CONTENTS 농업통상용어집...34 A A goods wholly obtained test ( ) AARDO (Afro-Asian Rural Development Organization, ) ACC (Anti-Concentration, )...

Transcription

1 Agricultural Terms of Trade 농업통상 용어집

2 CONTENTS 농업통상용어집...34 A A goods wholly obtained test ( ) AARDO (Afro-Asian Rural Development Organization, ) ACC (Anti-Concentration, ) Accession ( ) ACP (African, Caribbean and Pacific Countries, ) ACRE (Average Crop Revenue Election program, )...37 Actionable Subsidy, Yellow Subsidy ( ) Adjustment Costs ( ) Ad Valorem Duty/Tariff ( ) AFBF (American Farm Bureau Federatin, ) ABAC (APEC Business Advisory Council, ) ABS (Access to genetic resources and Benefit Sharing, ) Absorption/takeover principle ( ) Accumulation ( ) AD Advisory Committee ( ) ADB (Asia Development Bank, ) Adjustment Tariff ( ) AELM (APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting, APEC ) AEM (Meeting of the ASEAN Economic Ministers, ) Alternative duty ( ) AFSIS (ASEAN Food Security Information System, ) AFTA (ASEAN Free Trade Area, ) Agenda 2000 ( 2000) Agenda 21 ( 21) Agreement on Textiles and Clothing ( ) Agreement on Agriculture ( ) Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures ( ) Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization ( )

3 Agricultural Terms of Trade Agricultural Subsidy ( ) A-H1N AI (Avian influenza, )...47 AIE (Analysis and Information Exchange, ) ALOP (Appropriate Level of Protection, )...47 AMAD (Agricultural Market Access database, )...48 AMS (Aggregate Measurement of Support, ) Amber Box ( ) Anadromous Fish ( ) Analytical Index ( ) Animal Plant Health Inspection Service (, APHIS) Antarctic Treaty ( ) Appropriate Level of Protection (, ALOP) Anti-Circumvention ( ) Anti-Dumping Duty ( ) APB-NET (Asia-Pacific Business Net, APEC ) APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, ) APEC Committee on Trade and Investment (APEC ) APEC Non-Binding Investment Principles (APEC ) Appellate Body ( ) Appellation of Origin ( ) Appellate Review ( ) Applied Tariff ( ) Arbitration ( ) ARP (Acreage Reduction Program, ) Article 113 Committee (113 ) Artisanal fisheries ( ) ASC (APEC Study Center, APEC ) ASCM (Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, ) ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations, ) ASEAN Industrial Cooperation Scheme (ASEAN )

4 농업통상용어집 ASEAN Investment Area (ASEAN ) ASEAN+3 ( + ) ASEM (Asia-Europe Meeting, ) ASEM Connect Asia-Europe Vision Group ( ) ASPs (Agreement-Specific Proposals, ) ATCWG (Agricultural Technology Cooperation Working Group) ATL (Accelerated Tariff Liberalization, ) Atlantic beef/pigmeat market ( / )...56 At-the-border barriers ( ) AUSFTA (Australia-US Trade Agreement, - )...57 Automaticity ( ) Automatic Import Licensing ( ) Autonomous Tariff ( ) AVE (Ad Valorem Equivalent, ) Award of contracts ( ) B BAC (Budget and Administrative committee, ) Backloading ( ( ) ) Balance of current account ( ) Balance of payments measures ( )...62 Bali Package ( ) Bangkok Agreement ( ) Barter Trade ( ) Baseline of the territorial sea ( ) Base Rate ( ) Base Total AMS ( ) Basel Convention ( ) Behind the Border ( ) BIA (Built-in Agenda, ) BIAC (Business & Industry Advisory Committee, )

5 Agricultural Terms of Trade Bilateral Negotiation ( ) Bilateral Safeguards ( ) Bilateral Trade Agreement ( ) Bilateralism ( ) Bindings ( ) Binding overhang ( ) Binding ratio ( ) Biomass Conversion ( ) Biological diversity ( ) BIS Ratio ( ) BISD (Basic Instrument and Selected Document) BIT (Bilateral Investment Treaty, ) Blair House Accord ( ) Block Exemptions ( ) Blue Box( ) Bogor Declaration ( ) Bolar Provision ( ) BOP (Balance of payments, ) BOP Article (Balance of Payment Article, ) Border Protection ( )...74 Border Tax Adjustment ( ) Bound Tariff ( ) Bounty ( ) Box ( ) BPA (Bilateral Payment Arrangement, ) Bretton Woods System ( ) BRICs (Brazil Russia India China, )...75 Brussels Ministerial Meeting ( ) BSE (Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, ) BTL (Base Trigger Level, ) Business Practices ( )

6 농업통상용어집 C C-TPAT (Custom-Trade Partnership against Terrorism) C/O (Certificate of Origin, ) Cabotage ( ) Cabotages ( ) Cairns Group ( ) Calvo Clause ( ) Canada-Periodicals Case ( ) CAP (Common Agricultural Policy, ) CAP (Collective Action Plan, ) Capping ( ) Carbon Footprint Scheme ( ) Cargo Manifest ( ) Caricom (Caribbean Community and Common Market, ) Carnet Convention ( ) Carry forward ( ) Carry over ( ) Carve out ( ) Cascading tariffs ( ) Catadromous fish ( ) Causality ( ) CB (Capacity Building, ) CBSPC (Convention on the Conservation and Management of Pollock Resources in the Central Bering Sea, ) CCAMLR (Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, ) CCC (Customs Cooperation Council, ) CCC (Customs Cooperation Council, ) CCC (Commodity Credit Corporation, ) CCFTA (Canada-Chile Free Trade Agreement, - FTA) CCP (Counter Cyclical Payment, ) CCRA (Common Criteria Recognition Arrangement, )

7 Agricultural Terms of Trade CCRF (Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries, ) CCSBT (Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna, ) CDS (Catch Documentation Scheme, ) CE (Conformitée Europé) CEFTA (Central European Free Trade Agreement, ) Ceiling Binding ( ) CEPA (Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement, ) CER (Closer Economic Relations) Certificate of origin ( ) CGE (Computable General Equilibrium, )...92 Change in tariff heading ( ) Chicago Convention ( ) CIQ (Customs, Immigration and Quarantine,, ) Circumvention ( ) Circumvention of Export Subsidy ( ) CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States, )...93 CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, ).. 94 Clawback GI ( ) Clean Development Mechanism ( ) Cluster ( ) CMA (Current Market Access, ) CMO (Common Market Organization, )...95 Code-conditioned Most-favored-nation-treatment ( ) Code of Liberalization of Capital Movement and of Current Invisible Operations (OECD ) Codex Alimentarius Commission ( ) COGECA (General Committee for Agricultural Cooperation in the European Union, ) Combined Duty ( ) Commercial Loan ( ) Commercial Presence ( )

8 농업통상용어집 Commission of the European Communities (EU ) Commission on Investment, Technology and Related Financial Issues (, ) Commitment ( ) Committee on Agriculture (WTO ) Committee on Regional Trade Agreement ( ) Committee on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures ( ) Committee on Trade and Environment ( ) Common Market ( ) Commercial Consideration ( ) Compensation ( ) Compensatory Payment ( ) Competition policy ( ) Compound duty ( ) Compound tariff ( ) Comprehensive Tariffication ( ) Concession ( ) Concession Negotiation ( ) Consensus ( ) Conservation Compliance ( ) Consolidated Text ( ) Consular Transaction ( ) Consultation ( ) Contingent Measure Contiguous Zone ( ) Contracting Party ( ) Continental shelf ( ) Convention on biological diversity ( ) Convention on Wetland of International Importance Especially as a Waterfowl Habitat ( ) Coordinator's Meeting ( ) COPA (Committee of Agricultural Organization in the EU, )

9 Agricultural Terms of Trade Copyright ( ) Copyright Treaty ( ) COREPER (Committee of Parliament Representatives, ) Cotton Council of Europe ( ) Council of Ministers ( ) Countervailing Measure ( ) Country List ( ) Country of Origin ( ) Country of Origin Marking ( ) Country Quota ( ) Country Risk ( ) CPUE (catch per unit effort, ) Credit ( ) Critical Mass Crop Year ( ) Cross Compensation ( ) Cross-cutting issue ( ) Cross Retaliation ( ) CRP (Conservation Reserve Program, ) C/S (Country Schedule, ) CSE (Consumer Support Estimate, ) CTE (Committee on Trade and Environment, ) CTG (Council for Trade in Goods, ) CTI (Committee on Trade and Investment, ) CTS (Council for Trade in Services, ) Cumulative Assessment ( ) Customs Broker ( ) Customs Cooperation For Textile and Apparel Goods ( ) Customs Free Zones ( ) Customs taxes ( ) Customs Territory ( )

