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1 Research Article Korean J Child Stud 2017;38(2): pissn: eissn: X Typologies and Characteristics of Adolescent Peer Delinquency using Latent Class Analysis Jisu Park, Ha Young Kim, Jin Kyeong Yu, Yoonsun Han Department of Child Education and Psychology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea (LCA) -,,, Objective: Delinquent peers are important predictors of adolescent delinquent behavior. Few studies have classified individuals into groups based on patterns of delinquent behavior among youth and their peers. This study identified latent groups based on adolescent-peer delinquency and examined psychosocial characteristics of each latent group. Methods: First, the study employed latent class analysis based on a nationally representative data of South Korean middle school students (N = 2,277). Both adolescent and peer delinquent behaviors comprised 13 items in the questionnaire that was self-reported by adolescents. Second, the study used multivariate regression models to analyze psychosocial symptoms of latent groups and conducted Wald tests to compare differences among latent groups. Results: Patterns of adolescent-peer delinquency were classified into six latent groups. Mutual total delinquent group (1.2%) showed high rates in most delinquent experiences. Mutual status delinquent group (5.7%) mainly experienced status delinquency, Mutual violence delinquent group (5.3%) showed high rates of violent delinquency. Peer-only total high delinquent group (3.8%) reported friends to have engaged in all types of delinquency and Peer-only total medium delinquent group (11.8%) reported peer involvement in multiple status and few violent delinquency. Finally, low risk group (72.2%) reported low rates of delinquency for themselves and their friends. Regression analysis showed that every mutual delinquent group presented significantly worse psychosocial problems than the low risk group. Conclusion: Using person centered latent class analysis, this study classified six latent classes while considering both delinquent agents and various types of delinquency and investigated specific groups with greater risk of psychosocial problems. Keywords: juvenile delinquency, delinquent peer, delinquent agent, delinquent type, latent class analysis.,,, Corresponding Author: Yoonsun Han, Department of Child Education and Psychology, Sungkyunkwan University, 25-2, Sungkyunkwan-ro, Jongrogu, Seoul, Korea yoonsunhan@skku.edu The Korean Association of Child Studies This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

2 Park, Kim, Yu, and Han 166.,,, (Ministry of Gender Equality and Family [MOGEF], 2016).,,.,..,., 36 (Jin & Bae, 2012) (3.7%).,,.,. (selection), (socialization), (enhancement) (Vitaro, Brendgen, & Wanner, 2005). (Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990).,. (I. S. Park, 2016).., (Chung & Lee, 2010). (Kandal, 1978; Vitaro et al., 2005). Chung Lee (2010),,,.,.,,, (M. R. Lim, Kim, Kim, Lee, & Jung, 2015).,,,,., 21.4%, 43.5%, 11.0%, 5.3% (MOGEF, 2014)., (Moffitt, 1993). (Jeong, 2016), (Cho, 2010). 6,359 Y. H. Kim, Cho, Lee Byun (2013), 6.8%, 7.2%.,.,,,. (,, ) (Nam, 2011). MOGEF (2012),,, 33.1%, 46.5%. Ministry of Education (2014), 39.8%, 60.2%.,. (variable centered)

3 167 Typologies of Adolescent-Peer Delinquency.,. (person centered) (Latent Class Analysis [LCA]).,. 1 2, (,, )... 1??. 연구도구청소년비행 1,, Table 2.,, 13 1, 0. 또래비행 13. Table 2, 1, 0. 2,,? 연구대상. (Jin & Bae, 2012), 2 1 (M. R. Lim et al., 2015). (Korean Children & Youth Panel Study) 1 2 (National Youth Policy Institute, 2011) 2,351 2,277. 2, %, 49.5% 심리사회적변인 (G. Kim, Kim, & Won, 1984) 10 Jo Im (2003) 8..,., (1 =, 4 = ). Cronbach s α.92.. Jo Im (2003) 13

