ISCED 35 < 1-3> UNESCO 37 < 1-4> OECD 38 < 1-5> 42 < 1-6> (Quailification) (Occupation) HRST 43 < 1-7> () 48 < 1-8> (1946-1956) 85 < 1-9> 1960 99 < 1-10> 117 < 1-11> 1960-1980 120 < 1-12> 1990 122 < 1-13> 124 < 2-1> 146 < 2-2> 148 < 2-3> 149 < 2-4> 152 < 2-5> 153 < 2-6> 1970 154 < 2-7> 1970 1980 157 < 2-8> : (1986 1991) 159
vi i < 2-9> 1980 1990 160 < 2-10> 1980 1990 161 < 2-11> 1980 1990 163 < 2-12> 2 1 165 < 2-13> 169 < 2-14> 171 < 2-15> 173 < 2-16> 173 < 2-17> 175 < 2-18> 176 < 2-19> ( ) 178 < 2-20> 180 < 2-21> 183 < 2-22> 184 < 2-23> ( ) 184 < 2-24> 2001 ( ) 185 < 2-25> 186 < 2-26> 1950 192 < 2-27> 196 < 2-28> 199 < 2-29> 203 < 2-30> 204 < 2-31> (1973-1982) 204 < 2-32> (1994-1998) 206 < 2-33> (SRC) (ERC) 208 < 2-34> BK21 211 < 2-35> 212 < 2-36> BK21 213
vi i i < 2-37> (2002.9.1 2003.2.28) 214 < 2-38> (1947-1950) 216 < 2-39> 1960 218 < 2-40> (1952) 227 < 2-41> KAIST 233 < 4-42> 236 < 4-43> 236 < 2-44> 237 < 2-45> 238 < 2-46> (2001) 239 < 2-47> (2001) 240 < 2-48> 241 < 2-49> 242 < 2-50> 242 < 2-51> 243 < 2-52> 244 < 2-53> 245 < 2-54> 245 < 2-55> 246 < 2-56> (2001) 246 < 2-57> 247 < 2-58> 250 < 2-59> 250 < 2-60> 251 < 2-61> (1974 1989) 255 < 2-62> (1975 1996) 255
ix < 2-63> 256 < 2-64> (1982 2001) 256 < 2-65> (1973 2001) 258 < 2-66> (1982 2001) 259 < 2-67> 260 < 2-68> 263 < 2-69> 263 < 2-70> 264 < 2-71> 1982 267 < 2-72> 268 < 2-73> 268 < 2-74> 268 < 3-1> 271 < 3-2> : 271 < 3-3> 1 273 < 3-4> 273 < 3-5> 3 276 < 3-6> 277 < 3-7> 281 < 3-8> 281 < 3-9> (2000) 288 < 3-10> 292
x <1-1> HRST 33 <1-2> 57 <1-3> 66 <1-4> 71 <1-5> 1950 89 <1-6> 92 <1-7> 93 <1-8> 95 <1-9> 95 <1-10> 96 <1-11> 1970 104 <1-12> 1970 104 <1-13> 1970 105 <1-14> 1980 109 <1-15> 1980 110 <1-16> 1980 110 <1-17> 111 <1-18> 112 <1-19> 114 <1-20> 115 <1-21> 116 <1-22> 1990 118 <1-23> 1990 119 <1-24> 1990 119 <2-1> 169
xi <2-2> (1952-1980) 193 <2-3> (1981-2001) 194 <2-4> 195 <2-5> 196 <2-6> 222 <3-1> 283 <3-2> 286
1 1 1.,,.,.. -. 2 1 OCED (HRST).
2 OECD1995 (Canberra Manual) (Human Resources in Science and Technology) a), b) a). UNESCO (ISCED) (ISCO-88). -, ISCED 6,7. 5. - OECD UNESCO. OECD ISCO 2, 3 122, 123, 131, ISC 3ISCED 6,. UNESCO(Scientific and Technical Personnel). 1984UNESCO. -,
3 - OECD -. -,,,,,,. OECD. OECD (Frascati Manual),,,.,,,. 2,.,
4.,,,,.. - (2), (3), (4). - 1960 1970. - 1980..
5 3 1960 1. 1897. 1899. - 4,,,,,,. 1907.. - 2,. -,.
6 2.,.,.
7. 1907.. 1910 100, 20. 3. 1915.. -,,,,,.,,. -, 1922.
8. 1915..... 1938,.,,,,,,,,. 3 30%,.
9 1920. 1910,. - 21920. 1920. - 5%. 20%.
10 4, 10 5. 4.,.,. 1948 5. -.. 1946 7. -,,,, 9.
11... 5.,,,... - ()...,.
12-80. 40%,. 6 1950.. 1 1,,,.,. -. 1950. 19541955 1,. 1957
13. 85%.. 1955-1961.,,,. -,,. - 1. -,,,,. 1960.
14 4 1960 1960. 19605,. (1960) (1970 ) (1980) (1990).,,... - 1990.. -,,.
15 1960. - 1961, 1962 5 5-5 5,.. - 19611962 -,, 1,25. 1,, 1:1.3:33, 1 1:5:25. - 1963 -,
16, -,. - 1950, - 1961,,. - 1966-1970. KIST. 1970,. 1970. 10.
17 -,, - 4, 2,. 4,, 2 4. 1960 1970,.. - 1975 -,,. 1973 (KAIS)
18-1970 225, 229 1980,. 1980.,,,,,,,,.,,,. -. 1980. -, 1980. 1980. - 1970,,.
19-1970. - 1980,. -. -. 1980. - - - - 1986.
20-1990..,,... IMF,,.,.
21. -. - 1990,... -. -.,,. - - 21.
22 -. -.. 1990.. - - 2+1. 1990. 1990.,,
23.. 1990,. - -. -,. -., -. -,. -.
24.
25 1960-1980 1960 ( ) 1970 ( ) 1980 (, ) 1 5 (60) (71) (81) 1 5 (72) 5 (60) (61-62) 1 (73) (74) (81) (81) 1 5 (76) (62-67) (77) (64) 3 (72-76) 20 3 5 (66) (72-76) (67, 68) (69) (69) (81-91) (82), (84), (85), 2 5 (89) (67-71) (67) (71-81) - (75) 2000 (86) (67) - (77-91) (87) (67) 21 4 5 (86-2001) (67-86) (77-81) (68) (65) (KAIS) (71) (80) (KIST) ( ) (81-87) (66) (71), (73) (81) (73) (82) (73) (80), (88) (74-78) 4 (83,84) (85) (75) (85) (79) (86) (88) (83), (84), (88), (89)
26 (KIST) (71) (80) (66) (66) (73) (73) (85) (73) + (68) (75) (78) = (80),, (79) (78),,, (81) * (81) (85) (88) (88) (70), (61) (63) (67) (67), (69) (1968) (73) (73) (73) (75) (76) (76) (76), (81) (68) (76) (77) (77)
27 1990 (90) / G7 (91) (91) 7 5 (94) (92-96)(90) (90) (91) (92) 5(93) (2000) (2001) (87) / (91) -> (94) 2010 (91-2010) (95) (92), (92), (97) (97): 5 (98) (91) (95) (6) (92) (96) 95 4 (94-98), (92) (93) 5 (95) KAIST (95) (95-2000) (98) (98) (ERC 7 /SRC 6 )(90) ( ) 100 (91) (91) (91) (92) (93) KAIST (94) (94), (94) BK21 (99)
28 ( ) (97) POOL, (98) (98) 23 (98) R&D (91) (91) (92) (93) EXPO (93) (96), (97), (97) (98) :,
29 1 1... (knowledge worker),.. (trust)..... 1960.. 1980
30. DRAM, TFC-LCD,.... (excellent company)....,.,,. 2 1 ( ) (occupation) (qualification)
1 31...,,.,..,...,..,,..,,,...,.,..,
32. (Science), '(Wissenshaft)'.,,,,.. 1. OECD (HRST) OECD1995 (Canberra Manual) (Human Resources in Science and Technology). a) b), a) (3 : the third level). 2 ( )..
1 33 <1-1> HRST : OECD (1995), The Measurement of Scientific and Technological Activities, Manual On the Measurement of Human Resources Devoted to S&T "Canberra Manual".,.,.. UNESCO (International Standard Classification of Education: ISCED) (International Standard Classification of Occupation: ISCO-88)..
34 ( 1) ISCED. 7, HRST 5, 6, 7. HRST ISCED, OECD < 1-1>. < 1-1> HRST, ISCED HRST (ISCED) ( ) (university-level) ( ) ISCED 7 ISCED 7 ISCED 6 (technician-level) ( ) ISCED 5 ISCED 5 : OECD (1995), The Measurement of Scientific and Technological Activities, Manual On the Measurement of Human Resources Devoted to S&T "Canberra Manual". < 1-1> 3, ISCED 4., ISCED 7.
1 35. ISCED 21. UNESCO ISECD< 1-2>. < 1-2> UNESCO (S&T) ISCED ISCED 1. 42 5,6,7,9 46 5,6,7,9 52 1,2,3,9 54 3,5,6,7,9 2. 58 5,6,7,9 70 2,3,5,9 3. 50 1,2,3,5,6,7,9 4. 62,, 1,2,3,5,6,7,9 14 2,3,5,6,7,9 5. 6. 18 3,5,6,7,9 22 5,6,7,9 26 1,2,3,5,6,7,9 30 5,6,7,9 34 1,2,3,5,6,7,9 38 5,6,7,9 66 () 1,2,3,5,6,7,9 84 5,6,7,9 01 0,1,2,3,6,9 08 () 1 78 1,2,3,5,9 89 1,2,3,5,6,7,9 : OECD (1995), The Measurement of Scientific and Technological Activities, Manual On the Measurement of Human Resources Devoted to S&T "Canberra Manual".
36 < 1-2> UNESCO 6. OECD UNESCO. OECD. UNESCO,,. < 1-3> UNESCO 6. < 1-4> OECD (Frascati Manual)..
1 37 < 1-3> UNESCO 1. :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,. 2. :,,, ; ;, ; ; ;,,,. 3. :,,,,,,,,,,. 4. :,,,,,,. 5. - ( ): ( ),,,,, (,, ),, (, ),,,,,,,.,,. - ( ): ( ); ( ); (); ;,, ; ;,. 6. : UNESCO (1984), Manual for Statistics on Scientific and Technological Activities.
