1. 6 26. 1990 (Human Genome Project: HGP) 35., 21. (Jeremy Rifkin) < > 1990 (Rifkin, 1998).. 21.... 2, 3, 4. 2. 1) (bioindustry) (biotechnology). OECD(1982).
,,,,,,,,,,., (genomics) (OECD, 2000)., (, 2000).,. 20. (traditional bioindustry), (modern bioindustry), (genome- based bioindustry) (< 1> ). < 1> 20,, 20,, 21,,,,,, : (2000). 20.,,. 20 DNA (1953 ) DNA (1973 ) (1975 ),. 1990. 1990., 21.,
. (post- genome),,,,,..,. (, 1992),,,,, 6 (techno- economic paradigm) (< 2> ). (key factor ), (motive branches), (carrier branches),,,, (induced branches). < 2> 1 1770/ 80 1830/ 40 2 1830/ 40 1880/ 90 3 1880/ 90 1930/ 40, 2 4 1930/ 40 1970/ 80 5 1970/ 80 2010/ 20, 6 2010/ 20?., 6 (socio- institutional framework)., (promotion) (regulation)., (windows of opportunity) (Perez and Soete, 1988).,.,.
2),,.,., 1g 5 60%, 256K D 1g 360 30%. G- CSF (granulocyte- colony stimulating factor ) 1g 54, EPO(erythropoietin) 1g 67.,. 1990 97 32%, (< 3> ). DRI(Decision Resources Incorporation), 1995 2005 22.1%, (9.4%), (9.1%), (6.9%), (3.5%), (1.4%). < 3> : 1997 2000 2003 2008 313 540 740 1,250 1,470 1,480 2,125 3,701 7,070 9,210 12,340 21,320 : Ernst & Young(1998); Dataquest; KISDI,.,,,,,,,,,.,,, (bioinformatics).,.
., (reverse engineering)., 1 3., 1998 99, 5 R&D 3..,., 10 15.8 9.0 9.9 13.2 (, 2000a).,., (time lag).,,,.,,.,.,,.,. 1990, 3 5% ELSI(Ethical, Legal and Social Implications )...
, 1990 3. 3. 1).,.,,,,,,.. 2000, (focused targeting).,. (< 4> ). 1999 (Amgen), (Genentech), (Biogen), (Chiron),,, 10., (Wellcome T rust ), (Glaxo Wellcome), (Novatis) 10 4,500 30. < 4> :, % Amgen Chiron Genentech Genzyme Alza Biogen Immunex 2,470 1,164 1,017 592 464 434 190 644 71 129 14-261 89-16 R&D 25.5 6.3 46.3 12.5 33.8 33.6 57.4 : Ernst & Young(1999).
2. 1990 (Monsanto), (Novatis), (Calgene), 2., 1997,., (Living Modified Organism, LMO). LMO 64%, 1/ 3, 1/ 2 LMO. LMO LMO LMO, 1998 9 LMO 19 2001 4.,,., (hydrocarbon) (carbohydrate).... DNA,, Lab. DNA DNA 1 0.,. 2) 1990.
1990,, 21 3. 1988 (Biotechnology Coordination and Competitiveness Act) 1992 95 21 (Biotechnology for the 21st Century). 21 13 1992 1993 1995.. 21,,,,,, (Office of T echnology Assessment, 1995).,. (NIH),., 114 (Biotechnology Center).,,., EU. 1980 BEP(Biomolecular Engineering Program), BAP(Biotechnology Action Program), BRIDGE(Biotechnology Research for Innovation, Development and Growth in Europe), EUREKA (European Research Coordination Agency) 20%.,,. 1995 Biotechnology Means Business, 2000 (Genome Valley). 1996 2,560 Ecu
3 Bio Regio. 1991 96 Bio- Avenir,. 2.,,. 1990. 1997, 1999 (Helix)., 1999,,,, 5,,. 2010 1,175 1 25 1,000.,,,,,,, (, 2000b).,,. 1999 (Genome Canada) 2005 4., 3 (Genome Canada T ask Force, 1999). 2000,,,, 16% 2 5.,
,,,,, 6 (Commonwealth of Australia, 2000).. (Convention on Biological Diversity) 1992 6 UN (UNCED) 1993. (sovereign right). (Biosafety Protocol) (Bio- Pollution) (Bio- Hazard) 2000 1,. (Bio Property Right). (Biological Ethics) (1990 ), (1990 ),,, ( 1994 )., 1997 2,. 4. 1) 1990 20 30%. 1998 3 6 (5,085 ) 1.1%, 2.7%, 1997,,, 0.1 0.3% (< 5> )., 1993 97 30.4%(1,683 4,246 ), 16.2%(299 541 ), 1997 2003 32%, 2004 13 20% 2003 3.4%, 2008 5.0% (< 6> ).
< 5> (1997 ) (%) ( ) 92,138 180 0.20 ( ) 2,697,568 3,300 0.12 ( ) 4,348,950 5,879 0.14 ( ) 1,361.6 3.2 0.24 : ; < 6> :, % 1997 2000 2003 2008 2013 1997 2003 2004 2013 4,700 11,000 25,000 63,000 150,000 32 20 2,500 7,000 16,000 42,000 100,000 36 20 6,000 14,000 32,000 84,000 200,000 32 20 1,200 4,000 9,000 21,000 50,000 40 19 7,200 18,000 41,000 105,000 250,000 34 20 : (1999).,,,.,., 1999 1,608 0.8%, 5.5%, 10% (< 7> ). < 7> : 772 186 268 133 28 28 35 1,450 1999 22-12 84 19 18 3 158 794 186 280 217 47 46 38 1,608 1,007 290 313 143 30 31 40 1,854 2000 21-29 195 19 19 3 286 1,028 290 342 338 49 50 43 2,140
: (2000)., 60 70%, (< 8> ). < 8> ( ) (%) 3.3 2.3 4.4 65.7 3.3 2.3 5.9 67.2 2.8 2.0 4.5 69.0 2.9 1.9 4.5 63.9 3.5 2.4 6.9 62.9 :,,,, 1 5 : (1999).,. 1999 4,934 2,368 50, 453 80, 1., 9 1,608 ( 450 ),.. 1983 1994 (Biotech 2000),.,.,. LMO. 2),,
,.,,,,,,,..,. 21. (2000) 2005 10, 2010 6,, (< 9> ). < 9> :, % 2000 2005 2010 540 910 1,540 7 23 61 % 2.2 3.5 6.6 500 4,000 10,000 300 600 1,000 : (2000). (, 2000)., 21,..,,,,,,,,,,
.,..,,,,,. ( ). 5...,,..,,,,.,,,,..,..