4 Park, Kim, Yu, and Han 168.,.. 4 (1 =, 4 = ). (13 ) Cronbach s α.86.,,, Min (1991).., 1 1.,., (1 =, 4 = ).,.. Cronbach s α.87. 통제요인,,. 1, 0,,, (1 =, 5 = ) 자료분석방법, -. (LCA) (H. J. Lim, 2013)., (Magidson & Vermunt, 2002). Akaike Information Criterion (AIC; Akaike, 1974) Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC; Schwartz, 1978), Entropy. AIC BIC (No, Jung & Hong, 2014), 0 1 Entropy 1, (Ramaswamy, Desarbo, Reibstein, & Robinson, 1993). Lo-Mendell-Rubin adjusted Likelihood Ratio Test (LMRLRT; Lo, Mendell, & Rubin, 2001) Bootstrap Likelihood Ratio Test (BLRT; McLachlan & Peel, 2000). LMRLRT, BLRT k k k k - 1 (Nylund, Asparouhov, & Muthén, 2007).,.. 0, 1,.. Wald test. Mplus 7.4 (Muthen & Muthen, Los Angeles, CA) Stata 14.0 (StataCorp., College Station, TX) Wald test. 연구대상자의인구사회학적특성 (38.6%) (39.0%), 4,520 (SD = 2,483) (Table 1 ).

5 169 Typologies of Adolescent-Peer Delinquency Table 1 Descriptive Characteristics of Sample Variables Mean (%) SD Range n Male 50.5% - - 2,277 Female 49.5% - - 2,277 Household income (unit: 10,000 Korean won) 4,520 2, ,000 2,131 Parent s education ,179 Under middle school 3.4% High school 38.6% College 9.8% University 39.0% Graduate school 4.8% Externalizing problem ,277 Internalizing problem ,277 School adjustment ,277 Table 2 Descriptive Statistics of Major Variables Frequency of adolescent delinquency (%) Frequency of peer delinquency (%) Types of delinquency Questions Male Female Male Female Status delinquency Smoking Drinking Truancy Running away from home Having sexual relations Violent delinquency Teasing and mocking others Collective bullying Engaging in group fight Beating others Threatening others Extorting money or things from others Sexual assault Property delinquency Stealing/Robbing money or things from others (SD = 0.56), 2.26 (SD = 0.49) (SD = 0.44). 주요변인의빈도분석 - Table 2.,.,.

6 Park, Kim, Yu, and Han 170 Table 3 Model Fit Indices Model AIC BIC Entropy LMRLRT p value BLRT p value < < < < < < < < version Self Stealing/Robbing Money Or Things From Others Self Sexual Assault Self ExtorEng Money Or Things From Others Peer Smoking Peer Drinking Peer Truancy Peer Running Away From Home Self Threatening Others Peer Having Sexual RelaEons Self BeaEng Others Peer Teasing And Mocking Others Self Engaging In Group Fight Peer CollecEve Bullying 0 Self CollecEve Bullying Peer Engaging In Group Fight Self Teasing And Mocking Others Peer BeaEng Others Self Having Sexual RelaEons Peer Threatening Others Self Running Away From Home Self Truancy Self Drinking Self Smoking Peer ExtorEng Money Or Things From Others Peer Sexual Assault Peer Stealing/Robbing Money Or Things From Others Figure 1. Properties of the latent groups. blue area = status delinquency; green area = violent delinquency; white area = property delinquency; yellow line = mutual total delinquent group; grey line = mutual status delinquent group; sky blue line = mutual violent delinquent group; indigo line = peer-only total (medium) delinquent group; red line = peer-only total (high) delinquent group. 잠재계층분석 (LCA) 및집단별특성 (Table 3 ). AIC BIC 6. Entropy 0.8. LMRLRT 7

7 171 Typologies of Adolescent-Peer Delinquency p 6. BLRT p, ,.,.,,. 1.2%. 5.7%,. 5.3%. 3.8%. 11.8%. 72.2%. 다중회귀분석 Table 4.,. 1. (b = 0.16, p <.05), (b = 0.19, p <.001), (b = 0.34, p <.01). Wald test, ( p <.05), ( p <.01), ( p <.01).,,. Table 4 Multiple Regression Internalizing problem Externalizing problem School adjustment Latent classes variables (reference: Low risk group) Mutual total delinquent group 0.34 (.11)** 0.44 (.10)*** (.08)* Mutual status delinquent group 0.19 (.05)*** 0.23 (.05)*** (.04)*** Mutual violent delinquent group 0.11 (.05) 0.13 (.05)** (.04)* Peer -only total (high) 0.16 (.06)* 0.16 (.06)** 0.03 (.05) delinquent group Peer -only total (medium) 0.03 (.04) 0.06 (.03) 0.04 (.03) delinquent group Control variables Gender (.02) (.02)*** (.02) Household income (.05) (.06)* 0.15 (.04)** Parental education (.01)** (.01) 0.05 (.01)*** Constant 2.35 (.16)*** 2.56 (.18)*** 2.24 (.14)*** Note. N = 2,125. p <.10. *p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001.

