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1 ORIGINAL ARTICLE The relationship between dental graduate students MBTI types and academic achievement in problem-based learning Min-Jin Kim 1, Kyung-Pyo Park 2, Deog-Gyu Seo 3 and Jung-Joon Ihm 1 1 Office of Dental Education, 2 Department of Oral Physiology, 3 Department of Conservative Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea 치의학전문대학원생의 MBTI 유형과 PBL 학업성취도와의관계 서울대학교치의학대학원 1 치의학교육실, 2 구강생리학교실, 3 치과보존학교실, 치학연구소 김민진 1, 박경표 2, 서덕규 3, 임정준 1 Purpose: The study aimed to determine the personality types of the graduate students in Seoul National University School of Dentistry (SNU SD) and analyze the specific personal types that were linked to their performance in problem-based learning (PBL). Methods: A total of 263 graduate students in SNU SD from 2011 to 2013, participated in PBL and completed the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) GS form, which was analyzed statistically to determine whether their MBTI personality types were independent of their PBL performance. In particular, MBTI types were regressed on evaluation subcategories, including tutor evaluation and oral test. Results: ESTJ (20.9%) and ISTJ (18.6%) were the most common MBTI personality types in dental graduate students. Compared with males, female students performed significantly better on the PBL. Judging was the most notable type in PBL performance, with its J-P index being statistically significant. Conclusion: PBL is implemented, based on the perspective of student-centered education. Accordingly, the types of personality that usually matriculate in dental school should be monitored, and a student-centered approach to dental education should be adopted. Key Words: Problem-based learning, Personality types, Academic performance, Graduate students, Dental schools 서론 치과대학학생들의학업성취수준과진료수행능력을예측 하는요인은교수자들의주요관심사가되어왔다. 이에따라, 입학전형과정에서학생모집선발기준의객관적인지표로서학습자의인지적요인이중시되어왔다. 그러나전통적인교육의패러다임에서초점을맞추었던학습자의인지적인요인 Received: August 14, 2014 Revised: October 10, 2014 Accepted: October 29, 2014 Corresponding Author: Deog-Gyu Seo ( Department of Conservative Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul , Korea Tel: Fax: dgseo@snu.ac.kr Corresponding Author: Jung-Joon Ihm ( Office of Dental Education, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul , Korea Tel: Fax: ijj127@snu.ac.kr Korean J Med Educ 2014 Dec; 26(4): eissn: C The Korean Society of Medical Education. All rights reserved. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 291
