기본연구01-55.hwp

01-55 Securing Infrastructure for hum an Resources Developm ent in Korean Enterprises

01-55 Securing Infrastructure for hum an Resources Developm ent in Korean Enterprises : : 1.. 2..

. (CEO).. IMF....,.,.,,,,,,.

,,..,.,.,,,,,, LG,,, LG,,...,.. 2001 12

...l.,.,.,.,.. 1.,,,, - i -

2.,..,,,,., (em ployability).,.,,,,.,,,.,,,,,.,., (ou tp lacem en t p rogram ). - ii -

,,.,,,,,,,,,.,,,,.,,,,,,. 3.,,,,,,,.,.,,,, - iii -

., 20. 20,.,..,,.,..,.,.,,,. - iv -

,,.,.,,.,.,.,,.,,. - v -

. 1 1. 1 2. 4 3. 4. 5 1. 5 2. 7 3. 9. 9. 13. 14 4. 15. 16. 25 5. 32. 33. 35 - vii -

. 37 1. 37. 37. 45. 52 2. 57. 57. 63. 65. AT&T 71. 75 1. 75 2. 75 3. 76 4. 77 5. 77. 77. 94. 129. 134. 135 - viii -

. 145 1. 145. 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 152 2. 153. 153. 162 3. 181. 181. 184. 187. 188 4. 189. 189. 189. 190 191 Abstract 195 [1] 203 - ix -

< - 1 6 < - 1> 43 < - 2> 56 < - 1> 76 < - 2> 76 < - 3> 78 < - 4> 79 < - 5> 80 < - 6> 82 < - 7> 83 < - 8> 83 < - 9> 84 < -10> 85 < -11> 86 < -12> 87 < -13> 88 < -14> 89 < -15> 90 < -16> 91 < -17> 92 < -18> 93 - x -

< -19> 95 < -20> 96 < -21> 97 < -22> 98 < -23> 99 < -24> 100 < -25> 102 < -26> 103 < -27> 104 < -28> 105 < -29> 107 < -30> 108 < -31> 109 < -32> 110 < -33> 112 < -34> 113 < -35> 114 < -36> 115 < -37> 116 < -38> 116 < -39> () 117 < -40> OJT Off-JT 118 < -41> OJT Off-JT 118 < -42> Off-Line On-Line 119 < -43> Off-Line On-Line 120 < -44> 121 < -45> 122 - xi -

< -46> 123 < -47> 124 < -48> 125 < -49> 126 < -50> 127 < -51> 128 < -52> 129 < -53> 130 < -54> 131 < -55> 132 < -56> 133 < -57> 134 < -58> 135 < -59> 136 < -60> 137 < -61> 139 < -62> 140 < -63> 142 < -64> 143 < -65> 144 < - 1> 157 < - 2> 174 - xii -

[ -1] 12 [ -2] 17 [ -1] 38 [ -2] 39 [ -3] 53 - xiii -

. 1.. IMF..,,...,. (Human Resource Development)., - 1 -

....... Booze Allen & Hamilton IMF. WTO (nut-cracker)...... - 2 -

....,,,,.,......,.,.,. - 3 -

2..,.,.,.,. 3..,,,., 10,.,. 100. 164. - 4 -

. 1. (Albin Toffler),,.,.,,.,.,,,....,. ( -1 ).,,.. (Peter Drucker) - 5 -

< -1 ( ), ( ) ( ) Top,,,,..... - 6 -

,.... (, 1999). 2......,. (, 2000).,.... - 7 -

,..,.,.....,....,. 30.,..,......,... - 8 -

, ( )..... 3..,,., (social capital),... Nadler (1970),. 201989-9 -

.. Weinberger(1998),,. (American Society for Training and Development) (1987),,,,. Swanson (1995)., (, 2001).. Personnel managementpersonnel/ Human Resource Management 1970(Human Resource Management)..... - 10 -

. 1970 1990.. 1983 (ASTD)Patricia MclaganModel for Excellence. (Human Resource Wheel).,,,,,,,, 9. 198710 (Human Resource Development) (Human Resource Management). [ -1] (Training & Development), (Career Development), (Organizational Development), (McLagan, 1989:53).... - 11 -

HRD HRM : McLagan, Patricia A.(1989), p.53. [ -1] - 12 -

.. (ASTD), (Phillips, 1999)..,.,...,..,,. - 13 -

,, (, 2001:6-15).....,..,,. 1990. POSCO... 1995 WTO,. IMF - 14 -

..,,, (flexibility).,..,,.. (Strategic Human Resource Managemant). Mabey Salaman (1995).. 4. - 15 -

..,..... (Human Resource Wheel).. [ -2].,,,,,.,,... 1990. WTO - 16 -

[ -2] IMF.. - 17 -

... 1) ( )... ( )..,, (outsourcing).,...,.... - 18 -

2)...,,.......,,. 3),.. ( )( ). - 19 -

.... 3 4..........,,. 4). - 20 -

.,,...,,....,,,. 360..,,,.. 5).., - 21 -

...,,,.. (internal consistency)... (broad banding)............ - 22 -

,,,,... 6) (MBO : Management By Objective)..,,. 4..,,...,..,, - 23 -

. (coach). 7).. IMD 75 72...,.,.. 21..,. - 24 -

(employability)..... 1) ),,,.. (knowledge), (skill), (ability).... ) - 25 -

(formal training) (informal training).,,,,.,,,. Off-JT(off the job training) OJT(on the job training)..,.. - :,,,,,,, - :,,,, ).,,... e-learning. - :,,,,,, - :, 4),. - 26 -

, (computer based training),, (, 2001). (corporate memory),.. (community of practice).,. 2) ) (, 1997:4-14).,.. - 27 -

.,..,.. ),.,.....,..,. - 28 -

..,..,,,. AT&T Resource Link. ) (competency)..... Feldman - 29 -

, (Feldman, 1996)...,,... (reactive) (proactive).. 3) ) (organization development) - 30 -

.,.,, (, 2001:639-660)..... ).,.,,,.,,,. (organizational restructuring), (business reengineering),,, (TQM),..,,, (commitment). - 31 -

.,,. ).,..,,,.,,.... 5. - 32 -

..,.. 1),...,. 2).. 3).,, - 33 -

.,, 4)..,. 5). IIP(investors in people), PD(people developer),.. 6),...., (accountability). - 34 -

... 1).. 1980 1.0% 19901996 2.1%, 19971.9% 1998 1.2%. 1999 1.4% 2000 3 1.9%. 2). 2000 10.6%., 100 7.5%. 1) 1) 1999 3.9%, 100 2.6%. - 35 -

3) ( ). (event).,... 4).,,,,.,. 5),,.. - 36 -

. 1.. 21,.. 1) ) ( ).., ( -1 ). [ -2]...,.. (OJT), (Off JT). - 37 -

: (1995)... 103. [ -1]. (OJT),, ( ), - 38 -

OJT OJT OJT Off JT : (1999)... 84. [ -2] (employability) ( - 39 -

, 2000:100-106). 2001 372 54.6%, 47.0%, ( ) 21.2%, ( ) 15.9%, ( ) 14.0%, 12.6%, 11.8%,, CDP 10.2%, 7.8%, 0.5%. 2001. ) 2000. 2) 1.,,,,,,,,,. 1 38,597 19,0862.. 30%... 2) 1975, 2000. - 40 -

., 91.6%, 77.9%, 69.5%, 67.4%...., (44.6%), (39.2%), (33.8%), (31.1%).,.. 78.0%, 59.3%. 12.6%. 43.9%. 40%, 50%.,,.,.., ( ).,. IBM,,., - 41 -

. HP 60.,,..,.. 1998 4.5 1999 5.4.,. ) < -1>. 1991 0.4%(1,760 ), 1995 0.4%(1,305 ), 1998 0.3%(1,464 ) 1991. 1990. 2) (Career Development Program).,,,,,..,.. - 42 -

< -1> (: ) 1985 1988 1991 1995 1998. 361,901() 398,115() 459,986() 483,009() 502,004(). 306,080( 84.6) 333,638( 83.8) 382,564( 83.2) 400,649( 82.9) 409,485( 81.6). (A+B) 55,820( 15.4) 64,476( 16.2) 77,422( 16.8) 82,360( 17.1) 92,519( 18.4) A. B. 41,859( 11.6) 27,740( 7.7) 14,119( 3.9) 13,961( 3.9) 10,022( 2.8) - 1,236( 0.3) 2,703( 0.7) 47,864( 12.0) 31,330( 7.9) 16,534( 4.2) 16,613( 4.2) 11,048( 2.8) 1,870( 0.5) 1,521( 0.4) 2,174( 0.5) 57,224( 12.4) 38,771( 8.4) 18,453( 4.0) 20,198( 4.4) 13,340( 2.9) 2,190( 0.5) 1,670( 0.4) 2,998( 0.7) 63,425( 13.1) 42,860( 8.9) 20,565( 4.3) 18,935( 3.9) 13,682( 2.8) 2,207( 0.5) 1,305( 0.3) 1,741( 0.4) 74,168( 14.8) 46,868( 9.3) 27,300( 5.4) 18,352( 3.7) 13,481( 2.7) 1,683( 0.3) 1,464( 0.3) 1,724( 0.3) : 1985. :.,.. (2001) 64.2%, 53.0%, 12.1%,, CDP 10.2%,. 2000 11-12 50 247 (68.8%), (16.7%), (11.3%), (3.3%). - 43 -

50 (28.2%), 30 (10.6%). (59.8%), (55.6%), (27.7%), ( )(27.2%), (23.8%), (18.4%), (17.2%), (12.6%), (3.8). 20 (80.0%). 3).... (QC) (family training).,.,,, 4..,,. (2001 ) 27.7%,, ( ) 15.1%, 10.5%, - 44 -

6.7%, 4.8%, 1.9%.. 1) ).,,.... 10,,..,.,.,,.,, - 45 -

.. ),,, (,, ),,.,,, 2,,.,.,.,,,,.,,., (competency)..,, ( ),.,,,.,,. - 46 -

,,. (2001 ) 38.2%, 9.4%, 5.6%. 78.0%, 70.2%, 35.2%, 32.3%, 1999 19.1%, 14.2%. ),,,,,.,,,,,.,. (MBO).. (2001 ) 64.2% 1995 54.3%, 1997 54.7%. 1999 11-12 (competency) 7%, 58.6% 54.4%, 47.1%. ) - 47 -

,,,, (, ).,,....,...,,.,...,,.. 2000 9 2,568 301 25.2%. 80%, 82.4%, 87.0%..,. - 48 -

, ( ),,,,,,,,,, (,, - ), (, ), (,, ), (, ).,.,.,.,,.. ) ().,,,,,,....,,.,,, - 49 -

...,.,..,,.. ),.,.,.,. (MBO)..,, - 50 -

.,,. HP 60.,. 2),,.. (CDP).,,, (, 1995: 116-119). ),.,,.,.. - 51 -

. ().... ). [ -3]...,.,.,,,.. - 52 -

: (1992).. [ -3] 1),,,...,. - 53 -

.. 2).. ()()..,... (input)., OJT,.,,., (instructor),. 3),,.,,,,, - 54 -

.. (gap). 4),,, e-. ),. ' '. ) (on the job development) (on the job learning)... ( -2 ). ),..,. - 55 -

< -2>,,,,,, : (2001)..,, Vol.34, N o.761, 26.,,,.,, E-.. ) e-.. e-., CD-Rom E-,,.,, IT. - 56 -

2.. 1999 1 (Committee on Labor and Human Resources) (Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions),,,.,,.,,, (Government Performance and Result Act: GPRA),.,,, (,, 2001). 21., (global information infrastructure: GII),,.. (high quality technology) 3-57 -

