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1 Research Article Korean J Child Stud 2016;37(6): pissn: eissn: X Intellectual Characteristics of Korean Children: Analyses of K-WPPSI-IV Performance Hyewon Park 1, KyungOk Lee 2 Department of Child & Family Welfare, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea 1 Department of Early Childhood Education, Duksung Women s University, Seoul, Korea 2 : Wechsler 4 (K-WPPSI-IV) 1, 2 1, 2 Objective: This study examined the intellectual characteristics of 1,700 Korean children aged 2 years, 6 months to 7 years, 7 months across two age ranges (2 years, 6 months to 3 years, 11 months; 4 years to 7 years, 7 months). Methods: Data from the standardization study of the K-WPPSI-IV were analyzed using Korean and American norms and in terms of socioeconomic variables such as region, maternal education level, and child gender. Results: Korean children performed differently from their American counterparts in most subtests and indexes. Verbal subtest performances for Korean children were significantly lower and performance subtest performances for Korean children were significantly higher. There were significant regional differences, with higher performances among children from Seoul than from other areas. Children whose mothers had higher education levels showed higher performances than their counterparts. This trend was more apparent in the older age range. Gender differences were found in most subtests, with girls showing higher scores than boys. Conclusion: This study revealed cross-cultural differences in intellectual characteristics measured with the newly standardized K-WPPSI-IV. In addition, significant effects of socioeconomic variables such as region, maternal education level, and gender were found. Keywords: K-WPPSI-IV, U.S. norm, differences by socioeconomic variables, gender differences., (Thurlow & Ysseldyke, 1979). (Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence [WPPSI]) Corresponding Author: KyungOk Lee, Department of Early Childhood Education, Duksung Women s University, 33 Samyang-ro 144-gil, Dobonggu, Seoul, Korea oaklee@duksung.ac.kr The Korean Association of Child Studies This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

2 Park and Lee (Korean Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, Fourth edition [K-WPPSI-IV]) (Park, Lee, & Ahn, 2016). K-WPPSI-IV WPPSI-IV,, (Carroll, 1993, 1997; Horn & Blankson, 2012; Park et al., 2016; Wechsler, 2012). WPPSI-IV Wechsler WISC-IV (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fourth Edition; Wechsler, 2003), WAIS-IV (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Fourth Edition; Wechsler, 2008) 5 4 (Ward, Bergman, & Herbert, 2012). (Verbal Comprehension [VCI]), (Visual Spatial [VSI]), (Fluid Reasoning [FRI]), (Working Memory [WMI]), (Processing Speed [PSI]) (Lee, Park, & Lee, 2015). (Vocabulary Acquisition [VAI]), (Nonverbal [NVI]), (General Ability [GAI]), (Cognitive Proficiency [CPI]). (Block Design [BD]), (Information [IN]), (Matrix Reasoning [MR]), (Bug Search [BS]), (Picture Memory [PM]), (Similarity [SI]), (Picture Concepts [PC]), (Cancellation [CA]), (Zoo Location [ZL]), (Object Assembly [OA]), (Vocabulary [VC]), (Animal Coding [AC]), (Comprehension [CO]), (Receptive Vocabulary [RV]), (Picture Naming [PN]) 15. (,,,, ). WPPSI-IV (7 ) (15 ).,,,,,, 7,, 3,, , 4. K-WPPSI-IV.,. K-WPPSI-IV ( ) (Lee et al., 2015) (Hwang, Park, & Lee, 2015; Park, Seo, & Lee, 2015), (Park, Lee, Lee, & Park, 2016). WPPSI-IV,, (Raiford, Coalson, & Engi, 2014). (M = 102.5, SD = 14.8), (M = 101.7, SD = 15.3), (M = 101.1, SD = 16.1), (M = 98.3, SD = 12.5), (M = 95.7, SD = 13.9) (SD = 12.0) (SD = 13.8) (SD = 14.7), 98.3 (SD = 15.2). (Shaffer & Kipp, 2014)... 1 K-WPPSI-IV?

3 159 Intellectual Characteristics of Korean Children 2 K-WPPSI-IV? 2-1. K-WPPSI-IV? 2-2. K-WPPSI-IV? 2-3. K-WPPSI-IV?. 9 (2 6 / / , / , 3 6 / / , / , 4 6 / / , / , 5 6 / / , / , / ). Park (2016). 연구도구 2016 K-WPPSI-IV (Figure 1 ) Table 1. 연구대상 K-WPPSI-IV 30 (2 6 / 12 ) 91 (7 7 / 12 ) 1,700.,,,, / 7 (2010 ). WPPSI-IV,,, 4. 연구절차및자료분석 / / 12 30, / SPSS 21.0 (IBM Co., Armonk, NY). Table 2. Table 2 K-WPPSI-IV.,, t, F. 10, 3. 한국아동의 K-WPPSI-IV 수행 : 미국아동과의비교 Figure 1. K-WPPSI-IV test material. 2 6 / / 12 4

