Original Article Korean J Child Stud 2016;37(5): pissn: eissn: X Relationships A

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1 Original Article Korean J Child Stud 2016;37(5): pissn: eissn: X Relationships Among Preschoolers Temperament, Intelligence and Problem Behaviors Jin Suk Lee 1, Jihyeon Han 1, Hyewon Park 2 Department of Child Studies, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea 1 Department of Child & Family Welfare, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea 2, 1, 1, 2 1, 2 Objective: This study examined the relationships among preschoolers temperament, intelligence, and problem behaviors. Intelligence was individually measured by the newly standardized K-WPPSI-IV (2015). Methods: The participants were 113 children (4 6 years old), their mothers and teachers. The following instruments were administered: EAS, K-WPPSI-IV, K-CBCL. Descriptive and correlational analyses were performed using SPSS Results and Conclusion: The major results were as follows. First, sociability of temperament was negatively correlated with depression, withdrawal, and internalizing problem behavior. Second, activity and sociability of temperament were positively correlated with the most of the K-WPPSI-IV major indices (VCI, VSI, FRI, PSI, FSIQ, NVI, GAI, CPI). Third, depression, withdrawal, and internalizing problem behavior were negatively correlated with NVI and CPI indices of the K-WPPSI-IV. Attention problem and externalizing problem behavior were negatively correlated with FRI, WMI, FSIQ, NVI, GAI, and CPI indices of K-WPPSI-IV. Keywords: preschooler, temperament, intelligence, problem behaviors (Y. Kim, Han, & Hwang, 2004; Y. Kim et al., 2006).. (Koh & Lee, 2008, 2008)., (Campbell, 2002; Y. Kim et al., 2006) Corresponding Author: Jihyeon Han, Department of Child Studies, Chonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, Korea narahan1217@hanmail.net The Korean Association of Child Studies This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

2 Lee, Han, and Park 118.,,,., (S. H. Kim, 2009; Kwon & Chun, 2015; Moon & Lee, 2012; Woo, 2007),.,.. Thomas Chess (1977), Buss Plomin (1975, 1986), Rothbart Derryberry (1981). Buss Plomin (1986),..,. (Zeidner & Matthews, 2000) (Ackerman, 1996; Cattell, 1995). (Kaczmarek, Strelau, & Miklewska, 2010; Miklewska, Kaczmarek, & Strelau, 2006; Zuckerman, 1994).., (Park, Kwak, & Jung, 1994).. Suh (2009). Korean-Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Fourth edition (K-WPPSI-IV) IQ, (Ji, 2016), K-WISC-IV (S. Kim & Kwak, 2014)..,. Thomas Chess (1977), (Nelson, Martim, Hodge, Havil, & Kamphaus, 1999). (Henderson, Marshall, Fox, & Rubin, 2004; Moon & Lee, 2012). (Kong & Lim, 2013; Kwon & Chun, 2015; S. H. Kim, 2009; Moon & Lee, 2012; Woo, 2007)., (Moon & Lee, 2012; Woo, 2007), (Moon & Lee, 2012).,.., (Anderson, Huston, Schmitt, Linebarger, & Wright, 2001),,, (Hwang & Hwang, 2001) K-WPPSI (Choi, 2002)... K-WPPSI-IV., (Kuem, Park, & Park, 2014). Burks Behavior Rating Scales, Second Edition (BBRS-II) Ryu (2015) K-WPPSI-IV,

3 119 Preschoolers Temperament, Intelligence, and Problem Behaviors,,,,. K-WPPSI-IV.,,. Buss Plomin (1986) 4, (Blennow & McNeil, 1980; Matheny, Wilson, & Nuss, 1984). (Cheon, 1992; S.-H. Kim, 2003) (S. Lee, 2007). (Ham, 2004; J. Lee, 2004; Y. Lee, 2004) K-WPPSI-IV (Ji, 2016; Ryu, 2015). (Ryu, 2015), (Kong & Lim, 2013).,..,,. K-WPPSI-IV (Park, Lee, & Ahn, 2015) IQ.,..,,,?,,? 연구대상 J (584.4%), 47 (41.6%), 4 35 (31.0%), 5 49 (43.4%), 6 29 (25.7%). 48.5%, 37.1%, 14.4%. 10.8%, 72.9%, 6.3%. 연구도구한국웩슬러유아지능검사 4판 (K-WPPSI-Ⅳ) 4 (K-WPPSI-IV). K-WPPSI-IV WPPSI-IV (Wechsler, 2012) Park (2015). 2 6 ~ 7 7, 15 (,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ). K-WPPSI-IV 2 6 ~ ~ 3 11 (2 6 / / 12 ), 4 0 ~ 7 7 (4 0 / / 12 ) 2,., IQ, IQ. IQ,,, (Kuem et al., 2014). IQ (Full Scale IQ [FSIQ]) 3. (Verbal Comprehension Index [VCI]), (Visual Spatial Index [VSI]), (Fluid Reasoning Index [FRI]), (Working Memory Index [WMI]), (Processing Speed Index [PSI]),

