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1 Research Article Korean J Child Stud 2017;38(6): pissn: eissn: X The Impact of the Family Relationship, Maltreatment, and Peer Violence Victimization in Adolescent Bullying Perpetration: The Mediating Roles of a Sense of Community and Internet/Mobile Phone Addiction Ah Rim Kim, Young Ran Tak Department of Nursing, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea, :,, Objective: Because of the highly controversial views about school violence prevention and changes to the Juvenile Care Act, this study was aimed to identify the pathways of bullying perpetration. Methods: The sample for this study included 1,508 families; adolescents (ages years) and their parents who participated in the 2013 Panel Study on Korean Children. The data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS. Results: Peer violence victimization, a sense of community, internet/mobile phone addiction had direct effects on bullying perpetration. Peer violence victimization and family relationship had indirect effects on bullying perpetration through a sense of community and internet/mobile phone addiction. The effect size (R2) of pathways to bullying perpetration was 19.4%. The results of multigroup analyses comparing young adolescents (11 14 years) and older adolescents (15 18 years) differed by age group. For young adolescents, parental maltreatment had a significant effect on bullying perpetration through internet/mobile phone addiction and a sense of community. For older adolescents, there was a direct effect of parental maltreatment on bullying perpetration. However, for older adolescents, there was no significant effect between internet/ mobile phone addiction and bullying perpetration. Conclusion: It is necessary to consider the experiences of peer violence maltreatment, family relationship, internet/mobile phone addiction, a sense of community as key screening factors for bullying perpetration among adolescents. Keywords: adolescent, bullying, maltreatment, a sense of community, addiction Corresponding Author: Young Ran Tak, School of Nursing & Graduate School of Information and Clinical Nursing, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Korea yrtak@hanyang.ac.kr The Korean Association of Child Studies This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

2 Ah Rim Kim, Young Ran Tak 106,,, (Bax, 2016). 46.4, (Ministry of Education, 2016). 2017, (3 7 ), (2.1%), (0.5%), (0.3%) (Ministry of Education, 2017)., (J. A. Oh, Kim, & Kim, 2016; Y. K. Park, 2016). (school violence or bullying),,, (shuttle),,,, (Bax, 2016; J. A. Oh et al., 2016).,,,,,,, (Bax, 2016).,,,,,, (Bax, 2016; Fry et al., 2017; No, Lee, Lee, & Hong, 2017). 1990,, 2004 (J. A. Oh et al., 2016; J. Park & Kim, 2015) , (school bullying-and-violence) (Bax, 2016). (Ministry of Education, 2017). (Connell, Morris, & Piquero, 2016; J. Y. Kim, Choi, & Lim, 2015; J. Park & Kim, 2015).,,,,, (J. Park & Kim, 2015).,, (J. Park & Kim, 2015)., (Bax, 2016; J. Park & Kim, 2015) (, ), ( ), (, ).,. (M.-K. Cho, Kim, & Shin, 2017; E. Kim & Chung, 2017; C. Lee & Shin, 2017),, (J. Park & Kim, 2015).,,,,, (E. Kim & Chung, 2017). Connell (2015), Erginoz (2015) 5 1 (20%)..,., (J. Jeong & Jang, 2017; J. Park & Kim, 2015)., (J. Jeong & Jang, 2017). Bandura (social learning theory),,,,

3 107 Determinant Factors of Adolescent Bullying Perpetration (No et al., 2017)., (social network service),, (M.-K. Cho et al., 2017; C. Lee & Shin, 2017). 2016, 30.6%,, (National Information Society Agency, 2017). (K. H. Lee & Lee, 2017).,,,. (Ah & Jeong, 2012). Hsieh (2016),,,,,. (K. H. Lee & Lee, 2017), (Kwon & Lim, 2017), - (M. Jeong, 2015), (Y. Kim, 2017). (Min, 2017).,, (Ah & Jeong, 2012)., (Hsieh et al., 2016).,,., (Bae & Choi, 2016)., ( ) (H.-J. Park, Kim, & Son, 2015; S. Park, Park, Oh, Jang, & Kim, 2016).,,,, (H.- J. Park et al., 2015; S. Park et al., 2016). 6 K. Oh, Han, & Park (2015),.,,, (S. Park et al., 2016).,,, (K. Oh et al., 2015).,,,., (school connectedness) (Mrug & Windle, 2009)., (S. Kim, Yim, & Chung, 2014). (Choi, 2016),, (W.-J. Kim, 2012)..,,,.,,,.,