. 2020 60% 22%..,,,,.,,.,,, (new technology),,, (, 2001). 21(21st Century Workforce Commission)., 21 (literacy),,,,.,.,. - 58 -

, IT., IT IT.,., IT., 21.,. Goals 2000: Educate America Act (1992), ' ' (1994. 3 ),, 'No Child Left Behind' (2001. 1). 1) ) /.,, (National Information Infrastructure : NII)., (1998-2002). - 59 -

3, 8, 18,, 2002,. (Charter School)(New American Schools).,,,. 1991 1994, 1997 23 927 15, 3,000. (, 2001),,,,,,,. ) /.., HOPE (HOPE scholarship credit) - 60 -

(the lifetime learning tax credit)., 2community college technical college 4. /., PONSI(the national program on noncollegiate sponsored instruction) 2504500. ) ( ).. 4 2 Tech Prep, 22 TPAD(tech prep associate degree) ', ITP(intergrated tech prep), WBTP(work-based tech prep),,,, (school-based learning) (work-based learning) (School-to-work Transition Opportunities Act). - 61 -

School to work' Work to work.,,.,,,,,.,,,,,,. (,, )..,,, (National Skill Standard Act, 1994) (National Skill Standards) (signal).,,,. - 62 -

.,,.,,, (Government Performance and Result Act, GPRA)'... (American Labor Market Information system). (America's Job Bank), (America's Talent Bank), (America Learning Exchange),,,, (Occupational Information Network: O'Net),, (America's Career InfoNet), (Employer Database). (Magnet School), (Open Enrollment), (Tuition Tax Credit), (Voucher Plan),. - 63 -

(1997-2002),,,,,,,,,,,,, -.,,,,,,,,,,,,,. (occupational safety and health administration: OSHA), (Women's bureau, WB)', (equal employment opportunity commission). (Employment & Training Administration: ETA),,,,,,, 45 (National Workforce Development Stakeholders Forum)(2001). (NSSB : National Skills Standards Boards),.,,. 1994 (School-to-work Transition Opportunity Act) - 64 -

,,, (school-based learning) (work-based learning). 1,800 50 2, 13 5. 1998 21 (Workforce Investment Act),.,,. work to work'.,... 1). - 65 -

,.,,,..,,.,,, 3),.,. Chick-Fil-A.,,,.,, Fedex,.... 3) 30%, 10%. - 66 -

. 18 7 5. 1 22. 6,000. 31. 2),,,,. (MBO), (BARs) 360 ( ), BSC (balance scorecard), (competence scale). 360,,,,. American Airlines, AT&T, GE, Hewlett-Packard, Intel., BSC (key success factors),.,,, 4.,,, - 67 -

.,,.,.. 3)..,.,,. (exempt) ( ), (non-exempt),.,,..,,,,.,,,...,, - 68 -

.,,. (skill-based pay), (competence-based pay).,.,,. 4)..,. (TQM),,....,,,,.,... 5) - 69 -

... 1982(UAW) GM (concession bargaining)... 1990, (AFL-CIO).,,,,. GM Saturn, Corning, Xerox, AT&T., (, 1997:38-40). (business model).,,.,,, (, 2001:106). - 70 -

. AT&T. AT&T(, 2001). AT&T,. AT&T (outsourcing)., (team building). AT&T (employability) (, 2001;, 1995;, 2001). 1) AEGD (Alliance for Employee Grow th and D evelopment) AEGD AT&T 1986 3.,. AEGD AT&T. 1986 92 7,500. 1998-2001 $1,440. AEGD - 71 -

.. 1986 92 6. (2001:91-92). 1. :.. 2. Win-Win :,.. 3.,,,. 4. AEGD.. 5.,. 6.,,,,. 7.,,,. 8.,,,, - 72 -

. 2) Workforce 21 education and training commitments 1998 AT&T, CWA(Communication Workers Association), IBEW(International Brotherhood of Electric Workers). AT&T.,,. 21. AT&T,,,.. 1. 40.,. 2.,,,,. 3. VDT ( ). 4. AT&T5 Transition to teaching. 5. 8. 152. - 73 -

6. AT&T Academic Award Programme 2002. 7. ConSen ( ). - 74 -

. 1..,,,,. 2. 2001 10, 2001 10 15 12 15. 1003,000.,. SPSS PC +.,. 10 1 (pilot survey) 2. - 75 -

3. 166(5.5%), 90%164. < -1>. < -1> (%) 108 65.9 56 34.1 164 164 108 65.9%, 56 34.1%. < -2>300 67 (40.9%), 300 99949 (29.9%), 1,000 48 (29.3%). < -2> (: %) 300 300 999 1,000 40.9(67) 29.9(49) 29.3(48) (164) : ( ) - 76 -

4.,,,,,,,,. 5.. 1) 1990,,. 25.5%, 24.8%, 15.5%, 14.9%, 10.6%, 5.0%, 3.7% ( -3 ). IMF 9 11. - 77 -

< -3> (: %) 300 300 999 1,000 22.4(24) 31.5(17) 25.5(41) 27.7(18) 20.4(10) 27.7(13) 12.1(13) 7.4( 4) 10.6(17) 12.3( 8) 10.2( 5) 8.5( 4) 22.4(24) 1.9( 1) 15.5(25) 18.5(12) 18.4( 9) 8.5( 4) 23.4(25) 27.8(15) 24.8(40) 27.7(18) 22.4(11) 23.4(11) 13.1(14) 18.5(10) 14.9(24) 7.7( 5) 18.4( 9) 21.3(10) 3.7( 4) 7.4( 4) 5.0( 8) 4.6( 3) 6.1( 3) 4.3( 2) 2.8( 3) 5.6( 3) 3.7( 6) 1.5( 1) 4.1( 2) 6.4( 3) : ( ) (107) ( 54) (161) ( 65) ( 49) ( 47),,,,..,,. 2) - 78 -

26.5%, 16.0%, 14.4%, 12.7%, 10.1%, 9.5%, 6.5%, 1.6%, 1.0% ( -4 ). < -4> (: %) 300 300 999 1,000 15.8(32) 16.3(14) 16.0(49) 16.1(20) 14.6(14) 17.4(15) 10.9(22) 4.5( 9) 10.1(31) 13.7(17) 8.3( 8) 7.0( 6) 13.4(27) 11.5(12) 12.7(39) 11.3(14) 7.3( 7) 20.9(18) 22.8(46) 30.8(32) 26.5(81) 23.4(29) 30.2(29) 26.7(23) 1.5( 3) 1.9( 2) 1.0( 3) 0.8( 1) 4.2( 4) 0.0( 0) 0.5( 1) 0.0( 0) 0.3( 1) 0.0( 0) 1.0( 1) 0.0( 0) 0.0( 0) 1.0( 1) 0.3( 1) 0.0( 0) 1.0( 1) 0.0( 0) 15.3(31) 12.5(13) 14.4(44) 15.3(19) 14.6(14) 12.8(11) 10.9(22) 6.7( 7) 9.5(29) 8.9(11) 10.4(10) 9.3( 8) 0.5( 1) 0.0( 0) 0.3( 1) 0.0( 0) 1.0( 1) 0.0( 0) 1.0( 2) 2.9( 3) 1.6( 5) 0.8( 1) 2.1( 2) 2.3( 2) 5.9(12) 7.7( 8) 6.5(20) 9.8(12) 5.2( 5) 3.5( 3) : ( (202) ),. (104) (306) (124) ( 96) ( 86) - 79 -

' ',,,. 300 999(30.2%) '', 1,000.,, ' '. 3) (CEO) 35.4%, 23.8% 59.2% ( -5 ). < -5> (: %) 300 300 1,000 999 22.2(24) 26.8(15) 23.8(39) 23.9(16) 12.2( 6) 35.4(17) 39.8(43) 26.8(15) 35.4(58) 28.4(19) 44.9(22) 35.4(17) 31.5(34) 39.3(22) 34.1(56) 40.3(27) 32.7(16) 27.1(13) 4.6( 5) 5.4( 3) 4.9( 8) 4.5( 3) 8.2( 4) 2.1( 1) 1.9( 2) 1.8( 1) 1.8( 3) 3.0( 2) 2.0( 1) 0.0( 0) : ( ) (108) ( 56) (164) ( 67) ( 49) ( 48) - 80 -

, 1,000... 4) + 70.7%, 15.2%, 6.7%, 6.1%, 1.2% 2/ 3., 6.7% ( -6 )., +,. 300 999,, 1,000 +. 5) 50.7%, 15.0%, 14.3%, 10.7%, 8.6% - 81 -

< -6> (: %) 300 300 999 1,000 13.9(15) 17.9(10) 15.2( 25) 16.4(11) 18.4( 9) 10.4( 5) 6.5( 7) 5.4( 3) 6.1( 10) 4.5( 3) 8.2( 4) 6.3( 3) + 69.4(75) 73.2(41) 70.7(116) 71.6(48) 63.3(31) 77.1(37) 8.3( 9) 3.6( 2) 6.7( 11) 6.0( 4) 8.2( 4) 6.3( 3) 1.9( 2) 0.0( 0) 1.2( 2) 1.5( 1) 2.0( 1) 0.0( 0) : ( ) (108) ( 56) (164) ( 67) ( 49) ( 48) ( -7 ).,. 1,000 (69.8%),. 6) 57.9%, 42.1% ( -8 ). - 82 -

< -7> (: %) 300 300 999 1,000 15.4(14) 14.3( 7) 15.0(21) 17.9(10) 19.5( 8) 7.0( 3) 7.7( 7) 10.2( 5) 8.6(12) 8.9( 5) 14.6( 6) 2.3( 1) 49.5(45) 53.1(26) 50.7(71) 44.6(25) 39.0(16) 69.8(30) 16.5(15) 10.2( 6) 14.3(20) 12.5( 7) 14.6( 6) 16.3( 7) 9.9( 9) 12.2( 6) 10.7(15) 16.1( 9) 12.2( 5) 2.3( 1) 1.1( 1) - 0.7( 1) - - 2.3( 1) ( 91) ( 49) (140) ( 56) ( 41) ( 43) : ( ) < -8> 300 300 999 (: %) 1,000 51.9(56) 69.9(39) 57.9(95) 52.2(35) 53.1(26) 70.8(34) 48.1(52) 30.4(17) 42.1(69) 47.8(32) 46.9(23) 29.2(14) : ( ) (108) (56) (164) (67) (49) (48), 1,000 70.8% - 83 -

. 37.4%, 20.9%, 15.4%, 6.6%, 5.5%, 4.4%.,. ( -9 ).,,,,. 300 999,, 1,000,. < -9> (: %) 300 300 999 1,000 28.3(15) 50.0(19) 37.4(34) 44.7(17) 45.5(10) 22.6( 7) 20.8(11) 7.9( 3) 15.4(14) 15.8( 6) 13.6( 3) 16.1( 5) 28.3(15) 10.5( 4) 20.9(19) 10.5( 4) 18.2(4) 35.5(11) 5.7( 3) 7.9( 3) 6.6( 6) 7.9( 3) 0.0( 0) 9.7( 3) 1.9( 1) 7.9( 3) 4.4( 4) 5.3( 2) 4.5( 1) 3.2( 1) 1.9( 1) 10.5( 4) 5.5( 5) 2.6( 1) 9.1( 2) 6.5( 2) 13.2( 7) 5.3( 2) 9.9( 9) 13.2( 5) 9.1( 2) 6.5( 2) : ( ) (53) (38) (91) (38) (22) (31) - 84 -