< > (2000), 2000. (1992), < >,. (2000),. (1999), < >. (2000),. (2000), < 5 >,. (2000), < >,. (2000a), 21. (2000b),. (1999), < >. Ernst & Young ( ), Biotechnology Industry Annual Report Commonwealth of Australia(2000), Australian Biotechnology. Genome Canada T ask Force(1999), Genome Canada: Business Plan Draft for Discussions. OECD(1982), Biotechnology: International T rends and Perspectives. OECD(1999), Modern Biotechnology and the OECD. OECD(2000), Reviewing and Refining the Definition of Biotechnology Office of T echnology Assessment (1995), Meeting the Challenge: U.S. Industry Faces the 21st Century - T he U.S. Biotechnology Industry. Perez and Soete(1988), Catching up in T echnology: Entry Barrier s and Window s of Opportunity, G. Dosi, et al. (eds.), T echnical Change and Economic T heory (London: Pinter Publisher s). Rifkin, J.(1998),, < > (, 1999).
* 1 ), * * 2 ) 1...,,... (gen om e).,.,,,,,. 50..,,,,... 2.. 6 (Hum an Gen om e P roject ). (g en om e). (1) 1982 OECD : (Biot echn ology : Int ernational *1) (T el: 02-3284- 1832/ e- mail: dhahn @stepi.re.kr) **2) (T el: 02-3284- 1873/ e- mail: kskw an @stepi.re.kr )
T rends and P er spectiv es ),.. 1996 OECD S T I R ev iew No.19 (Special Issue on Biotechnology )..,...,,.,...,,. (T h e Biotech Century )" Jeremy Rifkin,..,.,... (ex traction in du stry )...,,. Bill Gat es.,. (if) (h ow ). Bill Gates Leroy H ood Darw in M olecular.,..,,., (super anim al),
.,. (2) (gen om e) (genom e ),,,,,.. (genom e ) (gen e) (chrom osom e). DNA. (g en om e),. (genom e ). - ics g enom ics..,,,.,,,.,,, (paradigm shift ).,,.,. (critical m as s )., 10 1 10 1.,.. (research m at erials ).,.
(tran sdisciplin ary ),,. (tacit ).,,...,. 1998 1999 2 1/ 3.,,. (embry o stem cell) (Livin g M odified Org anism, LM O).. < 1>,. D/ B 1998 99, (IP C C12N ) 1/ 3. < 1> : Chin, Hemin (2000).
< 1> 1996 99 1991 95. (0.56% 3.41% ) (1.80% 2.74% ), (1.04% 0.52% ), (15.35% 8.74% ). < 1> 1991 95 1996 99 (% ) (% ) 0.56 27 3.41 308 1.80 87 2.74 247 0.81 39 0.95 86 0.83 40 0.61 55 4.56 220 3.30 298 15.35 741 8.74 789 1.04 50 0.52 47 100.00 4,828 100.00 9,031 3.,,,.., (activity index ), (t echn ology strength ), it em. (1) 1999 1,608 0.8%, 5.5%. < 2>. 14%, 10%. < 2> (1999 ) ( : )
772 186 268 133 28 28 35 1,450 22-12 84 19 18 3 158 794 186 280 217 47 46 38 1,608 :, 2000 (2) (2000), 2002 50%.. 33%.,. < 3> 2000 881 673, 208 3). g en om ics 17, ( ) 28., 4). 1998 99 (IP C C12N ), ( ),,. 1,474 ( 11.8% ), 741 ( 6.0% ), 240 ( 1.9% ) ( 1 6 8 ),., 1 667, 179, 85. 5) 3). 3,141 6,598. KORDIC DB ( ) 1.329. 4). 5) 29 2.
< 3> (2000 7 ) (structural biology) ) (genetics) (structure and function of macromolecules) - 88 88 (anabolism) - 12 12 (catabolism) - 9 9 (enzyme) 2 101 103 (action mechanism of bioactive substance) 5 111 116 (g enomics ) 1 16 17, (replication, transcription and translation) (gene expression and regulation) 1 23 24 8 208 216 (recombinant DNA) 2 72 74 3 11 14 22 651 673 (molecular genetics) 8 118 126 (developmental genetics) 1 22 23 (cytogenetics) 1 33 34 (populational genetics) 1 20 21 1 3 4 12 196 208 34 854 881 : 1.. : KORDIC, DB (3), 3.6%, 13.2%. < 4>,,., 14 43. 35. (pool) 1. < 4>
%( =100) 31 23 2 188,248 50,767 6,695 100 27 3.6 : WFCC(world federation of culture collection) : (4) ( ),. 6),.,. < 5> 1998 99 28. 22.5% 1.4%,. 7) < 5> (1998 1999 ) ( :, % ) 2,857 (58.5) 1,122 (22.5) 348 (7.1) 59 (1.2) 170 (3.5) 36 (0.7) 45 (0.9) 1 (- ) 243 (5.0) 4,881 (100%) 364 (81.8) 6 (1.4) 19 (4.3) 19 (4.3) 1 (0.2) 7 (1.6) 1 (0.2) - 28 (6.3) 445 (100%) 15 (53.6-6 (21.4) 2 (7.1) - 1 (3.6) - - 3 (10.6) 28 (100%) : :, :, :,,, : 8),. < 2> 1 6) monoclonal antibody MRC C. Milstein G. Koehler,,. 7).. 8) (activity index ) = ( ) ( )
,,,. < 2> (1986 2000), 9) 1992 1996 100 12,000, 2,000 (< 3> ). < 3> : Office of T echnology Policy, (1998) < 4> 1975 1998 ( 9) (technology strength) quality-weighted indicator.
). 5 14., serum album in, protein C, F GF, antisen se 10., F DA. urokin ase,, EP O, CSF, T PA F DA 1 4... < 4> it em ( ) ---------------- apoptosis(4 ) ---------------------------- humanized(6 ) ------------------- chimeric(5 ) ---------------------------- TGF(6 ) FGF( ) antisense( ) angiogenesis( ) ---------------------------------------------------- AAV(12 ) protein C( ) ----------------------- SOD(5 ) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- repressor(14 ) inhibitor( ) ----------------------- --- TPA(6 ) ------------------------ ---------------------- lympokine(5 ) serum albumin( ) --------------------------------------------------- --- CSF(10 ) ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- EPO(13 ) -------------------------------------------------------------- urokinase(12 ) ------------------------- ------------ interferon(5 ) ----------------------------------------- -- growth hormone(9 ) ------------------------------------ insulin(7 ) 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 : :, :, : FDA :. ( ) : : (2000), p.50.
4..,,,, 1990.,,.,,.,,,,,.,. 5.4% 5 10%,.,.,...,, 1992 (um brella program ) Biotechn ology for the 21st Century.. < 6>.,. (bottom up ). 10) 10) NIH (National Institutes of Health), MRC(Medical Research Council), DFG(German Research Association), (top down).
< 5> 1999 12,,,, 5 2000 7,,,, 16% 2 5 (A UD ) 1999 (MRC) Gen om e Canada, 3 3 2005 4 (CAD ) 2000 (DT I) Genom e V alley, 11)..,.,....,,... 11) 1999 Max - Plank 10,,,,.