10 농업통상용어집 Customs Union ( ) Customs Valuation ( ) Current Total AMS ( ) CVD (Countervailing Duty, ) D DAC (Development Assistance Committee, ) DDA (Doha Development Agenda, ) Decoupling ( ) Decoupled Income Support ( ) de facto Discrimination ( ) Default ( ) Default clause ( ) Deficiency Payments ( ) Definitive Anti-dumping Duties ( ) De jure discrimination ( ) Delayed Tariffication ( ) De minimis dumping margins ( ) De-minimis ( ) Destination Principle ( ) Developing Countries ( ) Dezeeuw Draft ( ) DFQF (Duty-free Quota-free, ) DG (Directorate-General, ) Dillon Round ( ) Directive ( ) Direct Payment ( ) Dirty Tariffication ( ) Disguised Trade Barriers ( ) Dispute Settlement ( ) Distortion ( ) Diversionary Dumping ( )

11 Agricultural Terms of Trade Diversity of Origin ( ) DMEG (Dispute Mediation Experts Group, ) Domestic Subsidy ( ) Down Payment ( ) Drawback System ( ) Drawback ( ) DSB (Dispute Settlement Body, ) DSU (Dispute Settlement Understanding, ) Dumping ( ) Dumping Margin ( ) Dunkel's Draft Final Act ( ) Dynamic Asian Economies( ) E EAEC (East Asian Economic Caucus, ) EAERR (East Asia Emergency Rice Reserve, ) EAF (Ecosystem approach to fisheries, ) EAI (Enterprise For ASEAN Initiative, ) Early harvest ( ) Early Warning System ( ) EBA (Everything but Arms) EBRD (The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, ) ECB (European Central Bank, ) Economic Leader's Meeting ( ) Eco-Labelling ( ) EC (European Community, ) ECSC (European Coal and Steel Community, ) ECU (European Currency Unit, ) EC Oilseeds Case (EU ) EC Banana Case (EC ) EC Hormmone Case ( ) Economic Intergation ( )

12 농업통상용어집 ECOTECH (Economic and Technology cooperation, ) EDCF (Economic Development Coorperation Fund, ) EEP (Export Enhancement Program, ) EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zone, ) EFTA (European Free Trade Association, ) Effective exchange rate ( ) EISA 2007 (Energy Independence and Security Act 2007, ) Electronic Commerce ( ) El Nino ( ) E-mark ( ) Emerging Market Program ( ) Emission Trading ( ) EMM (Economic Ministerial Meeting, ASEM ) EMS (Equivalent Measutement of Support, ) EN (European Standard, ) Enabling Clause ( ) Enlargement ( ) Enquiry Point ( ) EPG (Eminent Persons Group, APEC ) Equivalence ( ) ERA (Effective Rate of Assistance, ) ERDF (European Regional Development Fund, ) ERP (Effective Rate of Protection, ) ESC (ECOSOC. The Economic and Social Committee, ) ESCAP (Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, ) Escape Clause ( ) EU (European Union, ) EURO ( ) Euro-Council/Euro-X (Euro ) European Council ( ) EVSL (Early Voluntary Sectoral Liberalization, )

13 Agricultural Terms of Trade Excise duty ( ) Exempted Domestic Support ( ) Exclusive Economic Zone ( ) Export Credit ( ) Export Credit Guarantee ( ) Export Credit Programme ( ) Export Competition ( ) Export Enhancement Program ( ) Export Insurance ( ) Export Price ( ) Export quota ( ) Export restitutions ( ) Export subsidies ( ) Export Subsidy ( ) Export tax/tariff ( ) External Reference Price ( ) F FA (Final Act, ) FAD (Fish Aggregating Device, ) Fair Trade ( ) Farm Bill ( ) FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, ) FAO Compliance Agreement (Agreement to Promote Compliance with International Conservation and Management Measures by Fishing Vessels on the High Seas, FAO ) FAO/Principles of Surplus Disposal ( ) Farmer Owned Reserve Program ( ) Fast Track Authority ( ) Fast Track Procedure ( ) FDA (Food and Drug Administration, ) FDI (Foreign Direct investment, )

14 농업통상용어집 FFA (South Pacific Forum Fisheries Agency, ) FFG (Fish Friends Group, ) First Action Fisheries management ( ) Fish finder ( ) FIPs (Five Interested Parties, 5 ) FMD (Foot and mouth disease, ) Flexible Tariff ( ) Flexibility ( ) Flooring ( ) FMDP (Foreign Market Development Program, ) FNR (Friends of a New Round, ) FOB (Free on Board, ) FOC (Flag of Convenience, ) Food Aid ( ) Food Chain ( ) Food Safety ( ) Food Stamp ( ) Food Security ( ) Food Web ( ) Formula Approach ( ) Free-Rider ( ) Free-Trade Area ( ) Freezing ( ) Frontloading ( ) FSIS (Food Safety Inspection Service, ) FTA (Free Trade Agreement, ) FTAA (Free Trade Area of the Americas, ) G G7 (Group7, 7 ) G10 (Group of 10, 10 )

15 Agricultural Terms of Trade G20 (Group of 20, 20 ) G33 (Group of 33, 33 ) G77 (Group of 77, 77 ) GATS (General Agreement on Trade in Services, ) GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, ) GATT 47 (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade in 1947, 1947 ) GATT 94 (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade in 1994, 1994 ) GATT GATT GATT GATT GATT GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council, ) GCF (Green Climate Fund, ) GDP (Gross Domestic Product, ) General Council (WTO ) General Exception ( ) General Tariff ( ) Geographical Indications ( ) GHG (Greenhouse Gases, ) Girard formula ( ) Global Approach ( ) Global Quota ( ) GMO (Genetically Modified Organism, ) GNP (Gross National Product, ) GNP deflator (Gross National Product Deflator) GNS (Group of Negotiations on Services, ) Good Offices, Conciliation, Mediation (,, ) Government Procurement ( ) GPA (Government Procurement Agreement, )

16 농업통상용어집 Grain Major ( ) Grandfather Clause ( ) Gravity Model ( ) Green Box ( ) Green Room ( ) Green Round ( ) GRA (Global Research Alliance on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases) Grey Area Measure ( ) GRP (Good Regulatory Practices, ) GRULAC (Group of Latin-American and Caribbean Countries, ) GSM (General Sales Manager, ) GSP (Generalized System of Preferences, ) GSTP (Global System of Trade Preferences, ) GTA (Growth Triangle Area, ) GTAP (Global Trade Analysis Project ) H HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point, ) Harmonization of Tariffs ( ) Harmonized Rules of Origin ( ) Harmonized Standards ( ) Havana Charter ( ) High Seas ( ) High sea fisheries ( ) Highly Migratory Species ( ) Historical preferences ( ) HOD (Heads of Delegations) Horizontal Approach ( ) Horizontal Commitments ( ) Horizontal Issues ( ) HS (Harmonized Commodity Description System, )

17 Agricultural Terms of Trade HSK (Harmonized System of Korea, ) I IAP (Individual Action Plan, ) IATTC (Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, ) IBRD (International Bank for Reconstruction & Development, ) ICA (International Cooperative Alliance, ) ICCAT (International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas, ) ICSID (International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes, ) IEA (International Environmental Agreement, ) IF (Integrated Framework, ) IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development, ) IFC (Int'l Finance Corporation, ) Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing ( ) ILO (international labour organization, ) IMF (International Monetary Fund, ) Import Licensing ( ) Import Licensing Procedure ( ) Import Quotas ( ) Import Restrictions ( ) Import Surcharge ( ) Income Insurance and Income Safety-net Programmes ( ) Injury ( ) In-quota rate ( ) INR (Initial Negotiation Right, ) Insurance on Cargo ( ) Interim Review ( ) Internalization of Environmental Costs ( ) Intervention purchase price ( ) Intervention stocks ( )

18 농업통상용어집 International Scientific Committee for Tuna and Tuna like species in the North Pacific Ocean ( ) Invasive Alien Species ( ) Investment-related Trade Measures ( ) Invisibles Meeting Inward Processing ( ) IOTC (Indian Ocean Tuna Commission, ) IPAP (Investment Promotion Action Plan, ) IPOA-IUU (International Plan of Action on Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing, ) IPPC (International Plant Protection Convention, ) IPR (Intellectual Property Right, ) ISD (Investment services directive, ) ISO (International Organization for Standardization, ) Item by Item Formula ( ) ITO (International Trade Organization, ) IWC (International Whaling Commission, ) J Jones Act Juridical person ( ) Jurisdictional Sea Area ( ) July Package (7 ) K Kennedy Round ( ) KOICA (Korea International Cooperation Agency, ) Korea-US Beef Case ( - ) Koyto Protocol ( ) L LDCs (Least-Developed Countries, )