4 Park and Lee 160 Table 1 K-WPPSI-IV Subtest and Descriptions BD IN MR BS PM SI PC CA ZL OA VC AC CO RV PN VCI VSI FRI WMI PSI FSIQ VAI NVI GAI CPI Description Working within a specified time limit, the child views a model and/or a picture and uses one- or two-color blocks to re-create the design. For picture items, the child selects the response option that best answers a question about a general-knowledge topic. For verbal items, the child answers questions about a broad range of general-knowledge topic. The child views an incomplete matrix and selects the response option that completes the matrix. Working within a specified time limit, the child marks the bug in the search group that matches the target bug. The child views a stimulus page of one or more pictures for a specified time and then selects the pictures from options on a response page. For picture items, the child selects the response option that is from the same category as two other depicted objects. For verbal items, the child reads two words that represent common objects or concepts and describes how they are similar. The child views two or three rows of pictures and selects one picture from each row to form a group with a common characteristic. Working within a specified time limit, the child scans two arrangements of objects (one random, one structured) and marks target objects. The child views one or more animal cards placed on a zoo layout for a specified time and then places each card in the previously viewed locations. Working within a specified time limit, the child assembles the pieces of a puzzle to create a representation of an identified object. For picture items, the child names the depicted object. For verbal items, the child defines words that are read aloud. Working within a specified time limit and using a key, the child marks shapes that correspond to pictured animals. For picture items, the child selects the response option that represents the best response to a general principle or social situation. For verbal items, the child answers questions based on his or her understanding of general principles and social situations. The child selects the response option that best represents the word the examiner reads aloud. The child names depicted objects. It best represents acquired knowledge, verbal reasoning, and verbal concept formation. It measures visual-spatial processing, part-whole relationship integration and synthesis, and visual-motor integration. It best represents inductive and fluid reasoning, broad visual intelligence, coceptual thinking, simultaneous processing, and classification ability. It measures visual and visual-spatial working memory and ability to withstand proactive interference. It best represents processing speed, especially quick scanning and discriminaion of simple visual information. It is the most reliable composite score. It includes vital information to general intellectual ability. It measures a child s receptive and expressive vocabulary acquisition. It offers an estimate of overall ability of children who have expressive issues (e.g., language disorder, autism spectrum disorder, Korean language learner). It offers an estimate of intellectual ability that is less influenced by working memory and processing speed. It measures working memory and processing speed. Note. BD = Block Design; IN = Information; MR = Matrix Reasoning; BS = Bug Search; PM = Picture Memory; SI = Similarities; PC = Picture Concepts; CA = Cancellation; ZL = Zoo Locations; OA = Object Assembly; VC = Vocabulary; AC = Animal Coding; CO = Comprehension; RV = Receptive Vocabulary; PN = Picture Naming; VCI = Verbal Comprehension ; VSI = Visual Spatial ; FRI = Fluid Reasoning ; WMI = Working Memory ; PSI = Processing Speed ; FSIQ = Full Scale IQ; VAI = Vocabulary Acquisition ; NVI = Nonverbal ; GAI = General Ability ; CPI = Cognitive Proficiency Table 2, 3. Table 2 (2 6 / / 12 ). 2 6 / / (SD = 3.03) 9.25 (SD = 2.80) (t = 14.91,

5 161 Intellectual Characteristics of Korean Children Table 2 Subtest and Performance in the Younger Age Range According to Korean and American Norms Korean norm American norm Differences Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD t RV *** IN *** PN *** BD *** OA *** PM *** ZL *** VCI *** VSI *** WMI *** FSIQ *** VAI *** NVI *** GAI *** Note. N = 600. ***p <.001. p <.001)..,,.,,,.,,,,, (SD = 15.19) (SD = 10.25). Table / 12,.,,,,,,,.,,,,,,.,,,,,,, (SD = 14.38), (SD = 13.88). 사회인구학적변인에따른한국아동의 K-WPPSI-IV 수행 K-WPPSI-IV 2 6 / / 12 3-way MANOVA,,, (3-way, 2 6 / / 12 : Wilk s lambda =.925, F =.799, ns; / 12 : Wilk s lambda =.907, F = 1.043, ns), 2-way (Wilk s lambda = , F = , ns) K-WPPSI-IV.