38 < 1-4> OECD 1. 1.1. :, (, ) 1.2. :,, 1.3. :, 1.4. :,,,, ( ),,,, 2. 2.1. :,,,, 2.2. :,,, ( ), 2.3. :,,,, ; ;, ; ; ;,,, ; 3. 3.1. :,,,,,,,,,, 3.2. :,,,,,,,,,,, 3.3. :,,,, (),,,,,,, 4. 4.1.,, :,,,,, 4.2.
1 39 5. 5.1. 5.2. 5.3. : 5.4. : ( ),,, (,, ),,,,,,,,,.,,. 6. 6.1. :,, (,,, ) 6.2. () 6.3. : (),,,,,,,,,,, : OECD (1994), Frascati Manual 1993 - Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys of Research and Experimental Development. ISCED 6 7. ISCED 5..
40 (2 ) (ISCO). OECD ISCO 1988. ISCO-88 10( ). 2 (professionals) 3 (Technicians and Associate Professionals). 0 1,. ISCO 2.,,,,,. ISCED 67. ISCO 2. ISCO 3.,,.,. ISCED5. ISCO 3., ISCO 2 3,,
1 41 1. OECD 1 122( ), 123(, ), 131( ). 1,. 122, 123, 131,.. 122, 123, 131. OECD. - ISCO 2, 3122, 123, 131,. - ISCO 2 122, 123, 131. - ISCO 3ISCED 6,.
42 OECD. < 1-5> OECD. < 1-5> 122 123 131 21 22 23 24 31 32 33 34 ISCO, : OECD (1995), The Measurement of Scientific and Technological Activities, Manual On the Measurement of Human Resources Devoted to S&T "Canberra Manual". (HRST) ISCED ISCO-88 < 1-6>.
1 43 < 1-6> (Quailification) (Occupation) HRST IISCED 6+7 ISCED 5 ISCO 122+123+131 A A A ISCO 2 A A A ISCO 3 A B B ( ) A B (unemplyed) A B (out of labor force) A B ISCED 5 : A=HRST (university-level HRST), B= (technician-level HRST) 2. UNES CO UNECSO 1984" (Scientific and Technical Personnel)". ".,. (Scientific and Technological Activities),,,.,,." UNESCO., ISCED 5, 6 7.,,.
44 - : - : - :, UNESCO OCED. 5. UNESCO " (Scientific and Technical Manpower Potential)". ISCED 6, 7 ISCED 5. 3. OECD OECD 1993 (FM-93) 5...,,,.
1 45 FM-93 (R&D Personnel). (Head Count) (Full-Time Equivalence). HRST.,,. FM-93. FM-93. - - -,. - (full-time) (90% ) - (50-90% ) - (50% ) (10% ) FM-93 1. 30% 0.3. 16 0.5. 90% 1 10%.
46., (Researcher, RSE), (Technicians and Equivalent Staff), (Other supporting staff). - :,,,. (ISCO-88) (1237).. - :,,. ISCO-88 3, 31, 32 3434,. -, ISCO-88. (HRST),...,.
1 47.,. 2......,,,,. a) b) a),. (2001) (5)
48 (< 1-7> ). (2), (3), (4). 12273.. < 1-7> () 1992 2000 1 12273 02373 12274 02374 1236 0246 1237 0247 13173 03073 13174 03074 21, 111 112 22 12 13 23111 () 14 23115 () 23117 () 23119 -
1 49 1992 2000 1 23121 ( ) 15102 23123 ( ) 15103 23127 ( ) 15104 23128 ( ) 15109 23129-23211 () 15203 23213 () 15205 23216, 15207 - () 24196 15693 24293 17131 24322 21 31 22 32 23 24 34151 25212 34152 26231 34153 34154 26232 26233 34155 34158 26234 3434, 29211
50.,,,..,...,. 20,. 1960 40 -.,.,., 1960.
1 51 1990.,.,.,,... 1980. 3 1960 * 1) 1 1.. *, 50 (1997, STEPI).
52... 19. () 1897. ( )..,,,,...... 1899.. 4..
1 53,,. ( ), ( ), ( ).. ( ) 3.. ( ) ( ),, ( ), ( ) ( ). 1905., ( ). 6, 4, 1. 1908. 100.... 1-2..
54. ( ).,,,,.. 1907 2..,.... (),... 4 2. (), (), (), (),, 6. 1.
1 55.... ()..... 6.,.,, ( ),, (), (). 150...,,,..,,
56.... 1905. 1906,. 2,. () () 1....,.,,. ( ) ( )....
1 57..,. <1-2> 2..,,.,,
58..,.. 1899. 6,. 18951896 2.,. ( ),...... () 1906 (
1 59 ). 1898 ( )... ( ). 1906 (). 1911 ( ). 1904.. 46... ( )..,,.. 1905
60..... 7.. 1911-1912., 1907...,., 1.
1 61... 1910 1. 100, 20.. 2 1. 1915.. 5 1. 2....
62....,.. 1910. (Horace G. Underwood) 1915 ( )...,,,,,.,,..,.. ().
1 63.. 1/3.. 1, 2.,. 1/3. 1922. 1/3. (),,,..,... 1915. (A. L. Becker), (W. C. Rufus), (E. H. Miller)..
64.. ( ) 1938. ( ),..... 1920. 1930,.. 1938.....
1 65..,,,,,,.. 1/3.. 3 120 36 30%. 5..
66 <1-3> 2. 1910.,..,,.. 1911 44 1915
1 67. 2. 1920.. 1923 14. 2%. 2 19111 1923 1. 1912 1922... 1919 3 1. 3.,..
68.,. 1920. 3.1.,....,.......
1 69..,......,,,.. 1919 600 700 1923 4,500.. 1930 1940 2. 1/10. 5% ( ).
70...... 1/10.. 20%( 15%).. 400.. 36. 200, 100, 50. 10 5.
1 71 ( ) ( ) 1926, 1934...,... <1-4>
72 3 1. 1945 8 3..,....... 1945 10.. 1946.
1 73... 4 1950... 1948 5..,,,......,,,..
74........ 2.. 1946 7 (, ( )).,,,, 9.,,,, 9..
1 75.,,,..,........ 1..,..
76.,...... 3...,,.....
1 77.,,,,,,,,,,,,...,,,,,,,,.........,.
78...,,,..,,,,.,.......
1 79.,,..,. 4 1. 1950 6. 44% 42% 115.,,..,.,,..,,,....
80....,........,. 2.. ( )
1 81.. ( )...,...,...,,..
82...,,. 3...,.. 1946.... 1947 1948.. 1950
1 83....,,.. 80. 2 40%.,,.,,,,,,. 10.,...,....
84 5 1. 1950. 1950.. 1 1,,,. 1950.. < 1-8> 19551956 2.,,,,.,,...
1 85 < 1-8> (1946-1956) 1 2 3 4 (%) / 1946 100 102 100 102 102 1947 100 185 100 49 200 234 117 1948 150 305 100 259 100 159 350 723 207 1949 150 295 150 319 100 162 100 91 500 868 174 1950 150 196 150 319 150 350 100 188 550 1,053 191 1951 150 73 150 144 150 227 150 205 600 649 108 1952 150 128 150 90 150 79 150 83 600 380 63 1953 150 416 150 152 150 125 150 65 600 798 133 1954 150 429 150 382 150 146 150 94 600 1,051 175 1955 150 401 150 415 150 383 150 142 600 1,374 229 1956 150 411 150 292 50 532 150 320 600 1,535 256 : 30 (1976),30, p.98, 125, 141.. 1950 2.. 1950,. 1950 1960.
86 2. 1952.. 19541955 1,000.. 20%..... 2... 1957..
1 87, 2,.,. 4 2. 12 C. 1955.. 1951 1960 5,600, 1,100 6,700. 800 15%..,.. 1950 ( )..,,,
88. 85%,.,, 2-3%..,,,...,,,,,,. (, ) 30%., 1-2%., 1950 2,300.... 65%, 35%..
1 89.. <1-5> 1950 3.. (Foreign Operation Administration, FOA).,,,. 1960 30%
90.,... 1.. 2.... 1955-1961..,,..,,,
1 91...,,,. 219 64, 57, 84. 80%. 5, 14 61.,.,,,,,,,. 1961 250.,,,,. 1955 1961 1,000. 30%..,,.,,.
92.,,, 1960...,.. <1-6> (1955-1961)
1 93 4 1960 1 1960. 1960 5.. 1960, 1970, 1980. 1990.,,. <1-7> 1960 1970 1980
94.,... 1980.. 1980.
1 95 <1-8> : (2002) 1 : 1997,, 2 : 1985-1987 3 : 1975-1980, 1981 4 : <1-9> : (2002)
96 1990...,.,. <1-10> 1990 1990. 1990.,,.
1 97 2 1. 1960: 1960,. 1961, 1962 5 5. 5 5, 5.,,. 19611962. 1 5.,, 1:1.3:33, 1 51:5:25. 2 5 5..,,.,.,.,.,
98.,., 1/2. 19601963..,,.,,. 1960... 1960,. 1950.... 1961,,.
1 99, 4..,,. 1964. 1966... < 1-9> 1960 1962 48 25 - - - - - 1963 47 28 1,271 (487) - 1,750 (27) - - 1964 66 32 1,680 (514) 76 (13) 6 (0) 3,766 (36) 42 (1) 2 (0) 1965 70 37 2,166 (780) 119 (19) 4 (0) 4,359 (59) 93 (2) 2 (0) 1966 69 42 1,266 (260) 111 (13) 2 (0) 3,597 (14) 93 (2) 0 (0) 1967 68 49 1,428 (639) 153 (22) 1 (0) 3,351 (55) 159 (4) 2 (0) 2,132 1968 67 56 129 (25) 3 (0) 4,034 (74) 115 (2) 0 (0) (1,119) 1969 68 60 1,606 (782) 169 (33) 22 (-) 3,257 (56) 132 (6) 13 (-) :, ( ) 1 : 1962, 2 :
100,. 5. 1970. 1960. 1966 (KIST). 1968 1969 229, 1970. 2. 1970: 19602 1970. 1970. (1971-1981). 1970,.,, 3.,
1 101, 4.., 2,..,,,.. 1970,,. 4. 4,.,.,,,,.,,,,,.. 2. 1960 5,,. 5
102 1970,. 1979 2,. 127 91 78,455,. 1960,..,,, 4.,,. 64 15,,,. 1970., 300,. 1975..,,.