19 Agricultural Terms of Trade Lesser Duty Rule ( ) Lesser duty principle ( ) Less than full compensation ( ) Less-than-formula Cut ( ) Lex speciali ( ) Lex posterior ( ) LFA (Less Favoured Area, ) Like Product ( ) Linear Tariff Reduction ( ) Lisbon Agreement ( ) Loan Deficiency Payments (LDP, ) Lome Convention ( ) London Dumping Convention ( ) LTFR (Less-Than-Full Reciprocity, ) Limited Tendering ( ) LMO (Living Modified Organism, ) M Maastricht Treaty ( ) MAI (Multilateral Agreement on Investment, ) Market Failure ( ) Madrid Agreement ( ) Managed Trade ( ) Managed floating exchange rate system ( ) Mailbox ( ) Margin of Preference ( ) Maritime Flag State ( ) Market Access ( ) Market Disruption ( ) Market Transparency ( ) Marketing Loan ( ) Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization 19

20 농업통상용어집 ( ) Marks of Origin ( ) Mark-up ( ) Mark-up ( ) MCS (Monitoring, Control and Surveillance, ) MEA (Multilateral Environmental Agreements, ) Measure MERCOSUR ( ) MFA (Multi-Fiber Arrangement, ) MFN (Most-Favoured Nation Treatment, ) MFN (Most-Favoured Nation Tariff) MFN exemption ( ) Mid-Term Review ( ) Ministerial Conference (WTO ) Ministerial Decision and Declaration ( ) Ministerial Meeting (APEC ) MM (Monitoring Mechanism, ) MMA (Minimum Market Access, ) Modalities ( ) Mode 1~4 ( ) Modification of Schedules ( ) Montreal Protocol ( ) MOU (Memorandum Of Understanding, ) MPA (Marine Protected Area, ) MPP (Market Promotion Program, ) MPS (Market Price Support, ) MSY (Maximum Sustainable Yield, ) Multi-Domestic Corporation ( ) Multilateralism ( ) Multilateral Negotiation ( ) Multifunctionality ( ) MRA (Mutual Recognition Arrangement, )

21 Agricultural Terms of Trade N NAC (Nominal Assistance Coefficients, ) NAFO (Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization, ) NAFTA (North America Free Trade Agreement, ) NAMA (Non-Agricultural Market Access, ) National Treatment ( ) NAWG (National Association of Wheat Growers, ) NCBA (National Cattleman's Beef Association, ) Negative List ( ) Negligible Imports ( ) New Round Negotiation ( ) NFIDC (Net Food-Importing Developing Countries, ) NFU (National Farmers Union) Non-Actionable Subsidies ( ) Notification ( ) Non ad valorem duties ( ) Non-Automatic Import Licensing( ) Non-Conforming Measure ( ) Non-Discrimination Principle ( ) Non-Cumulation ( ) Non-Exempted Domestic Support ( ) Non-linear formula ( ) Non-Preferential Rules of Origin ( ) Non-Product-Specific AMS ( ) Non-Recourse Commodity Loans ( ) Non Recourse Loan Programme ( ) Non-Tariff Measures ( ) Non-Tariff Barrier ( ) Non-Violation Complaints ( ) Normal Value ( ) Non-Violation Case ( ) NPAFC (North Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission, )

22 농업통상용어집 NTC (Non-Trade Concerns, ) NTE Report (National Trade Estimate Report on Foreign Trade Barriers, ) Nuisance Tariff ( ) Nullification or Impairment ( ) O OAA (Osaka Action Agenda, ) ODA (Official Development Assistance, ) OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, ) OECD/Act of OECD ( ) OECD/Committee for Agriculture (OECD ) OECD/Committee & Working Party (OECD ) OECD/Convention (OECD ) OECD/Council at Ministerial Level (OECD ) OECD Hard Core Cartel Recommendation (OECD ) OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Official in International Business Transactions (OECD ) OECD Executive Committee in Special Session (OECD ) Official exchange rate ( ) OIE (Office International des Epizooties, ) OMA (Orderly Marketing Arrangement, ) Openess ( ) Open Regionalism ( ) OPIC (Overseas Private Investment Corporation, ) Open tendering ( ) Opinion ( ) Original Principle( ) Osaka Declaration ( ) OTDS (Overall Trade Distorting Support, ) Out-of-quota rate ( ) Outward Processing ( )

23 Agricultural Terms of Trade P Pacific beef/pigmeat market (, Food and Mouth Disease; FMD) Panel ( ) Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property ( ) Parallel import ( ) Parallelism ( ) Paris Club ( ) Partnership Agreement ( ) PBEC (Pacific Basin Economic Council, ) PBF (Pacific Business Forum, ) PECC (Pacific Economic Cooperation Conference, ) Peer review ( ) Pest-or Disease-Free-Area ( ) Peace Clause ( ) Phytosanitary [plant health] certificate ( ) PL 480 ( ) Plurilateral Trade Agreements ( ) PNA (Parties to the Nauru Agreement, ) PIC (Perior Informed Consent, ) PIK Programme (Payment-in-Kind Program, ) Polluters Pay Principle ( ) POPs (Persistent Organic Pollutants, ) Pre-arrival processing ( ) Price Undertaking ( ) PROCAMPO ( ) Prohibited subsidy, red subsidy ( ) Protocol on Biosafety ( ) Provisional anti-dumping duties ( ) Provisional countervailing duties ( ) Provisional Measure ( ) Progressive Liberalisation ( )

24 농업통상용어집 Port State Measures ( ) Positive comity ( ) Positive System ( ) PPMs (Processes and Production Methods, ) PPP (Purchasing Power Parity, ) Precautionary Principle ( ) Preferences ( ) Preferences Erosion ( ) Preferential Rules of Origin ( ) Preferential Tariff ( ) Preshipment Inspection ( ) Principle of Comprehension ( ) Principle of Flexibility ( ) Priority Foreign Country ( ) Precautionary Approach ( ) Preferential Trade Agreements ( ) Producer Retirement Programme ( ) Product Specific AMS ( ) Production Flexibility Contract ( ) Prohibited Subsidy ( ) Protocol ( ) Protocol of Accession ( ) Provisional Safeguard ( ) PSE (Producer Support Estimate, ) PSI (Principal Supplying Interest, ) Punta del Este Declaration ( ) Q QR (Quantitative Restriction, ) Qualified Majority Voting ( ) Quad ( 4 ) Quota ( )

25 Agricultural Terms of Trade Quota Auction ( ) R RAM (Recently Acceded Members, ) Ratchet ( ) RCEP (Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership, ) Reciprocity (, ) Recycling ( ) RED (Renewable Energy Directive, ) Red Amber Green Light ( ) Regionalism ( ) Regional Value contents ( ) Reciprocity ( ) Request ( ) Residual Import Restriction ( ) Resource Retirement Programme ( ) Reuse ( ) Retaliatory tariff ( ) Retaliation ( ) Reservations List ( ) Revealed Comparative Advantage ( ) Reverse Consensus ( ) RFMO(Regional Fisheries Management Organization ( ) RFS and RFS2 ( ) Rice Millers Association ( ) Right of hot pursuit ( ) Rio Declaration ( ) Risk Assessment ( ) Risk Management ( ) R/O (Request & Offer System, ) Rollback ( ) RTA (Regional Trade Agreement, )

26 농업통상용어집 Rules ( ) Rules of Origin ( ) RVC (regional value content, ) S Safety Net ( ) SAB (Standing Appellate Body, ) SACU (Southern African Customs Union, ) Safeguard Measure ( ) S&D (special and differential treatment, ) S&D (Special and Differential Treatment, ) SBS (Simultaneous Buy and Sell, ) Schedule of Concessions ( ) SEAFO (South East Atlantic Fisheries Organization, ) SECA (Strategic Economic Complementaion Agreement, ) Section 201 ( 201 ) Section 22 waiver (22 ) Section 301 ( 301 ) Sectoral Approach ( ) Sectoral Negotiations ( ) Selectivity ( ) Sensitive Products ( ) Shrimp-Sea Turtle Serious Prejudice ( ) SG (Safeguard Measures, ) Set-aside Program ( ) Singapore Issues( ) Singapore Ministerial Conference ( ) Single Farm Payment ( ) Single Undertaking ( ) Simple average tariff rate ( )