6 Park and Lee 162 Table 3 Subtest and Performance in the Older Age Range According to Korean and American Norms Korean norm American norm Differences Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD t IN *** SI *** VC *** CO *** BD *** OA *** MR *** PC *** PM *** ZL *** BS *** CA *** AC *** RV *** PN VCI *** VSI *** WMI *** PSI *** FRI FSIQ *** VAI *** NVI *** GAI *** CPI *** Note. N = 1,100. ***p <.001. 지역에따른한국아동의 K-WPPSI-IV 수행 Table / / 12 ( [SD = 13.03]), ( [SD = 14.99]), (99.51 [SD = 14.17]) (99.51 [SD = 15.74]), (98.24 [SD = 18.35]).,,,,,,,,,.. Table / 12 ( [SD = 14.45]), ( [SD = 14.14]) ( [SD = 13.49]), ( [SD = 13.15]), ( [SD = 13.91]).,,,,,,,,,,,,. 모의학력에따른한국아동의 K-WPPSI-IV 수행

7 163 Intellectual Characteristics of Korean Children Table 4 Subtest and Performance in the Younger Age Range According to Region Seoul a (n = 94) Gyeonggi b (n = 199) Gyeongsang c (n = 158) Honam d (n = 70) Gangwon & Chungcheong e (n = 79) Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD F Scheffé RV ** a, e > d IN PN * a > c BD * OA ** a, b > d PM * e < a ZL VCI * d < a VSI *** d. e < a WMI FSIQ ** c, d, e < a VAI ** c, d < a NVI * c, d < a GAI ** c, d < a Note. Wilk s lambda =.842, F = 1.781***. *p <.05. **p <.01. ***p < Table / / 12,,,,,. Table / 12,,,,,,. 성에따른한국아동의 K-WPPSI-IV 수행 K-WPPSI-IV, 2 6 / / 12 (Wilk s lambda =.995, F =.598, ns) / 12 Table 8,,,,,.,,,..? K-WPPSI-IV 2 6 / /

8 Park and Lee 164 Table 5 Subtest and Performance in the Older Age Range According to Region Seoul a (n = 168) Gyeonggi b (n = 388) Gyeongsang c (n = 287) Honam d (n = 127) Gangwon & Chungcheong e (n = 130) Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD IN ** c < d, a SI VC * c < a CO *** c < e, a BD * OA MR * PC PM ** c, e < d ZL * c, e < d BS F Scheffé CA *** d < a, b, c, e AC RV e < a PN *** e < b, c < a VCI * c < a VSI WMI c, b < a FRI * PSI *** d < a, b, c, e FSIQ * b, c, e < a VAI *** b, c, d < a NVI b, e < a GAI ** b, c, e < a CPI * d < a Note. Wilk s lambda =.800, F = 2.422***. *p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001.,,,,,,.,,,,,, / 12.,,,,,,,,,,,,,.,,,,

9 165 Intellectual Characteristics of Korean Children Table 6 Subtest and Performance in the Younger Age Range According to Maternal Education Level,,,.. Less than 13 years (n = 242) More than 12 years (n = 358) Mean SD Mean SD RV ** IN ** PN *** BD * OA PM ZL VCI *** VSI WMI FSIQ ** VAI *** NVI GAI ** Note. Wilk s lambda =.949, F = 2.198**. *p <.05. **p <.01. ***p < (SD = 15.19) (SD = 10.25) (SD = 14.38), (SD = 13.88)..... Cho Park (2008) 1 42 F Table 7 Subtest and Performance in the Older Age Range According to Maternal Education Level Less than 13 years (n = 462). Chung, Rhee Park (1993).. More than 12 years (n = 638) Mean SD Mean SD F IN *** SI *** VC ** CO BD *** OA ** MR PC *** PM ZL BS * CA AC RV *** PN *** VCI *** VSI *** WMI *** FRI PSI FSIQ *** VAI *** NVI *** GAI *** CPI * Note. Wilk s lambda =.939, F = 2.748***. *p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001.

10 Park and Lee 166 Table 8 Subtest and Performance in the Older Age Range According to Gender Boys (n = 550) Girls (n = 550) Mean SD Mean SD IN SI * VC CO BD OA MR PC PM ** ZL BS *** CA * AC *** RV * PN VCI VSI WMI FRI * PSI *** FSIQ * VAI * NVI GAI CPI ** Note. Wilk s lambda =.943, F = 2.548***. *p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001. (Lee et al., 2015),. K-WPPSI-IV WPPSI-IV. Wechsler WPPSI-IV... F K-WPPSI-IV..,. (Raiford et al., 2014; Shaffer & Kipp, 2014; Song, 1995).,,,,, / 12,,,,,,. Cho Park (2008) 1 42 K-BSID-II (Korean Bayley Scales of Infant Development, Second edition). (Shaffer & Kipp, 2014). (Shaffer & Kipp, 2014). 2. K-BSID-II (Cho & Park, 2008). K-WPPSI-IV (Raiford et al., 2014; Wechsler, 2012).,,,,,,,,.,,