1 103 1970 1973 (KAIS). 1970... 1980. 1970. 1970 225 229. 1 1970 1980,. 1970,.
104 <1-11> 1970 <1-12> 1970
1 105 <1-13> 1970 3. 1980: 1980 1970. 1980 1980.,,,,,,,,...,,.
106 1980. 1970. 1970,,.. 1980 7 7 30.,,, 4,,,,.. 130%. 1970.. 1987. 7 30 1980. 1980.,.,.
1 107...,.. ( ),..,,. 20. 1986... 1960 1970.
108,. 1980,.,. 1970, 1980. 1983.,,,,,. 30-50%50-100%. 6. 1991 86.6%. 1990. 1960 1970 1980.,.,, 4. 1980.
1 109 1980. 1970. 1980.,,,. 1980.. 1980,. <1-14> 1980
110 <1-15> 1980 <1-16> 1980
1 111 4. 1990: 1990. 1970. 1990,... 1990.,.,.. <1-17>
112,,,,. 1960. 1980, 1980 1990..,.,..,... 1990.,. <1-18>
1 113. 1987. 1980...,,,..,,.,..... 1990..
114. 1992 1994..,,,,, 6. 1990... 21.. 1990. <1-19>
1 115..,,. <1-20> 1990.. 1996 (II).
116,.,. <1-21>. 1990. 2+1.,.
1 117 < 1-10> (: ) 1990 1991 1992 1993 227 252 254 256 158 158 158 158 69 94 96 98 288 281 188 197 100 84 : (1993),, pp.90 91 1990. 1970. 1990. 1980.,... 1990,,..
118,.,. 1960.,,,,.,, 2000. 1990,. <1-22> 1990
1 119 <1-23> 1990 <1-24> 1990
120 < 1-11> 1960-1980 1960 ( ) 1970 ( ) 1980 (, ) 1 5 (60) (71) (81) 1 5 (72) 5 (60) 1 (73) (81) (61-62) (74) 15 (76) (81) (62-67) (64) (77) 3 (72-76) (81-91) 20 3 5 (82), (66) (72-76) (84), 25 (85), (67-71) (71-81) (89) (67) -(75) 2000 (67) -(77-91) (86) (67) 4 5 (87) (77-81) (67-86) 21 (86-2001) (68) (65) (KAIS) (71) (80) (KIST) ( ) (81-87) (66) (71), (73) (81) (73) (82) (73) (67, 68) (80), (88) (69) (85) (74-78) (85) (69) (86) (75) (79) (88) (83), (84), (88), (89)
1 121 1960 ( ) 1970 ( ) 1980 (, ) (KIST) (71) (66) (73) (85) (66) (73) + (73) = (68) (80) (75),, (78),,, (79) (78) (1968) (76) (76) (68) (76) (80) (81) (85) (88) (88) *, * (61) (70), (63) (67) (73) (73), (81) (67), (69) (73) (75) (76) (77) (77)
122 < 1-12> 1990 (90) -> 75 (94) (92-96)(90) (94) (90) 2010 (91) (1991-2010) (95) G7 (92), (91) (92), (97) (91) (92) (97): 5 5 (93) (98) (87) / / KAIST (95) (91) (95) (96) (91) (94-98), (6) (95-2000) (92) (98) 95 (98) 4 (92) (93) 5 (95) (ERC 7 (94) /SRC 6 )(90), ( ) 100 (91) (94) (91) (91) (92) (93) KAIST (94) BK21 (99)
1 123 ( ) (97) POOL, (98) (98) 23 (98) R&D (91) (91) (92) (93) EXPO (93) (96), (97), (97) (98) :,
124 < 1-13> (: ) 00 01 297 297 800 680 () 3 3 26 32-44 28 52 40 44 Post-doc 49 48 49 54 82 85 44 45 120 62 ( ) - 1-1 3 2 4 4 5 4
1 125 00 01 23 21-5 - 101 4 6-4 - 75 () - 17 32 () 576 3,271 114 1,040 () 13 22 23 23 2,303 6,075 : (2002), : 2000 2001. 2000
126 2 1 1,.. 1. ( 2-2658 ) 1966 7 15.,,,,. 1967 1 16 ( 1864 ). 6,
2 127,,, 7" ". 1967' '. 1967 3 30. ' 18 ',. - - - - - (1973 5 16 6677 ). 1984 9 6( 11502 ).,,,,,.
128,. 1995 9 16. 1997 4 10 '( 5340 )' 2001 7 16 17303. 2001 1 16 ( 6353 ),,,. 23. - - - - -.. 24,. 25
2 129. 31..... 21 2002 8 26 2003 2 27. 5.. 2. 1960. (1961 7 22 66 ).,,
130,, 5. 1991 1991 12 27. 1963 ' (1963 9 19 1403 )'.,. " ". 5. ("" ). 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. (1967 3 30
2 131 1927 ). 5. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1976 1 16 ( 1880, ). 1960, 1960. 1970 8 7 ( 2220, ).,,. (1985 6 11 11705 ),.,.. 1977 7 23 ( 3009, ). 2. 1981 12 31. 1990 (1997 6 17 15396).
132. 3. ( 1). 1986 1 2 ' ' 12,. 10 (1981.4.13), 32(1980.12.31). 4 (1983.12.31),. 6,,,.
2 133 (1989 12 30 4196 ) 5,.. 1990. 1995 8 4 20.., 1996 12 12 3. 1999 1 29 8. 2001 1 12 4..
134 (2 ). 1962 10 29 ' ( 1020)'. 1978 5 1 8997. ( 1442 ) 1963 11 11,..,,,,,,,,,,,, 13, 1973 12 31 ( 2672 ). 1976 11 5. (1961 12 30 924 ). 4. (1948 11 4 22 ) 7. 7,,,
2 135,,,,,,. 13 (1986. 8.25).. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
136 5. (1967 4 12 2996 ) 6. 6.,... 1977 9 12 18 1 2. 1988 10 (1988.12.31). 16 (1991.11.22). 13 (1994.12.23 14444 ),
2 137. 1993 10 15 11,. 2. 1961,. 1961 299,414. 2.9% 97.1%.,, 3 46.2%, 66.3%( ) 3.2%. 1 5 1 5.. 5 5 5. 10, 20.. 1 5 (1962-1966) 1
138 5. 1 5 5.. 1 5 5. 1..,, 1:1.3:33, 1:5:25.. 2 5 (1967-1971) 2 5. 1967 2 5.,,,,. 25. 1967-1968 20. (advanced occupational pattern),,,. 19861 5,000, 1 1,000, 30, 200
2 139. 19674,000 1980 5.. 3 5 (1972 1976)., 1980100 1,000 1973.. 3 5,.,. 20 10 (1972-1981) 1970. 10. 4 5(1977-1981). 19750.5%19811%. 32 1,000 8, 3 1,000 4 9,000. 28 2,482 1,311.,
140. 1980 (1981-1991). 1980 5. 5. 55 (1982-1986). ( ),. 21 (1986-2001). 65(1987-1991).., 1991 1 18.,,.,,., 1,500., 500, 1,000. 10, 1990 2010 (1991-2010).
2 141 7 5(1992-1996) 5(1993-1997). 7 5,.,,.. 5 5 (1997-2002). 1997 4. 21. 5 10,,,.. 1990. 199629 2002 45 7,000, 40 19 2,000. ( ),,,,,, DB.
142,. 1998. 19992025. 3-5., 21,,,,,,. 39 3,. 5 5 2. IMF,, 2025. 900,,. 2001
2 143, (2002-2006). 200015 9,973 2006 2. IT, BT, NT 6 21., 2006 15%.,, 10. 1960.. 1990, (2000-2010), 2000... 1997,.. 2000,,,,,.
144.,,,. 2.,..,,,,.,,,. 1 : 1960 1990.,,.
2 145.,.,. 1. 1960 1960. 5. 5 1960. 2 4, 1970.,,,. 1960. 4. 1970.,.. 2,.
146 1960. < 2-1> (:, ) 1962 283 124,341-41 33,812-1963 296 150,382 24,387 39 36,848 472 1964 306 162,666 32,800 43 38,293 599 1965 312 172,436 34,878 42 36,980 577 1966 327 174,898 37,919 46 40,333-1967 368 182,862 41,713 49 42,584 431 1968 425 207,882 50,773 54 49,441 506 1969 444 235,809 61,999 55 55,850 664 : ( ), ( 1) 5 1962 1 5 7.1%.. 1961 8, 1. : : 1 : 5 : 25, 1(2.9%) : 1.3(3.7%) : 33(93.4%)..
2 147, 5. 1962 37 12, 1963 30.., 1963 20%,. 1960, 5 1963 8 9, 5. 3 2. 1964,,., 2. 1966 16, 9. 1969 23., (5 ),. (< 2-2> ). 1970 2 1976.
148 < 2-2> (:, ) 1 5 1 2 10,872 2,875(100) 1,359(46%) 1,204(100) 1,101(91%) 2,035 4,080 1,048(100) 537(51%) 559(100) 420(75%) 979 2,117 585(100) 296(51%) 160(100) 160(100%) 320 17,069 4,512(100) 2,192(48%) 1,923(100) 1,681(88%) 3,604 : (1968),; (1969),2 5 2, p57-58. (2 ) 2,,,,,,. 1965 19.5% 1971 29.9%.,,,, 10... 6-4. 1970. 6-3-3
2 149 6-4. 6 4 1. 1970 2. 4 3.. 3,,,, 4,. 369, 1,821. 3 1974 12,. < 2-3> (: ) 1970 160 1973 138 110 28 28 1 1971 160 1974 148 71 32 32 2 1972 160 1975 153 69 84 84 3 : (1976), (1962-1974), p.341
150 2. 1970 : 1960. 1960,. 1960 1970,,.,.. 1973.. 1973 197919. 1970 1976197911, 19781979 12.,. 1978.