7) 53.7%, 52.5%, 20.4%, 17.3%, 11.1%, 5.6%, / 4.9%, 3.1%,, ( -10 ). < -10> (: %) 300 300 1,000 999 53.8(57) 53.6(30) 53.7(87) 43.1(28) 46.9(23) 75.0(36) 21.7(23) 17.9(10) 20.4(33) 13.0(9) 12.2( 6) 37.5(18) 17.0(18) 17.9(10) 17.3(28) 18.5(12) 10.2( 5) 22.9(11) 51.9(55) 53.6(30) 52.5(85) 55.4(36) 46.9(23) 54.2(26) / 3.8( 4) 7.1( 4) 4.9( 8) 6.2( 4) 0.0( 0) 0.0( 0) 4.7( 5) 7.1( 4) 5.6( 9) 1.5( 1) 2.0( 1) 14.6( 7) 2.8( 3) 3.6( 2) 3.1( 5) 0.0( 0) 0.0( 0) 10.4( 5) 11.3(12) 10.7( 6) 11.1(18) 7.7(5) 20.4(10) 6.3( 3) (106) ( 56) (162) ( 65) ( 49) ( 48) : ( ),.. 300, 300 999-85 -

, 1,000 (75.0%),,.,. 8) ( ) 16.5%, 31.1% 47.6% 7.3%. ( -11 ). < -11> (: %) 300 300 1,000 999 13.0(14) 23.2(13) 16.5(27) 19.4(13) 10.2( 5) 18.8( 9) 28.7(31) 35.7(20) 31.1(51) 25.4(17) 34.7(17) 35.4(17) 51.9(56) 32.1(18) 45.1(74) 47.8(32) 46.9(23) 39.6(19) 4.6( 5) 5.4( 3) 4.9( 8) 4.5( 3) 6.1( 3) 4.2( 2) 1.9( 2) 3.6( 2) 2.4( 4) 3.0( 2) 2.0( 1) 2.1( 1) : ( ) (108) ( 56) (164) ( 67) ( 49) ( 48) - 86 -

, 1,000 54.2%, 300 999 44.9%, 300 44.8%. 9) (data base) 36.2%, 25.2% 61.4% ( -12 ).,. < -12> (: %) 300 300 999 1,000 23.1(25) 29.1(16) 25.2(41) 14.9(10) 14.6(7) 50.0(24) 36.1(39) 36.4(20) 36.2(59) 32.8(22) 45.8(22) 31.3(15) 28.7(31) 30.9(17) 29.4(48) 38.8(26) 29.2(14) 16.7( 8) 8.3( 9) 1.8( 1) 6.1(10) 9.0( 6) 6.3( 3) 2.1( 1) 3.7( 4) 1.8( 1) 3.1( 5) 4.5( 3) 4.2( 2) 0.0( 0) : ( ) (108) ( 55) (163) ( 67) ( 48) ( 48) - 87 -

10) 19.6%, 41.8% 61.4% ( -13 ). (66.1%)(59.0%).. < -13> 300 300 999 (: %) 1,000 13.3(14) 32.1(17) 19.6(31) 17.7(11) 18.4( 9) 23.4(11) 45.7(48) 34.0(18) 41.8(66) 38.7(24) 42.9(21) 44.7(21) 35.2(37) 28.3(15) 32.9(52) 38.7(24) 26.5(13) 31.9(15) 4.8( 5) 5.7( 3) 5.1( 8) 3.2( 2) 12.2( 6) 0.0( 0) 1.0( 1) 0.0( 0) 0.6( 1) 1.6( 1) 0.0( 0) 0.0( 0) (105) ( 53) (158) ( 62) ( 49) ( 47) : ( ) 11) ( ) 8.2%, (13.2%) (27.7%) - 88 -

( -14 ). < -14> (: %) 300 300 1,000 999 7.6( 8) 9.3( 5) 8.2(13) 4.5( 3) 4.3( 2) 17.4( 8) 41.0(43) 37.0(20) 39.6(63) 42.4(28) 46.8(22) 28.3(13) 9.5(10) 20.4(11) 13.2(21) 12.1( 8) 6.4( 3) 21.7(10) 28.6(30) 25.9(14) 27.7(44) 27.3(18) 36.2(17) 19.6( 9) 10.5(11) 5.6( 3) 8.8(14) 12.1( 8) 4.3( 2) 8.7( 4) 2.9( 3) 1.9( 1) 2.5( 4) 1.5( 1) 2.1( 1) 4.3( 2) : ( ) (105) ( 54) (159) ( 66) ( 47) ( 46). 1,000 (17.4%), (21.7%). 40.1%,,, 23.8%, 17.7%, 10.9%, 6.8%, 0.7%,,, ( -15 ). - 89 -

< -15> (: %) 300 300 999 1,000 5.2( 5) 9.8( 5) 6.8(10) 5.3( 3) 11.3( 5) 4.3( 2) 19.8(19) 13.7( 7) 17.7(26) 26.3(15) 15.9( 7) 8.7( 4) 39.6(38) 41.2(21) 40.1(59) 26.3(15) 40.9(18) 56.5(26) 14.6(14) 3.9( 2) 10.9(16) 14.0( 8) 9.1( 4) 8.7( 4),, 20.8(20) 29.4(15) 23.8(35) 26.3(15) 22.7(10) 21.7(10) 0.0( 0) 2.0( 1) 0.7( 1) 1.8( 1) 0.0( 0) 0.0( 0) : ( ) ( 96) ( 51) (147) ( 57) ( 44) ( 46),,,,.,,,,. 12) - 90 -

82.9%, ( ) 74.5%, 57.5%, 54.7%, 49.3%, 43.6%, 36.8%, 39.0%, 33.8%, 7.5% ( -16 ). < -16> (: %) 55.0(55) 31.0(31) 14.0(14) (100) 54.2(26) 35.4(17) 10.4( 5) (48) 54.7( 81) 55.2(32) 12.8(19) (148) 47.4(45) 30.5(29) 22.1(21) ( 95) 53.2(25) 31.9(15) 14.9( 7) (47) 49.3( 70) 31.0(44) 19.7(28) (142) ( ) 69.8(67) 14.6(14) 15.6(15) ( 96) 83.7(41) 10.2( 5) 6.1( 3) (49) 74.5(108) 13.1(19) 12.4(18) (145) 7.8( 7) 21.1(19) 71.1(64) ( 90) 7.0( 3) 23.3(10) 69.8(30) (43) 7.5( 10) 21.8(29) 70.7(94) (133) 38.5(35) 17.6(160 44.0(40) ( 91) 33.3(15) 20.0( 9) 46.7(21) (45) 36.8( 50) 18.4(25) 44.9(61) (136) 84.8(84) 10.1(10) 51.( 5) ( 99) 79.2(42) 18.9(10) 1.9( 1) (53) 82.9(126) 13.2(20) 3.9( 6) (152) 37.0(34) 33.7(31) 29.3(27) ( 92) 56.3(27) 29.2(14) 14.6(70) (48) 43.6( 61) 32.1(45) 24.3(34) (140) 37.8(34) 23.3(21) 38.9(35) ( 90) 41.3(19) 30.4(14) 28.3(13) (46) 39.0( 53) 25.7(35) 35.3(48) (136) 53.1(52) 19.4(19) 27.6(27) ( 98) 66.7(32) 16.7( 8) 16.7( 8) (48) 57.5( 84) 18.5(27) 24.0(35) (146) 33.3(30) 20.0(18) 46.7(42) ( 90) 34.8(16) 26.1(12) 39.1(18) (46) 33.8( 46) 22.1(30) 44.1(60) (136) : ( ) - 91 -

,, ( ),,,,., ( -17 ). < -17> (: %) 300 300 999 1,000 55.2 32.8 12.1 37.8 46.7 15.6 71.1 17.8 11.1 54.7 32.4 12.8 45.8 30.5 23.7 48.8 32.6 18.6 55.0 30.0 15.0 49.3 31.0 19.7 ( ) 67.2 10.3 22.4 66.7 24.4 8.9 92.9 4.8 2.4 74.5 13.1 12.4 15.5 29.3 55.2 2.4 17.1 80.5 0.0 14.7 85.3 7.5 21.8 70.7 21.8 23.6 54.5 40.0 15.0 45.0 53.7 14.6 31.7 36.8 18.4 44.9 74.6 19.0 6.3 84.4 13.3 2..2 93.2 4.5 2.3 82.9 13.2 3.9 20.0 43.6 36.4 47.7 27.3 25.0 70.7 22.0 7.3 43.6 32.1 24.3 34.5 27.3 38.2 39.5 18.6 41.9 44.7 31.6 23.7 39.0 25.7 35.3 45.8 25.4 28.8 51.1 22.2 26.7 81.0 4.8 14.3 57.5 18.5 24.0 23.2 26.8 50.0 34.1 14.6 51.2 48.7 23.1 28.2 33.8 22.1 44.1-92 -

5 4.00, 3.92, 3.89, 3.68, ( ) 3.66, 3.58, 3.54, 3.50, 3.49, 3.39 ( -18 ). < -18> (: ) 300 300 999 1,000 3.40 3.36 3.39 3.07 3.36 3.54 3.52 3.48 3.50 3.27 3.40 3.83 ( ) 3.81 3.66 3.66 3.60 3.37 3.90 3.73 4.75 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 ( ) 3.62 3.38 3.54 3.25 3.89 3.69 4.00 3.76 3.92 3.83 3.80 4.13 3.69 4.15 3.89 4.00 3.96 4.14 3.72 3.60 3.68 3.58 3.38 4.00 3.47 3.76 3.58 3.38 3.40 3.85 3.23 3.94 3.49 3.47 3.17 3.75 : ( ) 3.62 (108) 3.78 ( 56) 3.67 (164) 3.55 ( 67) 3.57 ( 49) 3.88 ( 48), ( ),,,,. - 93 -

300 999, 1,000,,, ( ),,.. 1) ) 38.4%, 25.0%, 22.0%, 6.1%, 4.3%, 3.7% 25.0% 63.4% ( -19 ).,,. 300 999, 1,000 (66.7%).. - 94 -

< -19> (: %) ( ), 300 300 999 1,000 23.1(25) 28.6(16) 25.0(41) 7.5( 5) 8.2( 4) 66.7(32) ( ), 36.1(39) 42.9(24) 38.4(63) 41.8(28) 46.9(23) 25.0(12) 4.6( 5) 3.6( 2) 4.3( 7) 1.5( 1) 8.2( 4) 4.2( 2) 25.0(27) 16.1( 9) 22.0(36) 34.3(23) 24.5(12) 2.1( 1) 3.7( 4) 3.6( 2) 3.7( 6) 6.0( 4) 4.1( 2) 0.0( 0) 6.5( 1) 5.4( 3) 6.1(10) 7.5( 5) 8.2( 4) 2.1( 1) 0.9( 1) 0.0( 0) 0.6( 1) 1.5( 1) 0.0( 0) 0.0( 0) (108) ( 56) (164) ( 67) ( 49) ( 48) : ( ) ( ) 35.5%, ( ) 34.8%, ( ) 8.4%, ( ) 7.7%, ( ) 7.7%, 3.9% ( ) ( )(70.3%) ( -20 ). - 95 -

< -20> (: %) 300 300 999 1,000 ( ) 39.4(39) 26.8(15) 34.8(54) 56.3(36) 34.8(16) 4.4( 2) ( ) 32.3(32) 41.1(23) 35.5(55) 28.1(18) 43.5(20) 37.8(17) ( ) 7.1( 7) 8.9( 5) 7.7(12) 4.7( 3) 13.0(6) 6.7( 3) ( ) 6.1( 6) 10.7( 6) 7.7(12) 0.0( 0) 0.0( 0) 26.7(12) ( ) 9.1( 9) 7.1( 4) 8.4(13) 1.6( 1) 2.2( 1) 24.4(11) ( ) 0.0( 0) 0.0( 0) 0.0( 0) 0.0( 0) 0.0( 0) 0.0( 0) 4.0( 4) 3.6( 2) 3.9( 6) 6.3( 4) 4.3( 2) 0.0( 0) 2.0( 2) 1.8( 1) 1.9( 3) 3.1( 2) 2.2( 1) 0.0( 0) ( 99) ( 56) (155) ( 64) ( 46) ( 45) : ( ) ( ), ( ), ( ). (300 56.3%) ( ), 300 999 ( ), 1,000 ( ), ( ). ( ) 300300 999 1. ) 47.8%, (, )43.5%, 8.7% - 96 -