4 Lee, Han, and Park 120. (Vocabulary Aquisition Index [VAI]), (Non Verbal Index [NVI]), (General Ability Index [GAI]), (Cognitive Proficiency Index [CPI]). 4 ~ / / 기질 Buss Plomin (1986) EAS (Emotionality, Activity, Sociability). (6 ), (5 ), (7 ) (emotionality), (activity) (Buss & Plomin, 1975).,,. (sociability) (Buss & Plomin, 1975),. 1 ( ) 4 ( ) , 5 20, 7 28,.. Cronbach s α =.88, Cronbach s α =.78, Cronbach s α =.80. 문제행동 Achenbach (1991) (CBCL) Oh, Lee, Hong Ha (1997) (K-CBCL). K-CBCL 99 1,,,, 49. 0, 1, , 0 16, 0 16, 0 10, (Cronbach s α).61 ~.82. 연구절차, J 3 4 ~ K-WPPSI-IV. 3 1:1. 1 ~ 1 30., 자료분석 PAWS Statistics 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL).,,, t-.,. K-WPPSI-IV, ( )

5 121 Preschoolers Temperament, Intelligence, and Problem Behaviors. (scaled score) IQ. Park, Lee Ahn (2016) K-WPPSI-IV, IQ. 연구결과유아의성에따른기질, 지능, 문제행동경향,, Table 1.,, 1 4 (M = 2.5) (M = 1.96, SD = 0.64), (M = 2.72, SD = 0.60) (M = 2.78, SD = 0.55). t-, (M = 2.79, SD = 0.60) (M = 2.64, SD = 0.52),.., K-WPPSI-IV IQ, IQ (SD = 12.44) ~ (M = 99.16, SD = 12.82), (M = 98.22, SD = 12.26), (M = 98.03, SD = 15.10), (M = 97.35, SD = 16.73), (M = 96.58, SD = 14.69), (M = 95.53, SD = 13.66), (M= 95.03, SD = 14.39), (M = 94.20, SD = 13.85). K-WPPSI-IV IQ t-, Table 1 Child Temperament, K-WPPSI-Ⅳ Performances, and Problem Behaviors Variables Temperament Total (n = 113) M (SD) Boy (n = 66) M (SD) Girl (n = 47) M (SD) Emotionality 1.96 (0.64) 2.00 (0.56) 1.90 (0.73).77 Activity 2.72 (0.60) 2.79 (0.60) 2.64 (0.52) 1.31 Sociability 2.78 (0.55) 2.81 (0.56) 2.76 (0.54).42 K-WPPSI-Ⅳ indices VCI (12.26) (12.63) (11.85) -.16 VSI (15.10) (15.38) (14.38) 1.71 FRI (16.73) (16.95) (16.41) 1.00 WMI (12.82) (12.54) (13.14) PSI (14.69) (16.11) (12.58) -.40 FSIQ (12.44) (12.43) (12.54).50 NVI (13.85) (13.96) (13.75).83 GAI (13.66) (13.59) (13.74) 1.02 CPI (14.39) (15.25) (13.12) -.89 Problem behavior Emotional instability 1.45 (1.44) 1.55 (1.52) 1.31 (1.33).79 Anxiety and depression 1.92 (1.75) 1.98 (1.90) 1.85 (1.56).35 Withdrawal 1.35 (1.69) 1.57 (1.89) 1.04 (1.36) 1.50 Attention problem 1.50 (1.39) 1.59 (1.45) 1.39 (1.32).69 Aggressive problem 5.06 (4.71) 5.63 (5.18) 4.29 (3.94) 1.38 Internalizing problem 4.73 (4.09) 5.10 (4.57) 4.21 (3.34) 1.05 Externalizing problem 6.56 (5.65) 7.21 (6.19) 5.67 (4.75) 1.32 Note. VCI = verbal comprehension index; VSI = visual spatial index; FRI = fluent reasoning index; WMI = working memory index; PSI = processing speed index; FSIQ = full scale IQ; NVI = non verbal index; GAI = general ability index; CPI = cognitive proficiency index. t-value