1 151 ( 1) 1970.,,,,.,..,. 1973, ( ),,, 1974. 1979 19.
152 < 2-4> (: ) 1973 1973 1973 1974 1975 1976 1976 1976 1977 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 1979 780 780 600 660 720 660 300 660 540 720 420 600 360 360 300 300 480 360 420 19 10,020 : (1985),,, p.28.,,,. 1979 40,870 183,37422%. 8,280 13,920 60%,.
1 153,,. 1976 3 11.,, 4 1,500, 1. 3, 6. 1978 11.,,,,. 1977,,. < 2-5> (: ) " " " " " " " " " " 3,180 3,360 2,600 1,800 960 2,280 2,760 2,510 4,410 2,340 1,380 1976 1978 1976 1978 1978 1976 1978 1978 1976 1976 1978 11 27,310 : (1985),,, p.28.
154,,,,,, 1 2 1978 1979 12..,.,,. 1970 < 2-6>. < 2-6> 1970 (: ) 1977 1978 1979 (1980 1981) 19 47,861 14,091 9,104 74,666 10 15,016 4,584 4,310 6,122 11 12,699 3,467 2,032 7,200 55 39,254 10,158 6,938 22,158 95 114,830 32,300 22,384 60,146 : (1980a), -, p.22. (2 ) 1973, 1976, 1978
1 155...,,, 10%.. 1970,,,...,,,,. 1970. 7/1000. 1970,,,,. 1976, 3
156 6.... 1978 1979 10. 22. 3. 1980 ( 1) 1980.,,, 4 2,., 19 12 31. < 2-7>. 1980 107 1970 322 33%, 1980 160 1970 923 17%.
1 157 < 2-7> 1970 1980 (: ) 19771981 19821986 322-322 271.3 329.9 601.2 593.3 329.9 923.2 243.5-243.5 247.3 236.4 483.7 490.8 236.4 727.2 107-107 53.7-53.7 160.7-160.7 54-54 106.9-106.9 160.9-160.9 : 7 (1985), p.123. : 1982 19821984.,,,,.,. 1970 1980. 1980 1970. (2 ) 1980
158. 1970. 1981 5 5,., 1970. 1980. 1986 6 5. 5. 1980. 1985. 1984 22, 51. < 2-8> 1986 1991. 1989.
1 159 < 2-8> : (1986 1991) 1986 1987 1988 (: ) 1989 1990 1991 2,165,304 2,237,411 2,300,623 2,331,551 2,301,251 2,256,263 1,322,761 1,424,886 1,486,526 1,538,333 1,551,957 1,549,713 842,543 812,515 814,097 793,218 749,294 706,550 : 61.1 : 38.9 63.7 : 36.3 64.6 : 35.4 66.0 : 34.0 67.4 : 32.6 68.7 : 31.3 : (1989),65 ( 89-91), p.147. (3 ) 19 8 0 1980 4 1980..,. 1980. 1970,...
160. 1980. 4. 1990 ( 1) 5 0 : 5 0 1990, 1989. 1980 1990 < 2-9>. 1982 (8.60), (3.91) (4.82). 1991 (9.07). < 2-9> 1980 1990 (:, %) 1982 1986 1989 1991 1993 1997 3. 27,545 6,777 10,866 11,476 10,379-4.82 0.94 1.08 0.99 1.36 1.23 10,870 1,617 2,604 2,619 723-5. 8.60 2.2 1.25 1.08 0.97 1.56 7/8/9. 65,729 60,539 119,847 221,785 98,732 84,000 3.91 3.20 4.92 9.07 5.65 3.88 : (1982-1993),; (1996-1997), 1 : = / 100 2 : 1997
1 161 1980. 1990 1989. < 2-10> 1980 1990 3. 32. (:, %) 1982 1986 1989 1991 1993 1997 85,328 59,812 116,331 196,845 91,480 80,000 4.73 2.9 4.15 7.02 3.86 3.12 29,548 25,613 45,801 77,648 32,002 4.81 4.0 6.04 10.11 2.48 38., 29,433 3,286 39,126 72,187 37,272 5.48 4.1 3.65 6.40 3.70 : (1982-1993),; (1996-1997), : = / 100. 1991 19 6,845 7.02.. 7 7,648 (39.4%) 10.11, 7 2,187 (36.7%) 6.40. 76.1%. 1989 1993.
162 (1990.7.6) (1990.10.8) ' (1991.3.14)'. 1991 1995 75 100 25, 21 45. 68 : 32 : 50 : 50, 1,200 720., 48. 1990. 1991 7. 50 : 50 1989 104 2000 203, 19 7,000 29 6,000., 1989 149 2000 132 4,000.
1 163 < 2-11> 1980 1990 1980 1989 1991 1993 1996 1998 2000 97 104 113 150 184 200 203 ( ) 748 1,084 1,085 1,039 1,085 1,149 1,193 200 197 192 226 297 316 296 () 932 1,490 1,406 1,237 1,303 1,399 1,324 59 63 64 63 89 109 115 () 266 450 482 449 395 434 474 : ( ), 1990,. 1990. (2 ) 2 1 1991 7 5 3, 1992. (1992.5) 1990 19913., 60.8%. 3 4 5 1
164.,., 2 1. 1992 5 5,,, 1992 7 12. 7 9, 10 11 (KDI),,,,. 12 10 KDI, 1992 12 22. 1993 5, 1993 5., 2 1.,, 2 1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,. 1993 1997.
1 165 2 1,,,. 2 1. 2 1 5 (1993. 7. 2) (1993. 8. 13) (1993. 8. 31).,. 2 1 1994 91997 69, 1992 55%. 3 5,000,. < 2-12> 1994 1999 2 1. < 2-12> 2 1 (:, ) 1994 20 182 3,169 1995 68 855 10,470 1996 96 1,130 13,745 1997 90 1,254 12,922 1998 45 1,928 9,110 1999 35 9,455 : (1999), 99 2 1,. p.84.
166 2 1 1994 20 1997 90. 1994 3,169 19971 2,922,. (1993-1997) 2 1, (3 5,000 ). 2 1. 1998. 1999 10, 2,0003 32, 2 23, 1 24. (3 ) 19 9 0 1990. 1 2 1.. 6. 1990,, 1992. 1990. 2 1.,
1 167,,,, 1 3. 3,. 2 1,.,, 2 1. 3D 1,. 2 1. 1. 2 1980,..
168 1. (, )...,. (, 1982 4 610786 ). 1982 3. 1984,,, 1985. 6 1987 3,,, ( ),,.
1 169 < 2-13> (: ) 1982 1984 1984 1984 1985 1985 1,400 1,640 1,360 1,800 1,580 1,440 1,050 560 680 1,480 960 240 2,450 2,200 2,040 3,280 2,540 1,680 7,120 5,912 5,105 9,119 7,161 4,130 9,220 4,970 14,190 38,547 : ( ), 19821983.,. 1984. 2002 19 8, 11. 1,079, 18 7,040 8 5,956, 10 1,084. <2-1>
170 2. 1990., 1997. 2 (technician) 1) 2000 22.,,. 1994, 1995. 1) (technician).
1 171 < 2-14> 2001 ( 20 ) ( 42 ) 5,,,,,, 11,,,,,,,,,, 4 ( ) 3,,,,,, 9,,,,,,,, 3,,,, 8,,,,,,, 5,,,, 14,,,,,,, : (1994), ; (1995), ; (2001), ( ).
172,. 1) 18, 2) (), 3) 1 (), 4).. 2108, 4 3.. 3 1967.. 1960 1970. 1960-1970, 1980 1 2,..
1 173 < 2-15>,, ( ),,,,,.,,,..,,,. < 2-16> (: ) 1967 1971 1972 1976 1977 1981 1982 1986 1987 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 98 312 495 273 313 178 184 213 217 36 81 120 121 114 26 26 32 30 48 177 337 115 116 122 122 152 160 14 54 38 37 83 30 36 29 27 : ( ),
174 1. 19671990 1,459,914.. 37, 64., 1980 1987 7 ( ),,,,, 7 37.
1 175 < 2-17>,, 92 34,, 9 2,, 64 37 37 7 150,,,,,,,, 117 296 64 105 481 : (1991),,, 2 42.,..,.,,. 1968, 1984
176.. 1977. 1982 9. 1991. < 2-18> (: ) 2 3 4 5 6 (1967-1971) (1972-1976) (1977-1981) (1982-1986) (1987-1990) 1,459,914 99,308 314,133 501,147 279,419 265,897 1,400,261 98,863 312,736 495,739 273,151 219,772 3,082 - - - 1,556 1,526 20,777 - - - 3,036 17,741 9,433 445 1,397 5,408 1,686 497 26,361 - - - - 26,361 : (1991), 2.. 150
1 177. 2002 300, 120. 40%.,..,. 3. 2,000.,,. 2 114, 233...,, 10..
178. < 2-19> ( ) ( ),, 66 528,000,,,,, 47 376,000 3 1,000 CAD/CAM, 40 24,000, 2 24,000,, 10,000, 16 48,000, 70 190,000,,,,,,,,,,,,, 175 800,000 6 6,000 4. (corporate university).
1 179, 1991. 1996 1999, 1999 2000.,.. < 2-20>.,,..,..
180 < 2-20> +, (division) / ( (division) ) + + ( ),, ( ) ( ),,,, + : (2002),,.,,.,.,. ( )., ( )...