( -21 )., (, ). 300, 300 999. < -21> (: %) 300 300 999 1,000 51.8(29) 41.7(15) 47.8(44) 46.7(14) 50.0(11) 47.5(19) ( ) 41.1(23) 47.2(17) 43.5(40) 43.3(13) 40.9( 9) 45.0(18) 7.1( 4) 11.1( 4) 8.7( 8) 10.0( 3) 9.1( 2) 7.5( 3) : ( ) (56) (36) (92) (30) (22) (40) ) 9.0, 7.3 1.7 ( -22 ). 9.8, 7.8. 7.0, 7.7. - 97 -

< -22> (: ) 300 300 999 1,000 9.8(42) 7.8(30) 9.0(72) 2.1(18) 1.8(15) 15.0(39) 7.0(48) 7.7(30) 7.3(78) 2.5(25) 3.2(21) 13.7(32) : ( ) 1,000 15.0, 13.7 300, 300 999. ) 52.6%, 18.4%, 15.8%,, 7.9%, 5.3% ( -23 ).,,., - 98 -

< -23> (: %) 300 300 999 1,000 16.3( 8) 22.2( 6) 18.4(14) 25.0( 6) 29.4(5) 8.6( 3) 14.3( 7) 18.5( 5) 15.8(12) 4.2( 1) 5.9(1) 28.6(10) 57.1(28) 44.4(12) 52.6(40) 45.8(11) 47.1(8) 60.0(21) 8.2( 4) 7.4( 2) 7.9( 6) 12.5( 3) 17.6(3) 0.0( 0) 4.1( 2) 7.4( 2) 5.3( 4) 12.5( 3) 0.0( 0) 2.9( 1) : ( ) (49) (27) (76) (24) (17) (35). ) 26.6%, 26.6%, 14.4%, 12.2%,, 10.8%, 5.0% - 99 -

( -24 ). < -24> (: %) 300 300 999 1,000 5.4( 5) 4.3( 2) 5.0( 7) 6.0( 3) 4.8( 2) 4.3(2) 17.4(16) 8.5( 4) 14.4(20) 14.0( 7) 14.3( 6) 14.9(7) 27.2(25) 25.5(12) 26.6(37) 18.0( 9) 28.6(12) 34.0(16) 27.2(25) 25.5(12) 26.6(37) 28.0(14) 26.2(11) 25.5(12), 6.5( 6) 19.1( 9) 10.8(15) 8.0( 4) 14.3( 6) 10.6(5) 15.2(14) 6.4( 3) 12.2(17) 22.0(11) 7.1( 3) 6.4(3) 1.1( 1) 10.6(5) 4.3(6) 4.0(2) 4.8( 2) 4.3(2) ( 92) ( 47) (139) ( 50) ( 42) (47) : ( ) - 100 -

,,,. 300,, 300 999,, 1,000 (34.0%). 2) ) 29.8%, 25.5%, / 24.2%, 8.7%, 7.5%, 1.2%,, / ( -25 )..,, /,,. 300, 300 999-101 -

< -25> (: %) 300 300 999 1,000 21.7(23) 32.7(18) 25.5(41) 38.5(25) 16.7( 8) 16.7( 8) / 19.8(21) 32.7(18) 24.2(39) 9.2( 6) 8.3( 4) 60.4(29) 34.9(37) 20.0(11) 29.8(48) 23.1(15) 54.2(26) 14.6( 7) 0.9( 1) 1.8( 1) 1.2( 2) 3.1( 2) 0.0( 0) 0.0( 0) 0.9( 1) 0.0( 0) 0.6( 1) 1.5( 1) 0.0( 0) 0.0( 0) 0.0( 0) 0.0( 0) 0.0( 0) 0.0( 0) 0.0( 0) 0.0( 0) 11.3(12) 0.0( 0) 7.5(12) 13.8( 9) 6.3( 3) 0.0( 0) 6.6( 7) 12.7( 7) 8.7(14) 10.8( 7) 10.4( 5) 4.2( 2) 3.8( 4) 0.0( 0) 2.5( 4) 0.0( 0) 4.2( 2) 4.2( 2) : ( ) (106) ( 55) (161) ( 65) ( 48) ( 48) (54.2%), 1,000 / (60.4%). ) 42.7%, 29.3%, 14.0%, 8.9%, 1.9%, 1.3% ( -26 )., - 102 -

< -26> (: %) 300 300 999 1,000 11.8(12) 18.2(10) 14.0(22) 6.3(4) 4.3( 2) 33.3(16) 25.5(26) 36.4(20) 29.3(46) 27.0(17) 21.7(10) 39.6(16) 2.0( 2) 0.0( 0) 1.3( 2) 1.6( 1) 2.2( 1) 0.0( 0) 2.9( 3) 0.0( 0) 1.9( 3) 4.8( 3) 0.0( 0) 0.0( 0) 46.1(47) 36.4(20) 42.7(67) 42.9(27) 60.9(28) 25.0(12) 10.8(11) 5.5( 3) 8.9(14) 12.7( 8) 10.9( 5) 2.1( 1) 1.0( 1) 3.6( 2) 1.9( 3) 4.8( 3) 0.0( 0) 0.0( 0) : ( ) (102) ( 55) (157) ( 63) ( 46) ( 48),,. 300,, 300 999 (60.9%), 1,000,. ) 37.7%, 13.5%, ' 13.5%, ' ' 7.5%, '6.3%, ' 6.0%, ' 4.7%, ' 3.5%, ' - 103 -

' 2.8%, ' ' 2.8%, ' ' 0.6%,, ( -27 ). < -27> (: %) 300 300 999 1,000 17.3(36) 6.4( 7) 13.5( 43) 17.7(23) 13.5(13) 7.6( 7) 3.8( 8) 2.7( 3) 3.5( 11) 4.6( 6) 5.2( 5) 0.0( 0) 1.0( 2) 0.0( 0) 0.6( 2) 1.5( 2) 0.0( 0) 0.0( 0) 37.0(77) 39.1(43) 37.7(120) 33.1(43) 37.5(36) 44.6(41) 13.9(29) 12.7(14) 13.5( 43) 13.1(17) 14.6(14) 13.0(12) 3.4( 7) 7.3( 8) 4.7( 15) 3.1( 4) 5.2( 5) 6.5( 6) 1.0( 2) 0.0( 0) 0.6( 2) 1.5( 2) 0.0( 0) 0.0( 0) 4.8(10) 9.1(10) 6.3( 20) 9.2(12) 5.2( 5) 3.3( 3) 2.9( 6) 2.7( 3) 2.8( 9) 3.8( 5) 3.1( 3) 1.1( 1) 1.9( 4) 4.5( 5) 2.8( 9) 3.1( 4) 1.0( 1) 4.3( 4) 0.0( 0) 0.9( 1) 0.3( 1) 0.8( 1) 0.0( 0) 0.0( 0) 7.2(15) 3.6( 4) 6.0( 19) 5.4( 7) 2.1( 2) 10.9(10) 5.8(12) 10.9(12) 7.5( 24) 3.1( 4) 12.5(12) 8.7( 8) (208) (110) (318) (130) ( 96) ( 92) : ( ).. - 104 -

,,, ' ',.,,. ) 34.2%, 28.9%, 21.7%, 8.6%, 5.9%, 0.7%, ( -28 ). < -28> 300 300 999 (: %) 1,000 36.6(37) 29.4(15) 34.2(52) 38.1(24) 36.2(17) 26.2(11) 23.8(24) 17.6( 9) 21.7(33) 25.4(16) 23.4(11) 14.3( 6) 27.7(28) 31.4(16) 28.9(44) 20.6(13) 34.0(16) 35.7(15) 0.0( 0) 2.0( 1) 0.7( 1) 0.0( 0) 0.0( 0) 2.4( 1) 5.0( 5) 7.8( 4) 5.9( 9) 9.5( 6) 2.1( 1) 4.8( 2) 6.9( 7) 11.8( 6) 8.6(13) 6.3( 4) 4.3( 2) 16.7( 7) : ( ) (101) ( 51) (152) ( 63) ( 47) ( 42) - 105 -

,,.,,. 1,000 1( ). ) ( ) 86.4%, 51.9%, 46.3%, (, ) 42.6%, 40.1%, ( ) 9.3%, 3.7%,. ( -29 ).,, (, ), ( ). 300 (62.7%), 300 999, 1,000 (97.9%), (83.3%),, ( ). 63.6%, 53.7%, 50.6%, 45.7%, 41.4%, 38.3%, 24.7%, 3.1%, - 106 -

< -29> (: %) 300 300 999 1,000 40.6(43) 39.3(22) 40.1( 65) 62.7(42) 40.4(19) 8.3( 4) ( ) 86.8(92) 85.7(48) 86.4(140) 86.6(58) 74.5(35) 97.9(47) (, ) 37.7(40) 51.8(29) 42.6( 69) 25.4(17) 38.3(18) 70.8(34) 47.2(50) 60.7(34) 51.9( 84) 40.3(27) 36.2(17) 83.3(40) 45.3(48) 48.2(27) 46.3( 75) 29.9(20) 61.7(29) 54.2(26) ( ) 7.5( 8) 12.5( 7) 9.3( 15) 1.5( 1) 6.4( 3) 22.9(11) 3.8( 4) 3.6( 2) 3.7( 6) 4.5( 3) 6.4( 3) 0.0( 0) (106) ( 56) (162) ( 67) ( 47) ( 48) : ( ),. ( -30 ). (78.3%) 2,,. 300 999(72.3%), 1,000 (75.0%),,. - 107 -

< -30> (: %) 300 300 999 1,000 50.5(53) 37.5(21) 45.7( 74) 32.8(22) 53.2(25) 56.3(27) 50.0(53) 51.8(29) 50.6( 82) 44.8(30) 44.7(21) 64.6(31) 51.9(55) 57.1(32) 53.7( 87) 46.3(31) 42.6(20) 75.0(36) 78.3(83) 35.7(20) 63.6(103) 59.7(40) 72.3(34) 60.4(29) 29.2(31) 16.1(9) 24.7( 40) 17.9(12) 29.8(14) 29.2(14) 49.1(52) 17.9(10) 38.3( 62) 35.8(24) 40.4(19) 39.6(19) 49.1(52) 26.8(15) 41.4( 67) 29.9(20) 48.9(23) 50.0(24) 3.8( 4) 1.8( 1) 3.1( 5) 4.5( 3) 4.3( 2) 0.0( 0) : ( (106) ).. ( 56) (162) ( 67) ( 47) ( 48) 88.1%, 83.1%, 75.0%, 48.1%, 41.9%, 38.1%, 26.9%, 4.4%, ( -31 ).,,,. - 108 -