27 Agricultural Terms of Trade Sliding scale SOFA (Status of Forces Agreement, ) SOM (Senior Officer's Meeting, ) SOMTI (senior officials' meeting for trade and investment, ) SP (Special Product, ) Specificity ( ) Special 301 ( 301 ) Spaghetti-bowl effect ( ) SPC (The Secretariat of the Pacific Community, ) Special Treatment ( ) Special and Differential Treatment ( ) Specific Duty ( ) SPRFMO (South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organization, ) SPS Agreement (Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitory Measures, ) SRM (Specified Risk Material, ) SSG (Special Safeguard, ) SSM (Special Safeguard Measures, ) STABEX (Stabilisation of Export Earnings, ) Standing Committee ( ) Standstill ( / ) State Trading ( ) State Trading Enterprise ( ) Stock to Use Ratio ( ) Stock to Disappearance Ratio ( ) Straddling Fish Stock ( ) Structural Fund ( ) Subsidy ( ) Substantial transformation test ( ) Substantial sectoral coverage ( ) Sunset Clause (, )

28 농업통상용어집 Super 301 ( 301 ) Support price ( ) Surveillance Body ( ) Sustainable Development Principle ( ) SVE (Small and Valnerable Economices, ) Swap Transaction ( ) Swap Agreement ( ) Swiss Formula ( ) Swing ( ) T TAA (Trade Adjustment Assistance ) TAC (Total Allowable Catch, ) TARIC (Tariff Integre Communitaire, EC ) Tariff ( ) Tariff Binding ( ) Tariff Concession or Concessin of Tariff ( ) Tariff Dispersion ( ) Tariff Escalation ( ) Tariff Quota ( ) Tariffication ( ) Tariff Harmonization ( ) Tariff Heading ( ) Tariff Increase ( ) Tariff Line ( ) Tariff-jumping Investment ( ) Tariff Peak ( ) Tariff Peak and Valley ( ) Tariff Reduction ( ) Tax on Tax ( ) TBR (Trade Barriers Regulation, ) TBT (Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade, )

29 Agricultural Terms of Trade TCE/TDE (Trade Creation Effects, Trade Diversion Effects, ) TDE (Trade Distortion Equivalent, ) TE (Tariff Equivalent, ) Tariff Concession Modalities ( ) Tariff Barriers ( ) Tariff Cap ( ) TPL (Tariff Preference Levels, ) Tariff Quota Underfill Mechanism ( ) Territorial Sea ( ) Third Party ( 3 ) Technical Regulation ( ) Technical Barriers ( ) Tiered Formula ( ) Threshold ( ) TMB (Textile Monitoring Body, ) TNC (Trade Negotiation Committee, ) Tokyo Round ( ) TRQ administration (TRQ ) Total AMS (Total Aggregate Measurement of Support, ) TPA (Trade Promotion Authority, ) TPP (Trans-Pacific Partnership, ) TPRM (Trade Policy Review Mechanism, ) Trade Act of 1974 (1974 ) Trade Diversion ( ) Trade Facilitation ( ) Trade Remedies ( ) Trade-chilling Effect ( ) Trade Creation ( ) Trade-weighted average tariff rate ( ) Transitional Safeguard Mechanism ( ) Transparency ( )

30 농업통상용어집 Treaties of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation ( ) Treaty of Rome ( ) Trigger Price ( ) Trigger Level ( ) TRIM (Trade Related Investment Measure, ) TRIP (Trade Related Intellectual Property, ) Tropical Products ( ) TRQ (Tariff Rate Quota, ) TSE (Total Support Estimate, ) TSB (Textile Surveillance Body, ) TSI (Trade Specification Index, ) TTIP (Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership, ) TUAC (Trade Union Advisory Committee, ) Tuna-Dolphin Case ( - ) U UNCED (United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, ) UNCITRAL (United Nations Commission on International Trade Law, ) UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, ) UNCSD (United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development, ) UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, ) UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme, ) UNFCCC (UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, ) Unethical business practice ( ) UNFSA (United Nations Fish Stock Agreement, ) Uniform Regulation ( ) UPOV (International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants) UR (Uruguay Round, )

31 Agricultural Terms of Trade URAA (Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture, ) UR Acceleration (UR ) USTR (US Trade Representative, ) V Value added criteria ( ) Variable Levy ( ) VER (Voluntary Export Restraint, ) Vertical Approach ( ) VHT (Vapor Heat Treatment, ) VMS (Vessel Monitoring System, ) Voluntary Quota Restructuring Scheme ( ) W Waiver ( ) Washington Consensus ( ) WHO (World Health Organization, ) WTO Harmonization Work Programme ( ) WTO Plus WTO Trade Policy Review ( ) WTO SCM (Subsidies and Countervailing Measures Agreement, ) WTO DSU(Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes, ) WTO Procedures Governing Dispute Resolution (WTO ) WCO (World Customs Organization, ) WCPFC (Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission, ) WCT (WIPO Copyright Treaty, WIPO ) WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organization, ) WPPT (WIPO Performances and Phonogram Treaty, WIPO, ) WRP (Wetland Reserve Program, ) WFC (World Food Council, )

32 농업통상용어집 WFP (World Food Programme, ) World Organization for Animal Health ( ) World Bank Guidelines on the Treatment of Foreign Direct Investment ( ) World Investment Report ( ) WTO (World Trade Organization, ) WTO (ASCM : Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures) WTO Plurilateral Trade Agreements (WTO ) Z Zanzibar Declaration ( ) Zero for Zero Tariff Reductions ( ) Zero for X Zeroing ( ) Zero option ( ) INDEX

33 Agricultural Terms of Trade 33

34 Dictionary of Agriculture Trade Policy Terms

35 농업통상용어집 A

36 농업통상용어집 A goods wholly obtained test ( 완전생산기준 ) 원산지판별기준중의하나로, 당해상품이 한국가에서전적으로획득되어, 생산된상품 인지아니면 그생산에한국가이상이관련되어있는상품 인지에근거하여판단하게되며, 한국가에서 전적으로획득된상품 은당해국가가원산지로간주됨. AARDO (Afro-Asian Rural Development Organization, 아프리카 아시아농촌개발기구 ) 아시아 아프리카지역국가간상호이해를증진시키고농촌의후생증진및기아와빈곤의타파를위한상호협력방안을모색하기위하여 1962년 3월에설립된국제기구임. 우리나라는 1963년 2월에가입하였음. 현재 28개회원국으로구성되어있으며, 총회는 3년마다개최됨. 주요사업으로연수프로그램및워크숍개최를통한인적자원개발, 농촌소득증대를위한시범사업개발, 남남협력차원의전문가파견등임. ACC (Anti-Concentration, 신축성제한요건 ) DDA 협상에서개도국이신축성을특정품목 ( 예 : 자동차 ) 에집중적으로사용하는것을방지하기위해주로선진국들이요구한조항임. 2008년 7월잠정타협안에서는 개도국신축성을 HS chapter 전체품목에적용할수없고, HS chapter별로세번의최소 20% 또는수입액의최소 9% 에공식감축률을적용해야한다. 고규정하고있음. Accession ( 가입 ) 세계무역기구혹은여타국제기구및협정의회원국이되는것을의미함. 완전한자치권을보유하고독자적인무역정책을실행하고있는국가또는관세영역은자신과 WTO 사이에합의되는조건에따라 WTO에가입할수있음. WTO 가입을위해서는가입신청국의무역제도가 WTO 규범에일치되도록보장하기위해기존회원국과가입신청국간에협상을하여야함. 가입시에가입신청국의관세및서비스양허표 (C/S 표 ) 는오랫동안의회원국지위와수차례의다자간무역협상에참여한결과가반영된기존회원국의양허표와유사해야함. 즉, 신청국은대체로회원국가입에따라향유하게될권리에상응하는수준의양허를준비해야함. 최종가입승인은보고서, 가입의정서, 시장개방일정표등으로구성된최종가입안이 WTO의 36

37 Agricultural Terms of Trade 일반이사회또는각료회의에제출되어 WTO회원국의 2/3가찬성투표를하면 WTO 가입이승인됨. Enlargement( 확대가입 ) 참조 ACP (African, Caribbean and Pacific Countries, 아프리카 카리브해 태평양지역국가 ) 로마협약 (Lome Convention) 에의해 EU와특혜적무역관계를가지고있는아프리카, 카리브해, 태평양지역의 77개국가그룹에대한명칭. ACP 국가들은 DDA 협상과정에서 DDA 협상을통해최혜국대우 (MFN) 관세가낮아지면이들국가가얻고있는특혜마진 (MFN 관세와특혜관세의차이 ) 이줄어든다는소위특혜침식 (preference erosion) 이슈를제기하며이문제를적절히고려해줄것을요구하고있음. Lome Convention( 로마협약 ) 참조 ACRE 프로그램 (Average Crop Revenue Election program, 평균작물수입 ) 2008 미국농업법 (FCE Act) 이도입한새로운프로그램으로, 수확량과시장변동성에대비하여농민이일정수입을보장받을있도록허용하는제도임 Actionable Subsidy, Yellow Subsidy ( 상계가능보조금 ) 특정기업이나산업을지원대상으로하는특정성 (specificity) 을가지고있으면서상대방에부정적효과를주는보조금임. WTO 보조금및상계조치협정제5조에따르면보조금이타회원국에부정적효과를미칠경우 ( 타체약국의국내산업에대한피해, 양허혜택의무효화및침해, 타체약국에대해심각한손상등 ), 수입국의문제제기와 DSB( 분쟁해결기구 ) 의결정에따라수출국은보조금을철회해야하며, 수입국은필요시대응조치를할수있는권리를부여받음. 기존 GATT 협약은국내산업에피해를주는경우상계조치 ( 구제조치나상계관세 ) 부과만이가능하도록하고있는데비해, WTO협정은상계조치이외에분쟁해결절차에따른조치도취할수있도록강화하였음. 특정성 (specificity) 참조 37