.,, (field ).,.,.,..,,..,,.,..,.. 300..,..,.,. 1990 NIH 3 5% ELSI(Ethical, Leg al and S ocial Im plication s ).. 5..,
. Ern st & Youn g. 99.,..,.,. < > ( ) (1998),.. (2000),,. (2000),, (2000), 21 :,. (1997), (2000 ), (2000),,.,.,. ( ), 21. Chin, Hemin (2000), Human Genome Project and Biotech Industries: Retrospect and Prospect, <Bio-Med 2000 Korea>. Committee on Life Sciences and Health of FCCSET (1992), B iotechnology for the 21th Century - A Fccset R eport, in http:// www.nalusda.gov Genome Canada Task Force (1999), Genome Canada: B usiness Plan Draf t for Discussions, in http:// www.genomecanada.com Department of Trade and Industry (2000), Genome Valley: The Economic Potential and Strategic Importance of B iotechnology in the UK. Ernst & Young (2000), The Economic Contributions of the B iotechnology Industry to the U.S. Economy. OECD (1982), B iotechnology: International Trends and Persp ectives. Rifkin, J. (1998), The B iotech Century, Jeremy P. Tarcher/ Putnam. Schimank, U. et al. (1999), Public Sector Research in Europ e: Comparative Case Studies on the Organization of H uman Genetics R esearch, TSER Project No. SOE1- CT96-1036.
( ) 1. : BT.,.,,.. 1994 < >,, (DNA RNA ),....... 21 IT (inform ation technology ) BT (biotechnology ). IT, BT..,..,,,,,,,,, 8. DNA,. - 1 -
..... 2. (gen etically m odified org anism, GM O )- UN < > Living M odified Organism ' (LM O)-.,,,,., DNA DNA. (m odification ) (recom bination )...... (F ranken stein foods )...,,, 3.?,.? - 2 -
,,,,,.... 1.5 8.?......,,..,?,.. W T O..., (Roun d- Up ) (Roun dup Ready ).. - 3 -
(term inat or techn ology ).,.,...,.,,..., 38,.,... 1989... 36 1... 1999 12 14,,.,,. - 4 -
...,..... 3.. 1997. 20%,.... 3-5%..,. < >.,,.., 100%. P PL. 1999. (st em cell). - 5 -
,.. (bio- h azard)....,.?.,...,,. (biodiv er sity )..,.,,,.,..,.. :., - 6 -
,...,..,.,...,, 40% DNA. DNA... LM Os. 100%,. 2000 1 < > (Cartagen a Protocol on Biosafety ). LM Os. (precaution ary principle)., LM Os,, LM Os - 7 -
.,., (playin g God ).?.,.,... 4., DNA. (g enom ics )., DNA,., 23, 30 10, 16, 1200 6.,,.,,, 97%. (Bioinform atics ). (functional g en om ics ) (com parativ e genomics ). SNP (Single Nu cleotide P olym orphism ), - 8 -
. 99.9%, 0.1% SNP.,....,...,.....,.,....,.,,... 99.9%, 99.9%. SNP, 99.9%. - 9 -
...,..... (J. Locke),,.?.,. (proces s ) (produ ct ).,.,,,,.... 21., 15%, 50%, 35%,.. (biopriacy ). 3,. 3-10 -
., 1993.. 26.,.... SNP., 1990. 1980.... 1984. 20...........,.,. - 11 -
,.., 21....?.. (T A ).,,.,,,..,,,. 1983 < > 15 2,,,.,..? - 12 -
,, :, 2000.,, :, 2000.,,, < > (2000. 7. 3.- 4, ),, (, 1999), 2000 ( ) (, 1994),,, 2, :, 2000. Caplan. A. L., Can Ethics H elp Guide the F uture of Biom edicine?. ed by Baker R.B. et al. T h e A m erican M edical Ethics Rev olution. Baltim ore and London : T he John s H opkin s Univ er sity Press, 1999. H arris. J., Clones, Gen es, and Im m ortality : Ethics an d the Genetic Rev olution. Oxford : Ox ford Univ er sity Pres s, 1998. Hilm an, Allan L. A Roun dtable Discu ssion - Gen e T herapy : S ocioeconom ic and Ethical Issu es. Hum an Gen e T herapy v ol. 7, 1996. Murry. T. H., T h e Gen om e and A ccess t o Health Care. ed by T. H. Murry et al. T he Hum an Gen om e Project and the F uture of Health Care. Bloomingt on an d In dian apolis : In dian a Univ er sity Pres s, 1996. P et er s, T ed, P lay ing God?, N ew York an d Lon don : Routledg e, 1997. - 13 -
- - (, ) 97 6 26 (biotechnology ). T V, 1. DNA. DNA T V, DNA. (inform ation t echnology ).... 17.. (Jerem y Rifkin ) " (T he B iotech Cen tury )" 1. 25 2. 2025.., ( [hum anity ]), ( ),,,,....,.. 21 (v er sion ). ( ). (Hum an Gen om e Project, HGP )..
2. 1) (Basisw issen schaft ) 1). (scientific rev olution ) ( ). (clockw ork ),....,,.. 2).,, (hierarchy ).,. (F. J. Ay ala ),,. (ontological reductionism ) (entity ). (m eth odological reductionism ). (epist em ological redu ctionism ).. HGP.,.. ( ). 2) 1). (phy sicalism),. (Carnap), (Neurath).,,,,,. 2)
(Vicedo, 1992)..,. (fundamental), (essence)..,. (Sarkar ).. 1) (fundamentalism ) 2) (abstract hierarchy ) 3) (spatial hierarchy ). 3. 3), (weak reduction ) 1). (phenotype)., 1) 2).. ( )., (strong reduction ) 1), 2), 3).. (Sarkar, 1998). 1) 2) 3) (approximate strong reduction ) (strong reduction ). (geneticism, Sarkar ),....,.. (molecularization), HGP. (level),. 3) weak reduction, approximate abstract hierarichical reduction, abstract hierarichical reduction, approximate strong reduction, strong reduction,.
3.,.., (population ) ( ).,,,.,.. 1) (back- door eugenics )".,, (select ). ( ),.. (negative eugenics) 4) (cost - benefit ),,. (Philip Kitcher ) HGP (enterprise of choosing people) (Kitcher, 1998).,. (slippery slope)".,.. 4) (positive eugenics).. (cost - benefit),.
. 2) (Edward J. Yoxen ) " (Constructing Genetic Disease)". (socially construct ). (Evelyn Fox Keller ),, ( ), 5) (Keller, 1992) 2000, (genetic pool) ( ). 6) ( ),..,..,.,..,....... < > < >. (actor ),...,, 5) HGP (big science). HGP. 6) Galton. H. J. Muller.. 50 (status quo) 3. Linus Pauling.
... 4., -., 21,.. ( ). 7),.. ( )..,? ( )?...,. (Kitcher, 1996).,,,,..,... 7)..