< -31> (: %) 300 300 999 1,000 73.3(77) 78.2(43) 75.0(120) 64.2(43) 78.3(36) 87.2(41) () 89.5(94) 85.5(47) 88.1(141) 85.1(57) 80.4(37) (47) ( ) 83.8(88) 81.8(45) 83.1(133) 73.1(49) 82.6(38) 97.9(46) 41.9(44) 41.8(23) 41.9( 67) 31.3(21) 37.0(17) 61.7(29) 26.7(28) 27.3(15) 26.9( 43) 22.4(15) 21.7(10) 38.3(18) 46.7(49) 50.9(28) 48.1( 77) 32.8(22) 45.7(21) 72.3(34) 46.7(49) 21.8(12) 38.1( 61) 23.9(16) 41.3(19) 55.3(26) 3.8( 4) 5.5( 3) 4.4( 7) 3.0( 2) 8.7( 4) 2.1( 1) : ( (105) ),. ( 55) (160) ( 67) ( 46) ( 47),, 1,000 %, 97.9%. ) 81.8%, 56.6%, 44.7%, 39.0%, 37.7%, 34.0%, 11.9%, 10.7%, 5.1% ( -32 ). - 109 -

< -32> (: %) 300 300 999 1,000 55.3(57) 58.9(33) 56.6( 90) 53.0(35) 63.8(30) 54.3(25) 80.6(83) 83.9(47) 81.8(130) 63.6(42) 91.5(43) 97.8(45) 37.9(39) 42.9(24) 39.6( 63) 18.2(12) 36.2(17) 73.9(34) 45.6(47) 42.9(24) 44.7( 71) 28.8(19) 44.7(21) 67.4(31) 38.8(40) 35.7(20) 37.7( 60) 19.7(13) 34.0(16) 67.4(31) 8.7( 9) 14.3( 8) 10.7( 17) 1.5( 1) 6.4( 3) 28.3(13) 4.9( 5) 5.4( 3) 5.1( 8) 3.0( 2) 2.1( 1) 11.1( 5) 11.7(12) 12.5( 7) 11.9( 19) 4.5( 3) 10.6( 5)) 23.9(11) 42.7(44) 32.1(18) 39.0( 62) 30.3(20) 27.7(13) 63.0(29) 19.4(20) 25.0(14) 21.4( 34) 30.3(20) 17.0( 8) 13.0( 6) (e-learning) 29.1(30) 42.9(24) 34.0( 54) 15.2(10) 23.4(11) 71.7(33) (103) (56) (159) (66) (47) (46) : ( ),.,,,,,,. 300, 300-110 -

999.,,,,,,. ) OJT( ) 84.3%, 83.7%, (QC, TQM)' 74.6%, 73.1%, ( ) 69.1%, 67.9%, Off-JT() 64.1%, 60.9%, 60.0%, (, ) 54.9%. 43.0%, 31.7%, MBA( ) 29.7%, 23.4%, 22.0%, 20.8%, 13.6%, ()11.4%, 10.3%, 9.6% ( -33 ). 2,, OJT.,,,,,, Off-JT,,,, MBA,, ( -33 ). 300,,,,,,.,,. 1,000,, OJT',, ( -34 ). - 111 -

< -33> (: %) 53.6(45) 16.7(14) 29.8(25) (84) 71.7(33) 8.7( 4) 19.6( 9) (46) 60.0( 78) 13.8(18) 26.2(34) (130) 41.3(33) 20.0(16) 38.3(31) (80) 61.4 (27) 13.6( 6) 25.0(11) (44) 48.4( 60) 17.7(22) 33.9(42) (124) ( ) 63.6(56) 17.0(15) 19.3(17) (88) 79.2(38) 10.4( 5) 10.4 ( 5) (48) 69.1( 94) 14.7(20) 16.2(22) (136) 65.1(56) 10.5(9) 24.4(21) (86) 72.9(35) 14.6( 7) 12.5( 6) (48) 67.9( 91) 11.9(16) 20.1(27) (134) 29.5(23) 19.2(15) 51.3(40) (78) 35.6(16) 28.9(13) 35.6(16) (45) 31.7( 39) 22.8(28) 45.5(56) (123) (, ) 69.0(60) 16.1(14) 14.9(13) (87) 80.9(38) 12.8( 6) 6.4 ( 3) (4 7) 73.1( 98) 14.9(20) 11.9(16) (134) 83.5(76) 6.6( 6) 9.9( 9) (91) 84.0(42) 12.0( 6) 4.0( 2) (50) 83.7(118) 8.5(12) 7.8(11) (141) 61.4(51) 12.0(10) 26.5(22) (83) 60.0(27) 15.6( 7) 24.4 (11) (45) 60.9( 78) 13.3(17) 25.8(33) (128) (, ) 49.4(43) 27.6(24) 23.0(20) (87) 65.2(30) 21.7(10) 13.0( 6) (46) 54.9( 73) 25.6(34) 19.5(26) (133) 26.4(19) 16.7(12) 56.9(41) (72) 13.5( 5) 10.8( 4) 75.7(28) (37) 22.0( 24) 14.7(16) 63.3(69) (109) (QC, TQM) 89.1(82) 2.2( 2) 8.7( 8) (92) 39.5(15) 13.2( 5) 47.4 (18) (38) 74.6( 97) 5.4( 7) 20.0(26) (130) OJT( ) 85.9(79) 6.5( 6) 7.6( 7) (92) 81.3(39) 12.5( 6) 6.3( 3) (48) 84.3(118) 8.6(12) 7.1(10) (140) Off-JT() 61.4(51) 15.7(13) 22.9(19) (83) 68.9(31) 8.9( 4) 22.2(10) (45) 64.1( 82) 13.3(17) 22.7(29) (128) (SD) 39.5(34) 30.2(26) 30.2(26) (86) 50.0(21) 33.3(14) 16.7( 7) (42) 43.0( 55) 31.3(40) 25.8(33) (128) 5.8( 4) 18.1(13) 75.4(52) (69) 18.4 ( 7) 23.7( 9) 57.9(22) (38) 10.3( 11) 20.6(22) 69.2(74) (107) () 8.6( 6) 12.9( 9) 78.6(55) (70) 17.1( 6) 5.7( 2) 77.1(27) (35) 11.4( 12) 10.5(11) 78.1(82) (105) MBA () 20.8(15) 15.3(11) 63.9(46) (72) 46.2(18) 12.8( 5) 41.0(16) (39) 29.7( 33) 14.4(16) 55.9(62) (111) 16.2(11) 17.6(12) 66.2(45) (68) 28.9(11) 26.3(10) 44.7(17) (38) 20.8( 22) 20.8(22) 58.5(62) (106) (mentor) 13.4( 9) 16.4(11) 70.1(4 7) (67) 13.9( 5) 25.0( 9) 61.1(22) (36) 13.6( 14) 19.4(20) 67.0(69) (103) (coaching) 7.5( 5) 16.4(11) 76.1(51) (67) 13.5( 5) 29.7(11) 56.8(21) (37) 9.6( 10) 21.2(22) 69.2(72) (104) 22.5(16) 7.0( 5) 70.4(50) (71) 25.0(10) 10.0( 4) 65.0(26) (40) 23.4( 26) 8.1( 9) 68.5(76) (111) : ( ) - 112 -

< -34> (: %) 38.3 (18) 39.6 (19) ( ) 61.5 (32) 54.9 (28) 11.4 ( 5) 53.1 (, ) (26) 74.5 (41) 47.8 (22) (, 49.4 ) (43) 17.1 ( 7) (QC, TQM) 70.4 (38) OJT( ) 76.4 (42) Off-JT() 55.1 (27) (SD) 32.7 (16) 2.5 ( 1) () 5.0 ( 2) MBA( ) 12.2 ( 5) 10.0 ( 4) (mentor) 5.0 ( 2) (coaching) 5.0 ( 2) 5.0 ( 2) : ( 300 300 999 1,000 19.1 ( 9) 22.9 (11) 19.2 (10) 17.6 ( 9) 25.0 (11) 24.5 (12) 14.5 ( 8) 21.7 (10) 27.6 (24) 7.3 ( 3) 7.4 ( 4) 12.7 ( 7) 14.3 ( 7) 28.6 (14) 10.0 ( 4) 7.5 ( 3) 9.8 ( 4) 17.5 ( 7) 20.0 ( 8) 17.5 ( 7) 7.5 ( 3) 42.6 (20) 37.5 (18) 19.2 (10) 27.5 (14) 63.6 (28) 22.4 (11) 10.9 (6) 30.4 (14) 23.0 (20) 75.6 (31) 22.2 (12) 10.9 ( 6) 30.6 (15) 38.8 (19) 87.5 (35) 87.5 (35) 78.0 (32) 72.5 (29) 75.0 (30) 77.5 (31) 87.5 (35) ) (47) (48) (52) (51) (44) (49) (55) (46) (87) (41) (54) (55) (49) (49) (40) (40) (41) (40) (40) (40) (40) 60.5 (23) 41.2 (14) 60.0 (24) 67.5 (27) 25.0 ( 9) 73.2 (30) 80.5 (33) 53.8 (21) 65.2 (30) 17.6 ( 6) 76.3 (29) 87.5 (35) 61.5 (24) 28.2 (11) 9.1 ( 3) 9.1 ( 3) 15.6 ( 5) 9.4 ( 3) 15.2 ( 5) 6.1 ( 2) 11.8 ( 4) 13.2 ( 5) 20.6 ( 7) 12.5 ( 5) 15.0 ( 6) 19.4 ( 7) 17.1 ( 7) 9.8 ( 4) 15.4 ( 6) 21.7 (10) 23.5 ( 8) 7.9 ( 3) 7.5 ( 3) 15.4 ( 6) 46.2 (18) 27.3 ( 9) 12.1 ( 4) 15.6 ( 5) 28.1 ( 9) 18.2 ( 6) 27.3 ( 9) 5.9 ( 2) 26.3 (10) 38.2 (13) 27.5 (11) 17.5 ( 7) 55.6 (20) 9.8 ( 4) 9.8 ( 4) 30.8 (12) 13.0 ( 6) 58.8 (20) 15.8 (60 5.0 ( 2) 23.1 ( 9) 25.6 (10) 63.6 (21) 78.8 (26) 68.8 (22) 62.5 (20) 66.7 (22) 66.7 (22) 82.4 (28) (38) 82.2 (37) 8.9 ( 4) 8.9 ( 4) ( 4) 60.0 ( 78) 13.8 (18) 26.2 (34) (130) (34) 64.3 (27) 9.5 ( 4) 26.2 (11) ( 42) 48.4 ( 60) 17.7 (22) 33.9 (42) (124) 86.4 11.4 2.3 69.1 14.7 16.2 (40) (38) ( 5) ( 1) ( 44) ( 94) (20) (22) (136) (40) 83.7 (36) 2.3 ( 1) 14.0 ( 6) ( 43) 67.9 ( 91) 11.9 (16) 20.1 (27) (134) (36) 58.1 (25) 23.3 (10) 18.6 ( 8) ( 43) 31.7 ( 39) 22.8 (28) 45.5 (56) (123) 95.5 2.3 2.3 73.1 14.9 11.9 (41) (42) ( 1) ( 1) ( 44) ( 98) (20) (16) (134) (41) 97.8 (44) (39) 81.4 (35) 54.9 (46) (73) (34) (38) (40) (39) 32.4 (11) 78.9 (30) 91.1 (41) 77.5 (31) 0.0 ( 0) 2.2 ( 1) ( 45) 83.7 (118) 8.5 (12) 7.8 (11) (141) 2.3 ( 1) 16.3 ( 7) ( 43) 60.9 ( 78) 13.3 (17) 25.8 (33) (128) 25.6 19.5 54.9 25.6 19.5 (34) (26) (133) ( 73) (34) (26) (133) 14.7 (50 52.9 (18) ( 34) 0.0 ( 0) 21.1 ( 8) ( 38) 4.4 4.4 ( 2) ( 2) ( 45) 10.0 ( 4) 12.5 ( 5) ( 40) 22.0 ( 24) 14.7 (16) 63.3 (69) (109) 74.6 ( 97) 5.4 ( 7) 20.0 (26) (130) 84.3 8.6 7.1 (118) (12) (10) (140) 64.1 ( 82) 13.3 (17) 22.7 (29) (128) (39) 70.0 (28) 20.0 ( 8) 10.0 ( 4) ( 40) 43.0 ( 55) 31.3 (40) 25.8 (33) (128) 20.6 26.5 52.9 10.3 20.6 69.2 (33) ( 7) ( 9) (18) ( 34) ( 11) (22) (74) (107) (33) 21.9 ( 7) 12.5 ( 4) 65.6 (21) ( 32) 11.4 ( 12) 10.5 (11) 78.1 (82) (105) (32) 60.5 (23) 18.4 ( 7) 21.1 ( 8) ( 38) 29.7 ( 33) 14.4 (16) 55.9 (62) (111) 44.1 17.6 38.2 20.8 20.8 58.5 (32) (15) ( 6) (13) ( 34) ( 22) (22) (62) (106) (33) 23.3 ( 7) 20.0 ( 6) 56.7 (17) ( 30) 13.6 ( 14) 19.4 (20) 67.0 (69) (103) (33) 19.4 ( 6) 19.4 ( 6) 61.3 (19) ( 31) 9.6 ( 10) 21.2 (22) 69.2 (72) (104) 54.1 10.8 35.1 23.4 8.1 68.5 (34) (20) ( 4) (13) ( 37) ( 26) ( 9) (76) (111) - 113 -