1 181.,,,... 1. 300 21.,...,.,.,.,.,. 2000
182 1. 2000 12 1, (40 ), (25 ) 65. 1 6. 2. ( )., ().. ( )... 21,.. ( ). 3,,
1 183,,,,,,. 40(10 1 ), 70, 20.,, 10. 2001 12, 1, 3 4. 2, 6 8. IMF.. < 2-21> (:, ) 1999 2000 2001 2 0 0 2,050 5 2 1 5,522 7 5 3 2,050 14 7 4 9,622 : : 2001, 2, 6 8
184 < 2-22> ( ) e-,, IT LG-CNS LG-,, ( ) () (%) 6 950 60 60 893 850 (50) 92.6 2 6 880-1040 196 99(11) 94.5 1 30-171 6(1) 95.10 2 384 60 50 34 14(11) 97.4 : (2002),,, 1981 1( ) 1983 1990. 1990. 1988 1993 18. 1993 10, 8, 10. < 2-23> ( ) (:, ) 10 505 1,297 8 1,110 2,129 10 682 365 28 2,297 3,791 : (1993),
1 185 ( )., 10%,, 90%,, ( ),, 1993 6 1. < 2-24> 2001 ( ) (: ) 1999 2000 2001 2 0 0 5 2 1 7 5 3 14 7 4 : (2001), 3., 55..,. 2 ( ) ( ).,
186.,. 1996. 1998 12 31 1999, 1999 8 2000 3. 1988. 2002. 2. < 2-25> (: ) 19 4 23 24 0 24 43 4 47 23 2 25 23 0 23 46 2 48 89 6 95 : 5.
1 187 1. ( 1)... (2 ). (3 ) IT.,,,. IT 15. (ITRC) IT 10 45. IT 10 45, 2 (5 )
188 45. () 3,500(3 ), 1,500(3), 2,500(3). 2, 1, 11 3. (4 ) S/ W S/ W S/W S/W S/W SI S/W. S/W S/W, S/W. (5 ) IT (IRC) IT IT. (IRC), S/W, 3 IT. (300 50%). (6 )
1 189.,. 1 2 4 310 1 600, 1 150. (7 ) S/W,, 1970 1. (SERI), S/W,,., S/W ( ), S/W, S/W,, S/W, I/S2 6. S/W,,, 4 5, 1 2. S/W, 6. 6. (8 )
190 (Radio Frequency, RF) RF.,, ASP. 2. ( 1),,.,,, 30 1992 1997 1,000. 28, 33. (2 ).,,, 1 2. 40 60.,,.
1 191 (3 ). 10 50 1997 1,000. (4 ).. 1, (1986-1991) (SFI). 1992, (KWE). 4,,. (142), (150), (82), (110), (60), (32). 1986 1997 270.
192 3 1 1. ( 1) 1953 1955 1 1. 1957 1 17, (1957 1 18 64 ) 1953, UN. 1946 16 1948 203, 1954 1,129, 1955 1,079 1953. < 2-26> 1950 (: ) 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 37 205 403 671 568 166 171 138 196 2,365 91 198 228 458 511 354 264 163 222 2,267 128 403 631 1,129 1,079 520 435 301 418 4,632 : (1988), 40. p.211
1 193 1980 1 8,684. 1981..,. 1981 8 15 10438.,,. 1980 20% 1981 1 3,113 1990 5 3,875. 1970 1980 10. <2-2> (1952-1980) : ; 1981-1990 ;
194 <2-3> (1981-2001) : (2001), 1 : 2 2 : 1981-1986, 1987-1990, 1994 3 : 1991-1993. 1991 5 5 2., 1994 2000 5,000 2001 1 2,000..
1 195 <2-4> : (2002), 2001 (2 ) 1970. 1977. 1977 3054. 1979 9625. 1977 2001 1,717 72. 1977 1998 1,600, 80% 1,273, 240, 87., 83% 1,344. (,, ) 126, 37.
196 <2-5> :, 1981-1990, < 2-27> (: ) 1977 1986 665 15 11 15 - - - 8 714 1987 78 6 2 - - - - - 86 1988 101 9 2 2 - - - 3 117 1989 93 11 1 3 - - - 12 120 1990 90 1 2 2 - - - 5 100 1991 74 7 1 1 2 - - 7 92 1992 44 4 9 2 4 2-4 69 1993 37 2 3 2 2 2 1 6 55 1994 43 5-1 2 1 1 5 58 1995 46 4 2 2 1 1 2 4 62 1996 19 5 - - 1 2 1 7 35 1997 33 5 1 3 2 3 1 5 53 1998 11 4 3 3 1 1 1 15 39 1,334 78 37 36 15 12 7 81 1,600 : ( )
1 197.,.,,. 2. (1) (KFAS : Ko re a Fo u ndat io n fo r Adva nce d St ud ie s ) SK 1974. 1970,. 1974.,, 290, 160. 2 1 (9 ).,
198.,., (2001-2002, US 40,000),.
1 199 < 2-28> (: ) 1 University of Chicago 9 34 2 Harvard University 29 38 3 Yale University 7 15 4 Princeton University 6 10 5 Stanford University 36 30 6 University of California, Berkeley 17 14 7 University of Pennsylvania 3 9 8 Massachusetts Institute of Technology 13 12 9 California Institute of Technology 5 4 10 University of Michigan 9 9 11 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 7 12 12 University of Wisconsin-Madison 2 3 13 Brown University - 3 14 Cornell University - 4 15 University of Washington 4 2 16 University of Rochester - 3 17 University of Minnesota 1 2 18 New York University - 2 19 Vanderbilt University - 1 20 Duke University - 1 21 Columbia University - 3 22 Northwestern University - 3 23 University of California, Santa Barbara - 1 24 University of Connecticut - 1 25 University of Texas at Austin 6 3 26 Carnegie Mellon University 3 1 27 Johns Hopkins University 2-28 University of Manchester - 1 29 Oxford University 1 2 30 1 2 31-1 32-27 33 20-40 161 293 :
200 (2 ) () 1971. 1985 5-7. 1985 1994 480., $1,300, $1,200, 1,000. 80. 1995 1995. 3. LG 1969 LG. 1989 1999 302, 370. 20 US $ 25,000,. 2 ( ) 1. ( ) 1945.
1 201,,.,.. 1961.,, 5.16. 1961 9 1 ( 708 ).,,,... 1965 12 22 ( 2331)...,,..
202 1963 1972 10. 361% 253%, 204%, 266%, 150%. 1970, 1970. 1979. 1980. 1988. 1969 10 1960 (1977-1986). 1970. 1970 5 4( 264 ) (,, ). 15 6,000 7 5,000, IDA5(1970-1974) 74 4,000.. 1973.,,,.. 1973,,
1 203. 1973 14 10 2), 1976 29, 1979 7 78 50% 39. < 2-29> 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 14 10 19 10 8 7 10 78 10 6 4 4 5 3 7 39 : (1979),..,,, 1974. 18 51 ( 25, 19, 3, 2, 2 ), 1 5000.,,.,,, 1974.,,. 1973 1982 6 314. 2),,,,,,,,,
204 < 2-30> 88.7%, 6%, 5.3%. < 2-30> (: ) 7 2 7 8 2 3 590 545 360 90 200 250 29 2,035 1973 1973 1973 1977 1979 1979 () < 2-31> (1973-1982) (: ) 2,401 2,405 2,093 3,851 3,208 1,404 3,605 1,890 3,813 2,895 270 16 552 265 333 372 273 60 592 410 256 192 192 45 7,150 4,970 6,495 7,310 3,943 1,525 15,362 12,489 1,885 1,687 31,393 74-82 73-81 73-82 76-82 78-82 78-82 1983. 1980 1991 1993,
1 205... 1993 ( ). 1993 8. 1993 10 25,,.. 1994 400, 1994 2 8. 321 2 1994 8 10 8. 4 100 8 50.
206 < 2-32> (1994-1998) 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 482 569 866 356 350 381 541 544 (: ) 732 819 1,116 606 600 631 791 794 2,000 4,089 6,089 :. 1994 1995. 1990. 1993 1995 200..,, 10.
1 207..,. 2-4 50 100 5 35 50. 35, 50, 40, 40, 35. 2. : BK2 1 ( 1) (S RC/ ERC),. (SRC) (ERC)..,
208. 1990 13 7.5 2000 83 ( ). 10 9. 1990 2000 1 6,337, 3,471, 1 2,866. 1996 2000 9,329, 2,065. < 2-33> (SRC)(ERC) (: ) 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 SRC 533 538 503 400 388 ERC 819 1,122 1,118 997 846 1,352 1,660 1,621 1,397 1,234 SRC 191 195 160 150 103 ERC 250 282 319 238 177 441 477 479 388 280 1,793 2,137 2,100 1,785 1,514 : (2002), 2001. p.60. (2 ) 2 1 (Bra in Ko re a 2 1) 21(BK21)..,
1 209. 1997 12, 1998 2 100 ( ). 1998 4 1999 4 1999 5 BK21, 1999 8. BK21.,.,,.,. 70%.,.,.,.. BK21 4.,..,..,.
210,,, ( ).,.,. BK21. BK21,. ( ),,... BK21 5.,,,,.
1 211 < 2-34> BK21 (: ) 44 74 26 14 73 30 18 11 26 26 / 35 13 38 41 29 12 11 (1 ) 333 52 241 48 () 518 62 78 28 : www.bk21.or.kr,. 1999 2005 7, (,, ), ( ),, ( ),,,,,. (48 ) 12 80., 21, 1999 2005 7. 1(), 2(/), 1(,, ) 2(, ), 3(,, ) (20)2 2,000 10., 1999
212 2005 7.,, (42 ), (15), (35), (40), (45),, (65),, (60 ), (75),, (75),, (90)., 1999 2003 5.,,,,, (12 ) 10.,. 1999 2001 3,,,,. (316 ) 2,300 2. < 2-35> 1 2 57 /63 233 / 237 674 /2,048 1,838 / 4,170-374 / 392 1 2 5 /6 64 /64 39 /176 123 /647 1 2 17 /25 77 / 77 124 /1,625 303 / 2,816 1 2 6 /13 25 / 25 111 /557 138 / 712-39 / 39 : www.bk21.or.kr
1 213 ( / ) 805/398. 9,444, 5,328 RA/TA. BK21 2 < 2-37> 1 2. < 2-36> BK21 (:, ) ( ) 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 26(22) 14 1,418 1,432 396 658 133 235 4,660 6,010 3,227 4,181 - - 18(2) 11 268 272 88 147 29 59 542 566 244 252 - - 13(29) 38 1,161 1,165 - - 75 104 1,575 2,866 448 893 11,668 8,314 12 11 186 183 59 25 86 94 962 984 145 153 - - : www.bk21.or.kr 12 SCI 1 1,746 21,824 Impact Factor 2,591.433,155.2. 4 SCI 431 427 Impact Factor 427.0821.7 100%. 6 SCI 864 Impact Factor 1,159.8 1,468.3.,, 3 22.