< > 1953 DNA DNA DNA (container ) 8),... DNA = DNA 35 (process ) DNA (code). DNA. DNA, (linear ). ( ) ( ). ( ),.., (cost ).. (humanity ).., DNA. ( ). ( ), DNA. (ecosystem ) (network), 1:1, - -..,. ( ).. (identity ). < > < > Ayala, F. J., 1974, Introduction in F. J. Ayala and T. Dobzhansky (eds.), S tudies in the P hilos op hy od B iology (London, Macmillan ) 8) Richard Dawkins "T he Selfish Gene( ).
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1) 2) 1. :. NGO..,..,,,...,.. OECD, 15 15 1997 4.. 1997 3 15. 1999 8,..,..,. ( 1), ( : ). ha nc lk@pspd.org 2), ( : ). biocdst@orgio.net
). 1980. 1998,. 2 (biosafety protocol), LMO. DNA...,,,., ( )..,.. 2. :., 1970.,. (Biohazard)' 1970 SF,... 1971 DNA, 1974 (National Academy of Science) DNA ( 1974 7 26 ).
DNA,, (NIH). 1) NIH 1973,., (SF) 2).,. OECD. 3). 1970.,.,.,. 4).. 1) DNA,,, 1970 1980, DNA, ( 12, 13, 14 / 1999. 12. 2000. 2). 2) Mic ha e l Roge rs( ) 3) 1997 NIH,. 4) Ma e -Wa e Ho, Ge ne tic Enginee ring Drea m or Nightma re?, Gateway Books, 1998;,,,, ( 7, 8 / 1999. 5 7). 20., (,2000) Institute of sc ie nce in soc iety. www.i-sis.org
3. : 3 1... (Biosafety Protocol),,., 5).. 1989 L ( ) 30 10,000.,.,. (L ), ( ) 6).,..,.. Bt-,. 7) 1998.,,. 5) (the princ iple of pre c a utiona ry) (Sc ie nc e a nd Environme nta l He a lth Networke r, SEHN). www.se hn.org 6), (, 2000), 94 96 ;, ( ), (, 1999) ;,,,, ( 2, 1997) 7),,,, ( 7, 8 / 1999. 5 7)..
(vector construct).,.. 8). 3 2.. 9)... 10) 2/3..,...,,. Bt,,. Bt,. 11) Bt,. 12) 8), ( 9, 1999. 8) / (New Sc ie ntist, 20 Fe brua ry, 1999), (New Sc ie ntist, 6 Ma rc h, 1999), (Nature, Vol. 398, 11 Ma rc h, 1999), (New Sc ie ntist, 17 April, 1999) 9). 10),???, (, 2000), 184 185. 11) 1999 Bt ( 99. 5. 2). 12) Bt (
.,. 13) 3 3.?..,.,. 14) (Terminator Technology)',. 15) 30 40,.. ( ).,. 16). 4. : 4 1.? : (Playing God) 1997 Dolly, 1998,. 1999. 8. 7) 13)., 188. 14) Shiva, Va nda na, The Viole nc e of the Gree n Revolution (Third Word Network, 1991);,, (, 2000);,,. 15) &,, ( 14, 2000. 2) 16), 167 173.
(Embryoinc stem cell). (totipotent),,,., (adult stem cell). 17)... 14. (primitive streak) 14. 14. 18),. (Blastomere Seperation) (Nuclear transfer),. 4 2. (NIH) 1990,.,, AIDS. OTC(ornithine transcarbamylase) 18 4. NIH FDA.. 1996.,,. 17) Irving L. We issma n e t al. Ste m Ce ll Resea rc h a nd Ethics Sc ie nce (vol 287,25, 2000) 18) 14 14 (, 2000. 6).
,,.,,., (genetic enhancement),. 19) 4 3. 20) (genetic information).,,.. (presymptomatic diagnosis)..,.....,.. 21). DNA profile,..,. 19) Mr Ha ro ld Ed ga r a nd Mr Thoma s Tursz. ' Re port o n Huma n Ge ne The ra py'. Inte rna tiona l Bioethics Committe e (UNESCO) 20) (, 2000. 8); Ma rk A. Rothste in Ge netic Se c rets-prote ctiong Priva cy a nd Confide ntia lity in the Ge netic Er a (Ya le Unive rsity press). 2 1) 43 (Health insurance) 15 (employment) ;.( 2000.8.5)
4 4. (Xenotransplantation),., 22), (Xenotropic).....,.. (informed consent). 5. : 5 1. :? (Human genome project).?. PE,. 23),.,. 22) F.H Ba tc h, et a l. ' Unc e rta inty in Xe notra nspla nta tio n ind ivid ua l be nefit ve rsus c olle ctive risk'. Nature Me dic ine (Vol 4:3, 1998) BBC, ( 2000.8.14) 23) RAFI(Rura l Adva nc e me nt Fo unda tio n Inte rna tioa l). www.ra fi.o rg
..,..,.,. 24).,. 25) 5 2. : WTO.., ( ). 26) 1930 1981, 1988 (harvard mouse),.,. 27) 3 (biopiracy). 1992 < >, WTO. 28) EST(Expressed Sequence 24), (, 1993).,, (, 2000). 25) Co unc il for Responsible Ge ne tics, www.ge nwa tc h.org 26), (, 2000). 27), (, 2000). 28), 3, (, 2000); GRAIN,,.
Tag) SNP(Single Nucleotide Polymorphism)... 29) 1997 UNESCO < >. 6....,.,..,,,.,..,,,.,,..,. 29) RAFI. ' Phase II for Huma n Ge nome Resea rc h -Huma n Ge netic Dive rsity Ente r the comme rica l Ma instre a m' RAFI COMMUNIQUE (Ja nua ry/fe brua ry 2000)
? ( ) bioinform atics, com put ational biology, com put ation al m olecular biology, bioinform atics.,, " / / ".,. F rederic S an ger ( 1958 ) 1960. 20, "MDQNNSLPPYA QGLA SP QGA MT P GIPIF SPMMPYGT GLT P Q P IQ" ( ).? "?", "?".,. M ont e Carlo St anislaw Ulam,,., F rederic S an ger DNA 1980. S an ger., DNA.,., 3, 3., 3., 1 3 ( folding ), 3,,
,. 3,. um brella t erm, 3,., DNA 3,. DNA, RNA,,. DNA chip proteom ics.., DNA chip proteomics, g enom ics proteom ics. DNA chip ( DNA m icroarray ) proteom ics "global".,, RNA, g enom ics " " RNA.., g enom ics.,. DNA chip DNA, DNA chip. DNA chip,., DNA chip,
chip...,.. g enom ics,.,. " ".,,,, /.,. ",.",.,, 21. proteom ics. proteom ics g en om ics. RNA.,, gen om ics.,,.,,.,., genomics proteom ics.,., / /.. 1970.
,.. g enom ics,.,,.,.,.,,,,.,..,..,. g enom ics,., g enom ics ( per son alized m edicine ).,. DNA. SNP (Single Nu cleotide P olym orphism )., DNA. SNP, SNP. 30,,. SNP 30.,,.,.,.,
. SNP? SNP,.,,., SNP,.,., decode g en etics..,..,.,,., " "., DNA chip.. SNP, DNA DNA ( DNA ) Hum an Gen e T ru st. w w w.dn a.com..,.,,.,.,.