) 70,573, 1 35.9, 1 34.5, 1 5.5 ( -35 ). < -35> (: ) 300 300 999 1,000 66,366(40) 76,807(27) 70,573(67) 2,122(22) 9,185(25) 222,606(20) 1 32.0(24) 47.3( 8) 35.9(32) 26.9( 9) 30.6(11) 47.6(12) 1 30.0(50) 42.1(27) 34.5(77) 18.4(23) 28.6(27) 54.2(27) 1 5.7(42) 5.2(28) 5.5(70) 3.7(23) 6.8(21) 6.0(26) : ( ) 66,366, 1 32.0, 1 30.0, 1 5.7, 76,807, 1 47.3, 1 42.1, 1 5.2. 300 2,122, 1 26.9, 1 18.4, 1 3.7, 300 999 9,185, 1 30.6, 1 28.6, 1 6.8, 1,000 222,606, 1 47.6, 1-114 -

54.2, 1 6.0. ) 102 60.4%, 60.2%, 60.8%. 300 46.0%, 300 999 64.0%, 1,000 77.6% ( -36 ). < -36> (:, %) 300 300 999 1,000 1,826(63) 2,216(39) 1,975(102) 183(41) 492(32) 6,147(29) 1,467(63) 1,286(37) 1,400(100) 80(40) 297(32) 4,546(28) 60.2(62) 60.8(36) 60.4(98) 46.0(40) 64.0(31) 77.6(27) : ( ) ) 52.9%, 35.1%, 24.5% ( -37, 38 ). - 115 -

< -37> (: %) 37.7(26) 21.7(15) 40.6(28) (69) 31.0(13) 31.0(13) 38.1(16) (42) 35.1(39) 25.2(28) 39.6(44) (111) 53.2(42) 24.1(19) 22.8(18) (79) 52.4 (22) 31.0(13) 16.7( 7) (42) 52.9(64) 26.4(32) 20.7(25) (121) 24.2(15) 24.2(15) 51.6(32) (62) 25.0(10) 32.5(13) 42.5(17) (40) 24.5(25) 27.5(28) 48.0(49) (102) : ( ) < -38> : ( 300 300 999 1,000 (: %) 15.8 ( 6) 35.6 (16) 14.6 ( 6) 28.9 (11) 37.8 (17) 24.4 (10) 55.3 (21) 26.7 (12) 61.0 (25) ) (38) (45) (41) 25.0 ( 9) 52.6 (20) 10.0 ( 3) 30.6 (11) 26.3 (10) 40.0 (12) 44.4 (16) 21.1 ( 8) 50.0 (15) (36) (38) (30) 64.9 (24) 73.7 (28) 51.6 (16) 16.2 (6) 13.2 (5) 19.4 (6) 18.9 (7) 13.2 (5) 29.0 (9) (37) (38) (31) 35.1 (39) 52.9 (64) 24.5 (25) 25.2 (28) 26.4 (32) 27.5 (28) 39.6 (44) 20.7 (25) 48.0 (49) (111) (121) (102). 300 999, 1,000. () 67.2%, 2 13.6%, 1 7.2%, - 116 -

6.4%, 3 5.6% ( -39 ). < -39> () (: %) 300 300 999 1,000 1 7.5( 6) 6.7( 3) 7.2( 9) 8.7( 4) 2.6( 1) 10.0( 4) 2 11.3( 9) 17.8( 8) 13.6(17) 8.7( 4) 15.4( 6) 17.5( 7) 3 6.3( 5) 4.4( 2) 5.6( 7) 0.0( 0) 5.1( 2) 12.5( 5) 71.3(57) 60.0(27) 67.2(84) 80.4(37) 71.8(28) 47.5(19) 3.8( 3) 11.1( 5) 6.4( 8) 2.2( 1) 5.1( 2) 12.5( 5) ( 80) ( 45) (125) ( 46) ( 39) (40) : ( ), 2. 1,000 1, 2, 3,. ) OJT Off JT OJT Off-JT OJT Off-JT 54.0 46.0, 53.8 46.2, 54.4 45.6. 300 59.0 41.0, 300 999 58.6 41.4, 1,000 43.2 56.8 1,000 ( -40 ). - 117 -

< -40> OJT Off-JT (: %) 300 300 999 1,000 OJT( ) 53.8(82) 54.4(42) 54.0(124) 59.0(50) 58.6(36) 43.2(38) Off JT() 46.2(82) 45.6(42) 46.0(124) 41.0(50) 41.4(36) 56.8(38) (82) (42) (124) (50) (36) (38) : ( ) OJT Off-JT OJT Off-JT 54.4 45.6, 53.9 46.1, 55.4 44.6. 300 55.4 44.6, 300 999 55.9 44.1, 1,000 51.6 48.4 1,000 ( -41 ). < -41> OJT Off-JT 300 300 999 (: %) 1,000 OJT( ) 53.9(74) 55.4(43) 54.4(117) 55.4(51) 55.9(32) 51.6(34) Off-JT() 46.1(74) 44.6(43) 45.6(117) 44.6(51) 44.1(32) 48.4(34) (74) (43) (117) (51) (32) (34) : ( ) - 118 -

) Off-Line On-Line Off-Line On-Line Off-Line On-Line84.3 15.7, 85.9 14.1, 81.6 18.4. 300 83.5 16.5, 300 999 92.4 7.6, 1,000 77.9 22.1On-Line ( -42 ). < -42> Off-Line On-Line (: %) 300 300 1,000 999 Off-Line 85.9(84) 81.6(50) 84.3(134) 83.5(51) 92.4(39) 77.9(44) On-Line() 14.1(84) 18.4(50) 15.7(134) 16.5(51) 7.6(39) 22.1(44) 100(84) 100(50) 100(134) 100(51) 100(39) 100(44) : ( ) Off-Line On-Line Off-Line On-Line63.4 36.6, 65.3 34.7, 60.3 39.7. 300 61.8 38.2, 300 999 70.4 29.6, 1,000 58.8 41.2 1,000 On-Line ( -43 ). - 119 -

< -43> Off-Line On-Line (: %) 300 300 999 1,000 Off-Line 65.3(77) 60.3(47) 63.4(124) 61.8(44) 70.4(38) 58.8(42) On-Line() 34.7(77) 39.7(47) 36.6(124) 38.2(44) 29.6(38) 41.2(42) 100(77) 100(47) 100(124) 100(44) 100(38) 100(42) : ( ) 3) ) 47.4%, 24.4%, 7.7%, 7.1%, 5.1%, 3.2%, 1.3% ( -44 ).,,,,,. 300 999 (56.5%)1,000-120 -

< -44> (: %) 300 300 999 1,000 7.8( 8) 5.6( 3) 7.1(11) 3.1( 2) 10.9( 5) 8.7( 4) 49.0(50) 44.4(24) 47.4(74) 42.2(27) 56.5(26) 45.7(21) 17.6(18) 37.0(20) 24.4(38) 20.3(13) 8.7( 4) 45.7(21) 5.9( 6) 0.0( 0) 3.8( 6) 3.1( 2) 8.7( 4) 0.0( 0) 6.9( 7) 1.9( 1) 5.1( 8) 7.8( 5) 6.5( 3) 0.0( 0) 1.0( 1) 1.9( 1) 1.3( 1) 3.1( 2) 0.0( 0) 0.0( 0) 8.8( 9) 5.6( 3) 7.7(12) 12.5( 8) 8.7( 4) 0.0( 0) 2.9( 3) 3.7( 2) 3.2( 5) 7.8( 5) 0.0( 0) 0.0( 0) : ( ) (102) ( 54) (156) ( 64) ( 46) ( 46) (45.7%)., 300 (7.8%, 5). ) (2000) 14 63, 1 41, / 0.22%, / 1.62% ( -45 ). - 121 -

< -45> (:,, %) 300 300 999 1,000 ( ) 876(72) 2,446(43) 1,463(115) 205(47) 561(35) 4,212(33) 1() 38(72) 48(43) 41(115) 24(44) 48(35) 56(36) / 0.225(51) 0.222(27) 0.224(78) 0.136(26) 0.364(24) 0.185(28) / 1.560(46) 1.720(28) 1.620(74) 2.283(27) 1.138(22) 1.329(25) : ( ) 8 76, 1 38, / 0.22%, / 1.56% 24 46, 1 48, / 0.22%, / 1.72%. 1, / 300 999 (0.36%), / 300 (2.28%)., 451, 38.6%, 255, 40.9% 2,, ( -46 ). - 122 -

< -46> (:,, %) 300 300 999 1,000 ( ) 489(50) 383(28) 451(78) 15(21) 109(31) 1,211(26) 42.9(36) 32.9(27) 38.6(63) 33.3(14) 37.3(27) 43.6(22) 285(47) 210(30) 255(77) 19(21) 62(28) 626(28) 43.4(47) 36.6(28) 40.9(75) 48.7(20) 38.5(27) 37.5(28) : ( ),,,.,,,. 4) ) 50.6%, 37.0%, 10.4%, 1.9% ( -47 ).,,. 1,000(58.7%),. - 123 -

< -47> (: %) 300 300 999 1,000 38.6(39) 34.0(18) 37.0(57) 24.6(15) 31.9(15) 58.7(27) 49.5(50) 52.8(28) 50.6(78) 55.7(34) 53.2(25) 41.3(19) 9.9(10) 11.3( 6) 10.4(16) 16.4(10) 12.8( 6) 0.0( 0) 2.0( 2) 1.9( 1) 1.9( 1) 3.3( 2) 2.1( 1) 0.0( 0) (101) ( 53) (154) ( 61) ( 47) ( 46) : ( ) ( ) 58.2%, 41.1%, 37.7%, ( ) 31.5%, 16.4%, 9.6% ( -48 )., ( ), ( ),. 300 ( ) 1,000 ( ) (82.6%), (69.6%). - 124 -

< -48> (: %) 300 300 1,000 999 30.1(28) 50.9(27) 37.7(55) 21.8(12) 24.4(11) 69.6(32) 33.1(31) 28.3(15) 31.5(46) 34.5(19) 24.4(11) 34.8(16) ( ) 10.8(10) 7.5( 4) 9.6(14) 10.9( 6) 13.3( 6) 4.3( 2) 45.2(42) 34.0(18) 41.1(60) 38.2(21) 35.6(16) 50.0(23) 16.1(15) 17.0( 9) 16.4(24) 7.3( 4) 11.1( 5) 32.6(15) ( ) 55.9(52) 62.3(33) 58.2(85) 34.5(19) 62.2(28) 82.6(38) ( 93) ( 53) (146) ( 55) ( 45) ( 46) : ( ).. ) 61.1%, 29.3%, 28.7%, 24.8%, 23.6%, 13.4%, 3.8%, ( -49 ).,,,.,,,,. - 125 -