214 13 98 2309,. < 2-37> (2002.9.1 2003.2.28) (:, %) () 1,536 292 179 4,067 27.42 4,172 36.36 0 0 272 62 37 224 94.20 429 94.41 0 0 1,186 0 101 180 88.33 701 92.58 13,010 13.46 223 38 48 251 30.68 1,093 38.70 0 0 288 20 10 381 78.48 496 88.51 0 0 3,505 412 375 5,103 36.47 6,891 49.82 13,010 13.46 : www.bk21.or.k 3. ( 1) 1946 8 22, ( 1 2).
1 215 1977 10,,,. 1987, 1995 2000. 2000 " ". 1945 11100, ( )., 1946 8 22.. ( ), ( ),., ( ) ()( 5 )( )( ), ( ) ( ). 1 9,.
216 1940. 1946 8 22, 9.,,, (),,,, ( ),. 1949 12 31, "". < 2-38> (1947-1950) (: ) 1 (1947. 7.11/ 8.31) 2 (1948. 8.10) 3 (1949. 7.15) 4 (1950. 5.12) 1 3 1 9 19 8 1 7 1 20 () 1 10 5 4 32 12 39 4 57 19 8 7 13 10 11 6 34 21 10 4 16 6 15 32 21 6 23 12 37 10 39 34 6 5 1 28 5 9 2 29 2 17 1 7 () 4 2 10 23 108 51 161 27 236 126 24 : (1977)
1 217 1950. 1950 1 9 30 10. 1951 1952. 4. 1960. 1964 1966 3 3.,,,., 1,520 2,000., 88320 1 2, 6-9,. 1964-1966, 1967.
218 < 2-39> 1960 (: ) 1961 1962 1963 1964-65 1966 1967 1968 160 120 120 160 160 160 160 () 160 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 160 240 160 160 160 200 200 200 200 160 120 120 120 120 200 240 200 140 120 200 200 200 320 80 40 40 40 40 140 120 100 80 80 80 80 160 200 100 80 80 80 80 () 80 80 () 80 80 180 140 140 160 160 160 160 160 120 120 120 120 240 240 280 280 280 280 480 40 40 80 120 () 60 60 80 80 60 60 80 120 120 120 1580 1240 1520 1840 1840 2400 3200 : (1977)
1 219 1960. 1961. 1/27 1961. 3/ 1 ( ),,,, 1961. 12/ 9,,,,,,,,,,, (12 ),, 1964. 3/13,, ( 1739 ) 1965. 2/ 1 ( 1719 ) 1965. 12/17.,,,,,,,,,,,, 1968. 1/26,, 1970. 4. 1972, 1976. 1975.,. 1971 4,,,,,. '
220., 140,. 1970, 1972 1973 120. 1974. 1976,. 1978 11 20 ( )., 1980,, (). 1979. 1980.,.,., 1977-1983 10%..
1 221 1980..,...,. 1986 6,.,. 1990,,,,. 1987 (1987-2001),. 1991,. 1992 280, 1993 200, 1995 140. 1996 3 5,160, 1,282,
222 844 7,286. <2-6> : 50 (2 ) 1939 7 1..,,, 3. 13, 22 630 88. 1941 1. 5. ( ) 5,
1 223 2100. 1943. 1944 3 15 78. 1945 8 251. 1947 12.,,,,,,. 1948 7 1 4,.,,,,, 6. 1950 1951 3.,,. 1953 3 9 17. 1959 3.,, 3 19 2 6.
224 1939. 7 1948. 7 1953. 3 1959. 2 1972. 5 1979. 1 1987. 8 ( ) 1994. 9 1995. 5 Academy Expo 95 1996. 10 2000. 1 2001. 3. HY Dream 2010 50 1941, 1, 1952 4 1 1993 1 5,619, 9 9,967, 5,670, 12 1,256. (3 ) ( ) 1952 20 50..,,, 1954 2. 4 24., MIT
1 225. 50,. :. 1.31%..
226 1952. 12. 50 1954. 2. 1 12 5100 15 270, 1954. 2. 5,,,,, 6 1954. 4. 24 1958. 3. 14,,, 5 1963. 12. 6 42,,, 5 1970. 3. 7,, 4 1971. 12. 31. 18,,, 3,, 1 1972. 10. 17 1972. 12. 26,, 3.,,, 2 15, 2 4 1973. 12. 31, 2, 5, 2,,,,
1 227 < 2-40> (1952) (: ) 160 160 180 160 200 100 160 100 160 120 1500 160 160 160 160 640 160 160 160 160 180 180 200 200 200 200 200 200 1200 160 160 160 160 160 960 160 160 320 7 ( ) 320 860 860 840 1060 100 680 100 800 5620 : 50 3 1. (KAIST) 1971 2 16(KAIS, Korea Advanced Institute of Science).. 1960,. 1967
228,.., (KIST)1968, KIST.,., 1969 10,..
1 229 1971 2 16(KAIS)", ( ) 1981 1 5 (KAIST) (KIST)' (KAIST)" 1984 12 31 ( 3778 ) : ( ) [(KIT)] 1989 6 12 (KAIST) (KIST) 1989 7 4 (KAIST) (KIT) 1996 3 1( ) 1996 10 28() 1997 1 8, KIST 1999 3 31, ( 1),. 1970 4, ( ), 1970 6,, 12. 1971 1. (2 ) 1971 3, 4
230 73 8. (3 ) 1972,,,,,,. 7, 1973, 1975.. (4 ) 1981. (5 ) (KIT ) 1984.. 4.,,
1 231,., 10% 1, 2.,.,,. (6 ) 1989 7 (: ). 15, 1, 1. 1986 1991. (7 ) 1988 4. --,..
232 (8 ) 1990-1991 1, 1993-1994 2, KAIST, 1994-2005. 1996.. 1997, KAIST TOP10. 21,,,,,,. ( ) 300. (Bio-X). DNA 2002 9. (7 ),,,,,,,. 1972 1,,,
1 233,, 6 106. 1 1975., 15, 1, 1,. 2002 4, 13, 7. < 2-41> KAIST (: ) 75-89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 23 391 381 422 443 497 477 474 546 546 508 497 462 431 5,636 5311 532 530 582 622 623 658 708 803 723 728 734 705 763 13,317 718 186 247 274 268 318 307 329 354 391 370 409 429 386 4,557 6,052 1,109 1,158 1,278 1,333 1,438 1,442 1,511 1,703 1,660 1,606 1,640 1,596 1,580 25,106 : (2002), 2. ( ) 1986 12 3. 1985 7 4 8 17, 12 2, 1986 12 3, 1987 3 5 249 1. 1985 8.
234. 1990 02 07 1 (80 ) 1991 01 14 1 2 ( 139, 102 ) 1992 03 02 1 (32 ) 1994 03 01(,, ) 2000 02 19 10 11 (226, 335, 96 ) 2000 03 02 2000 (302, 337, 143 ) 2001 02 11 11 12 (182, 382, 98 ) 2002 02 20 12 13 (188, 365, 114 ) 2002 03 04 2002 (303, 433, 149 ) 2002 9,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,., 45. 4., 3.,. 5 1.,,,
1 235 15.,. 1998 1,235, 1999 1,293, 2000 1,212, 2001 1,311, 2002 1,329, 1998 1,238, 1999 1,293, 2000 1,387, 2001 1,450, 2002 1,493. 3.,,,,,. 13, 14, 1992 3, 1993 8 ( 4580 ). 1995 3 1. 1997 2 1 1997 3. 5,,,,.
236 < 4-42> (: ) 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 97 142 130 162 161 172 17 24 18 29 33 33 17 24 18 29 33 33 80 118 112 133 128 139 20 28 24 27 24 30 14 29 28 36 41 38 31 47 43 45 40 53 15 14 17 25 23 18 0 0 0 1 19 36 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 18 30 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 4 9 0 0 0 0 4 11 0 0 0 0 7 7 97 142 130 163 180 137 : < 4-43> (336, 47%) (376, 53%) ( ) 267 69 109 232 35 712 : 4. (ICU)
1 237.. 1998 3 1999 8., 2002 69 4 (< 2-44> ). < 2-44> (: ) 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 90-73 8 81 69 96 68 83 69 29-19 - 32-33 2 20 4 119-92 8 113 69 129 70 103 51 4.,,. 19922 3 1998 27 11 445, 302, 304, 79.
238. < 2-45> (: ) 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 119 253 321 464 680 800 656 732 71 168 293 449 649 776 416 476 190 421 614 913 1329 1576 1072 1208 2 ( ), 4 ( ), 9 ( ), 14 ( ), 20 ( ), 27 ( ), 43 ( ), 45 ( ), 3 ( ) 7 ( ) 13 ( ) 15 ( ) 19 ( ) 23 ( ) 31 ( ) 35 ( ) : ( ), 1. (KISTI). 2001 3, 1999 47, 2000 74, 2001 142. 2001 53 DB, 14 DB, 38, 27, 10, 3145.,, NT BT,.
1 239 < 2-46> (2001),,, 8 ( ) BT IT ( ) KREONET ( ), NDL( ), ( ), ( ) 5 5 (KISDI) : 2. 2000, 2001
240 (2 ). 19992000 17.4%, 16.1% 2001 25.%, 1999 5.5%, 2000 4.7%200115.7%. 4..,. < 2-47> (2001) - - Marketing - - RC FEM - - - - - - ( )- ( )- - :
1 241 2001... 6 (,,,,, ). < 2-48> (: ) 1999 1 1 2000 1 1 5 7 2001 1 2 3 : 3. (KIER) 1999. 2001 2000 3, 4 5 175. 54%, 245%, 57%, 3.6%. 2001 40, 2000 56 32 72.