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1).... 6 15 6 30, 59. 1. 2000 6 30 215 138. 7,110 2% 30%. < 1> 1997 1998 1999 2000 6 (A ) 1,468 2,042 4,934 7,110 (%) 39 142 44 (B) 41 65 118 138 (%) 58 81 17 (%, B/ A ) 3 3 2 2 : 1996. 1999 70 2000 42 1) ( )
. < 1> : 2000 6 2. 30% 19%, 14%, 11%. 9%, 3% 18%, 11%, 11%. < 2> 3. 70% 60%..
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4.. M&A Buy - Back,. 2 3 5.. 1. 80%. 30 40 10.. < 2> 39 77% 49% 61% 40.9 98%, 66% ( ( ) 10 65% 73%) 94% 2. 1999 71% 2 8 13 6. < 8>
1 % 1 % 3 7 % 1 2 % 2 0 % 1 2 % 3 5 % 3 0 % 7 % 4 4 % 5 15.4 184%. 1 2. < 9> 3. 1999 4 9 1999 47 5%. 1999-830% 2000 9%
. < 10> 99 50%, 2000 40%,,. 1999 151%. 2000 136% 71%. < 3> R&D (99) (97) (97) 99 151-830 50 2000 136 9 184 40 71.2 4.0 25.3 33.6-2.0 0.6-2.3 0.3 2.0-2.9 8.7 2.1 4.. 48% 1 6. 47% 3 9 5. < 11>
10 80% 21.. < 12> (premium ) 1.. 1.,,.
. < 13> ( : % ) 2.. 3 5. 5. < 14>
. < 15> < 16> o 2%. 2000 6 1,500 150...
1. o 65% 1999.. o 10. 6 50%. o 1 2 10.. o,. < 5> KAIST 4 17 26 10 10 20 5 5 4 10 < >,, o
. o.... o Exit. Exit. Exit Licen sing Out M &A.
: Genom e Can ada 1 ) I. Genom e Can ada.. 1997 (M edical Research Coun cil of Canada ) Genom e T ask F orce. 1998 6 Genom e Canada 5 2 5. 1998 9 (Nation al Research Council of Can ada ), (N atural S cien ce and En gineering Research Council) (S ocial S cience and Hum anities Research Coun cil) Genom e Canada., Can adian Biotechn ology Strat egy T ask F orce, A griculture an d A gri- F ood Can ada, H ealth Can ada, Environm ent Can ada, an d the Canadian F orest S erv ice, 1999 Genom e Can ada T a sk F orce,, Gen om e Can ada. 1999 5 Gen om e Can ada M artin Godbout Gen om e Can ada ` Genom e Canada 1999 11 Genom e Canada.. II. Genom e Can ada 1) 1) Genome Canada Genome Canada: Blueprint and Principles, November 1998, Summary of Activities(1997-1999), November 1999, Genome Canada: Business Plan, November 1999. Business Plan. Genome Canada, w ww.genomecanada.ca. - 1 -
,,,, GELS (Genomics Ethical, Environmental, Legal & Societal Issues),,. 2) R&D :,,,, (business cluster ),,,.,,, :, functional genomics, genotyping, proteomics, bioinformatics, genome mapping and sequencing,.. :,,,. III. 1) (Genomics )., (bioinformatics). Genomics. Genomics - 2 -
25%. Geonomcis,,,. 2),,, ( Canada Foundation for Innovation,CFI).. BRCA2 high throughput sequencing capability Myriad.,. 5... GDP R&D. R&D. (40%) (30%)..,,,... - 3 -
(Canadian Institutes for Health Research). (National Research Councils) (Canadian Foundation of Innovation ). 1999 1,,, Genome Canada. IV. Genome Canada 1) Genome Canada. 6 (Headquater ). Genome Canada Genome Canada,,. Genome Canada. (Science and Industry Advisory Committee, SIAC),,,..,,,, genotyping, sequencing, proteomics, bioinformatics, functional genomics, technology development. bioinformatics.....,.. - 4 -
Gen om e Can ada Board of Director N ation al Str ateg y & GE L S, Pu blic Ou treach Science & Indu stry Advisory Committee President & CEO Genome Canada National Staff Proteom ics Sequen cin g Cen t er T echn olog y Dev elopm ent Bioin form atics Genoty pin g Funtion al Genomics < > Genome Canada 2) Genome Canada 1, 9. 20%, 3 5% GELS, 2.5%,. 2 100 200. Genome Canada. 3.,, 3. (2 ),,. Genome Canada.,,,. Genome Canada. Genome Canada. 10 (CDN), 1 3 (CDN ), 20, 1 3, 500 1000, 5000, 5 Genomics. - 5 -
V. Genome Canada 1).,..,,,,.,,..,,.,,. 2),,.. 3) Genome Canada. Genome Canada.,,....... 4). - 6 -
.. Genome Canada Genome Canada. Genome Canada 5 9 5. 5),,,,..,,,.,, 2.. 8 10. Genome Canada.,, GELS. 6) Genome Canada.. Genome Canada. Genome Canada,.. VI. Genome Canada 1) 6. 1. Genome Canada,,. - 7 -
2) 1 :. 1 3. Genome Canada. GELS. 2. 2 :.. 3 :. Genome Canada, GELS,. 4 : 2. Genome Canada. 5 :,,. Genome Canada. VII. 1) MIT Whitehead, 2,. 20%, 40%, 40%. 3, 3, Genome Canada( ) 1. 2) Genome Canada.., 2 750. 2 5. 5.,,, 3 8 6 2. 8
< 1> Genome Canda ( : ) 7.5 25.0 5.0 62.5 100.0. 5,. 3 4 1..,, 3 7 2 7 5 2 5 ( 3 1 2 5 2 1 2 5 ). < 2> Genome Canada 5 ( : ) large Center1 large Center2 large Center3 small Center1 small Center2 small Genome Center3 Canada 1 10 10 0 5 0 0 5 30 2 20 20 10 10 5 0 5 70 3 20 20 20 10 10 5 10 95 4 20 20 20 10 10 10 10 100 5 20 20 20 10 10 10 10 100 9
(STEPI, ) TSER 1) 6,.,,,,, 6,., ( 3, 4, 2, 4, 3 ). 1. 1980 (molecular biology) (biomedicine),..,,,,., ( ).,, ( ) ( ).,., 2), 1) "Public Sector Research in Europe : Comp arative Case Stu dies on the Organization of Human Genetics Research " synthesis rep ort for TSER project 'European Comparison of Public Research System s', Max-Planck-Institute for the Study of Societies, 1999. 2) 4 1980.,. - 1 -