4 Ah Rim Kim, Young Ran Tak 108 Peer violence victimization Family relationship A sense of community Internet mobile phone addiction Bullying perpetration Parental maltreatment Figure 1. Hypothetical path model diagram.,,. 14,,, (C.-K. Park, 2013; Y. K. Park, 2016).,,, ( ) ( ). (Figure 1). 1,,,,? 2 ( )? 연구대상 10 17, , ,007,,,,, (50.9%), 740 (49.1%) (SD = 2.01) , (42.6%), 477 (31.6%),

5 109 Determinant Factors of Adolescent Bullying Perpetration 389 (25.8%) (85.0%), 108 (7.2%), 84 (5.6%), 28 (1.9%). ( ) 913 (60.5%), 508 (33.7%), 87 (5.8%), 895 (59.4%), 432 (28.6%), / 64 (4.2%). 연구도구가족관계 ( 기능 ) (Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs [KIHSA], 2013) ( ) 8..,.,.,. (1 ) (5 ) (Cronbach s α).84. 부모학대 (Cronbach s α).80. 학교폭력피해및가해 (KIHSA, 2013) Schwartz, Farver, Chang Lee-Shin (2002) (Peer Nomination Index) Noh, Kim Yoo (2006). 1,,,,,, 7.. (. ),. (. ) 7. (1 ), 1 (2 ), 2 3 (3 ), 4 (4 ) 0 1 1, 2 3 2, (Cronbach s α).77,.78. (KIHSA, 2013) Straus (1998) (Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scale)..,,.,. 5,.,,, (1 ), (2 ), (3 ), 1 2 (4 ), 1 2 (5 ) , 공동체의식 (KIHSA, 2013) 8..,.,.,. (1 ) (4 ) ,. (Cronbach s α).83. 인터넷 스마트폰중독가능성 (KIHSA, 2013)

6 Ah Rim Kim, Young Ran Tak 110 (National Information Society Agency [NIA], 2011) K-..,.,. 15 (1 ) (4 ) % ,. (Cronbach s α).91. 자료분석 SPSS statistics 23.0 (IBM Co., Armonk, NY) AMOS 23.0 (IBM Co., Armonk, NY),,,.,.,, (bootstrapping). ( ), ( ) (multi group analysis). 측정변인간의상관행렬및기술통계 Table 1., , , , , , ,,. (r =.40, p <.001), (r =.10, p <.001), (r =.14, p <.001), (r = -.15, p <.001).,, Table 1 Correlation Coefficients, Means, and Standard Deviations of the Study Variables Variables M (SD) (Range) 1. Family relationship (4.50) (8-40) 2. Peer violence victimization (1.99) (0-21) 3. Parental maltreatment -.07**.11*** 0.47 (1.73) (0-22) 4. A sense of community.19*** (3.43) (8-32) 5. Internet mobile phone addiction -.05*.09***.09*** -.16*** (9.20) (0-55) 6. Bullying perpetration ***.10*** -.15***.14*** 0.56 (5.04) (0-19) Note. N = *p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001.

7 111 Determinant Factors of Adolescent Bullying Perpetration Peer violence victimization.12 ** ** Family relationship.18 ** -.08 **.00 A sense of community -.08 ** Internet mobile phone addiction e **.10 ** e2 Bullying perpetration e3.10 **.04 Parental maltreatment Figure 2. A path diagram of the study. Model fit statistics: χ 2 (1) = 1.16, p =.28, GFI = 1.00, CFI = 1.00, NFI =.99, TLI =.99, RMSEA =.01 with 90% CI [.00,.07]. Solid lines represent statistically significant standardized path coefficients dashed lines represent nonsignificant standardized path coefficients. Error variances appear in small circles. *p <.01. **p <.001.,. (r =.19, p <.001). (r = -.05, p =.044), (r =.09, p <.001), (r =.09, p <.001), (r = -.16, p <.001).,,. 가설적경로모형분석모형의적합도검증 p.05, GFI, CFI, NFI, TLI.90, RMSEA.05). 경로모형의표준화경로모수치와유의성검증 Figure 2. (β =.10, p <.001), (β =.12, p <.001), (β = -.08, p <.001), (β = -.08, p =.003), (β =.18, p <.001). (β =.38, p <.001), (β = -.13, p <.001), (β =.10, p <.001). 경로모형의직접 간접효과분석, χ (n. s.), (GFI) = 1.00, (CFI) = 1.00, (NFI) =.99, (TLI) =.99, (RMSEA) =.01 (χ 2 Table 2. (β =.12, p <.05), (β =.10, p <.05), (β = -.08, p <.01)