38 농업통상용어집 Adjustment Costs ( 구조조정비용 ) 무역장벽을낮춤으로인해서발생하는비용. 수입개방으로국내생산이감소되거나중단될경우그공장에서일하는노동자는실직에직면하는경우가여기에해당됨. 구조조정비용은일시적이거나영구적일수있음. Ad Valorem Duty/Tariff ( 종가세 ) 물품의가격, 즉수입가격을기준으로부과하는관세이며, % 로표시. 우리나라의농산물관세체계는종가세위주로단순화되어있을뿐만아니라대다수농산물의경우가공도가증가할수록관세가낮게책정되어있음. 이러한관세체계로인해단순가공농산물에낮은관세가부과됨에따라단순혼합또는가공하는방법으로높은관세를회피하는수입이늘어나고있음. 중국으로부터수입이급증한냉동및초산조제마늘로인해국내마늘생산농가에대한심각한피해가발생한것을대표적인사례로들수있음. Specific duty( 종량세 ) 참조 AFBF (American Farm Bureau Federation, 미국농업인연맹 ) 미국의최대농민단체로서보수주의적색채를지니면서미국농업정책수립에상당한영향을미치고있음. 가격지지축소, 정부규제완화, USDA 식품정책을반대하는등시장지향적농업정책을선호함에따라의회내공화당의입장과비슷함. 일리노이, 아이오와, 인디아나등 Corn Belt States가거점지역임. NFU( 전국농민연맹 ) 참조 ABAC (APEC Business Advisory Council, 기업인자문회의 ) APEC 활동과정에서민간및기업부문의입장을직접반영하거나 APEC 산하각그룹회의에서요청하는자문에응한다는취지하에 1995년도오사카 APEC 정상회의에서설립된공식민간자문기구. APEC의의장은그해의 APEC 의장국에서 1년마다선출되며부의장은 2명이며, 그전해의의장국과차기의장국에서 1명씩선출되고있음. 38

39 Agricultural Terms of Trade ABS (Access to genetic resources and Benefit Sharing, 유전자원접근및이익공유 ) 생물다양성협약 (CBD) 에규정된유전자원에대한접근과이의이용으로부터발생하는이익의공평한공유. Absorption/takeover principle ( 중간재흡수원칙 ) 비원산지재료가일정한가공요건을충족함으로써원산지지위를획득한경우당해재료가최종제품에체화되면동재료는 100% 역내산으로간주된다는원칙을말함. Accumulation ( 누적조항 ) 국내산이아닌 FTA 상대국산원재료를사용한경우그원재료를국산재료 ( 원산지재료 ) 로간주하여역내산으로원산지를인정, 특혜관세의혜택을부여하는것. ( 예 : 한-미 FTA의경우미국에서미국산부품과한국산부품을동시에사용하여전기면도기를조립, 한국에수출하는경우, 한국산과미국산부품모두를원산지재료로인정.) AD Advisory Committee ( 반덤핑자문위원회 ) EU 집행위원회가반덤핑조사절차의각단계에서자문및협의를구하는위원회. 반덤핑제소가있을경우, 각회원국의대표 1인및집행위원회의 1인으로구성되며, 반덤핑규정에따라반덤핑에대한조사의개시및종결, 가격인상제안의수락, 잠정관세의부과및확정관세부과의건의등관련조치를취하고자할경우 EU 집행위원회는반드시반덤핑자문위원회와협의하여야함. ADB (Asia Development Bank, 아시아개발은행 ) 1968년아시아지역의경제성장과경제협력증진및회원국에대한개발자금지원을목적으로필리핀마닐라에설립됨. 주요업무는지역내에있어서의개발투자촉진, 지역개발을위한정책및계획의조정, 기술원조제공, 국제기구들과의협력등임. 39

40 농업통상용어집 Adjustment Tariff ( 조정관세 ) 현행관세법에서, 일시적으로일정한기간동안세율을조정하여부과하는관세. 산업구조의변동등으로물품간의세율이현저히불균형하여이를시정할필요가있는경우, 국민건강 환경보전 소비자보호등을위하여필요한경우, 농림축수산물등국제경쟁력이취약한물품의수입증가로국내시장이교란되거나산업기반을붕괴시킬우려가있어이를시정또는방지할필요가있는경우에기본관세에서 100% 이내의관세를더부과할수있음 (2013년, 15개품목 ). AELM (APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting, APEC 정상회의 ) APEC 회원국의정상들이모두한자리에모여서아 태지역의비전과그실천방안에대해자유롭게의견을도출해내는데그근본취지가있으며, 1993년시애틀정상회의를시작으로해서매년 1회개최되고있음. 주요논의핵심사항은 APEC 무역 투자자유화및원활화와경제협력방안을축으로하여고위관리회의 (SOM), 무역 투자위원회 (CTI) 회의등에서논의된사항을그해 11월정상회의를통해서구체적실천방안등최종결과를도출해냄. AEM (Meeting of the ASEAN Economic Ministers, 아세안경제장관회의 ) ASEAN( 동남아국가연합 : Association of Southeast Asian Nations) 각회원국경제관계장관들의회의체로서 1975년 11월인도네시아자카르타에서최초로개최되었음. 매년 1~3회정도부정기적으로개최됨. 아세안경제협력강화를위한회원국정부에의조언작성과각국의개발계획및정책에관한의견교환등을목적으로주로개최됨. Alternative duty ( 선택세 ) 한품목에종가세율과종량세율을동시에정하여놓고그중높게산출되는세액또는낮게산출되는세액중하나를선택하여과세하는방식 ( 예 : 30% 또는 200원 /kg). 우리나라의경우종량세부과품목은주로선택세형태로이루어져있으며높게산출되는세액을선택하여과세하는방식을취하고있음. 40

41 Agricultural Terms of Trade AFSIS (ASEAN Food Security Information System, 아세안식량안보정보시스템 ) ASEAN+3 농림장관회의체제에서아세안지역의식량안보를위한정보 ( 식량생산, 수출입, 시장가격, 소비, 재고, 작황등 ) 수집방법및체계수립을목적으로하고있으며, 쌀 옥수수 콩 카사바및사탕수수에대한정보를웹사이트를통하여제공. AFTA (ASEAN Free Trade Area, 아시아자유무역지대 ) 가장초보적인경제통합단계로서아세안회원국들간의교역시제한적품목에대한관세인하및수량제한을철폐하기로한지역경제통합체를말함. 가공농산물을포함한모든공산품에대해관세인하및수량제한철폐하기로하고, 2003년까지체결을목표로 1993년부터본격적인관세인하조치를시작하였음. Agenda 2000 ( 의제 2000) EU는 1995년부터중 동부유럽국가의 EU가입에대비하여동 서유럽지역의농업의통합을준비하는새로운개혁에착수함. 냉전구조붕괴후새롭게형성된유럽의지정학적조건에맞추어공동농업 + 정책 (CAP) 을변화시키려는의도로구상된것임. Agenda 2000이표방하는공동농업정책개혁은새로운시장불균형의발생에대한우려, WTO 뉴라운드대비, EU의확대, 환경보전형농업의필요성등을그배경으로하고있음. Agenda 2000의기본방향은소비자부담에의한가격지지에서재정부담에의한직접지불로의이행, 농촌정책의재편강화, EU 확대를고려한새로운농업재정분담규정제정, WTO 협상대응책으로각종지원방식의가격과의연계완화등임. 주요개혁내용을보면경종부문은, 역내가격을국제가격수준에근접시키기위해곡물개입가격을 20% 인하하고지지가격인하에따른소득손실에대해 50% 정도를직접지불로보상하며의무적휴경은실시하지않고자발적휴경 (5년간계약 ) 은존속하도록하였음. 우육부문의개혁에있어서는지지가격을 30% 인하하고시장개입 ( 매입 ) 이아니라민간재고조성을통해시장가격안정을달성하고가격인하에대한보상지불은 EU 국가전체에일률적으로지불되는기본급부와회원국별로지불방식을달리할수있는추가지불로구별하여시행함. 축산부문에는육우송아지, 거세육우, 육용번식용모우에대한지급상한액증액과수유용모우, 암송아지에대한직접지불신설이포함되어있음. 낙농부문의개혁에있어 2006년까지생산할당제유지, 2000년 ~2003년기간동안지지가격은 15% 인하, 수유용모우에대한직접지불제를실시하는것을주된내용으로하고있음. Agenda 2000은 1999년 3월 41