6 Lee, Han, and Park 122., (M = 4.73, SD = 4.09) (M = 6.56, SD = 5.65). t-,. 유아의기질과지능, 문제행동의관계유아의기질과지능의관계 유아의기질과문제행동의관계 Table 3. (r = -.24, p <.05), (r = -.24, p <.05) r = -.22 ( p <.05).,. 유아의지능과문제행동의관계 Table 2. K-WPPSI-IV (r =.25, p <.01), (r =.21, p <.05), (r =.30, p <.001), (r =.31, p <.001), IQ (r =.35, p <.001), (r =.35, p <.001), (r =.33, p <.001), (r =.26, p <.001).21 ~.35. (r =.27, p <.01), (r =.23, p <.05), (r =.22, p <.05), IQ (r =.31, p <.001), (r =.28, p <.01), (r =.31, p <.001), (r =.22, p <.05).22 ~.31. K-WPPSI-IV IQ. Table 4. K-WIPPSI-IV (r = -.20, p <.05), (r = -.22, p <.05), (r = -.20, p <.05), (r = -.23, p <.05). K-WIPPSI-IV., (r = -.20, p <.05), (r = -.23, p <.05). (r = -.28, p <.01), (r = -.23, p <.05), IQ (r = -.22, p <.05), (r = -.25, p <.05), (r = -.21, p <.05) -.21 ~ K-WIPPSI-IV Table 2 Correlations Between Child Temperament and K-WPPSI-Ⅳ Performances Emotionality Activity Sociability VCI VSI FRI WMI PSI FSIQ NVI GAI Activity -.00 Sociability *** VCI **.16 VSI *.27**.13 FRI.02.30**.23*.35***.13 WMI ** PSI ***.22* *.28** FSIQ.01.35***.31***.62***.51***.64***.44***.47*** NVI.02.35***.28**.30**.50***.79***.46***.47***.89*** GAI.05.33***.31***.70***.55***.64***.23**.23**.91***.75*** CPI **.22*.22*.19*.31***.74***.85***.57***.58***.30*** Note. VCI = verbal comprehension index; VSI = visual spatial index; FRI = fluent reasoning index; WMI = working memory index; PSI = processing speed index; FSIQ = full scale IQ; NVI = non verbal index; GAI = general ability index; CPI = cognitive proficiency. *p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001.

7 123 Preschoolers Temperament, Intelligence, and Problem Behaviors Table 3 Correlations Between Child Temperament and Problem Behavior Emotionality Activity Sociability EI AD W AP AgP IP Activity.04 Sociability *** EI AD *.57*** W *.50***.58*** AP ***.53***.41*** AgP ***.66***.55***.57*** IP *.80***.87***.84***.54***.73*** EP ***.69***.57***.72***.98***.74*** Note. EI = emotional instability; AD = anxiety and depression; W = withdrawal; AP = attention problem; AgP = aggressive problem; IP = internalizing problem; EP = externalizing problem. *p <.05. ***p <.001. Table 4 Correlations Between Child K-WPPSI-Ⅳ Prformance and Poblem Behavior VSI.10 VCI VSI FRI WMI PSI FSIQ NVI GAI CPI EI A/D W AP AgP IP FRI.34***.14 WMI * PSI *.28** FSIQ.60***.51***.65***.43***.44*** NVI.28**.50***.79***.44***.46***.89*** GAI.69***.54***.65***.20* ***.75*** CPI **.75***.85***.55***.57***.25** EI AD * *.57*** W * *.51***.59*** AP -.28** * * * -.21*.40***.53***.40*** AgP * *.61***.66***.55***.56*** IP * *.80***.87***.84***.53***.73*** EP * -.21* * -.23* -.22* -.22*.61***.69***.57***.71***.98***.74*** Note. VCI = verbal comprehension index; VSI = visual spatial index; FRI = fluent reasoning index; WMI = working memory index; PSI = processing speed index; FSIQ = full scale IQ; NVI = non verbal index; GAI = general ability index; CPI = cognitive proficiency; EI = emotional instability; AD = anxiety and depression; W = withdrawal; AP = attention problem; AgP = aggressive problem; IP = internalizing problem; EP = externalizing problem. +p <.10. *p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001. (r = -.23, p <.05), (r = -.21, p <.05)., (r = -.20, p <.05), (r = -.21, p <.05), IQ (r = -.21, p <.05), (r = -.23, p <.05), (r = -.22, p <.05), (r = -.22, p <.05) -.20 ~ -.23.

8 Lee, Han, and Park 124.,.,,.. (Cheon, 1992; S.-H. Kim, 2003) (Ji, 2016).. K-WPPSI-IV, 99,,, 98 K-WPPSI-IV IQ (SD = 15),,,., IQ. K-WPPSI-IV IQ (Ji, 2016; Ryu, 2015), (Ham, 2004; J. Lee, 2004; Y. Lee, 2004). IQ. (Wechsler, 2012),.,,,.. (Kong & Lim, 2013) (Ryu, 2015)., K-WPPSI-IV,.. (Jeong, 2012; Shin, 2006)., K-WPPSI-IV (,,, ), IQ, (,, ), (,, ), IQ, (,, ).. K-WPPSI (Suh, 2009), (Zeidner & Matthews, 2000; Zuckerman, 1994).,.,,. (Ji, 2016; S. Kim & Kwak, 2014)..,,.,.,,., (Kong & Lim, 2013).,. (Kong & Lim, 2013)