8 Ah Rim Kim, Young Ran Tak 112 Table 2 Standardized Estimates of the Path Model Endogenous variable A sense of community Internet mobile phone addiction Bullying perpetration Note. N = a SMC = Squared Multiple Correlations. *p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001. Exogenous variable Family relationship Internet mobile phone addiction Family relationship Parental maltreatment Peer violence victimization Family relationship Peer violence victimization Internet mobile phone addiction A sense of community Direct effect Indirect effect Total effect SMC a β β β %.18** -.08 * -.08 **.10 *.12 * -.38 **.10 * -.13 **.01 **.19 ** -.08 * -.08 **.10 *.12 * -.03 **.01 **.01 ** -.03 **.39 **.10 ** -.13 ** %., (β =.18, p <.01) (β = -.08, p <.05), (β =.01, p <.01). 4.0%.,,., (β =.38, p <.01),, (β =.01, p <.01) (β =.39, p <.01) ( =.012),,.001 ( =.001).,,. (β = -.13, p <.01), (β =.10, p <.05) (β =.01, p <.01) (β =.10, p <.01)., (β = -.03, p <.01) ( =.023),.008 ( =.008),,.001 ( =.001).,,. 19.4%. 청소년연령대에따른다중집단경로분석결과연구모형에대한아동연령대별모형적합도비교 ( ), ( )

9 113 Determinant Factors of Adolescent Bullying Perpetration.,,,,,. (χ 2 =.82, df = 2, n. s., GFI = 1.00, CFI = 1.00, NFI =.99, TLI = 1.04, RMSEA =.00) (χ 2 = 14.34, df = 13, n. s., GFI =.99, CFI =.99, NFI =.97, TLI =.99, RMSEA =.00) ( χ 2 = 13.5, df = 11 < 19.7). (Yu, 2016). 연구모형의청소년연령대별경로계수차이 Table 3 Figure (β =.12, p <.01), (β =.14, p <.001)., (β =.10, p <.01), (β =.06, p = n.s.) (β =.06, p <.05), (β =.03, n. s.) ,,,,.. 1.,,,., 10 17,,. (M.-K. Cho et al., 2017; Connell et al., 2016; E. Kim & Chung, 2017; C. Lee & Shin, 2017; J. Park & Table 3 Path Estimates of the Research Variables by Age Group Endogenous variable A sense of community Internet mobile phone addiction Bullying perpetration Exogenous variable Family relationship Internet mobile phone addiction Peer violence victimization Parental maltreatment Peer violence victimization Parental maltreatment Internet mobile phone addiction A sense of community Young adolescents (n = 692) Older adolescents (n = 816) B β SE C.R. B β SE C.R *** *** *** ** 10.70*** ** -2.74** Model fit: χ2 =.816, df = 2, n.s.; GFI = 1.00, CFI = 1.00, NFI =.99, TLI =.98, RMSEA = *** 3.89*** *** 2.02* *** Note. N = df = degree of freedom; GFI = goodness of fit index; CFI = comparative fit index; NFI = normed fit index; TLI = tucker-lewis Index; RMSEA = root mean square error of approximation. *p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001.