242 < 2-49> 7 ( ) 13 (9 ) : 13. 20002 20019. < 2-50> (:, %) 1999 - - 13 5 100 % 9-100 % 22 5 2000 - - 19 3 100 % 3 1 100 % 22 4 2001 - - 16 9 100 % 5 0 100 % 21 9 : 4. (KIGAM) 2001 70. 44 8.7% 50.3%., 31
1 243, 15, 3, 21 44.3%.. 2001 2. < 2-51> (:, %) 2001 22 100% 7 100% 29 2000 12-100% 3 1 100% 15 1 1999 9-100% 3 100% 12 : 5. (KRISS) 200141, 7. 42%. (55%), (24%), (20%), (1%).. (MRA),,,.
244 < 2-52> 14 KAIST : - 34, 4 OJT - 201-4, 15 8-8 12-23, 37,,,,.. 14 60,.
1 245 < 2-53> ( ) '91. 11. 29 3 3 6 '92. 1. 16 6 3 9 '92. 4. 27 2 5 7 '94. 3. 28 3 2 5 '96. 6. 27 6 3 9 '96. 6. 28 3 1 4 '98. 9. 30 4-4 '98. 9. 3 2 2 4 '96. 2. 28 3 2 5 '98. 5. 28 5 2 7 '96. 4. 30 - - - '98. 6. 30 - - - 00. 4. 20. - - - '01. 10. 26 - - - 37 23 60 14 : < 2-54> (:, %) 1999 27 6 100 16 4 100 43 10 2000 34 10 100 15 3 100 49 13 2001 23 4 100 11-100 34 4 : ( ( ) ) (%) :
246,. 2001 201 2000 115. < 2-55> (:, %) 1999 68 100 31 100 99 2000 74 100 41 100 115 2001 139 100 72 100 201 : : 6. 2001 10 2001 6, 15 ( ). < 2-56> 2001 (:, %) 1999 - - 12 5 50 6 0 83 18 5 2000 - - 11 5 45 8 0 88 19 5 2001 - - 11 5 82 11 1 82 22 6 :
1 247 < 2-57> 2001 / 2001 (: ) 6 3 9 3 1 4,, 1992. 4.27 3 2 5 1 2 3 1992. 4.25 3-3 6-6 8 1992. 5. 8 3 2 5-1 1, 1995. 5. 9 1 3 4-6 6 1997. 5.15 6 6 12-1 1 - - - - - -,,,, 1999. 3.22 1997. 5. 9 - - - - - - 1997. 3.31 - - - - - - 1999. 3.10 - - - - - - 2000. 5.29 22 16 38 10 11 21 : 4 1. 1932, 15. 5, 2001 8 (Super Science High School) 100.
248 1980.. 2001 9 19, 16. 2001 10 16,. IMT-2000 120.. 2002 2003 3.,. 3,,. 70%, 50%, KAIST. 2.
1 249. 1997, 2001 12 15, (< 2-58> ) 100( ).. 1, 3. 1998 2001 4 7,000 (< 2-59> )..,.,.,.
250 < 2-58> 1998 1999 2000,,,,, -, -, - 9 3 4 : (2001), < 2-59> (: ) 1998 1999 2000 2001 86 256 501 745 1,588 900 1,233 1,438 2,206 5,777 : (2001), 3 1894.,,,. 20,,,, 5. 1988 5.
1 251 < 2-60> 1999 2000 2001 88 14 3, 3 (7/81) 3, 3 (4/82) 3, 3(4/88) 92 10 2, 2, 1(6/62) 3, 1 (9/64) 2, 3 (15/67) 92 10 3, 1(1/50) 1, 1, 2(12/53) 3, 1(1/54) 92 10 2, 1, 1(4/64) 1, 1, 2(9/70) 2, 1, 1(3/75) 98 4 1, 2, 1 (4/38) 4(1/38) 3, 1(1/38) :, pp.128-132 : ( ) /, 5 1 1960. 1973. 10 19.,
252. 1973. 1974 1975. (1981, 1983, 1992)., 1995 10. 1999.,,,,,.
1 253.,., 19 193, 1, 2,, 12 534, 1, 2. 1982 910..,,,,. 16 1983.., 10%., 20% 1989., (71.8%) (37%), 1 (22.8%), 2 (19.7%).,,.,. 1991 96%.
254 1..,,,,,,,,,,,. (1992.11.25 ), (1973.12.31 ),(1992.11.25 ), (1997.3.27 ).,...,, 35.,. 14, 2001 7 97.
1 255 < 2-61> (1974 1989) (: ) 1974 1976 1977 1979 1980 1982 1983 1986 1988 1989 86 86 86 91 91 91 100 100 104 105 1 58 60 62 62 60 63 70 70 76 80 2 49 51 52 51 52 54 65 65 69 73 193 197 200 204 203 208 235 235 249 258 88 91 90 89 89 89 83 79 80 80 1 156 160 162 162 157 206 142 137 138 142 2 163 168 170 169 164 220 227 220 221 222 127 135 135 135 128 158 151 148 150 150 - - - - - 29 31 - - - 534 554 557 555 538 702 634 584 589 594 : (1989), < 2-62> (1975 1996) (: ) 1975-1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 5,845 675 1,064 1,048 1,084 2,604 2,034 1 216,910 18,296 18,402 29,460 32,250 36,522 36,774 2 309,173 16,997 27,029 31,842 42,358 42,240 42,642 531,928 35,968 46,495 62,350 75,647 81,366 81,450 453 94 185 438 533 384 507 - - - - - - 1,206 1 83,474 6,902 7,197 6,499 7,723 9,345 9,801 2 1,792,198 205,135 253,827 260,036 261,756 282,123 308,816 224,017 11,839 10,214 11,588 15,438 19,242 17,874 2,100,142 223,970 271,423 278,561 285,451 311,094 338,204 : (1997),30. p.205 : 2000 22 23,070, 2001 10 23,820 (: )
256 < 2-63> (: ) 1964 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 4,232 227 234 284 243 266 580 806 925 1,117 955 7,375 : 2.. < 2-64> (1982 2001) (: ) 1982 764 1992 2,420 1983 1,564 1993 3,060 1984 2,180 1994 1,794 1985 2,581 1995 1,985 1986 2,466 1996 2,194 1987 2,764 1997 2,218 1988 2,900 1998 1,905 1989 2,455 1999 1,952 1990 2,231 2000 2,209 1991 1,602 2001 2,052 : :,,
1 257 1970,. 1990.,., 1990.. 1973, 1980, 1990..,.,. 1.,.
258 1982 173 1985. 1993 12 31..,,,. < 2-65> (1973 2001) (: ) 1973 65 1979 350 1985 417 1991-1997 245 1974 100 1980 354 1986 396 1992-1998 237 1975 114 1981 343 1987 410 1993 288 1999 259 1976 127 1982 387 1988 419 1994 278 2000 238 1977 205 1983 541 1989 426 1995 269 2001 208 1978 274 1984 445 1990 495 1996 271 : < 2-65> (KAIST). 1973 (KAIS) 1984, (KIT). 1989 (KAIST) (KIST),, 1991 1992..
1 259 < 2-66> (1982 2001) (: ) 1982 173 1987 1,014 1992 2,420 1997 2,218 1983 418 1988 1,131 1993 3,060 1998 1,905 1984 640 1989 1,025 1994 1,794 1999 1,952 1985 1,040 1990 1,061 1995 1,985 2000 2,209 1986 740 1991 1,097 1996 2,194 2001 2,052 : 1. 1990 1989, 1991 2. 1982 1993,,,. < 2-66> 1990 KAIST, 1993. 1990.. 535,,,, ( ).
260 2.,. 1981 6 5 ( 3450 ) 6. 1982 3 30 3543. 1989 12 30.. < 2-67> (: ) 1982 204 1987 1,340 1983 605 1988 1,350 1984 1,095 1989 1,004 1985 1,124 1990 675 1986 1,330 1991 505 : (2001), (1984-2000)
1 261 6 1.. 1979 1981,, 1982. 1982,.. 1994 (Brain Pool)".. 1994.. 15 20. 1994.,
262 1987.. 1. (Pos t - d oc.) 1982 (Post-Doc.).,,, 5 40.,,,,,. 1982 1992. 3,744. 2.2:1, 86.4%, 12.3%, 1.3%.,,.
1 263 < 2-68> (: ) 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 54 56 75 88 135 151 200 207 178 209 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 186 173 182 221 266 301 334 304 189* 235* : ( ), *: (2002),, p.123 < 2-69> (: ) (A) (B) % (B/A) ( ) '82 '90 1,978 1,144 57.8 11,852 '91 578 209 36.2 2,357 '92 656 186 28.4 2,153 '93 380 173 45.5 2,387 '94 426 182 42.7 2,893 '95 511 221 43.2 3,506 '96 505 266 52.7 4,371 '97 563 301 53.5 5,427 '98 640 334 52.2 5,744 '99 691 304 44.0 4,446 '00 717 189 26.4 3,584 '01 592 235 39.7 3,533 8,237 3,744 45.5 52,253 : (2001), (68%, 2,537 ), (12%, 440 ), (7%, 259 ), (5%, 168 ), (3%, 113 ), (5%, 227 ).
264 2. (Pos t - d oc.),. 5 35,. 1 100. 00. 1987 18, 1995 200 1996 130 1999. < 2-70> (: ) 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 18 19 20 31 28 27 25 49 198 150 130 295 : 3. LG
1 265 1969 LG. 1989 1999 302, 370. 20 US $ 25,000,. 2 (Brain-Pool).,.,...,. 1960,,,. 1966 (KIST),,
266 1968 1969 2 29.. 1979 1981,, 1982, 1982 (Brain Pool)". 1., 1968. 2 2.. 1980. 1968 1982
1 267. < 2-71> 1982 (: ) 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 93 116 92 129 156 213 132 167 120 130 96 72 34 : : 94 2.,,,. 1993 75 Brain Pool 1994.,,,,, 6,,,,. 5, 5.
268 3 2 (3 ). < 2-72> (:, ) (%) 24 318 50.0 34 228 35.8 12 34 5.4 4 17 2.7 29 39 6.1 103 636 100 : (2002),, p.118-119. < 2-73> (: ) 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000* 2001* ( ) 48 106 129 129 116 98 67 60 : ( ), ; (2001), (*). < 2-74> (: ) 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 5 8 8 12 13 18 19 9 23 32 37 2 14 13 18 15 32 37 29 31 19 16 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 54 363 124 152 85 73 29 222 32 61 47 93 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 36 118 130* 96* 72* 34* : STEPI (1997), 50, p.152, 256 : *, 30p.199
1 269 1990 6.,. 1995 (Brain-Pool). 1993,.