2 Min-Jin Kim, et al : Dental students' types and their achievement in PBL 과치과대학교육과정의최종성과와의관련성에는한계가존재한다는연구들이보고되었다 [1,2]. 이에따라학습자의성격과같은비인지적인요인이치과대학에서의학업성취도와임상수행능력을예측하는지여부에대한관심이크게높아지고있다 [1,3,4] 년서울대학교치의학대학원은전통적인치의예과교육과정을재평가하고새롭게학생중심의교육과정과교수- 학습법개발을목표로 problem-based learning (PBL) 교육과정을도입하였다. PBL 교육은 1969년캐나다의 McMaster 대학에서채택한이후많은대학에서적용하고있으며, 1990 년에 Malmö 대학에서치의학에서는최초로교육과정에도입하였다 [5]. 전통적인학습방법은구조화된그룹강의및주기적인지필평가를중점으로하여, 학생들이적극적으로지식을습득하기보다는수동적으로정보를흡수토록한다면, PBL 교육은기초과학을임상적인문제의맥락속에서접근하면서학습자가스스로주도적으로학습에참여토록하는것이중요하다고할수있다 [6,7]. 학습에영향을줄수있는변인은크게네가지로분류될수있으며, 학습자, 학습과제, 교수, 물리적환경이이에해당된다. 특히, 치과대학에서는 PBL 수업이외에도이론적인수업과함께임상및실기가병행되고있는교육적특수성으로인해, 학습자변인이무엇보다중요하다고할수있다. 학습자변인중에서도개인특유의행동및사고의양식으로표현되는성격유형의경우, 사물을보는관점이달라질뿐아니라, 개인의직업및전공선택에도영향을주게되므로다양한전공의적성과관련된연구의주요주제가되어왔다. 이러한개인의성격을측정하는대표적인도구로 C.G. Jung 의심리유형론을바탕으로개발된성격유형검사 (Myers- Briggs Type Indicator, MBTI) 가주로활용되고있다. Jung 의이론에의하면 4가지의기본적인선호경향 ( 에너지방향, 인식기능, 판단기능, 생활양식 ) 으로분류되며, 이러한경향들은질서정연하고일관된특성을가지고한개인의심리유형과행동양식에긴밀하게관련된다 [8]. 실제로 MBTI 는성격유형을평가하는도구이나, 학습스타일과밀접한관계가있다고보고된바있으며 [9,10], 이를바탕으로공과대학, 간호대학등다양한전공분야에서 MBTI 를바탕으로성격유형과학업성취도와의관계를분석하려는시도들이있었다 [8,11,12]. 본연구에서는성격유형과학업성취도의관계를밝히고자했던기존연구들이학점 (grade point average, GPA) 을중심으로이루어진것과는달리치의학교육과정에새롭게도입된 PBL 교육을대상으로성격유형과 PBL 성취도와의연관성을분석해보고자한다. 즉, PBL 교육이어떤성격유형의학생들에게효과적으로작용하고있는지를분석하여, 교수- 학습과정을개선하기위한기초자료로활용하고자한다. 이를위해, 우선, PBL 수업에참여하는학생들이선호하는성격유형을제시하였고이러한성격유형과 PBL 성취도와의관계를비교 분석하였다. 특히, PBL 성적을평가요인별로구분하여성격유형에따른회귀분석을사용함으로써성격유형과 PBL 학업성취도간의관계를체계적으로분석하였다. 대상및방법 본연구는 2011~2013년도서울대학교치의학대학원에입학한신입생총 273 명을대상으로매년 3월첫째주에실시하였고 MBTI GS 형검사지로이루어졌다. 이중휴학한학생및 MBTI 설문에응답하지않은학생 10명을제외하고총 263명 (2011 년입학생 87명, 2012년입학생 88명, 2013년입학생 88명 ) 을대상으로학년별구분없이통합표본화하여연구가이루어졌다. 이중남학생은 174명, 여학생은 89명이었으며, 설문이이루어진당시최소 ( 최고 ) 연령은 21세 (35세 ) 로조사되었다. MBTI 유형에따른 PBL 성적을분석하기위해서울대치의학대학원에서진행되는 PBL 평가결과를적용하였다. 우선, PBL 과정은 1학년과정에서학기별 2주간총 10회차로이루어졌으며, PBL 성적평가는튜터평가 (280점), 출석점수 (200 점 ), 구술평가 (50점 ), 지필평가 (150 점 ) 로합산하여총점 680 점으로구성되었다. 개별소그룹은평균 8명으로제한하였고, PBL 교육기간동안시나리오형태로제공된사례를분석하고가설을수립하며문제를해결하는과정으로진행하였다. PBL 기간동안튜터의수시평가가이루어졌고모듈의마지막세션에는구술평가및지필평가를각각시행하였다. 본연구에서는성별및 MBTI 4가지선호경향에따른 PBL 성취도에차이가있는지분석하기위하여 Mann-Whitney U 292 Korean J Med Educ 2014 Dec; 26(4):