11 167 Intellectual Characteristics of Korean Children. WPPSI-IV (Wechsler, 2012).,.. K-WPPSI-IV. Wechsler,.,,,. K-ABC (Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children; Moon, 2014), (Park, 2015) (Feuerstein, Feuerstein, Falik, & Rand, 2002; Sternberg, 1997). Notes This article was presented at the 2016 Annual Spring Conference of the Korean Association of Child Studies. Conflict of Interest No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported. In English References Carroll, J. B. (1993). Human cognitive abilities: A survey of factoranalytic studies. New York: Cambridge University Press. Carroll, J. B. (1997). The three-stratum theory of cognitive abilities. In D. P. Flanagan, J. L. Genshaft, & P. L. Harrison (Eds.), Contemporary intellectual assessment: Theories, tests, and issues (pp ). New York: Guilford. Feuerstein, R., Feuerstein, R. S., Falik, L., & Rand, Y. (2002). The dynamic assessment of cognitive modifiability. Jerusalem, Israel: International Center for the Enhancement of Learning Potential. Horn, J. L., & Blankson, A. N. (2012). Foundations for better understanding of cognitive abilities. In D. P. Flanagan & P. L. Harrison (Eds.), Contemporary intellectual assessment: Theories, test, and issues (3rd ed., pp ). New York: Guilford. Raiford, S. E., Coalson, D. L., & Engi, M. D. (2014) WPPSI- IV score differences across demographic groups. In S. E. Raiford & D. L. Coalson (Eds.), Essentials of WPPSI-IV assessment (pp ). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Shaffer, D., & Kipp, K. (2014). Developmental psychology: Childhood and adolescence (9th ed.). Stamford, CT: Wadworth. Sternberg, R. (1997). Successful intelligence: How practical and creative intelligence determine success in life. New York: Plume. Thurlow, M. L., & Ysseldyke, J. E. (1979). Current assessment and decision making practices in model LD programs. Learning Disability Quarterly, 2(4), doi: / Ward, L. C., Bergman, M. A., & Hebert, K. R. (2012). WAIS- IV subtest covariance structure: Conceptual and statistical considerations. Psychological Assessment, 24(2), doi: /a Wechsler, D. (2003). Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (4th ed.). San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation. Wechsler, D. (2008). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (4th ed.). Bloomington, MN: Pearson. Wechsler, D. (2012). Technical and interpretative manual: WPPSI- IV. New York: Pearson. In Korean Cho, B., & Park, H. (2008). The standardization study (1) of Korean Bayley Scales of Infant Development (K-BSID- II): Analyses of Korean infant s performance of K-BSID-II in terms of demographical variables. The Korean Journal of Developmental Psychology, 17(1), Retrieved from Chung, M. J., Rhee, U. H., & Park, K. J. (1993). A preliminary study on the standardization of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development for Korean infants. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 14(1), Retrieved from kstudy.com

12 Park and Lee 168 Hwang, M., Park, H., & Lee, K. (2015). Correlation between K-WPPSI-IV and K-BSID-II performances. Journal of Cognitive Enhancement and Intervention, 6(1), Retrieved from Lee, K., Park, H., & Lee, S. (2015). A pilot study for the Korean- WPPSI-IV. The Journal of Korea Open Association for Early Childhood Education, 20(1), Retrieved from Moon, S. B. (2014). Korean Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children-II. Seoul: Hakjisa. Park, H. (2015). Korean Comprehensive Test of Nonverbal Intelligence-II. Seoul: Mindpress. Park, H., Lee, K., & Ahn, D. (2016). Korean Wechsler Preschool & Primary Scale of Intelligence-IV. Seoul: Hakjisa. Park, H., Lee, K., Lee, S., & Park, M. (2016). A study on the standardization of K-WPPSI-IV: Analyses of reliability and validity. Korean Journal of Childcare & Education, 12(4), doi: /jkcce Park, H., Seo, Y., & Lee, J. (2015). A study on the concurrent validities of K-WPPSI-IV. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 36(1), doi: /kjcs Song, M. J. (1995). Developmental psychology. Seoul: Hakjisa. ORCID Hyewon Park KyungOk Lee Received October 31, 2016 Revision received December 20, 2016 Accepted December 22, 2016

Research Article Korean J Child Stud 2016;37(6): pissn: eissn: X A Study on the St

Research Article Korean J Child Stud 2016;37(6):107-117 https://doi.org/10.5723/kjcs.2016.37.6.107 pissn: 1226-1688 eissn: 2234-408X A Study on the Structure of Intelligence Measured by the K-WPPSI-IV