8 Park, Kim, Yu, and Han 172 (b = 0.13, p <.01), (b = 0.16, p <.01), (b = 0.23, p <.001), (b = 0.44, p <.001). Wald test, ( p <.05), ( p <.01). ( p <.001),,. (b = -0.09, p <.05), (b = -0.17, p <.001), (b = -0.21, p <.05). Wald test, ( p <.01), ( p <.001). ( p <.05), ( p <.01).,.,,...,.. (, ) (,, ), 6. 3 (,, ), 2 (, ),.,.,.,.,, (Yeom & Cho, 2016)..,,,, (,, ).,. (,,, ),. (Yoo & Lee, 2001), (J.-H. Park & Lee, 2016).

9 173 Typologies of Adolescent-Peer Delinquency..,. (H.-S. Park, 2011)....,.,...,,,.,..,,. (t [1899, 121] = -5.53, p <.001), (t [2020, 335] = -3.67, p <.001), (t [2162, 908] = -3.07, p <.01), (t [2246, 651] = 6.63, p <.001).,,.,,.,, ( ) 5 ( )..,. (,, ).,,,.,, (H.-S. Kim & Kim, 1997; J.-H. Park & Lee, 2016)..,,.

10 Park, Kim, Yu, and Han 174, (, ). 10 (Institute of Justice, 2016) Acknowledgements This work was supported by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea and the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2016S1A5A2A ). Notes This article was presented at the 2016 Annual Fall Conference of the Korean Association of Child Studies. Conflict of Interest No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported. In English References Akaike, H. (1974). A new look at the statistical model identification. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 19(6), doi: /tac Gottfredson, M. R., & Hirschi, T. (1990). A general theory of crime. CA: Stanford University Press. Kandel, D. B. (1978). Homophily, selection, and socialization in adolescent friendships. American Journal of Sociology, 84(2), Retrieved from stable/ Lo, Y., Mendell, N. R., & Rubin, D. B. (2001). Testing the number of components in a normal mixture. Biometrika, 88(3), Retrieved from stable/ Magidson, J., & Vermunt, J. (2002). Latent class models for clustering: A comparison with K-means. Canadian Journal of Marketing Research, 20(1), Retrieved from www. researchgate.net/publication/ McLachlan, G. J., & Peel, D. (2000). Finite mixture models. New York: John Wiley & Sons. doi: / Moffitt, T. E. (1993). Adolescence-limited and life-coursepersistent antisocial behavior: A developmental taxonomy. Psychological Review, 100(4), doi: / x Mplus (Version 7.4) [Computer software]. Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén. Nylund, K. L., Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. O. (2007). Deciding on the number of classes in latent class analysis and growth mixture modeling: A Monte Carlo simulation study. Structure Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 14(4), doi: / Park, I. S. (2016). A longitudinal test of self-control and peer influence on juvenile delinquency. Korean Academy of Public Safety and Criminal Justice, 25, Retrieved from Ramaswamy, V., DeSarbo, W. S., Reibstein, D. J., & Robinson, W. T. (1993). An empirical pooling approach for estimating marketing mix elasticities with PIMS data. Marketing Science, 12(1), doi: /mksc