< -49> (: %) 300 300 1,000 999 28.7(29) 28.6(16) 28.7(45) 18.8(12) 26.1(12) 44.7(21) 19.8(20) 30.4(17) 23.6(37) 20.3(13) 19.6( 9) 31.9(15) 21.8(22) 30.4(17) 24.8(39) 10.9( 7) 21.7(10) 46.8(22) 3.0( 3) 5.4( 3) 3.8( 6) 0.0( 0) 0.0( 0) 0.0( 0) 26.7(27) 33.9(19) 29.3(46) 23.4(15) 19.6(9) 46.8(22) 62.4(63) 58.9(33) 61.1(96) 64.1(41) 45.7(21) 72.3(34) 13.9(14) 12.5( 7) 13.4(21) 10.9( 7) 23.9(11) 6.4( 3) : ( ) (101) ( 56) (157) ( 64) ( 46) ( 47) ) 38.3%, 31.3%, 28.9%, 1.6%, ( -50 ).,,. - 126 -

< -50> (: %) 300 300 999 1,000 35.8(29) 42.6(20) 38.3(49) 23.4(11) 48.7(19) 45.2(19) 30.9(25) 25.5(12) 28.9(37) 19.1( 9) 28.2(11) 40.5(17) 32.1(26) 29.8(14) 31.3(40) 53.2(25) 23.1( 9) 14.3( 6) 1.2( 1) 2.1( 1) 1.6( 2) 4.3( 2) 0.0( 0) 0.0( 0) 0.0( 0) 0.0( 0) 0.0( 0) 0.0( 0) 0.0( 0) 0.0( 0) : ( ) ( 81) ( 47) (128) ( 47) ( 39) ( 42) 300 (53.2%), 300 999 (48.7%), 1,000.. 5) 42.7%, 9.6%, 3.2% ( -51 ).. - 127 -

< -51> (: %) 300 300 999 1,000 46.2(48) 35.8(19) 42.7(67) 44.6(29) 45.7(21) 37.0(17) ( 41.3(43) 45.3(24) 42.7(67) 43.1(28) 37.0(17) 47.8(22), ) 8.7( 9) 11.3( 6) 9.6(15) 9.2( 6) 8.7( 4) 10.9( 5) 1.9( 2) 5.7( 3) 3.2( 5) 1.5( 1) 4.3( 2) 4.3( 2) (OA) 0.0( 0) 1.9( 1) 0.6( 1) 0.0( 0) 2.2( 1) 0.0( 0) 1.0( 1) 0.0( 0) 0.6( 1) 1.5( 1) 0.0( 0) 0.0( 0) 1.0( 1) 0.0( 0) 0.6( 1) 0.0( 0) 2.2( 1) 0.0( 0) : ( ) (104) ( 53) (157) ( 65) ( 46) ( 46),,. 300 999, 1,000. 32.6%, 16.5%, 15.2%, 15.2%, 9.8%, 5.8%, 3.1%, 1.3% ( -52 ). - 128 -

< -52> (: %) 300 300 1,000 999 3.3( 5) 11.1( 8) 5.8(13) 7.8( 7) 1.8( 1) 6.4( 5) 19.1(29) 11.1( 8) 16.5(37) 14.4(13) 17.9(10) 17.9(14) 34.2(52) 29.2(21) 32.6(73) 31.1(28) 35.7(20) 32.1(25) 11.2(17) 6.9( 5) 9.8(22) 12.2(11) 12.5( 7) 5.1( 4) 1.3( 2) 1.4( 1) 1.3( 3) 3.3( 3) 0.0( 0) 0.0( 0) 14.5(22) 16.7(12) 15.2(34) 10.0( 9) 16.1( 9) 20.5(16) 12.5(19) 20.8(15) 15.2(34) 16.7(15) 14.3( 8) 14.1(11) 3.3( 5) 2.8( 2) 3.1( 7) 3.3( 3) 1.8( 1) 3.8( 3) 0.7( 1) 0.0( 0) 0.4( 1) 1.1( 1) 0.0( 0) 0.0( 0) : ( (152) ),. ( 72) (224) ( 90) ( 56) ( 78),,,,. 300 999 (35.7%), 1,000... - 129 -

1) 76.4%, 23.6% ( -53 )., 300. < -53> (: %) 300 300 999 1,000 20.0(21) 30.4(17) 23.6( 38) 63.6(28) 55.9(19) 43.6(17) 80.0(84) 69.6(39) 76.4(123) 36.4(16) 44.1(15) 56.4(22) : ( ) (105) ( 56) (161) (44) (34) (39) 2) 31.8%, 38.0% 69.8% ( -54 ).,. - 130 -

< -54> (: %) 300 300 999 1,000 30.3(27) 35.0(14) 31.8(41) 21.8(12) 40.0(18) 37.9(11) 39.3(35) 35.0(14) 38.0(49) 30.9(17) 35.6(16) 55.2(16) 24.7(22) 22.5( 9) 24.0(31) 34.5(19) 22.2(10) 6.9( 2) 4.5( 4) 5.0( 2) 4.7( 6) 10.9( 6) 0.0( 0) 0.0( 0) 1.1( 1) 2.5( 1) 1.6( 2) 1.8( 1) 2.2( 1) 0.0( 0) ( 89) ( 40) (129) ( 55) ( 45) ( 29) : ( ) 3) 28.6%, 18.4%, 16.3%, 12.2%, 8.2%, 8.2%, 4.1% ( -55 ).,,,,. 300,,, 300 999,, 1,000 (33.3%). - 131 -

. < -55> (: %) 300 300 999 1,000 13.8(4) 0.0(0) 8.2( 4) 5.9(1) 25.0(2) 4.2(1) 10.3(3) 5.0(1) 8.2( 4) 0.0(0) 0.0(0) 16.7(4) 10.3(3) 15.0(3) 12.2( 6) 17.6(3) 12.5(1) 8.3(2) 6.9(2) 0.0(0) 4.1( 2) 11.8(2) 0.0(0) 0.0(0) 31.0(9) 25.0(5) 28.6(14) 23.5(4) 25.0(2) 33.3(8) 10.3(3) 25.0(5) 16.3( 8) 11.8(2) 25.0(2) 16.7(4) 17.2(5) 20.0(4) 18.4( 9) 23.5(4) 12.5(1) 16.7(4) 0.0(0) 10.0(2) 4.1( 2) 5.9(1) 0.0(0) 4.2(1) (29) (20) (49) (17) ( 8) (24) : ( ) 4) 18.6%, 0.8% (19.4%) (44.0%) ( -56 ).. 1,000 2.6%, 42.1%. - 132 -

< -56> (: %) 300 300 999 1,000 0.0( 0) 2.3( 1) 0.8( 1) 0.0( 0) 0.0( 0) 2.6( 1) 17.3(13) 20.9( 9) 18.6(22) 4.3( 2) 11.8( 4) 42.1(16) 33.3(25) 34.9(15) 33.9(40) 32.6(15) 32.4(11) 36.8(14) 26.7(20) 20.9( 9) 22.0(26) 39.1(18) 20.6( 7) 10.5( 4) 22.7(17) 20.9( 9) 22.0(26) 23.9(11) 35.3(12) 7.9( 3) : ( ) ( 75) ( 43) (118) ( 46) ( 34) ( 38) 5) 55.6%, 48.7%, 45.3%, 34.2%, 23.1%, 22.2%, 20.5%, 16.2%, 3.4%, 0.9%, ( -57 ).,,,,,,.,. - 133 -

< -57> (: %) 300 300 999 1,000 58.7(41) 50.0(21) 55.6(62) 50.0(22) 52.9(18) 64.1(25) 48.0(36) 50.0(21) 48.7(57) 40.9(18) 52.9(18) 53.8(21) 34.7(26) 33.3(14) 34.2(40) 34.1(15) 41.2(14) 28.2(11) 38.7(29) 57.1(24) 45.3(53) 36.4(16) 44.1(15) 56.4(22) 20.0(15) 26.2(11) 22.2(26) 9.1( 4) 11.8( 4) 46.2(18) 2.7( 2) 4.8( 2) 3.4( 4) 4.5( 2) 0.0( 0) 5.1( 2) 14.7(11) 31.0(13) 20.5(24) 6.8( 3) 17.6( 6) 38.5(15) 16.0(12) 35.7(15) 23.1(27) 15.9( 7) 20.6( 7) 33.3(13) 1.3( 1) 0.0( 0) 0.9( 1) 0.0( 0) 0.0( 0) 2.6( 1) 14.7(11) 19.0(8) 16.2(19) 9.1( 4) 14.7( 5) 25.6(10) : ( ( 75) ).. ( 42) (117) ( 44) ( 34) ( 39). 5 3.04, 2.90, 2.88, 2.84, 2.82, 2.81, 2.59 ( -58 ).. - 134 -

< -58> (: ) 300 300 999 1,000 2.54 2.69 2.59 2.46 2.82 2.54 2.86 2.93 2.88 2.94 3.12 2.56 2.69 3.02 2.81 2.74 3.00 2.70 2.86 2.75 2.82 2.79 2.91 2.77 2.86 2.98 2.90 2.91 3.12 2.67 3.01 3.10 3.04 3.20 3.17 2.70 2.84 2.85 2.84 3.10 2.82 2.49 2.81 2.90 2.84 2.88 2.99 2.63 300,, 300 999,,,, 1,000.. 1) 2.78, 2.74, 2.63, 2.60, 2.53, 2.53 ( -59 ). - 135 -

< -59> (: ) 300 300 999 1,000 2.75 2.72 2.74 2.79 3.13 2.31 2.57 2.45 2.53 2.64 2.93 2.05 2.48 2.63 2.53 2.66 2.80 2.12 2.66 2.58 2.63 2.83 2.82 2.23 2.69 2.94 2.78 2.86 2.95 2.53 (m arketability) 2.67 2.47 2.60 2.72 2.90 2.19 2.64 2.63 2.64 2.75 2.92 2.23,,,. 300 999, 300. 1,000. 2) 25.8%, 21.9%, - 136 -

19.2%, 10.6%, 10.6%, HRD 9.3%,, 2.6% ( -60 ). < -60> (: %) 300 300 999 1,000 24.0(24) 17.6( 9) 21.9(33) 18.6(11) 25.5(12) 22.2(10) HRD 8.0( 8) 11.8( 6) 9.3(14) 6.8( 4) 14.9( 7) 6.7( 3) 23.0(23) 31.4(16) 25.8(39) 15.3( 9) 23.4(11) 42.2(19) 12.0(12) (OJT) 7.8( 4) 10.6(16) 13.6( 8) 8.5( 4) 8.9( 4) 11.0(11) (OJT) 9.8( 5) 10.6(16) 16.9(10) 8.5( 4) 4.4( 2) (OJT), 2.0( 2) 3.9( 2) 2.6( 4) 3.4( 2) 2.1( 1) 2.2( 1) 20.0(20) 17.6( 9) 19.2(29) 25.4(15) 17.0( 8) 13.3( 6) (100) ( 51) (151) ( 59) ( 47) ( 45) : ( ),, - 137 -

. 300,, 300 999, 1,000 (42.2%). 3) 14.6%, 9.7%, 9.5%, 9.5%, 8.8%, 7.6%, 7.2%, 6.7%, 6.5%, 4.9%, 4.6%, 4.2% ( -61 ).,,,,. 300,, 300 999,, 1,000. - 138 -