3 김민진외 : 치의학전문대학원생의 MBTI 유형과 PBL 학업성취도와의관계 검정을이용하여분석하였다. 또한, PBL 성적을튜터평가, 출석점수, 지필평가, 구술평가 4가지요소별로나누어이에따른 PBL 성취도에차이가있는지알아보기위하여다중회귀분석을실시하였다. 수집된자료의통계처리는 SPSS version 20.0 통계프로그램 (IBM Corp., Armonk, USA) 을이용하였고유의확률 0.01의범위에서검정하였다. 결과 2011년부터 2013년까지의서울대학교치의학대학원신입생의 MBTI 분포를살펴보면가장많이차지하는유형은 ESTJ 형으로전체의 20.91% 를차지하였으며, 다음으로많은유형은 ISTJ 형으로 18.63% 의분포를보여주었다 (Table 1). 성격유형별분포를살펴보면내향형 (I) 에비해외향형 (E) 이, 직관형 (N) 에비해감각형 (S) 이, 감정형 (F) 에비해사고형 (T) 이, 인식형 (P) 에비해판단형 (J) 이각각더많은비중을차지하였다 (Table 1). MBTI 각집단과 PBL 성적간의유의성을통계적으로검정한결과, 여학생의평균은남학생의평균보다높아성별에따라서유의미한차이를보여주었다 (Table 2). MBTI 각유형별로 PBL 성취도에차이가있는지분석해본결과, 외향형- 내향형, 감각형 -직관형, 감정형 -사고형간에는유의미한차이를보이지않았으나, 인식형에비하여판단형의평균이높 Table 1. The Distribution of Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Personality Types Sensing Intuition Thinking Feeling Feeling Thinking Intro-version Judging ISTJ ISFJ INFJ INTJ 49 (18.63) 7 (2.66) 3 (1.14) 7 (2.66) Perceiving ISTP ISFP INFP INTP 21 (7.98) 3 (1.14) 7 (2.66) 11 (4.18) Extra-version Judging ESTJ ESFJ ENFJ ENTJ 55 (20.91) 16 (6.08) 9 (3.42) 21 (7.98) Perceiving ESTP ESFP ENFP ENTP 15 (5.70) 9 (3.42) 13 (4.94) 17 (6.46) Figures in each cell indicate the number of individual personality types and the number in parentheses reflects the percentage of total number of subjects within each group. Table 2. Comparison of Students' Total Problem-Based Learning Scores by Gender and Personality Types Variable No. (%) PBL total score Mean [rank] SD Min Max p-value Gender M 174 (66.16) [2] * F 89 (33.84) [1] Extra-intro E 155 (58.94) [2] I 108 (41.06) [1] Sensing-intuit S 175 (66.54) [1] N 88 (33.46) [2] Think-feeling T 196 (74.52) [1] F 67 (25.48) [2] Judge-perceive J 168 (63.88) [1] ** P 95 (36.12) [2] Mann-Whitney U analysis was used. PBL: Problem-based learning, SD: Standard deviation. *p<0.05, **p<
4 Min-Jin Kim, et al : Dental students' types and their achievement in PBL Table 3. Coefficients for Multiple Regression of Tutor Evaluation, Attendance Score, Oral Test, Written Test, and Total Score on Age, Gender, and Personality Types Variable PBL evaluation principal components Tutor evaluation Attendance score Oral test Written test Total score Age 1.16 (1.88) (-0.29) 0.42** (4.54) 1.85 (3.69) 1.45 (1.57) Gender 8.51* (2.39) 4.16 (1.67) 1.04* (1.98) 5.51 (1.93) 13.71* (2.57) Extra-Intro 0.02 (0.40) 0.10* (2.27) 0.01 (0.68) 0.03 (0.58) 0.13 (1.40) Sensing-Intuit 0.08 (1.12) (-0.89) 0.00 (0.31) 0.00 (-0.06) 0.04 (0.36) Think-Feeling (-1.04) 0.02 (0.30) (-1.21) 0.00 (0.07) (-0.67) Judge-Perceive -0.15* (-2.38) -0.16** (-3.56) 0.01 (0.88) 0.06 (1.16) -0.30** (-3.16) F statistic 2.97* 6.63** ** Adjusted R Total score is the sum of tutor evaluation, attendance score, oral test, and written test implemented in problem-based learning. The number in parentheses indicates the t-statistic for each coefficient. *p<0.05, **p<0.01. 게나타남을알수있었다 (Table 2). 또한 MBTI 각요소별점수를연속점수로환산하여 E-I 지수, S-I 지수, T-F 지수, J-P 지수로나타낸뒤, PBL 점수 ( 튜터평가, 출석점수, 구술평가, 지필평가, PBL 총점 ) 와의다중회귀분석을실시하였다. J-P 지수의경우구술및지필평가를제외하고튜터평가, 출석점수, PBL 총점에통계적으로유의미한수준에서영향을미치는것으로나타났다 (Table 3). 여학생은구술평가및 PBL 종합성적에서남학생보다성적이우수한것으로추정되었다. PBL 평가요인중출석점수항목에서는 E-I 지수, J-P 지수가각각유의미하였다 (Table 3). 고찰 2011년부터 2013년까지서울대학교치의학대학원에입학한신입생들의성격유형분포를살펴보면, 내향형 (41.06%) 보다는외향형 (58.94%) 이, 직관형 (33.46%) 보다는감각형 (66.54%) 이, 감정형 (25.48%) 보다는사고형 (74.52%) 이높게나타났으며, 인식형 (36.50%) 보다는판단형 (63.50%) 의비율이높은것으로나타났다. 16가지 MBTI 유형별로보았을때에는 ESTJ 형이 20.91% 로가장높았고, 그다음으로높은 ISTJ 형이 18.63% 를차지하였다. 치의학전공영역에서의 MBTI 선행연구를분석해보면특정유형에편중되어있음을알수있다. 중국및영국의치의학대학원학생의성격유형분포를살펴보면중국에서는가장우세한유형으로 ISTJ (14.5%), ESTJ (12.0%), ISFP (10.7%) 순으로나타났으며, 영국의경우 ESFJ, ESTJ, ENFJ, ENTJ 의비율이전체의 79% 를넘어외향적인경향성이더욱강하게나타났다 [13,14]. 또한 1964~1984년미국크레이튼치과대학졸업자의 MBTI 성격유형분석결과에서도 ISTJ, ESTJ, ISFJ, ENTJ 등의 4가지성격유형은치과의사의과반수이상을차지한것으로보고되었으며 [15], Erskine et al. [16] 의연구에서도 120 명의치과대학생들중에서 ESTJ, ESFJ, ENTJ, ISTJ의비율이전체의 55% 에해당하였다. 국내의과대학학생들을중심으로이루어진연구에서도 ISTJ, ESTJ 학생의비율이가장높게나타났으며, 내향형이외향형에비하여높은비율로분포했다는점을제외하고는전반적인분포가본연구와일치하였다 [17, 18]. 또한국내치과대학및대학원학생을대상으로성격유형과학업성취도간의관계를분석한연구에있어서도 ISTJ, ISTP, ESTJ 순으 294 Korean J Med Educ 2014 Dec; 26(4):
5 김민진외 : 치의학전문대학원생의 MBTI 유형과 PBL 학업성취도와의관계 로성적이높은것으로나타났다 [19]. 이를종합해보면, 치과대학학생들에게서 ISTJ, ESTJ의비율이상대적으로높게나타나는것으로이는치과대학학생들이외부세계를조직할때유연하고적응적이기보다조직적이며구조적인성향을갖고있다고할수있을것이다. 두번째로높게나타난 ISTJ 성격유형은일반적으로신중하고집중력이강하며일처리에철저한특성을가진다. 무엇보다, ISTJ 유형은객관적사실을중시하고체계적으로구조화하여기억하며책임감이매우강한편이다. 성취해야하는과제에대하여단계적으로신속히처리한다는측면에서마감일자를미리정하고과제를제출하도록함으로써이를평가하는치의학교육과정의평가방법과도일치한다고볼수있다. PBL 학업성취도측면에서는나이와 PBL 성적과는유의미한차이를보이지않았던반면, 여학생의평균은남학생의평균보다높아성별에따라서는유의미한차이를보여주었다. PBL 교육에대한성별의견및태도를분석한 Reynolds [20] 의연구에따르면, 여학생들은 PBL 교육이개인적인학습뿐만아니라협동학습측면에서더욱긍정적인태도를보였고, 남학생보다동료학생들이제시하는정보에대해더많은신뢰를보였으며, 그들자신의학습을하는데에있어서도학습동기가더욱높고책임감있게참여하였다. 남학생과여학생은선호하는학습방식에도약간차이가있는데여학생은연결된학습에더욱가치를두는반면남학생은분리된학습에더욱편안함을느끼는것으로보고되었다 [20]. PBL 교육의경우에주어진단서들을유기적으로연결하고서로다른의견들을통합해나가는과정이매우중요하다. 