9 125 Preschoolers Temperament, Intelligence, and Problem Behaviors (Nelson et al., 1999; S. H. Kim, 2009; Moon & Lee, 2012)..,, K-WPPSI-IV,,. (Hwang & Hwang, 2001; Kuem et al. 2014; Ryu, 2015).,, K-WPPSI-IV,. K-WPPSI-IV (Kuem et al., 2014). K-WPPSI-IV,...,,, IQ,, K-WPPSI-IV,. K-WPPSI-IV (Kuem et al., 2014) K-WPPSI-IV, (Ryu, 2015). (Park, Lee, & Ahn, 2016) (Kuem et al., 2014)., -, (Park et al., 2016).,, IQ,,,,..,, K-WPPSI-IV., (Choi, 2002). IQ, K-WPPSI-IV IQ. K-WPPSI-IV..,.,.,. (Moon, 2011).. K-WPPSI-IV,.,.

10 Lee, Han, and Park 126 Acknowledgements This study was supported by the 2015 research grant of Chonbuk National University. Notes This article was presented as a poster at the 2016 Annual Spring Conference of the Korean Association of Child Studies. Conflict of Interest No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported. In English References Ackerman, P. L. (1996). A theory of adult intellectual development: Process, personality, interests, and knowledge. Intelligence, 2(2), doi: /s (96) Anderson, D. R., Huston, A. C., Schmitt, K. L., Linebarger, D, L., & Wright, J. C. (2001). Early childhood television viewing adolescent behavior: The recontact study. Monographs of the society for Research in Child Development, 66(1), Blennow, I. P., & McNeil, T. F. (1980). Questionnaire for measurement of temperament in one- and two-year old children: Development and standardization. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 21(1), doi: / j tb00014.x Buss, A. H., & Plomin, R. (1975). A temperament theory of personality development. Oxford, England: Wiley- Interscience. Buss, A. H., & Plomin, R. (1986). The EAS approach to temperament. In R. Plomin & J. Dunn (Eds.), The study of temperament: Changes, continuities and challenges (pp ). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Campbell, S. B. (2002). Behavior problems in preschool children: Clinical and developmental issues (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press. Cattell, H. E. P. (1995). Some comments on a factor analysis of the 16PF and NEO Personality Inventory-Revised. Psychological Report, 77(3), doi: / pr f.1307 Henderson, H. A., Marshall, P. J., Fox, N. A., & Rubin, K. H. (2004). Psycho physiological and behavioral evidence for varying forms and functions of nonsocial behavior in preschoolers. Child Development, 75(1), doi: /j x Kaczmarek, M., Strelau, J., & Miklewska, A. (2010). The relationship between intelligence and Pavlovian temperament traits: The role of gender and level of intelligence. In A. Gruszka, G. Mattews, & B. Szymura (Eds.), Handbook of individual differences in cognition: Attention, memory, and executive control (pp ). NY: Springer. Matheny, A. P., Wilson, R. S., & Nuss, S. M. (1984). Toddler temperament: Stability across settings and over ages. Child Development, 55(4), Miklewska, A., Kaczmarek, M., & Strelau, J. (2006). The relationship between temperament and intelligence: Crosssectional study in successive age groups. Personality and Individual Differences, 40(4), doi: / j.paid Nelson, B., Martim, R. P., Hodge, S., Havil, V., & Kamphaus, R. (1999). Modelling the prediction of elementary school adjustment from preschool temperament. Personality and Individual Difference, 26(4), doi: /s (98) Rothbart, M. K., & Derryberry, D. (1981). Development of individual differences in temperament. In M. E. Lamb & A. L. Brown (Eds.), Advances in developmental psychology (pp ). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Thomas, A., & Chess, S. (1977). Temperament and development. Oxford, England: Brunner Mazel. Wechsler, D. (2012). Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Fourth edition [Measurement instruments]. London: Pearson. Zeidner, M., & Matthews, G. (2000). Intelligence and personality. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Handbook of intelligence (pp ). NY: Cambridge University Press. In Korean Cheon, H. Y. (1992). The type of Korean children s temperament and mother s parenting attitude (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea. Choi, H. J. (2002). The relation between K-WPPSI (Korean wechsler preschool and primary scale of intelligence) and K-CBCL (Korean child behavior checklist) (Master s thesis). Retrieved from Ham, E. S. (2004). A study on the children s intellectual and social

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12 Lee, Han, and Park 128 ORCID Jin Suk Lee Jihyeon Han Hyewon Park Received August 31, 2016 Revision received October 26, 2016 Accepted October 28, 2016

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp DOI: * The Mediating Eff

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