270 3 1 1 1990. 1980 1990. OTA(1989) 1 1978 27% 1986 24%, 1978 9.5%1986 7.0%. (1991). OECD(1992),,,. 1980. 1988 1990. 1998,. < 3-1> 1997885,321 2001 739,129 17%. 1997 375,023 2001 198,963 47%.
3 271 < 3-1> 428,064 (48.3) 375,023 (42.4) 82,234 (9.0) (:, %) 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 426,423 (49.1) 346,736 (39.9) 95,484 (11.0) 466,651 (52.1) 310,105 (34.6) 119,366 (13.3) 481,027 (55.2) 256,608 (29.4) 134,662 (15.4) 416,700 (56.4) 198,963 (26.9) 123,466 (16.7) 885,321 868,643 896,122 872,297 739,129 :. 5 1. 4 10 3.6 OECD. < 3-2> : (: %) 1999 2.3 8.6 5.1 3.9 15.5 13.8 22.4 26.6 31.6 34.9 1998 3.3 9 3.9 3.5 16.4 14.2 27.8 26.4 24.9 41.4 1997 1996 4 9 3 3 13 14 27 38 30 25 1995 5 10 2 3 13 15 26 37 28 24 1994 5.7 9.5 2.4 4.4 10.9 14.3 23.3 38.1 32.2 23.1 1999 1.8 8.3 4.2 3.2 17.2 6.9 3 27.1 42.4 44.2 1998 1.7 8.2 3.1 3.1 16.8 7 3.2 30.8 33.3 27.8 1997 1996 4 8 2 3 6 7 33 47 32 25 1995 5 8 2 3 6 8 33 46 32 26 1994 4.3 7.3 2.1 3.3 6.8 7.6 32.9 46.7 32.4 26.8
272 1999 5.7 9.8 8.4 5.9 10 12.2 15.1 30.3 21.3 29.5 1998 1.7 10 7.7 5.7 11.6 12.4 15.2 30.8 21.4 27.8 1997 1996 6 10 8 6 14 13 26 41 32 23 1995 4 10 5 5 11 14 22 40 22 23 1994 7.8 11.6 1.3 5.8 16.3 14.3 12.5 39.5 37.2 22.3 1999 3.4 10.9 0.3 5.1 13.5 20 10.8 22.6 20 26.7 1998 3.6 12.3 0.4 5.2 14.4 20.1 11.5 20.3 14.6 25.1 1997 1996 6 11 1 5 19 21 32 40 10 13 1995 6 12 1 5 23 21 27 40 10 13 1994 6.4 12.6 1.3 5.8 16.3 14.3 12.5 39.5 37.2 22.3 1999 0.6 7.9 n x 16.4 21.4 23.8 24.5 15.3 37.5 1998 0.5 7.8 n x 16.1 21.6 24.3 24.6 9.2 37.5 1997 1996 14 10 x x 19 21 33 26 23 37 1995 14 10 x x 19 21 33 26 23 37 1994 1999 1.2 10.2 1.5 4.5 42.8 27.1 22.1 26.7 24.5 25.1 1998 1.1 10.6 0.4 4.3 43.9 28.2 22 26 19.8 25 1997 1996 9 18 x x 38 21 m m m m 1995 9 17 x x 37 18 m m m m 1994 10.4 17.2 n x 36.3 16.9 41.5 58 x x : OECD, ( ), Education at a Glance. 19982001 1,., 1998 2001 1/3.
3 273 4, 1998. < 3-3> 1 19981 4,000 1 3,000 2001 1 1,000 1 4,000 3,000. < 3-3> 1 3) (:, %) (A) (B) 1998 14,011 12,732 26,473 47.6 1999 14,480 12,023 26,503 45.4 2000 14,391 10,253 24,644 41.6 2001 16,482 9,053 25,535 35.3 : (2002),, p.63. < 3-4> (:, %) (A) (B) (C) (A+B) (B/(A+B)) (C/B) (C/(A+B) 1998 13,044 13,698 7,385 26,742 51.2 53.9 27.6 1999 13,246 13,189 6,650 26,435 49.9 50.4 25.2 2000 13,222 11,274 5,152 24,496 46.0 45.6 21.0 2001 14,205 11,192 4,948 25,397 44.1 44.2 19.5 : (2002),, p.64. 3) 4% 1.
274 2 1998....,,,.,,. /,,.,,. 1998 4..
3 275 (2002). 199542%2002 47%,. 1993 2 6,000 2001 12 1,000 5,.. 1.,.,., 1990.. 7
276... 1990 199748% 1998. 3 1.2%, 1%. < 3-5> 3 (:, %) 1998 1999 2000 2001 228,483(50.4) 225,446(50.0) 233,885(51.7) 229,217(53.8) 214,082(47.2) 215,365(47.8) 209,263(46.3) 188,188(44.2) 10,965(2.4) 9,658(2.1) 9,281(2.1) 8,267(1.9) 453,530(100.0) 450,469(100.0) 452,429(100.0) 425,672(100.0) : ( ), : ( ) 2.,. 1999 2001. 1990.
3 277 < 3-6> (: ) 1990 400,103 59,565 156,132 13,420 80,136 14,297 1991 428,079 65,093 169,431 14,217 86,115 14,854 1992 437,878 68,437 175,961 14,176 87,404 14,544 1993 445,774 71,038 178,073 14,976 87,463 15,229 1994 1995 461,898 (146,253) 493,277 (159,050) 73,537 185,027 16,034 90,286 15,812 78,768 200,875 16,973 96,373 15,989 1996 - - - - - - 1997 1998 1999 524,512 (181,809) 529,606 (189,537) 532,436 (196,621) 87,200 212,124 18,489 101,940 16,344 88,081 215,385 18,695 101,526 16,683 88,967 214,377 18,568 102,431 16,551 :, ( ) 1 :,,,. 2 : ( ),....
278,,... 1990.., 1998...,,, 10,, 10,.,. 1990 10. 1, 8 7...
3 279,, IMF. IMF..,,..,,. 66%. 2002 7 /.,. 3.,
280..,.. (mis-match),..,,,,.,,,,.,.. (10%),,. 30%, 31% (,, ). 19%.
3 281 < 3-7> 1 (16.2) (16.6) (29.9) 2 (15.5) (10.7) (10.4) 3 (9.5) (6.3) (6.3) (8.1) 4 (7.4) (5.5) (5.3) (7.0) 5 (6.8) (5.1) (4.7) 6 (5.4) (5.1) (4.1) 7 (4.1) (5.1) (3.8) 8 (2.7) (4.7) (3.1) 9 (2.0) (4.3) (2.8) (2.8) (2.7) 10 (2.0)/ (2.0) (4.3.) (2.5) 1 : (2002). 2 : ( ) 1997 IMF,. 10 8,,,,, 2. < 3-8> 1996 1999 2001 1,256 1,097 1,064 93.5 76.9 85.3 4.4 18.6 7.6 2.1 4.5 5.6 : (2001), (:, %)
282,.,.,.. 4.. ( ). IMF,,. IMF.. IMF.,. 4
3 283 IMF 1998, ( 97: 0.575 99: 1.404) ( 97: 0.794 99: 0.709). IMF... <3-1> : 2002. 2. 7,.,.,. 1 2, 1 8
284 3-4. 2001 2002 2000.., 10%..... 2 1. 21. 1970,. 40,
3 285 10.. 10 20.. IMF., (follow-up). (tacit knowledge)...
286 2. ( 1).. 10. <3-2> (,, )
3 287 : ( ), 65,,,...,,. 1970 1980, 61. (< 3-9> ).
288 < 3-9> (2000) (:, %) 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60 159,973 42,693 73,814 33,009 8,466 1,991 26.7% 46.1% 20.6% 5.3% 1.2% 13,913 1308 6,382 4914 1,253 56 9.4% 45.9% 35.3% 9.0% 0.4% 51,727 9,916 17,619 16,789 5,811 1,592 19.2% 34.1% 32.5% 11.2% 3.1% 94,333 31,469 49,813 11,306 1,402 343 33.4% 52.8% 12.0% 1.5% 0.4% : (2001), (2 ),, /.,,.. 5 4, 40.,,,. 20
3 289, 3 (1 ) 2. 1994 2000 725 2,543.,, 20 1,166 2 8,738, (7 725 ) 1 272.,. 1994 15 20 1998 (143 ) (43 ). 2000 1.,,. 1992 1996 163, 1997 6. 2000 83, 7, Lab 6.,. 1996.
290., /,. IMF., 1994 2.,,., 1994.,, 2002 2 48.,,,,,., 1996.., 5 (,,,, ).,,,,., 1997,,
3 291. 50,,,, 5,., 1997 10,. 3. 1990, 40. 1980 40.,. 20-30 30 40..,.., /. DB
292... < 3-10>,, /
293 < 1 >, (1994), 2010 :, 95-09, (1996),,, (2000),, 21 2000-17, (1997), 50, 97-01, (1998), :, STEPI 98-1, (1998), (1), 98-06, (2001), :, ( ), ( ), (1988), 40 (2002), 2002, (1997), 5:,, 97-11,
294 < 2 > (1989), "",, (1987), "1970 ", (1999), OECD, 99-09, (1999),, (1986), "", (1991), " ", (1988),, : (1992),, (1976),, (1992), -, (1993), -,, (1998), 2000, (2000), : (1993, 2000),, :, (1990),, (1999),
295,, (1998), 100, 100, (2000), Technician : ",, (1992), "1970 80 ", (1996), " 2 1 ",.,, (1990b), (1985).. (1985), "", (1991),, (1991), -80,, (1987),,, (1998), 100, : (1996),, (1987), " ",
296 (1999), 99 2 1, (1996), " ", (1999), :, 99-21,,, (1992), " ", (1994), " " (1982). - (1981),,, 5,, (1992),, (1982), -, : (1985), 70, 1, : (1998), -, : (2002), :, 2002-10,, (1999a),,, 24(2), (1999b), 1980 1990,,, 22(1) (2001), " ",