42 농업통상용어집 24 일 ~26 일베를린 EU 이사회 ( 정상회의 ) 에서타결됨. CAP(Common Agricultural Policy) 참조 Agenda 21 ( 의제 21) 1992년 6월브라질리우데자네이루에서채택된지속가능한개발을실현하기위한국제적지침으로지구보전을위한규범을각론에들어가실현시키기위한 행동계획 임. 조약과같은구속력은없지만각국의환경및개발계획에반영되기를기대함. 의제21의구성은총 40개의장으로성립되어있음. 리우선언이모법이라면 Agenda21은시행령에해당함. Agreement on Textiles and Clothing ( 섬유및의류에관한협정 ) 섬유류교역은일반공산품이면서도 GATT의다자간무역체제에서벗어나섬유류에관한다자간협정 (MFA: Multi-Fiber Arrangement) 과 MFA협정에따른양국간쿼터협정에의해규율되어왔음. 당초한시적으로운영될동협정이 3~4년주기로계속연장되어선진국이자국시장에대한보호목적으로지속적으로운영하게되자, 개도국들로부터 MFA 철폐에대한압력을받게됨. UR협상의제채택과정에서선진국들이서비스, 지적재산권등자국이경쟁력있는분야를넣을것을주장하자개도국들도섬유류를의제에포함시킬것을주장하여협상의제에포함됨. WTO 섬유협정은 MFA를철폐하고섬유류교역을 GATT 체제로복귀시켜자유로운섬유교역이이루어지도록하고푼타델에스테각료회의시섬유류분야를 GATT 규칙및규율에입각하여 GATT에통합하여교역을보다자유화하기로선언, 최종협정은 1 MFA에의해규제되고있는섬유류를단계적으로일정기한내에 GATT에복귀시키고, 2 일단 GATT에복귀된품목에대해서는차별적인수입규제조치를발동할수없으며, 3 복귀과정에규제가계속중인품목에대해서는현재보다높은쿼터증가율을인정한다는것등을기본골격으로세부복구방법을규정하고있음. WTO 섬유협정의타결에따라그동안 GATT 체제밖의다자간섬유협정에의해규율되고있는섬유류교역이단계적으로 GATT 체제내에복귀되게되었으며, 따라서 WTO 섬유및의류협정은이러한잔존기간동안적용될한시적인규정임. 현행 MFA협정이 GATT에완전히복구되는시한은협정발효후 120개월 (10년) 후에이루어지도록규정되어있음. 42

43 Agricultural Terms of Trade Agreement on Agriculture ( 농업협정 ) GATT체제하에서는농산물교역은식량안보등농업의특수성으로인하여그동안가트의자유무역원칙이제대로적용되지못하여왔음. 1960년대이후세계각국은경제성장및인구증가에대처하기위해국내농업을보호하고농업생산을장려하는등자급자족정책을적극추진하기에이르렀고그결과식량수입국인 EU까지도수출국으로전환되기에이르렀음. 1980년대에들어와세계농산물시장은과잉생산과개도국들의농산물수입감소등으로구조적과잉공급이발행하기에이르렀고, 이를타개하기위하여미국, EU 등선진국들이경쟁적으로수출보조금을지급함에따라농산물교역질서의왜곡현상과재정적자확대등구조적문제에직면하였음. 이러한구조적문제가장기화됨에따라 1986년 9월부터 UR협상이시작되어미국을비롯한농산물수출국들의주도하에농산물교역의구조적문제해결을위한방안으로농산물수출국들의수출보조금감축과수입국의무역장벽완화및시장개방등에관한협상이진행되었음. 농산물협상은크게 1 시장개방 2 국내농업보조 3 수출보조 4 동식물검역등으로나누어진행되었으며구체적이고실효성있는약속을요구하게되었음. UR협상이시작된후 7년반이경과된 1993년 12월 15일협상이타결되었으며그주요내용은다음과같음. < 농업협정의주요내용 > 시장개방 농산물에대한예외없는관세화 - 농산물의자유로운교역을제한하고있는비관세장벽을완전히없애는대신에국내외가격차를관세상당치 (Tariff Equivalent : TE) 로전환함으로써관세또는관세상당치에의해서만농업을보호할수있도록함. 관세및관세상당치의단계적인하 - 모든농산물의관세및관세상당치를 1995년 ~2000년 ( 이행기간 ) 중평균 36% 를감축 ( 품목별최소 15% 감축 ) 하되매년동일비율로균등감축토록함. - 개도국은 1995년 ~2004년기간중평균 24%( 품목별최소 10%) 를감축 최소시장접근 (MMA) 및현행시장접근 (CMA) 보장 < 최소시장접근 > - 현재수입이없거나미미한품목은이행기간중총소비의 3~5% 를최소수입량으로 정해수입하되동물량에대해서는현행세율또는양허세율을적용함. 43

44 농업통상용어집 < 현행시장접근 > - 현재 3% 이상수입되는품목은현행물량이상으로수입을보장함. 특별긴급관세 (SSG) - 관세및관세상당치인하등시장개방약속을이행함에있어특정품목의수입물량이기준이상으로급증하거나수입가격의급락으로내외가격차가급격하게축소되어국내농민에게피해가능성이있을때농업보호를위해추가적인관세부과가허용 국내보조분야 보조금을허용보조금과감축대상보조금으로구분하여허용보조금을제외한모든국내보조는 1995년부터 6년간 20%( 개도국은 10년간 13.3%) 를감축함. 농산물무역왜곡효과가없거나생산에미치는효과가미미하며, 공공재원에의한지출로서생산자에대한가격지지효과가없는다음과같은경우는허용보조금으로분류됨. - 정부의일반서비스 ( 연구사업, 병충해방제, 유통및판매촉진등 ) - 식량안보목적의공공재고 ( 시장가격에의한수매, 방출의경우에한함 ) - 저소득층에대한식량보조및생산과연계되지아니한직접소득보조, 환경보전및낙후지역을위한보조, 탈농지원, 휴경보상, 또는투자보조를통한구조조정지원 감축방식은감축대상정책으로인해농민에게수혜된보조총액인보조총액측정치 (Total AMS ; Total Aggregate Measurement of Support) 를계산하여이를일정기간동안점진적으로균등감축함. - 품목별또는특정보조금별로감축하는것이아니라전체농업보조액을계산하여총액을감축하여나가는것임. - 품목별보조액이해당품목생산액의 5% 이하또는품목불특정보조액이농업총생산액의 5% 이하인경우에는 AMS 계산에서제외하여감축의무면제 ( 개도국은 10% 이하 ) 국내보조에관한감축이행약속에따라국내보조정책을운영하는한당해보조금에대해서는어떤국가도보조금 상계관세협정등에근거한보복조치를취할수없음. 수출보조분야 수출보조금에대해서는 1995년부터 6년간재정지출기준으로 36%, 물량기준으로 21% 를감축토록함 ( 개도국은 10년간 24%, 14% 감축 ) 구체적인수출보조금의유형으로농산물수출관련업체등에대한정부의직접지원, 정부재원을통한수출보조등 6개유형을제시 - 수출신용, 수출신용보증, 수출보험등에대해서는향후합의될국제기준에따르도록함. 수출보조금과관련, 우회적인수출행위나국제식량원조, 가공품에대한보조한도등에대해일정한규제를가하고있으며, 수출국의인위적인수출금지및수출제한도규제하고있음. 수출보조에관한감축이행약속에따라수출보조금을지급하는한당해보조금에대해서는 44