. (pool),. (,,, ),..,,,.,,.,,,.. 6 4 ( 1). 1., (Large, developed countries;, ) :,..., (Large, less develop ed countries; ) :.,,,., (bottom-up)., (Small, developed countries;, ) :. R&D - 2 -
(niches of excellence)'., (Sm all, less develop ed countries; ) :,., (critical m ass). 90 ( EU Fram ew ork Programme) 3). < EU fram ew ork program m e > EU.,., EU., EU 2, German Research Society, EU., (, ) (, ) (, ).,.,.., 1980,, EU.., 3) 97 65-3 -
... 1970 1990 (BMBF)., 1986 genetic screening. 2. (Mode 2). Mode 2 '. - Mode 1.,,....,,,,,,,, ( ). ( ), (,, ), (,,,, )..,.. - 4 -
.,.. -., (,, ).,, (,, ). (, ).. 1950 60 (science-pu sh)',,. ; (1) (2) 1980-90, 21 (3) thirty-part-fund.,,. ( FIS).,. 1980 90.,. - 5 -
3.., (tenure-track p osition),,.,....,., (,,, ),. ( )., core funding. 3 5 (, third-party -fund ), (,, ).,.,. core funding (staff) ( ) (,, )... - 6 -
third-party-fund., block fund,. 1/ 3 1/ 2 core fund,.,,,. core fund.,,,. (,,, ). core fund (, ).,. (FIS, Sp anish Medical Research Fu nd)., (,, ).,,..., (science-based funding).,,,, (all-around agency; Germ an Research Association ) (mission-oriented) ( : British Medical Research Council).,.. N orw ay Research Council (mission-oriented council),. (p olitical funding),.., - 7 -
,,,,. (project-grant agencies)'. 6 5 FIS.. DFG (Germ an Research Association),.,.., (,,, ). - (them atic orientation)., core funding -,. (foundation) (charity)..,.... (p eriod of afflu ence) (steady state).,,. (chair-based) ( ). - 8 -
. 70 core funding, 80. (perm anent staff) core funding.. third-p arty- funds.,, R&D 4 3 block funding.,,. 1980 90 (du al fund system). (HEFC, Higher Education funding Councils) 4). core funding,. Medical Research Council(MRC). MRC.. core funding ( ) (, ),. core funding. (non-tenured),..,. 4) Research Assessment Exercises(RAE) 5. 7 3 core funding. - 9 -
.,.,. 5 2 3.,,.. 4.. 4 ( ) 50 (,, ), 10 20, (director), 1 ( ), 10, 1 2. ( ).., (, )..,.. (,, ) (,, ).,,. (tenure) (, ) (, ),.. - 10 -
,,., (charity university model).. : (flexibility) (resp onsibility),. ( ). (niche strategy) (diversification)., (,, ).,., (, ).., piggy-back,.. :,. (, ).,,,... - 11 -
( ) 1. 1).,. 10 10, 270 1 4,000, 200 ( 2 5,000 ).,.,,,.. 2000 1 2).,. 1). 1998 1,300, 15 3,000. 1998 134, 1 17%., 100 (1998 ). (NIH ), (NSF ),.,.. 2) ( ).
5 15 20,. 2. 2.1. DNA monoclonal antibody production, DNA,.,,,,,. Genomics Bioinformatics,. 3 14 3). 2.2. 1989 1998 10 (, ) 13 7,000, 3 4,400 25%. 1990. 270 1 4,000, Consultant 460, 4. 2 30%, 1999 (< 1> ). 10 (40% ), 3).
4,000 3,. 3 (< 1> ). < 1> (1999 ) < 1> (1999 10 8 ) (1999 10 8 ) (1998/ 9) (1998/ 9) (1998/ 9) (1998/ 9) Celltech 208 21.5 24.5-3.1 701.3 463.5 Chiroscience 330 29.2 58.7-17.2 Pow derject Pharmaceuticals 564.3 761.5 87 7.3 9.0-4.7 SkyePharma 252.3 52.5 279 5.7 27.3-22.0 British Biotech 216.3 32.5 376 35.4 47.9-39.8 Biocompatibles 217.0 177.5 486 14.9 49.1-43.7 Oxford Asymmetry 146.6 355.0 187 0.9 29.7 1.4 Oxford Glycosciences 131.0 352.5 117 13.2 16.1-8.7 Vanguard Medica 73.6 222.5 60 21.0 24.3-16.0 Cantab Pharmaceuticals 62.3 141.5 127 12.1 13.8-7.2 Cambridge Antibody 50.3 199.0 123 9.1 11.3-7.0 PPL T herapeutics 40.9 82.5 209 13.5 15.8-14.2 Oxford Molecular 32.6 37.5 254 6.6 18.9 1.7 Peptide T herapeutics 30.5 39.0 88 8.1 9.4-7.5 : 1),,. 2) Celltech Chiroscience 1999 8 Celltech Chiroscience. 2.3
2.3.1.,, 70% 90%. 5%, 25%( 400 ).,. GDP 0.6% GDP 3%, 6 ( 1/ 3 ), 1998 59 24., 3, 15%, 25%. 7%( 115 ), 10%, 1/ 3 (< 2> ). < 2> (1998 ) Glax o W ellcom e 14,000 13.2 / R&D A strazeneca 15,000 12.7 / / R&D Sm ithklin e Beecham 8,300 7.7 / / R&D Pfizer 3,400 11.8 / R&D Bay er 3,000 4.8 R&D Rhone- P oulen c Rorer 2,500 5.4 (1997 ) / / R&D Roch e 2,500 8.1 / R&D Eli Lilly 1,750 8.6 / R&D Abb ott Laborat ories 1,750 7.1 / R&D A m erican Hom e Product s 1,500 8.1 / R&D N ov artis 1,400 10.0 / R&D M erck, Sharp & Dohm e 1,300 15.3 / R&D :, 10. 2.3.2 (Diagnostics)
.,., (< 3> ). 200, 3 1.5%. 250,. < 3> Radio immunoassay 1953 / Enzyme labels (ELISA ) 1972 Monoclonal antibodies 1975 Flow - through membranes 1976 T ime- resolved fluorescence 1979 Enzyme amplification 1980 Chemoluminescence 1980 Enhanced luminescence 1982 Biosensors 1970 / / / DNA fingerprinting 1984 PCR amplification 1985 Immunochromatography 1986 / DNA chip 1991 / Lab on a chip 1993 / 2.3.3,.,,. NHS(National Health Service), 1999 4 (National Institute for Clinical Excellence; NICE).