10 Ah Rim Kim, Young Ran Tak 114 Young adolescents (11-14 year-olds) years) Peer violence victimization *** Family relationship.14 *** A sense of community -.16 *** Internet mobile phone addiction e **.10 ** e2 Bullying perpetration e3.12 **.03 Parental maltreatment Older adolescents Older adolescents (15-18 year-olds) (15-18 years) Peer violence victimization.14 *** *** Family relationship.22 ** A sense of community -.15 *** Internet mobile phone addiction e ***.01 e2 Bullying perpetration e3 Parental maltreatment * Figure 3. Final pathways by age group. Model fit statistics: χ 2 =.816, df = 2, p =.665; GFI = 1.00, CFI = 1.00, NFI =.99, TLI =.98, RMSEA =.01. Standardized path coefficients toward bullying perpetration are shown for the young and older adolescent groups, respectively. Dashed lines represent nonsignificant standardized path coefficients. Error variances appear in small circles. *p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001. Kim, 2015).,,,, 19.4%.,,,, J. Park Kim (2015).,, (Erginoz et al., 2015; J. Park & Kim, 2015),.

11 115 Determinant Factors of Adolescent Bullying Perpetration (K. Oh et al., 2015; H.-J. Park et al., 2015; S. Park et al., 2016) (Álvarez-García, García, & Núñez, 2015; M.-K. Cho et al., 2017; K. H. Lee & Lee, 2017; C. Lee & Shin, 2017).,.,,., (J. Jeong & Jang, 2017; No et al., 2017; J. Park & Kim, 2015).,.,, (J. S. Hong, Espelage, Grogan-Kaylor, & Allen-Meares, 2012), (J. Y. Kim & Park, 2013).,.,., 6, K. Oh (2015). (J. S. Hong et al., 2012; K. Oh et al., 2015).,, (K. Oh et al., 2015)., Choi (2016),..,., ,. Ko (2014) Ah Jeong (2012). C. B. Cho (2010) -.,.,,,.,.,,.,., 10 17

12 Ah Rim Kim, Young Ran Tak 116. (S. Hong & Ha, 2017),. (Min, 2017).,,, (H.-J. Park et al., 2015) ,,,,.,,,,,,. 2.,., 14-17, ( p <.01) ( p <.05). Hsieh (2016), 6 1 (Jung, Nho, Lee, Sung, & Song, 2014)., S. Kim (2015) ,., (Yeo, Kang, & Kim, 2014).,, (Álvarez-García et al., 2015), ,,,,,,, (Ah & Jeong, 2012).,,,, (J. S. Hong et al., 2012). (J. Y. Kim & Park, 2013),.,., (Yeo et al., 2014).,,

13 117 Determinant Factors of Adolescent Bullying Perpetration (H,-S. Kim, Yu, & Nam, 2015).,.,,,., (E. Kim & Chung, 2017), (J. Y. Kim & Park, 2013) (J. A. Oh et al., 2016).,,,,,.,.,.,,,,,,,..,,,,.,,,.,,,., , ,. 0,,..,,,,.,,,,.,,,.,.