45 Agricultural Terms of Trade 어떤국가도보조금 상계관세협정에근거한보복조치를취할수없음. 위생및검역분야 각국이위생및검역조치를자의적으로운영함에따라수입제한적조치가남용되는 사례가빈번히발생함. 따라서위생및검역협정은이러한농산물무역상의부정적영향을초래하는조치를최소화하기위한규제를강화하고수입제한적요소를사전에제거토록하기위하여별도의 SPS협정 ( 위생검역협정 ) 을성립시켰음. Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures ( 위생및식물위생조치에관한협정 ) WTO에서는다음과같은목적의모든 SPS조치 ( 관련법률, 법령, 규정, 요건및절차를포함한위생검역조치 ) 에대하여동협정을적용토록하고있으며이러한조치들에는최종생산물에대한요건, 가공요건, 검사, 인증, 소독또는식품안전과직접관련되는포장및상표부착을포함함. 1 병해충, 질병매개체또는질병원인체의유입, 정착또는전파로인하여발생되는위험으로부터회원국영토내의동물또는식물의생명또는건강의보호 2 식품, 음료또는사료내의첨가제, 오염물질, 독소또는질병원인체로인하여발생하는위험으로부터회원국영토내의인간또는동물의생명또는건강의보호 3 동물, 식물또는동물또는식물로만든생산품에의하여전달되는질병이나해충의유입, 정착또는전파로인하여발생하는위험으로부터회원국영토내의인간의생명또는건강의보호 4 해충의유입, 정착또는전파로인한회원국영토내의다른피해의방지또는제한. 또한 SPS협정제2조는 SPS조치는생명과건강보호상필요한범위에서만적용되도록하고있음. 즉, SPS조치는과학적원리에근거하여야하며충분한과학적증거없이는유지될수없으며, 과학적증거가불충분한경우, 회원국은기존의관련정보에기초하여임시적으로 SPS조치를취할수있으며, 더많은증거가사용가능하게된경우에재검토또는개정되도록하여야함. SPS조치는각국의특정위생조건 ( 동식물을포함 ) 을이유로하지않는한, 상품을국별로차등대우하여서는안되며, SPS조치를위장된무역제한으로사용하여서도안됨. Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization ( 세계무역기구설립협정 ) 새로운세계무역기구설립및동기구의제도적, 절차적구조를명시한협정으로서 UR 협상결과를반영하는 WTO 구조, 기능, 운영등에관한사항을규정하고있음. 이에부속되는 45

46 농업통상용어집 4개의부속서는상품교역, 서비스교역, 지적재산권에관한협정 (Annex 1 A, B, C) 과분쟁해결절차 (Annex 2), 무역정책검토 (Annex 3), 복수국간협정 (Annex 4) 으로구성되어있음. 한편, 상품관련다자간협정에는농업, 위생, 섬유, 기술장벽, 투자, 반덤핑, 관세평가, 선적전검사, 원산지규정, 수입허가절차, 보조금 상계관세, 긴급수입제한조치협정등 12개협정이있음. Agricultural Subsidy ( 농업보조금 ) WTO 농업협정상보조금은국내보조와수출보조로구분되며동협정상의보조금규정은여타협정상의규정보다우선적용됨. 또한그개념도통상적인보조금의개념보다넓은의미로사용되고있음. 국내보조의경우그규율대상이일반적인재정지출에의한지원보다광범위한실질적인지원 (support) 의개념임. 그이유는 WTO 농업협정에서규율하고있는국내보조는불특정다수농민에게혜택이주어지는정부가직접시행하는하부구조개선사업등정부서비스정책, 식량안보목적의공공비축사업등을포함하고있고감축대상보조의시장가격지지지원액도보조지출이아닌 [ 관리가격-외부참조가격 ) 지지물량 ] 으로산출하는등정부의개입을통한전체보호효과를보조지원액으로산출하도록합의되었기때문임. 따라서농업부문서비스산업에대한지원도농업협정의적용대상으로해석됨. 국내보조는허용대상정책과기준이제시되어있으며요건에맞지아니한모든보조는감축대상보조로분류토록하고있음. 아울러허용대상보조의경우에도정부가직접사업을시행하는 정부서비스정책 과농민에대하여보조금을주거나또는징수를감면하여혜택이주어지는 생산자에대한직접지불정책 으로나누어짐. 또한수출보조금은감축을해야할보조를 6가지형태로제시하고있으며, 감축약속을하지아니한품목에대한수출보조또는이러한보조금감축약속을회피하는수단으로의수출보조를금지하고있음. 수출보조도재정지출에의한직접보조뿐만아니라공공재고의저가판매, 운송비의할인혜택등실질적인지원효과를포함하도록규정하고있음. 따라서농업협정상의보조금규율의이해는징수감면, 금융지원, 정부수매를통한농산물가격에대한개입등광의의재정정책에의한개입을대상으로하며, 보조금의산출은협정에서제시된방법으로산출토록함으로써단순한재정지출의개념과는상이한것임. AMS, Amber Box 참조 A-H1N1 인플루엔자바이러스로서, 현재의 H1N1 유행병이전에는사람에게감염되는원인으로확인된적이한번도없었음. 분석에의하면이바이러스는동물인플루엔자바이러스에서유래되었으며, 1977년이래로는사람들사이에서발견되는계절적 H1N1 바이러스와는관계가 46

47 Agricultural Terms of Trade 없다고알려져있음. AI (Avian influenza, 조류독감 ) 조류독감은 A타입인플루엔자바이러스가일으키는조류전염병임. 이질병은 100년전에이태리에서처음발견되었고, 전세계적으로발생함. 표준통제조치에는감염농가격리조치와감염되었거나잠재적으로노출되었을수있는가축을폐사처리하는조치가있고, 최근에는예방접종이도입되었음. AIE (Analysis and Information Exchange, 분석및정보교환 ) 1996년 12월싱가포르에서개최된제1차 WTO 각료회의에서 1997년부터 WTO 농업협정의이행관련문제점에대한정보교환및분석작업을진행키로합의하였음. 이에따라 WTO 농업위원회에서비공식회의형태로 1997년 6월부터농업위원회공식회의에앞서각국이부각시키고자하는쟁점사항들을분석하여제출한보고서에대해논의하고, 결론이나합의는도출하지않는형식으로운영되었으나 1999년 9월말에논의를종료함. 1999년 9월말까지각국으로부터 74개의보고서가제출되었는데주로미국, 호주, 뉴질랜드등농산물수출국들이활발하게토론을유도해나갔음. 초기에농산물수입국들은차기협상을가급적늦추려는의도에서이토론에소극적으로대응해왔으나, 1999년부터수입국들도목소리를내야할때가되었다는의견을모으고 6월에일본과노르웨이가 농업의비교역적기능 에관한보고서를제출했고, 우리나라도 9월 22일에 식량순수입국에서의농업의비교역적기능 에대한보고서를제출했으며 EU는 농업의다기능적특성 에대한보고서를제출하여논의한바있음. 사무국에서 TRQ 실적, 국내보조이행실적등을분석하여배포한보고서도 12건에달함. AIE 과정에서의논의내용들은 2000년초부터시작된 WTO 농산물협상의논의기초가되고있음. ALOP (Appropriate Level of Protection, 적정보호수준 ) 자국내인간또는동물의생명또는건강을보호하기위한적절하다고판단한위생및검역조치를의미함. 47

48 농업통상용어집 AMAD (Agricultural Market Access database, 농업시장접근데이터베이스 ) 캐나다농업및농식품부 (Agriculture and Agri-food Canada), 유럽위원회- 농업총국 (EU Commission-Agricultural Directorate-General), FAO, OECD, 세계은행, UNCTAD, 미국농업부의경제연구서비스 (Economic Research Service) 의협력으로만들어졌음. 데이터베이스는 WTO에제출된각국의계획과공지에서얻을수있음. AMS (Aggregate Measurement of Support, 농업보조총액 ) WTO 농업협정에따라감축해야하는무역왜곡보조금의총계로기초농산물의생산자를위하여특정농산물에제공된보조또는농산물생산자일반을위하여제공된품목불특정적인보조로서, 화폐단위로표시된연간보조수준을의미함. 단, 이협정부속서 2의감축으로부터면제되는계획에따라제공되는보조는제외됨. AMS는감축대상이되는품목별, 지원정책별보조금계산방법과산출된보조금을포괄하여지칭하는개념임. 감축기준 AMS의산출내역은양허표의보조자료로, 앞으로이행과정에서매년계산되는 AMS는매년 WTO 농업위원회에통보하도록되어있음. Amber Box ( 감축대상농업보조 ) WTO 농업협정상의국내보조중한분류로무역및생산왜곡효과가있기때문에이행기간내에일정목표수준으로감축하도록되어있는보조금 ( 선진국은 6년간 20%, 개도국은 10년간 13.3% 감축 ). Red box, Blue box, Green box 참조 Anadromous Fish ( 소하성어족 ) 주로바다에서생활하다가산란을위해산란기이전에바다에서하천으로거슬러오는어류를지칭하며, 연어나송어는산란기에, 은어등은어릴때하천으로회유해올라옴. 유엔해양법협약제66조는소하성어족이기원하는하천의국가가이어족에대한일차적이익과책임을지도록하고있으며, 공해에서소하성어족에대한어업을금지하고있음. 48