2.3.4,. 630, GDP 8.9%, 320. 190, GDP 2.6% (< 4> ). GDP, 1990. 90, 5%. 20 25 1,000,. < 4> (1997 ) GDP (1,000 ) (10 ) (%) 527 7.6 1.1 19 0.6 0.1 450 18.8 2.6 215 5.7 0.8 894 19.2 2.7 1103 11.4 1.6 2.3.5 330,, 40. 40 60, (Speciality chemicals) (Chemicals manufacturing). OECD,. 2.3.6,
.,,,,.,. (2000 20% ), 100 6,000. 3., 1999. (R&D tax credit ),. University Challenge, Science Enterprise Ch allenge, F ar aday Net w ork s, Reach Out F unds, DT I Enterprise Fun d, Enterprise Management Incentives. (DT I),. LINK, SMART, EUREKA, EC Framework Programme ( 70 ) Biotechnology Mentoring & Incubator (BMI) Biotechnology Finance Advisory Service(FAS) Manufacturing for Biotechnology Initiative, BIO- WISE
(ST EPI ) I.. 2000 1,350 279. 1999 25%.. < 1> (1998 ) < 1> 1998 1999 2000. - 1 -
1998 50.,..,, ( :,, ). 90. 1999 2000 250 ( 1250 ). 90. II.. - :,, - :,,. (BMBF ) Biotechnology 2000. BioRegio. 1. BioRegio - 2 -
.,,. 17 (integrated concept ) 3 1997 5 BMBF. BioRegio 17 3. -,, - (interdisciplinary networking),, - (,, ) - - - -, BioRegio,,,,,. 17 Munich, Rheinland, Rhein - Neckar - T riangle(baden/ Hessen/ Pfalz), 2002 BMBF Biotechnology 2000 150..., BioRegio BMBF < 2> 10 ( 5000 ) - 3 -
.,. BioRegio. < 2> R&D BioRegio,. BioRegio.. BioRegio,,,,,. < 3> BioRegio. - 4 -
< 3> BioRegio, BioFuture, BioChance, BioProfile. 2. BioFuture Post - Doc. 1998., 50 350 250. 3 (1998. 5 1999. 1 ) 800 32. 3 10%.. BMBF 5 80 ( 400 ), 60 ( 3 ). 6. - 5 -
3. BioChance.. BioChance.,. BioRegio... BMBF 1999 5 100. 50%. 100%. BMBF EU 25%, 50%. 4. BioProfile BioProfile BioRegio.. - 6 -
2000 3 6 20. (regional biotechnology concept ) 50% 10. 2001 1 2001 5 3. 5 100. 3. BioChance BioProfile. BioRegio. III. BioRegio,..,....,...,, < 1> 1998. - 7 -
.... - 8 -
,,,,.,.,. 1971 1990 1 5 10... 1. 2000 6 26 1., sequen ce 1) draft sequen ce. 2) 11, 18, 21, (JST ) 2, 6, 8, 21, 22. JST ( ) 7%. 1) International Human Genome consortium,,,,, 6 16. 2) (Genomic Science Center),, 1998 10.
< 1> (2000 6 25 ) draft sequence(kb) (kb) (kb) Baylor College of Medicine( ) 212,125 46,633 258,758 ( ) 41,762 782 42,544 ( ) 2,050 2,531 4,581 Genoscope( ) 33,868 47,837 81,705 ( ) 62,445 5,530 67,975 ( ) 24,088 22,721 46,809 Joint Genome Institute (DOE) 305,456 55,896 361,352 ( ) 5,867 14,238 20,105 ( ) 4,711 4,020 8,731 ( ) 169,194 18,862 188,056 T he Sanger Center ( ) 634,611 208,739 843,350 DNA Sequence Center ( ) 29,436 867 30,303 ( ) 15,388 11,275 26,663 sequence ( ) 18,550 10,112 28,662 MIT ( ) 1,042,089 46,585 1,088,674 sequence ( ) 508,795 145,148 653,943 72,414 110,259 182,673 3182,849 752,035 3,934,884 : http:// bcbi.nlm.nih.gov/ genome/ seq 2. 1971 5. 1972, 1973., 1974. 1977 6. 1980
. 1984 10 < 2>..,,,, 1985, 1985. < 3> 1988 1998. 1990. 1997 10.. 1998.,. 1998 10.,.. DNA databank DDBJ (DNA Data Bank of Japan).,,, DNA
< 2>,,,,,,,, RNA, ( ) :,, 1988.
< 3> (1988 1998 ) 1988 1998 DNA DNA, DNA gene bank (, ) Human Frontier Science Program ( 1990 )
1988 1998 ( ) ( ),,,,,, gene bank,,,,, DNA 3 (, ( ) )
1988 1998 (, ) (, ) (NEDO),,,,,, gene bank,,,,, DNA :,, 1989, 1999
DNA Bank. 1998 2., sequence, DNA NEDO( ), cdna.,,,. 3. 2003 DNA,. 3) DNA. ( ),.. 21,,,, 5 1999 1, 7 5, 2000 3 5.,. ( ) (JBiC), ( ), ( ), ( ),..,, 3) We also emphasize the importance of pur suing the post genome- sequence research on the basis of multilateral collaboration
JBiC,. JBiC.. JBiC 5, 5..,,.,, SNPs,,,,.,,,, (rule). 7 14.,..,. 1997 2 9..,.
3,000, 2001 106. draft sequence 10% 30%., (NMR) 20 40. NMR.....,. 75 (JBiC).. 30. 156 2001 3. JBiC 100 2001 4. 3, cdna.,,. 4. 4. < 3>
.,,..,..,,,. ( ) 2004 ( )..