14 Ah Rim Kim, Young Ran Tak 118 Notes This article was presented at the 2017 Annual Fall Conference of the Korean Association of Child Studies. Conflict of Interest No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported. In English References Álvarez-García, D., García, T., & Núñez, J. C. (2015). Predictors of school bullying perpetration in adolescence: A systematic review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 23, doi: /j.avb Bax, T. M. (2016). A contemporary history of bullying & violence in South Korean schools. Asian Culture and History, 8(2), doi: /ach.v8n2p91 Cho, M.-K., Kim, M., & Shin, G. (2017). Effects of cyber bullying experience and cyber bullying tendency on school violence in early adolescence. The Open Nursing Journal, 11, doi: / Connell, N. M., Morris, R. G., & Piquero, A. R. (2016). Predicting bullying: Exploring the contributions of childhood negative life experiences in predicting adolescent bullying behavior. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 60(9), doi: / x Erginoz, E., Alikasifoglu, M., Ercan, O., Uysal, O., Alp, Z., Ocak, S.,... Albayrak Kaymak, D. (2015). The role of parental, school, and peer factors in adolescent bullying involvement: Results from the Turkish HBSC 2005/2006 study. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health, 27(2), NP1591-NP1603. doi: / Fry, D., Fang, X., Elliott, S., Casey, T., Zheng, X., Li, J.,... McCluskey, G. (2017). The relationships between violence in childhood and educational outcomes: a global systematic review and meta-analysis. Child Abuse & Neglect, doi: /j.chiabu Hong, J. S., Espelage, D. L., Grogan-Kaylor, A., & Allen-Meares, P. (2012). Identifying potential mediators and moderators of the association between child maltreatment and bullying perpetration and victimization in school. Educational Psychology Review, 24(2), Hsieh, Y. P., Shen, A. C. T., Wei, H. S., Feng, J. Y., Huang, S. C., & Hwa, H. L. (2016). Multidimensional victimization and internet addiction among Taiwanese children. Chinese Journal of Psychology, 58(4), doi: / CJP Lee, C., & Shin, N. (2017). Prevalence of cyberbullying and predictors of cyberbullying perpetration among Korean adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 68, Mrug, S., & Windle, M. (2009). Bidirectional influences of violence exposure and adjustment in early adolescence: Externalizing behaviors and school connectedness. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37(5), doi: / s Straus, M. A., Hamby, S. L., Finkelhor, D., Moore, D. W., & Runyan, D. (1998). Identification of child maltreatment with the parent-child conflict tactics scales: development and psychometric data for a national sample of American parents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 22(4), doi: /s (97) Schwartz, D., Farver, J. M., Chang, L., & Lee-Shin, Y. (2002). Victimization in South Korean children s peer groups. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30(2), doi: /a: In Korean Ah, Y.-A., & Jeong, W.-C. (2012). Mediating effects of internet addiction in the relationship between school violence aggression and victimization. Korean Journal of Youth Studies, 19(12), Bae, E., & Choi, I. (2016). The effect of social capital on the school adaptation of children in a community child care center. Studies on Korean Youth, 27(1), doi: / sky Cho, C. B. (2010). A study on the effect of family violence and parent-child interaction on adolescents violence delinquency and the verification of the mediating effect of internet game addiction. Journal of Adolescent Welfare, 12(1), Choi, M. (2016). The effects of neglectful abusive rearing styles of parents on school adjustment and a sense of community in adolescent children: With a focus on the mediating effects of self-awareness. Studies on Korean Youth, 27(2), doi: /sky Hong, S., & Ha, M. (2017). Autoregressive cross-lagged effects between a sense of community and mobile phone dependency. Studies on Korean Youth, 28(3), Jeong, J., & Jang, J. (2017). The relationship of adolescents experienced interparental violence, child abuse, sibling violence and perpetration/victimization of school violence.