< -61> (: %) 300 300 999 1,000 8.8(26) 8.7(12) 8.8(38) 8.2(15) 8.7(11) 9.8(12) 3.1( 9) 1.4( 2) 2.5(11) 2.7( 5) 2.4( 3) 2.4( 3) 5.4(16) 2.9( 4) 4.6(20) 5.5(10) 4.0( 5) 4.1( 5) ( ) 7.1(21) 5.1( 7) 6.5(28) 8.7(16) 6.3( 8) 3.3( 4) 5.1(15) 4.3( 6) 4.9(21) 3.8( 7) 7.9(10) 3.3( 4) 8.2(24) 13.0(18) 9.7(42) 9.8(18) 9.5(12) 9.8(12) 8.2(24) 12.3(17) 9.5(41) 6.6(12) 11.9(15) 11.4(14) 9.2(27) 4.3( 6) 7.6(33) 8.2(15) 5.6( 7) 8.9(11) 6.1(18) 9.4( 13) 7.2(31) 6.6(12) 7.1( 9) 8.1(10) 13.9(41) 15.9(22) 14.6(63) 17.5(32) 12.7(16) 12.2(15) 6.5(19) 7.2(10) 6.7(29) 4.9( 9) 9.5(12) 6.5( 8) 9.9(29) 8.7(12) 9.5(41) 9.8(18) 8.7(11) 9.8(12) 0.0( 0) 0.7( 1) 0.2( 1) 0.5( 1) 0.0( 0) 0.0( 0) 5.1(15) 2.2( 3) 4.2(18) 6.6(12) 2.4( 3) 2.4( 3) 0.0( 0) 1.4( 2) 0.5( 2) 0.0( 0) 0.8( 1) 0.0( 0) 2.4( 7) 1.4( 2) 2.1( 9) 0.5( 1) 1.6( 2) 4.9( 6) 1.0( 3) 0.7( 1) 0.9( 4) 0.0( 0) 0.8( 1) 2.4( 3) : ( ) (294) (138) (432) (183) (126) (123) 4) - 139 -

20.1%, 18.5%, 16.8%, 12.4%, 8.7%, 6.4%, 5.0%, 4.4%, 2.7%, 2.0%,, ( -62 ). < -62> (: %) 300 300 1,000 999 8.8(17) 8.7( 9) 8.7(26) 4.5( 5) 11.7(11) 10.9(10) 22.7(44) 15.4(16) 20.1(60) 15.2(17) 18.1(17) 28.3(26) 2.6( 5) 1.0( 1) 2.0( 6) 0.9( 1) 2.1( 2) 3.3( 3) 17.5(34) 15.4(16) 16.8(50) 28.6(32) 16.0(15) 3.3( 3) 17.5(34) 20.2(21) 18.5(55) 13.4(15) 21.3(20) 21.7(20) 1.0( 2) 0.0( 0) 0.7( 2) 0.9( 1) 0.0( 0) 1.1( 1) 3.1( 6) 1.9( 2) 2.7( 8) 0.9( 1) 4.3( 4) 3.3( 3) 2.6( 5) 7.7( 8) 4.4(13) 2.7( 3) 4.3( 4) 6.5( 6) 4.6( 9) 9.6(10) 6.4(19) 4.5( 5) 6.4( 6) 8.7( 8) 12.9(25) 11.5(12) 12.4(37) 23.2(26) 7.4( 7) 4.3( 4) 6.2(12) 2.9( 3) 5.0(15) 4.5( 5) 6.4( 6) 4.3( 4) 0.0( 0) 3.8( 4) 1.3( 4) 0.0( 0) 1.1( 1) 3.3( 3) 0.5( 1) 1.9( 2) 1.0( 3) 0.9(1) 1.1( 1) 1.1( 1) (194) (104) (298) (112) ( 94) ( 92) : ( ),. - 140 -

,,,. 300(28.6%), (23.2%). 300 999, 1,000 (28.3%), (21.7%).,,. 5) 38.6%, ( 20) 24.8%, 20.9%, 8.5%, 3D 6.5% ( -63 )., ( 20). 300 3D,, 300 999 (49.0%), 1,000 ( 20)(40.0%). - 141 -

20 20 ( 20). < -63> (: %) 300 300 999 1,000 ( 20) 19.6(20) 35.3(18) 24.8(38) 15.3(9) 22.4(11) 40.0(18),, 21.6(22) 19.6(10) 20.9(32) 20.3(12) 20.4(10) 22.2(10) 41.2(42) 33.3(17) 38.6(59) 37.3(22) 49.0(24) 28.9(13) 8.8( 9) 7.8 (4) 8.5(13) 11.9( 7) 6.1( 3) 6.7( 3) 3D 8.8( 9) 2.0( 1) 6.5(10) 13.6( 8) 2.0( 1) 2.2( 1) 0.0( 0) 2.0( 1) 0.7( 1) 1.7( 1) 0.0( 0) 0.0( 0) : ( ) (102) ( 51) (153) ( 59) ( 49) ( 45) 6) ( ) 36.4%,,,,, 15.7%, 12.9%, 2.1%, 1.4% ( -64 ). - 142 -

< -64> (: %) 300 300 999 1,000 15.4(14) 16.3( 8) 15.7(22) 13.1( 8) 15.9( 7) 20.0( 7) 14.3(13) 10.2( 5) 12.9(18) 11.5( 7) 4.5( 2) 25.7( 9) ( ) 35.2(32) 38.8(19) 36.4(51) 32.8(20) 45.5(20) 31.4(11) 14.3(13) 18.4( 9) 15.7(22) 19.7(12) 11.4(5) 14.3(5),, 16.5(15) 14.3( 7) 15.7(22) 21.3(13) 15.9( 7) 5.7( 2) 2.2( 2) 0.0( 0) 1.4( 2) 0.0( 0) 4.5( 2) 0.0( 0) 2.2( 2) 2.0( 1) 2.1( 3) 1.6( 1) 2.3( 1) 2.9( 1) : ( ). ( 91) ( 49) (140) ( 61) ( 44) ( 35) ( )(38.8%). 300,,, 300 999 (45.5%), 1,000,. 7) 60.0%, 23.1%, 7.5%, 5.0%, 3.1% ( -65 ). - 143 -

< -65> (: %) 300 300 999 1,000 21.9(23) 25.5(14) 23.1(37) 23.1(15) 16.7(8) 29.8(14) 58.1(61) 63.6(35) 60.0(96) 60.0(39) 70.8(34) 48.9(23) 5.7( 6) 3.6( 2) 5.0( 8) 7.7( 5) 0.0( 0) 6.4( 3) 10.5(11) 1.8( 1) 7.5(12) 4.6( 3) 8.3( 4) 10.6( 5) 3.8( 4) 1.8( 1) 3.1( 5) 1.5( 1) 4.2( 2) 4.3( 2) 0.0( 0) 3.6( 2) 1.3( 2) 3.1( 2) 0.0( 0) 0.0( 0) (105) ( 55) (160) ( 65) (48) (47) : ( ).,,. 300 99970.8%, 1,000,. - 144 -

. 1...... (Strategic Human Resource Management).. e-business (EHRM)....,,,,,,. - 145 -

. (Career path)..........,,., (explicit knowledge). (tacit knowledge) - 146 -

. (innovation).,..,..,.,...... /. - 147 -

. 20GE Jack Welch....... CEO...... - 148 -

.,,,......,, LG, SK,. (learning infrastructure),,., OJT,,,,,.,,,,,,,.,, - 149 -

, () (policices mandating continuing education),,,,, (desktop interactive learning), LotusNotes,,,,,.,,.,.,,.,....,... 2000 1.9% 4) 3.93%(1998, 4) 1.62%. - 150 -

ASTD)....?,.,..,. 1987 6 29 10. GDP.. IMF.. (social safety net) - 151 -

.....,,....,..... - 152 -

,,. 2..,,,,.,,. ( -2 )..,.. 1).,. - 153 -

.,,. (competency)..,.,,,,,.,,. 70.7%,.,,. 2). - 154 -

..,,,.,...,,.. 57.9%..,, (equity).,,. 3) (, ).,,, - 155 -

,. (competency model),, / (competency dictionary).. GE, HP,, / (performance) (corporate value),. (MBO) BSC(balanced score card)..,,,. 4).,,,, (),.., - 156 -

.,,,.. ( -1 ). < -1> ( ) ( ) () () ( ) ( ) () () () () () () ( ) (),,, - 157 -

,,.... (MBO),,,. 5),,,,,.. 54.7%... 1900... - 158 -

......... 6). (Abraham Maslow) 5.. 49.3%.. - 159 -

.,..,.,.,.,,,.,.,,,,..,.. (morale).,, (moral hazard).. 7) - 160 -

.....,.,,,...,. IBM, GE, Hewlett-packard. 59.2%....., - 161 -

.,. 5.0%...,,, (outplacement program).. 1) ). 5%.. (,, 2001). - 162 -

... IMF. 11990 1 1996 3 9. 1999 3 4..... IMF.,. 2000 3 1.9% 3.93%(1998 ASTD ).., 2001 2.5% 2003 3% 2005 3.5% (, 2000. 5)..,. ) - 163 -

....... 14.6%.., 5%., 28. 4 3... ), - 164 -

.,.., 3D..,,,. 21. 21..,, (, 2000. 1. 20).. ). - 165 -

... 8.2%..,. GE (chief learning officer)... LG - OTIS,, 2000. (2).,,,. UTC 1100. POSCO.. ) 21.,., - 166 -

...., LG,,..,..,,. (management-posters). 6 1. LG,,, GE,,,,,,...,,,,,,, 8.. ) IT(information technology) (Learning Technologies),, e-learning. - 167 -

POSCO,, LG, SK e-learning Center e-campus On-Line.. (Training) (Self Directed Learning). POSCO e-learning,,. POSCO e-learning (CBL : Computer Based Learning), (Distance Learning), Cyber(Web Based Learning), DB 4. Off-line. Off-line On-line 84.3% 15.7%On-line. Off-line.,. ). - 168 -

..,.,.,..., (, 1999. 9).... (opportunity wage)..,,,,. - 169 -

.. ),.. GE,.. IBM 10%.,, SK, LG,.,. 198120. 3 3358 1 2. - 170 -

BPR(Business Process Reengineering). 3 4. 33.. ). 2000 GNP 72.8% 18.1%, 20.6%, 43.1%. LSE Training Committee.. 2000() 11.9% (,, 2000:199).. 1997 7,,, - 171 -

,. IMF,... 2),..,. (concept)....,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.,,,, - 172 -

.,.,.,,.. 23.6%. 70.9%.... (, 1999; -2 ).. ),.,... ). - 173 -

< -2> ( ) ( ---, ) (, ) / (,, (,,, ), ), Off-JT,,, ( ( ) ),, ( ),,,, (,, ), : (1999)., 20-24 in,, 105. - 174 -

.,.,. ),,.... ). (,, ), - 175 -

3),,,..,,,. ),,,,.., (mentors),,, (facilitators),...,,,.. 1997 34, 1998 43, 1999 50. 2001 12 165,000 60 (1997 2000 )7.71%(5.54%) - 176 -

.,..,.,.,...,.,. 21.. ).,., ( ).. Shell, Champion, Corning, Xerox, Saturn, AT&T. - 177 -

.,,,. LG, LG 20 30. LG3. (QC).. ).,.....,,,.,, - 178 -

. IBM. GE Six Sigma., 100 3 4,, (zero defect). ) (alternative work schedules)...,,... (compressed workweek) 1 5 4. 41 10, 40(4 10)... (flextime work schedule)..,,,,,.,, - 179 -

... ),,,. LG 2000 3,,...,,,,,,. SK 2000 6. SDI,...,,. ) - 180 -