11 175 Typologies of Adolescent-Peer Delinquency Schwarz, G. (1978). Estimating dimensions of a model. The Annals of Statistics, 6(2), Retrieved form projecteuclid.org/euclid.aos/ Stata Statistical Software (Version 14) [Computer software]. College Station, TX: StataCorp. Retrieved from Vitaro, F., Brendgen, M., & Wanner, B. (2005). Patterns of affiliation with delinquent friends during late childhood and early adolescence: Correlates and consequences. Social Development, 14(1), doi: /j x In Korean Cho, C. B. (2010). A study on the effect of family violence and parent-child interaction on adolescents violence delinquency and the verification of the mediating effect of internet game addiction. Journal of Adolescent Welfare, 12(1), Retrieved from Chung, I.-J., & Lee, E.-J. (2010). Longitudinal dynamic relationships of delinquent peers and delinquency trajectories. Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies, 41(1), Retrieved from Institute of Justice. (2016) white paper on crime (IOJ Publication No ). Retrieved from Jeong, S. M. (2016). A study on relations of aggression, violence delinquency and social factors. Korean Criminal Psychology Review, 12(2), Retrieved from link?id=a Jin, H.-M., & Bae, S.-W. (2012). A meta-analysis on the variables related with juvenile delinquency. Journal of Adolescent Welfare, 14(2), Retrieved from kr/link?id=a Jo, B. H., & Im, G. H. (2003). Development and validation of emotional or behavioral problems scale. Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy, 15(4), Retrieved from Kim, G., Kim, J., & Won, H. (1984). Korean manual of symptom checklist-90-revision. Retrieved from Kim, H.-S., & Kim, H.-S. (1997). The characteristics of their family environment and character trait among delinquent adolescents in Korea. Korean Journal of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 8(1), Retrieved from link?id=a Kim, Y. H., Cho, A. M., Lee, S. H., & Byun, H. J. (2013). Decreasing age of youth problem behavior and policy tasks (Report No. 13-R07). Retrieved from re.kr Lim, H. J. (2013). A longitudinal analysis of adolescents achievement goal orientation profiles and their relationship to academic achievement and motivation. Korean Journal of Youth Studies, 20(2), Retrieved from dbpia.co.kr/article/node Lim, M. R., Kim, J. H., Kim, M. H., Lee, H., & Jung, A. (2015). Latent class analysis of delinquent behavior of middle school students in Gyeonggi. Korean Journal of Youth Studies, 22(7) Retrieved from co.kr/article/node Min, B. S. (1991). Effects of school adjustment and sself-concept on school academic achievement (Unpublished master s thesis). Hongik University, Seoul, Korea. Ministry of Education. (2014). Results from the first student survey on school violence [Press Release]. Retrieved from Ministry of Gender Equality and Family. (2012) youth risk environment surveillance report (MOGEF Publication No ). Retrieved from mogef.go.kr Ministry of Gender Equality and Family. (2014). Youth risk environment surveillance report (MOGEF Publication No ). Retrieved from mogef.go.kr Ministry of Gender Equality and Family. (2016) white paper on youth (MOGEF Publication No ). Retrieved from Nam, J. B. (2011). Related factors of juvenile delinquency. Journal of Social Science, 28(2), Retrieved from dbpia.co.kr/article/node No, U., Jung, S., & Hong, S. (2014). Classifying latent profiles in delinquency of children and adolescents and testing the effects of determinants. Studies on Korean Youth, 25(4), doi: /sky Park, H.-S. (2011). Developmental trajectories of juvenile delinquency and influential factor. Korean Journal of Crime and Delinquency, 1, Retrieved from kstudy.com/ Park, J.-H., & Lee, D.-H. (2016). The relationship among mother s parenting behavior determinants, mother s parenting behaviors, and children s delinquency: The comparison between adolescents and delinquent adolescents. Korean Journal of Youth Studies, 23(6), doi: /kjys Yeom, J.-W., & Cho, H.-I. (2016). The longitudinal relationship among externalizing and internalizing problem behaviors and school adjustment using autoregressive cross-lagged model. The Korean Journal of Educational Psychology, 30(1), doi:8080/ /kjep Yoo, S. K., & Lee, S. R. (2001). Risk and protective factors related to the development of delinquency in Korean youths. The Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy,

12 Park, Kim, Yu, and Han (2), Retrieved from link?id=a ORCID Received February 28, 2017 Revision received April 4, 2017 Accepted April 12, 2017 Jisu Park Ha Young Kim Jin Kyeong Yu Yoonsun Han

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