따라서, 그룹활동에긍정적인태도를가지고연결된학습에흥미를보이는여학생의성향이높은학업성취도로연결되었으리라는추론이가능하다. MBTI 각유형별로 PBL 성취도에차이가있는지분석해본결과, 외향형 -내향형, 감각형- 직관형, 감정형- 사고형간에는유의미한차이를보이지않았으나, 인식형에비하여판단형의평균이유의미하게높게나타남을알수있었다. 판단형은목표와성취지향적인유형으로, 학업을포함한일을완성을향하여꾸준하게계획에따라단계적으로추진하여처리하는것을선호하며자기통제적인반면, 인식형의경우에계획을세우기보다는더유연하고적응적이며개방적으로외부세계 를조직하고그들의행동을쉽게수정한다. 앞서기술하였듯이서울대학교치의학대학원에서이루어지는 PBL 교육은해당모듈에서단서가부여되고각단계를명확히하면서조원들과함께가능한해결방법을브레인스토밍 (brainstorming) 하고, 가능성있는가설들을비판적으로평가해나가며최종적으로결정을내리는일련의문제해결과정을수행하는것이다. 따라서각모듈마다해결해야하는과제들이단계적으로부여되는 PBL 교육의특성이판단형에게유리하게작용했을것으로짐작되고, 이것이높은학업성취도로이어진것으로보인다. 판단형의경우, 본연구뿐만아니라 GPA 를기반으로한치의학, 의학, 공학등다양한분야의여러선행연구에서학업성취도와유의미한상관관계가존재하는것으로보고되었다 [3,12]. 인식형의단점으로는많은일을두서없이한꺼번에처리하고주어진일을우선순위에따라처리하는데어려움이있으며, 비교적선호하지않는과제를마감시간까지미루는경향등을들수있다. 이에반해, 항상일을계획적으로추진하고, 신속하게처리하며, 자기통제적인판단형의장점이 PBL 학습의높은성취도를가능하게했을것으로분석된다. Lee et al. [19] 의연구와플로리다치과대학생을대상으로 MBTI 와 GPA 간상관관계를분석한연구에따르면판단형학생뿐만아니라, 감각형학생들도직관형학생들보다높은학업성취도를보였다 [3]. 비록통계적으로유의미한차이가확인되지는않았지만, 본연구에서도감각형의학생들이직관형의학생에비해 PBL 성취도가높은경향성을보여주었다. 직관형의경우어떤사실이나사건의이면에감추어진의미나관계, 가능성에관심이많은반면, 감각형의경우오감을통하여세부적인정보를다루고관찰가능한사실이나사건을선호한다는점에서두성격유형간의성취도차이를추론할수도있다. 더욱이, PBL 교육의경우단어나개념중심으로설명되는강의중심수업보다는관찰가능한자료들로구성된다는점에서감각형학생들의학습동기를유발하는데에는효과적일수있다. 결론적으로서울대학교치의학대학원생을대상으로 MBTI 유형을검사한결과에서는 16가지성격유형중에서 ESTJ, ISTJ 유형의비율이가장높게나타났다. PBL 학습의성취도측면에서통계적으로분석해본결과, 성별로는여학생이남 295
6 Min-Jin Kim, et al : Dental students' types and their achievement in PBL 학생보다, 성격유형으로는판단형이인식형보다유의미하게높은성취도를보여주었다. 물론, 본연구의결과를토대로치의학대학원생의성격유형과 PBL 성취도와의관계에대하여일반적인결론에도달하기는쉽지않다. PBL 학업성취도에는튜터의경험이나그룹내에서의역동성, 학습자선행지식의수준등여러가지통제하기어려운요인들이존재하기때문이다. 그러나튜터의전문성및경험이학생의수행능력에유의미한차이를가져오지않는다는결과도있어, 튜터요인보다는학생요인이더중요한것으로보인다. 학생요인중에서도 MBTI 성격유형분석은학생개인에게내재되어있는심리적장점들과긍정적인잠재력에관한정보를제공해준다는점에서, 교수자는어떤방법으로가르치는것이더효과적일지예측할수있고, 학습자변인을고려하여학습의방향과성과도설정할수있을것이다. 더나아가, MBTI 자료가매년종단표집되어진로선택과의연관성을분석한다면졸업후수련여부및전공과목의선택에서진로를고민하는학생들에게효과적인가이드라인으로활용할수있을것이다. Dent Educ 1997; 61: Smithers S, Catano VM, Cunningham DP. What predicts performance in Canadian dental schools? J Dent Educ 2004; 68: Busse R. Problem-based learning in a social medicine course: a concept for improving learning achievement and practice relevance. Gesundheitswesen 1996; 58: Barrows HS, Tamblyn RM. Problem-based learning: an approach to medical education. New York, USA: Springer; p Nandi PL, Chan JN, Chan CP, Chan P, Chan LP. Undergraduate medical education: comparison of problembased learning and conventional teaching. Hong Kong Med J 2000; 6: Jung HK, Kim MS, Yoo YJ, Kim SO, Won DY. A study on the