EU R&D I. (program ) (theme)..,.,., 1980..,,,., (public accountability ). 1980 (financial accountability ). (taxpayer )., 1990 (performance accountability ). II. EU R&D EU R&D - 1 -
Framework, ESPRIT, EUREKA. 1. F ram e w ork P rog ram m e. EU (RT D ) F ram e w ork (EU: European Union ) (RT D: research and technological development ). ( ) EU : (Framew ork ) ( ) EU - (EUREKA : European Research and Cooperation Agency ) - (COST : European Cooperation in the Field of Scientific and T echnical Research) - (ESF : European Science Foundation ) ( ) EU - (ESA : European Space Agency ) - (CERN: Conseil European pour la Recherche Nucleaire) - (EMBL: European Molecular Biology Laboratory ) - (Airbus) Framew ork EU,. EU Framework, Framework (specific programmes ). Framew ork. ESPRIT EUREKA EU EU.. F ram e w ork Framew ork 1984 5. Framework < 1>. - 2 -
< 1> Framew ork ( : ECU) 1 2 3 4 5 1984-1987 1987-1991 1991-1994 1994-1998 1998-2002 37 54 66 123 149 1 4 280 ECU 400 $. 4 5 EU Framew ork. < 1 Framew ork > EU RT D, RT D. ( ) BRIT E/ EURAM (Basic Research in Industrial T echnologies for Europe / European Resear ch in A dv anced Materials ), ( ) ESPRIT (European Strategic Programme for Research in Information T echnology ), RACE (Research in Advanced Communications in Europe), ( ). EU (Reisenhuber ), Framew ork. ( ) ( ) ( ), ( ), < 2 Framew ork > 2 60% - 3 -
., 4 ( ) : RT D. < 3 Framew ork > 2 Framework 2. 50% ESPRIT.,,. < 4 Framew ork >.,, 4. EU (JRC: Joint Research Centre)., 4 Framework EU,,. 1 (,, ) - 3 Framework - :,,,,,, 2 ( 3 ) 3 ( ) 4 ( ) < 5 Framew ork > Framework, 5-4 -
(thematic programmes) (structural programmes). ( ), ( ), (European added value: ).,,,,. - (living resources) - - - (ecosystem ) - - -., Framework,,,,., EU Framework,. 2 Framew ork, 2 Framework (1987-91) Framew ork 1.,,,,., Framework,,, - 5 -
., SPEAR.., (real- time). 1990 3 Framework (1990-1994),., Framework EU 1994.. EU 1994 RT D, 5 Framework. EU 5 Framework < 2> (monitoring ) 5 (5- year assessment ), 5 Framew ork.,, 5,. < 2> EU RTD Framew ork 5 4 4, RT D (real time). < 1> - 6 -
, Framework 5. < 1>. EU, CREST,. 1994, EU. ( ), ( ) EU ( ),.,., EU. - 7 -
(public accountability ). EU, 90,,. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (vision ) ( ), (partner ship), 5., ( ), ( ) EU, ( ), ( ), ( )., 5 (feedback),.,,, ( ) (relevance), ( ) (efficiency ), ( ) (Effectiveness). ( ) (relevance): ( ) (efficiency ): ( ) (effectiveness ):,, Framew ork 5 EU. - 8 -
. Framew ork. 3 4, 5 6 10 (panel),. EU Pool (DB).,,,,..,,,,.,.., 5. 5 Framework..,,,,.. 1997 5 (Davignon ).. EU EU. 5-9 -
Framework. Framework (formative evaluation ), (summative evaluation ). EU., (feedback).. EU. 2. E S P RIT. (ESPRIT : European Strategic Programme for Research in Information T echnology ), 1984 2. ESPRIT 1 Framew ork 3 Framew ork. Framew ork., 1994 4 Framew ork,,.,. 1990. 1993 12,, 1994 6 Bangemann, - 10 -
. < 3> 3 4 ESPRIT., Framework ESPRIT 1/ 3, Framework ESPRIT.. < 3> ESPRIT ( ) ( ECU) E SPRIT III 154 124 99 466 247 382 99 261 CIM 122 258 ( : 721) ( : 1,491) ESP RIT IV 79 63 113 189 218 107 58 87 74 69 51 68 43 75 64 94 4 11 EUROST AT 7 7 ( : 711) ( : 770) ) 4 F ram ew ork 1996 11 21 ) European Com m ission (1996a ). ESPRIT Framew ork Framework 5. ESPRIT 5. 1991 1994 3 Framework 4 Framew ork 1996, - 11 -
. ( ) ESPRIT ( ) 5 Framework ( ), ESPRIT 5, Framew ork.. 5 8, 1. 1996 9. EU ESPRIT 1996 Columbo ESPRIT, EU. EU,., ESPRIT 3 Framew ork 1996 Columbo, 5 Framew ork.. ESPRIT 5 ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ).,., 5 EU - 12 -
. -,, - Framew ork - - - - - - - Framew ork - - - - -. 5 (Innovation and Entrepreneurship in the Information Society ). ESPRIT,. ESPRIT, - 13 -
.,,., 5 Framew ork., 5 Framework. ESPRIT RT D, RT D, (SME ). ESPRIT, ESPRIT 101 (1995),, ESPRIT (1996). EU ESPRIT. 3. EU RE K A. EUREKA (European Research and Cooperation Agency ) 1985., (Dale & Barker, 1994). EU 26, (RFP : request for proposals) (Bottom - up)., EUREKA., EUREKA EUREKA,.,, EUREKA. 1999 EUREKA < 4>. - 14 -
< 4> EUREKA ( :, Euro) Com m unication s 28 288 34 1,938 Energy T echnology 38 125 37 479 Environm ent 131 540 131 705 Inform ation T echn ology 124 6,284 126 5,539 La ser s 12 48 18 349 M edical and Biotechn ology 136 305 127 734 New M at erials 82 159 83 365 Rob otics/ Produ ction Autom ation 96 340 144 983 T ran sport ation 51 197 51 1,335. EUREKA 1995. 1995 2, 1991 (Dekker ), 1993 (Ormala ), 1995 (Airaghi). 1995 (CSE : continuous and systematic evaluation )', Directorate., 1999 (Georghiou),., 1991 (Quality ), 1993 1995. 1995,,., 1999, (portfolio), (netw ork ),.. 1995-15 -
,. Directorate,., 1995, 1997 1998 Georghiou, 1999 2000 Bobe. EUREKA 1995. 1995, 1995, 1993 1991, (forum ). 1991 (1,935 ) 874, 9 (,,,,,,, ). 1993 935 73, 1995 35. 1996 CSE, 3, (DB). DB,,.. EUREKA < 5>.. EU, (bottom - up approach ),. < 5> EUREKA - 16 -
1991 Dekker 1993 Orm ala 1995 Airaghi 1996 Davignon 1996-99 Georghiou ('97,'98) and Bobe (' 99) 1999 Georghiou. EUREKA,.,, ( ), ( ), ( ) (mechanism ), ( ) (feedback ). III. EU..,. Framework EU.,. Framework 5 4 5 Framework.,. (real- time) - 17 -
.., (needs).., ESPRIT EUREKA.. Framew ork, EUREKA.. < > (1993).. Commis sion of the Eurpoean Communities (1999). Resear ch and T echnological Dev elopment A ctivities of the European Union - 1999 annual Report. Brussel Dale A. and K. Barker (1994). T he Evaluation of EUREKA : a Pan - European collabor ative Ev aluation of a Pan - European Collabor ative T echnology Programme. in : Research Evaluation. vol. 4. pp. 66-74 T he E sprit Review s Board (1997). Monitoring, A ssessment and Ev aluation - an Ov erview Eur opean Commission (1996a ). Innovation and Entrupr eneur ship in the Inform ation Society - Final Report of the 5- Year A ssessment of E sprit Eur opean Commission (1996b). Impact Pr edict ed Impact Deliv ered Eur opean Commission (1999). Management and Evaluation Guidelines of the EU Fifth Fr amew ork Pr ogramme - Manual of Pr oposal Evaluation Pr ocedur es Eur opean Commission DG XII (1998). T he fifth Fr amew ork Pr ogramme for Research and T echnological Dev elopment. Bru ssel Geor ghiou, Luke (1995). Resear ch Ev aluation in European and National Science and T echnology sy stem s. in: Research Evaluation. vol, 5. - 18 -
Geor ghiou, L. and D. Roes sner (2000). Ev aluation T echnology Pr ogr amm s: T ools and Method. in : Resear ch Policy. vol. 29. Meyer - Kr ahmer, Frider (1995). T echnology Policy Evaluation in Germ any. in: International Journal of T echnology Management. v ol,10 OECD (1997). Policy Ev aluation in Innovation and T echnology - t ow ar d Best Practices. Paris OECD (1998). T echnology. Productivity and Job Cr eation - best Policy Pr actices. Paris Orm ala, Erkki et.al. (1993). Evaluation of EUREKA : Indu strial and Economic Effect s. EUREKA Secr etariat - 19 -