49 Agricultural Terms of Trade Analytical Index ( 분석인덱스 ) GATT 및 WTO 협정해석및적용에관한지침으로 WTO 법률국이정기적으로보완 발간하고있음. 각협정별조문내용과용어에대한패널, 상소기구의해석을포함하고있음. Animal Plant Health Inspection Service ( 동식물건강검역청, APHIS) 미국농림부 (USDA) 산하기관으로동물및식물과관련한검역업무를담당하는기관. Antarctic Treaty ( 남극조약 ) 남극지역을평화목적에만이용하고, 과학연구의자유와협력을약속하기위해 1959년 12월 1일워싱턴에서채택되어 1961년 6월에발효된조약으로현재 38개국가가가입하고있으며우리나라는 1986년 1월 28일에가입하였음. 남극에서는핵폭발이나방사성폐기물의처분을금지하고, 생물자원등을보호보존하며, 과학연구계획이나결과에대해서정보를교환하는것이특색임. 그때문에자연보호지역을설치하는등자연보호에노력함과동시에남극월동대를파견하여과학관측을계속하는한편인류활동이남극에미치는영향등에대해서도감시를행하고있음. 또한 1991년 10월남극보호를구체화하기위해 환경보호를위한남극조약의정서 가채택되었음. Appropriate Level of Protection ( 적정수준보호, ALOP) SPS 협정은역내의사람, 동물, 식물의생명을보호하기위해취해지는적절한수준의위생및검역조치를적정수준의보호라고정의하고있음. Anti-Circumvention ( 반우회덤핑 ) 제3국또는수입국에서부품및제품의일부분을조립하거나제조및수출기지를제3국으로이전하는등의방법으로기존반덤핑조치를우회하는행위를막기위해기존조치를새로운상품등으로확대하는조치. 49

50 농업통상용어집 Anti-Dumping Duty ( 반덤핑관세 ) 외국의물품이정상가격이하로수입되어국내산업이실질적인피해를받거나받을우려가있거나또는국내산업의확립이실질적으로지연되었음이조사를통하여확인되고당해국내산업을보호할필요가있다고인정될때에그물품과수출자또는수출국을지정하여당해물품에대하여관세외에정상가격과덤핑가격과의차액 ( 덤핑차액 ) 에상당하는금액이하의관세 ( 덤핑방지관세 ) 를추가하여부과하는것을말함. 그동안의각국반덤핑제도의근거가되어온국제반덤핑규범 (GATT 제6조및반덤핑코드 ) 이명료하지않아반덤핑조치가남용되는경향이있었으며덤핑사실및피해유무에대한판정, 조사개시및실시, 덤핑마진산정, 반덤핑관세의종료기한등주요분야에서의추상적표현또는규정결여로각국의자의적인해석이가능했었음. 선진국들의반덤핑규제남발로큰피해를입었던우리나라와같은주요수출국들은 UR 협상과정에서각국의반덤핑제도를규율할수있는실질적인새로운반덤핑규범도입을적극지지하였던반면선진수입국들은기업활동의국제화에따른우회덤핑등새로운기업관행에대해현행반덤핑규범이효과적으로대처하지못하고있다고주장, UR협상에서는이러한주요수출국과수입국들의상반된입장을절충하여기존협정을보다명료화하고반덤핑조치의남용을억제할수있도록하였음. 이제도는 1904년캐나다에서처음실시한이래오늘날세계거의모든나라들이각기국내산업보호수단으로이용되고있음. 우리나라는 1999년 11월말시애틀각료회의에서뉴라운드의제논의시반덤핑분야가포함되도록노력하였으나각료회의가결렬되어무산된바있음. Dumping, Dumping Margin 참조 APB-NET (Asia-Pacific Business Net, APEC 기업망 ) APEC 용어. 1994년에구성된역내재계모임으로각국상공회의소등경제인단체와기업인개개인이참가하여역내기업인의비즈니스기회확대및 APEC 과정에의참여를목표로운영됨. APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, 아시아 태평양경제협력체 ) APEC은 1960년대말이래 PBEC( 태평양경제협의회 ), 1980년대초 PECC( 태평양경제협력위원회 ) 를기원으로하여 1970년 ~1980년대아시아태평양경제의고도성장에따라지속적경제활력유지및상호의존성증가에부응하여 1989년에형성된경제협력체로서, 50

51 Agricultural Terms of Trade 회원국간의자발적인협력을바탕으로역내경제성장을지속시키고아-태경제의역동성을유지하여궁극적으로아-태공동체형성에기여하는것을목적으로함. 1988년 10월일본통산성의제안이후환태평양지역의역내경제협력이구체화되어 1989년 11월호주캔버라에서첫각료회의가개최되었고 1993년시애틀에서첫번째 APEC 정상회의가개최됨. APEC의기본적인목적은무역과투자의자유화원활화및경제기술협력을통한역내경제성장및발전이며, 1994년보고르정상회의에서는 APEC 활동의지주로 1 무역투자자유화 (Trade and Investment Liberalization) 2 무역투자원활화 (Trade and Investment Facilitation) 3 경제기술협력 (Economic and Technical Cooperation) 을채택하였는데, 편의상전자 2개를 TILF로후자를 Ecotech로약칭하면서 APEC의양대지주로일컫고있음. 현재회원국은 21개국임 (Australia, New Zealand, United States, Canada, Japan, Republic of Korea, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Republic of the Philippines, Singapore, Brunei Dussalam, People's Republic of China, Chinese Taipei, Hong Kong, Mexico, Papua New Guinea, Chile, Peru, Russia, Viet Nam). 2005년도에는한국이의장국의역할을수임하여 6월제주에서 APEC 통상장관회의, 11월부산에서 APEC 합동각료회의및정상회의가개최된바있음. 우리나라는 APEC이 DDA 협상에기여할수있도록하기위하여 2005년 APEC 통상장관회의에서는 DDA NAMA 협상관세감축공식으로스위스공식을지지한다는 APEC 회원국의합의를도출해낸바있으며 (APEC 통상장관간 DDA 별도성명채택 ), 2005년 APEC 정상회의에서도 DDA 협상가속화를요구하는 APEC 정상간 DDA 특별성명을주도하였음. APEC Committee on Trade and Investment (APEC 무역 투자위원회 ) 1993년설립된것으로 APEC 지역내무역 투자자유화와촉진에초점을둔작업프로그램을추진하고있음. 주요추진분야는무역정책, 분쟁중개, 규제완화, 중소기업, 표준및일치, 통관절차, 경쟁정책, 원산지규정, 투자및비관세조치등임. APEC Non-Binding Investment Principles (APEC 비구속적투자준칙 ) APEC 지역내투자흐름을원활히하기위해 1994년보고로각료회의에서채택된자발적규칙. 동준칙의목표는신뢰를증진시키고, 불확실성을감소시키며, 투자규범및정책을자유화 단순화시킴으로써정책환경을개선시키는것임. 51

52 농업통상용어집 Appellate Body ( 상소기구 ) WTO 분쟁해결양해에의해설립된 7인으로구성된상설기구로패널사안에대한분쟁당사국의상소를담당함. Appellation of Origin ( 원산지명칭 ) 상품이생산된고유한지역적특성으로말미암은특별한품질이나특징을일컫는지역표시. 농산물의경우각국이법에서정한다면상표나특허로도사용될수도있음. Appellate Review ( 상소검토 ) WTO 분쟁절차상상소는제3국이아닌분쟁당사국만이패널의결정에대하여상소할수있음. 일방당사국에의한상소의사의공식적인통보일로부터상소기구에의한판정일까지는 60일을초과할수없으며 60일이내에보고서를제출할수없는경우에는연장사유와보고서제출예정일을서면으로 DSB( 분쟁해결기구 ) 에제출하여야하나, 어떠한경우에도 90일을초과할수없음. 상소는패널보고서상의법규및패널에서제기된법률해석에만국한되어야함. 상소기구의검토절차는비공개로진행되며, 상소기구의보고서는분쟁당사국의참여없이이미제공된정보및진술을기초로작성됨. 상소보고서에기록되는개별구성원의의견은익명으로하며상소기구는패널의결정사항및결론을지지, 수정또는취소할수있음. 상소보고서는 DSB가채택하지않을것을총의에의해결정하지않는한, 회원국들에배부된후 30일이내에채택됨. DSB, DSU 참조 Applied Tariff ( 실행관세 ) 각국이타국에대하여관세부과의우선순위에의해실제로적용되는관세율을의미하며, 우리나라의경우 UR에서양허한양허관세보다매우낮으며기본세율보다도낮은경우가많음. 우리나라의실행세율은 0~50% 까지이나 8% 에가장많이분포하고있으며 40~50% 에이르는고율관세는주로과실류와채소류에적용됨. 각국은국내적으로 WTO 양허관세보다낮은관세를운영할수있으며이때실제로적용되는관세를실행관세라함. Bound tariff( 양허관세 ) 참조 52