15 119 Determinant Factors of Adolescent Bullying Perpetration Korean Journal of Youth Studies, 24(5), Jeong, M. (2015). The structural relationship of factors associated with smart phone addiction amongst middle school students: With a focus on the ecological perspective. Studies on Korean Youth, 26(3), doi: /sky Jung, P. H., Nho, C. R., Lee, K. S., Sung, M. H., & Song, J. D. (2014). Mediating effects of depression and aggression on the association between child abuse and neglect and cell phone addiction. Journal of the Korean Society of Child Welfare, 47, Kim, E., & Chung, H. (2017). The relationship between victimization and behavior in school violence of middle school students: The mediating effects of cognitive emotion regulation strategy and aggression. Korean Journal of Youth Studies, 24(7), Kim, H.-S., Yu, H.-K., & Nam, S.-Y. (2015). Development of a parents-involved group counseling program for the prevention of smartphone addiction in lower elementary school graders. The Journal of Child Education, 24(3), doi: /kjce Kim, J. Y., Choi, S. A., & Lim, J. H. (2015). Moderating effects of acceptability of violence on the impact of community environments on adolescents school violence. Korean Journal of Youth Studies, 22(11), Kim, J. Y., & Park, E. Y. (2013). The relationship between abuse by parents and school violence behavior among middle school students: The moderating effects of self-control and family support. Korean Journal of Youth Studies, 20(9), Kim, S. (2015). The effects of parent abuse, negative peer relations, and cell phone dependency on middle-school adolescent depression. Forum for Youth Culture, 43, Kim, S., Yim, H., & Chung, I. (2014). The pathways from child maltreatment to interpersonal relationships in middle school. Studies on Korean Youth, 25(4), doi: / sky Kim, W.-J. (2012). The effect of family background and school experience on the formation of citizenship during adolescence. Studies on Korean Youth, 23(1), Kim, Y. (2017). Mediational effects of loneliness and spiritual well being on the association between high school students family functioning and smartphone addiction. Korean Journal of Christian Counseling, 28(1), Kwon, H.-W., & Lim, Y.-J. (2017). The effects of parental attachment perceived by upper grade elementary school students on smartphone addiction: The mediating effects of smartphone use motives. Korean Journal of Youth Studies, 24(9), Ko, J.-S. (2014). Mediating effect of adolescents smart-phone addiction in the relationship between family function and school adjustment resilience. Journal of the Korea Contents Association, 14(6), doi: /jkca Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs. (2013). 2013nyeon adongjonghapsiltaejosa choejongbon [2013 ](Report No ). Seoul: KIHASA. Lee, K. H., & Lee, K. S. (2017). Effects of internet game addiction, family functioning, offense experience, victimization experience on possibility of peer violence in elementary school students. Journal of the Korea Contents Association, 17(7), doi: /jkca Min, J.-S. (2017). A study on the internet abuse factors of community sentiment : Foused on social presence and social interaction. Journal of the Korea Entertainment Industry Association, 11(1), doi: /jkeia Ministry of Education. (2016). Gyoyukbu yurihan hakgyopongnyeok tonggye golla sseotda bodo gwallyeon [ ]. Retrieved December 1, 2017, from Ministry of Education. (2017). 2017nyeon 1cha hakgyopongnyeok siltaejosa gyeolgwa [ ]. Retrieved from Ministry of Education website: moe.go.kr/ No, U., Lee, H., Lee, E., & Hong, S. (2017). Changes in student s school violence during middle school: Applying multivariate multilevel growth models to testing individual and school effects. Studies on Korean Youth, 28(1), Noh, H.-L., Kim, H.-T., & Yoo, S.-K. (2006). The evaluation of a school violence prevention program. (Report No ). Seoul: Social Mental Health Institute of Samsung Medical Center. National Information Society Agency. (2011). Development of Korean smartphone addiction proneness scale for youth and adults (Report No. NIA Ⅳ-RER-11051). Retrieved from NIA website: National Information Society Agency. (2017) The survey on internet overdependence. (Report No. NIA V-RER-C-16026). Retrieved from NIA website: Oh, J. A., Kim, Y. H., & Kim, H. S. (2016). The influencing factors in the adolescent school violence. Korean Journal of Youth Studies, 23(9), Oh, K., Han, D., & Park, U. (2015). The effects of the communal instructional practices of the teacher and classroom on the school violence in elementary schools. Korean Journal of Youth Studies, 22(3), Park, C.-K. (2013). The relation between determining the age of criminal minor in criminal law and the system of protective disposition of juvenile offenders in juvenile law. Korean Juvenile Protection Review. 22, Park, H.-J., Kim, J.-O., & Son, Y.-H. (2015). The analysis of the longitudinal trend of the sense of community in

16 Ah Rim Kim, Young Ran Tak 120 adolescence and its predictors. Asian Journal of Education, 16(4), Park, J., & Kim, H. (2015). A meta-analysis of factors having effects on school violence: Discovering the importance of school and community factor. Youth Facility and Environment, 13(4), Park, S., Park, H., Oh, D., Jang, M., & Kim, H. (2016). The effect of appreciative inquiry program on elementary school students community consciousness and attitudes toward school violence. Journal of Learner-Centered Curriculum and Instruction, 16(11), Park, Y. K. (2016). A study on the problems and the improvement of the age of criminal minor in criminal law. Korean Juvenile Protection Review. 29(2), Yeo, J.-Y., Kang, S.-Y., & Kim, D.-H. (2014). The impact of attachment anxiety on smart phone addiction with a mediating effect of impulsivity and loneliness: Focused on the group of SNS and GAME. The Korea Journal of Youth Counseling, 22(1), Yu, J. P. (2016). Concept and Understanding of Structure Equation Model. Seoul: Hannarae Publishing Co. Ah Rim Kim Young Ran Tak ORCID Received November 15, 2017 Revision received November 29, 2017 Accepted December 5, 2017

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