relationship between personality, learning attitude and academic achievement of nursing students. J Korean Nurs Admin Acad Soc 2007; 13: Lawrence GD. People types and tiger stripes: a practical Acknowledgements: None. Funding: This work was supported by National Research Foundation of Korea Grant, through the Oromaxillofacial Dysfunction Research Center for the Elderly ( ) at Seoul National University and by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology ( ). Conflicts of interest: None. REFERENCES 1. Glyn Jones JC. Dental student selection: the prediction of success. J Dent 1979; 7: Carrotte PV. The assessment of dental students: a university education? Br Dent J 1993; 175: Jones AC, Courts FJ, Sandow PL, Watson RE. Myers- Briggs type indicator and dental school performance. J guide to learning styles. 3rd ed. Gainesville, USA: Center for Applications of Psychological Type; p Pittenger DJ. The utility of the Myers-Briggs type indicator. Rev Educ Res 1993; 63: Lee EJ. Personality type on MBTI theory and academic achievement in design education. J Korean Soc Des Sci 2011; 24: Lee SJ. Relationships between MBTI s types and academic achievement of students in engineering college. Asian J Educ 2013; 14: Morris DO. Personality types of dental school applicants. Eur J Dent Educ 2000; 4: Wu S, Miao D, Zhu X, Liang J, Liu X, Luo Z, Wang W. The personality types of Chinese dental postgraduate students. Soc Behav Pers 2007; 35: Westerman GH, Grandy TG, Erskine CG. Personality types of dentists. Am J Dent 1991; 4: Korean J Med Educ 2014 Dec; 26(4):
7 김민진외 : 치의학전문대학원생의 MBTI 유형과 PBL 학업성취도와의관계 16. Erskine CG, Westerman GH, Grandy TG. Personality styles of first-year dental students. J Dent Educ 1986; 50: Hur Y, Cho AR, Kim S. The characteristics of medical students' personality types and interpersonal needs. Korean J Med Educ 2013; 25: Oh YK, Jang JY, Park SH, Ryu SY. The characteristics students. Med J Chosun Univ 2007; 32: Lee YH, Lee YM, Kim DK. The relationship between personality types and the academic achievement levels of dental students. Korean J Hum Dev 2009; 16: Reynolds F. Initial experiences of interprofessional problembased learning: a comparison of male and female students' views. J Interprof Care 2003; 17: of the Myers-Briggs type indicator in premedical 297
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